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Electrostatic Examples

1) The document provides examples of calculating the electric field and potential for different charge distributions using Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law. 2) For an electric dipole, the potential and electric field are derived. The electric field is shown to point radially away from the positive charge and toward the negative charge, with a magnitude that depends on the cosine of the polar angle. 3) For a finite line of charge, the potential is calculated by integrating Coulomb's Law and the electric field is then derived from the potential.

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diptodevil
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Electrostatic Examples

1) The document provides examples of calculating the electric field and potential for different charge distributions using Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law. 2) For an electric dipole, the potential and electric field are derived. The electric field is shown to point radially away from the positive charge and toward the negative charge, with a magnitude that depends on the cosine of the polar angle. 3) For a finite line of charge, the potential is calculated by integrating Coulomb's Law and the electric field is then derived from the potential.

Uploaded by

diptodevil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example

1: THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

The Electric Dipole:

r+
+

r
_

Q
Q
Q 1 1
=

4 r+ 4 r 4 r+ r
2

The Electric Dipole:

r+
+

Law of Cosines:

C
A2 = B 2 + C 2 2 ABcos

r
_

( 2)

r = r + d
2

d
2r cos
2
3

The Electric Dipole:

r+
+

Important pracBcal approximaBon:

d << r

( 2 ) rd cos

r = r 2 + d

The Electric Dipole:

d << r

( 2 ) rd cos

r = r + d
2

d2 d
= r 1+ 2 cos
r
4r
d
r 1 cos
r

d
d
r 1 cos = r cos
2
2r

x << 1
x
1 x 1
2

d << r

The Electric Dipole:

d
r cos
2
r

d
r + cos
2

The Electric Dipole:

x << 1

Q 1 1
=

4 r+ r

1
1 x
1 x

d<<r

Q
1
1
=

d
d
4 r
1 cos 1+ cos

2r
2r

Q
d
d
Qd

1+ cos 1 cos =
cos
2

4 r 2r
2r
4 r
7

The Electric Dipole:








Dene p Qd z


and note cos = z i r

( )

Qd

cos
2
4 r

p i r

2
4 r

The Electric Dipole:


p i r

4 r 2

1
E = = r

r
r

= 0

1 Qd

Qd
= r
cos
cos
2
2

r 4 r
r 4 r

1 Qd

Qd
= r 2
cos
sin
3
2
r 4 r
4 r

Qd
sin

=
2
r
cos

4 r 3

)
9

The Electric Dipole:


Qd
sin

E=
2
r
cos

3
4 r

Qd
Qd
2
2
2
E =
4cos

+
sin

=
1+
3cos

3
3
4 r
4 r

10

Example 2: FINITE LENGTH LINE


OF CHARGE (again)

Earlier we found the E-eld on the z-axis. Doing anything else


would have required dicult integraBons.

Here is a case where it is easier to nd the potenBal and then
compute the electric eld.

11

a
dQ = dz

r = z z

z
Note the -independence

(0,0, z )

2
2
R = r r , R = r + ( z z )

r
z

r
d =

P dE
r

dEz

dE P

dz

4 o r r
12

dz
d =

4 o r r
dz
=

4

r
r
a
o
a

dz

4 o r + ( z z )
2

dx
x +a
2

= ln x + x 2 + a 2

2
z

a
+
r
+
z

a
(
)

=
ln
4 o z + a + r 2 + z a 2
( )

13

2
z

a
+
r
+
z

a
(
)

=
ln
4 o z + a + r 2 + z a 2
( )

E =

1
1

Ez =
=

2
z
4 o r 2 + z a 2
2
( ) r + ( z + a)

2
2
2
2
r + ( z a ) + ( z a ) r + ( z a )

Er =
=

r
4 o
r
+

2
2
2
2
r + ( z + a) + ( z + a) r + ( z + a)

14

for z = 0


1
1
=0
Ez =

2
4 o r 2 + 0 a 2
2
r
+
0
+
a
( )
( )

2
2
2
2
r
+
z

a
+
z

a
r
+
z

( ) ( )
( )

Er =

4 o
r
+

2
2
2
2
r
+
z
+
a
+
z
+
a
r
+
z
+
a
( ) ( )
( )

z=0


r
r
=
+
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 o r + a a r + a
r +a +a r +a
a

1
=

2 o r r 2 + a 2 a 2 o r Agrees with our earlier results


15

Example 3: INFINITELY LONG LINE


OF CHARGE via Gausss Law

16

Innitely long line charge:


Note that the elds MUST
be independent of both z
and
r

No contribuBon over end caps


since

Gaussian
Surface


D i da =
S

r i z = 0

E = Er r

d dz +
o Er r i rr

Cylinder

i z r dr d
o Er r

End
Caps

=0

= o Er r d = 2 o Er r = Qenc =
0

Er =
=
2 o r 2 o r

When the necessary symmetry


exists, Gausss Law is generally
MUCH simpler than Coulombs
Law.

