ELE 244 Electromagnetics I: Lecture 6: Electrostatics Electric Field & Electric Potential
ELE 244 Electromagnetics I: Lecture 6: Electrostatics Electric Field & Electric Potential
ELE 244 Electromagnetics I: Lecture 6: Electrostatics Electric Field & Electric Potential
ELECTROMAGNETICS I
Lecture 6: Electrostatics
Electric Field & Electric Potential
n
qi X qj
Fi = 2
âji (1)
4πǫ0 Rji
j=1
j 6=i
Ri − Rj
Rji = |Ri − Rj | and âji = |Ri −Rj |
F
E = lim (Volts/meter) or (Newtons/Coulomb)
q →0 q
∇×E=0 (3)
1
Z Z
∇ · E dv = ρ dv
ǫ0
V V
Q
I
E · ds = (4)
ǫ0
S
R
where Q = ρ dv ≡ the total charge enclosed in the region V.
V
This again could be related to our earlier discussions about
the flux of a vector field. In order to have a nonzero outward
flux (field lines normally crossing S) we need to have a sink or
source in the region V. Eqn.(4) is known as the Gauss’ Law.
This eqn. states that the static E field has no vector source
density, and therefore it is irrotational. As a result, its line
integral over a closed contour is zero. In other words, the
value of the line integral between points A and B is the
same independent of the choice of the path.
qQ
F = âR
4πǫ0 R 2
Hence E becomes,
F q
E = lim = âR
Q →0 Q 4πǫ0 R 2
Now E becomes:
q 1 R − R′
E = û û =
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |2 |R − R′ |
q R − R′
⇒E=
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
1
n
X R − R′j
E= qj
4πǫ0 |R − R′j |3
j=1
ρv is defined as :
△Q Coul
ρv = lim
△V →0 △V m3
R ρv R − R′ ′
E= dv
V′ 4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
R = x, y, z : field coordinate
R′ = x ′ , y ′ , z ′ : source coordinate
ρv R − R′ ′
lim Ei = dE = dv
N →∞ 4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
△Q
ρs = lim (Coul/m2 )
△s→0 △s
ρs R − R′ ′
dE = ds
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
ρs R − R′
Z
′
E= ds
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
S′
△Q
ρℓ = lim (Coul/m)
△ℓ→0 △ℓ
ρℓ R − R′ ′
dE = d ℓ
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
ρℓ R − R′
Z
′
E= d ℓ
4πǫ0 |R − R′ |3
L
d ℓ′ = dz ′
R − R′ = âr (r − 0) + âz (0 − z ′ )
ρℓ rdz ′
and dEr =
4πǫ0 (r 2 + (z ′ )2 )3/2
−ρℓ z ′ dz ′
dEz =
4πǫ0 (r 2 + (z ′ )2 )3/2
R∞
Ez = dEz = 0
z ′ =−∞
Z∞
ρℓ r dz ′
dE = âr Er = âr
4πǫ0 (r 2 + (z ′ )2 )3/2
−∞
and
(r 2 + (z ′ )2 )3/2 = r 3 (1 + tan2 θ)3/2 = r 3 (sec2 θ)3/2 = r 3 sec3 θ
Z∞ Zπ/2 Zπ/2
dz ′ r sec2 θd θ 1 dθ
⇒ ′ 3/ 2
= 3 3
= 2
2 2
(r + (z ) ) r sec θ r sec θ
−∞ −π/2 −π/2
ρℓ
⇒ E = âr
2πǫ0 r
I ZL Z2π
E · ds = Er rd φdz = 2π rLEr
S 0 0
Qenclosed ρℓ L
=
ǫ0 ǫ0
ρℓ
⇒ Er =
2π r ǫ 0
σ −x ′ ds ′
Z
Ex =
4πǫ0 ((x ′ )2 + (y ′ )2 + z 2 )3/2
S
Z′
σ −y ′ ds ′
Ey =
4πǫ0 ((x ′ )2 + (y ′ )2 + z 2 )3/2
S′
Za Z2π Z2π
σ −r ′ cos φ′ r ′ dr ′ d φ′
Ex = ′ 3 / 2
=0 since cos φd φ = 0
4πǫ0 2
((r ) + z ) 2
0 0 0
Za Z2π Za
σ zr ′ r ′ dr ′ d φ′ 2πσ z r ′ dr ′
Ez = =
4πǫ0 ((r ′ )2 + z 2 )3/2 4πǫ0 ((r ′ )2 + z 2 )3/2
0 0 0
σz h 1 1 i σ hz z i
So, Ez = −√ = −√
2ǫ0 |z | a2 + z 2 2ǫ 0 | z | a2 + z 2
E = −∇V
ZP2
W
=− E · d ~ℓ (J/C or Volts)
q
P1
Because
ZP2 ZP2 ZP2
− E · d ~ℓ = − (−∇V ) · (âℓ d ℓ) = dV = V2 − V1
P1 P1 P1
Hence, choose V1 = V∞ = 0:
ZP2 ZP
V2 −V∞ = − E·d ~ℓ ⇒ VP = − E·d ~ℓ (Absolute Potential)
∞ ∞
q
⇒ VA =
4πǫ0 RA
−1
1 d 1 d
and R− ≈ R+ 2 cos θ ≈ R 1− 2R cos θ
qd cos θ p · âR
V = 2
= where p = qd
4πǫ0 R 4πǫ0 R 2
∂V ∂V
and E = −∇V = −âR − âθ (in spherical coordinates)
∂R R ∂θ
When we have a distribution of charge, the potential of the
distribution can be obtained by using the superposition
principle.
N N
X Qi X Qi
V (R) = ′ =
4πǫ|R − Ri | 4πǫRi
i=1 i=1
1 ρs
Z
′
V = ′
ds for surface charge distribution
4πǫ0 |R − R |
S′
1 ρℓ
Z
′
V = ′
d ℓ for line charge distribution
4πǫ0 |R − R |
L′
ρℓ d ℓ′
dV =
4πǫ0 R
d ℓ′ = a d φ ′ R = (a2 + z 2 )1/2
ρ0 a d φ′
dV =
4πǫ0 (a2 + z 2 )1/2
Z2π
ρ0 a ′ ρ0 a
V = dφ =
4πǫ0 (a2 + z 2 )1/2 2ǫ0 (a2 + z 2 )1/2
0
ZB
VA − VB = E · d ~ℓ
A
ZB ZP ZB
E · d ~ℓ = E · d ~ℓ + E · d ~ℓ
A A P
ZP
ρℓ
Z
E · d ~ℓ = âr · d φâφ = 0
2πǫ0 r
A
ρℓ R
= ln
2πǫ0 a
ZB
~ ρℓ R
⇒ VA − VB = E · dℓ = ln
2πǫ0 a
A