17

Example 4: A SPHERICAL CLOUD


OF CHARGE

18

Spherical cloud of (uniform) charge:




Since the charge density
is uniform:

QTotal = 43 r 3

Gaussian
Surface 2
Gaussian
Surface 1

Note that the elds must


be independent of both
and , thus

E = Er r

19

Spherical cloud of (uniform) charge:

Gaussian
Surface 2

For Gaussian Surface 1:

E
i
d
a
=

E
r
i
r4

r
o r
o
S1

Gaussian
Surface 1

= QEnclosed
a

r
= QTotal
a

QTotal r 3
QTotal
Er =
=
r
2
3
3
4 o r a
4 o a
r<a

QTotal = 43 r 3

E = Er r
20

Spherical cloud of (uniform) charge:

Gaussian
Surface 2

For Gaussian Surface 2:

E
i
d
a
=
4

E
r
o r
o

Gaussian
Surface 1

QTotal = 43 r 3

S2

= QEnclosed = QTotal
QTotal
Er =
,r >a
2
4 o r

E = Er r
21

Spherical cloud of (uniform) charge:

Gaussian
Surface 2

Er

QTotal
2
4 o a

Gaussian
Surface 1

What is the potenBal?

22

Spherical cloud of (uniform) charge:


r

= Er r i r dr

QTotal

dr
r>a
2

4 o r
= a
r
Q
QTotal r

Total
4 r 2 dr 4 a 3 dr r < a
a
o
o

QTotal

r>a
4 o r

=
2
2
Q
Q
a

r
Total + Total
r<a
3
4 o a 4 a
2
o

23

Example 5: AN INFINITE SHEET OF


CHARGE

24

Innite sheet of charge: a simple yet important result for the study of the parallel plate
capacitor
Note how the elds must be independent of x, y, and z
Gaussian
Surface

y
x

zEz
E=
zEz

z>0
z<0
25

Innite sheet of charge:


o E i da = Q = s r 2

( )


o E i da = o
S


E i da + o

Top
Surface

zEz i z da + o

Top
Surface

+ o

Bottom
Surface


E i da + o

( zE ) i ( zda )


E i da

Cylindrical
Side

Bottom
Surface

( zE ) i ra d dz
z

Cylindrical
Side

da = rdrd = r 2

s
2 o Ez r = r s Ez =
2 o
2

26

Innite sheet of charge:



s

z
z>0

2 o

E=

s


z
z<0


2 o



Since the sheet extends of innity we would expect trouble nding the potenBal:

s
= zEz i z dz =
dz =
2 o

27

Innite sheet of charge:



However,

ab = ( b) ( a )

s
s
= zEz i z dz =
dz =
2 o
2 o
a
a
b

s
s
=
b a) =
a b)
(
(
2 o
2 o

28

Example 6: TWO COAXIAL SHELLS


OF CHARGE

29

Two coaxial shells of charge:

Once again, neglecBng


end eects,

E = Er r

sa

Note :

sb

Q
Q
sa =
, sb =
2 ah
2 bh
2 ahsa = 2 bhsb
a
sb = sa
b

30

Two coaxial shells of charge:

b
Gaussian
Surface 1

Once again, neglecBng


end eects,

E = Er r

Gaussian
Surface 3
Gaussian
Surface 2

The charge enclosed by surfaces


one and three is zero,
hence Er = 0 inside the inner
cylinder and outside the outer
cylinder.

Also, the top and bofom
surfaces do not contribute to
the integral as usual, since

r i ( z ) = 0

31

Two coaxial shells of charge:

Q
S ( Er r) i ( r r d dz ) = o
2

Q
S Er r d dz = o
2

Er ( 2 rh ) =

s ( 2 ah )
o

s a
Er =
or

32

Two coaxial shells of charge:

s a
E=
or
0

r<a
a<r<b
r>b

s a
( r ) = ( Er r ) i ( r dr ) =
dr
r

b o
r

r
s a
s a
s a r
=
ln r ) =
ln r ln b) =
ln , a < r < b
(
(
b
o
o
o b

a r
s ln
a<r<b
(r ) =
o b

0
otherwise

33

Two coaxial shells of charge:



Also,

s a a
ba = ( a ) ( b) =
ln , a < r < b
o b

r
ln

ba b
(r ) =
a
ln

a<r<b
otherwise

34

Two coaxial shells of charge:



Gausss Law was derived from:



i D = D i da = Qenclosed


S
pointwise


over a volume in space

At a point where there is no charge (i.e., inside the cylinder) the divergence
should equal zero. Lets verify this for this example:

s a

D = oE =
, a<r<b

or


1
s a
1


i D =
rDr =
r
0


r r
r r o r


As an exercise, verify that the divergence of the dipole eld found earlier is
also zero.

( )

35

Two coaxial shells of charge:



As an exercise, verify that the divergence of the dipole eld found earlier is
also zero.

Qd

sin


D = E =
2
r
cos


4 r 3

i.e., show that

i D = 0

36

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