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    3 Unit Formulas

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    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

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    3 Unit Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    100 views4 pages
    The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

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    Mathematics II

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views4 pages

    3 Unit Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
    The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Unit I (Ordinary Differential Equation)


    1.ODE with constant coefficients: Solution y = C.F + P.I

    Complementary functions: Sl.No. NatureofRoots 1. m1 = m2 2. m1 = m2 = m3 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. m1 m2 m1 m2 m3 m1 = m2 , m3 m = i C.F ( Ax + B )e mx

    ( Ax

    + Bx + c ) e mx

    Ae m1 x + Be m2 x
    Ae m1 x + Be m2 x + Ce m3 x
    ( Ax + B )e mx + Ce m3 x
    e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) A cos x + B sin x

    m = i

    Particular Integral: Type-I If f ( x ) = 0 then P . I = 0 Type-II If f ( x ) = e ax 1 ax P .I = e ( D)

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    www.Vidyarthiplus.com Replace D by a .If ( D ) 0 ,thenitisP.I.If ( D ) = 0 ,thendiff.denominator

    w.r.t D andmultiply x innumerator.Againreplace D by a .Ifyougetdenominator againzerothendothesameprocedure. Type-III Case: iIf f ( x ) = sin ax (or ) cos ax 1 sin ax (or) cos ax P .I = ( D) Hereyouhavetoreplaceonlyfor D 2 notfor D . D 2 isreplacedby a 2 .Ifthe

    denominatorisequaltozero,thenapplysameprocedureasinTypeI.
    1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x , cos 2 x = , 2 2 3 1 3 1 sin 3 x = sin x sin 3 x , cos 3 x = cos x + cos 3 x andseparate P . I1 & P . I 2 4 4 4 4 Case: iiiIf f ( x ) = sin A cos B (or ) cos A sin B (or ) cos A cos B (or ) sin A sin B

    Case: iiIf f ( x ) = Sin 2 x (or) cos 2 x (or) sin 3 x (or) cos 3 x Usethefollowingformulas Sin 2 x =

    Usethefollowingformulas:
    1 ( sin( A + B ) + sin( A B ) ) 2 1 (ii) cos A sin B = ( Sin( A + B ) sin( A B ) ) 2 1 ( iii ) cos A cos B = ( cos( A + B ) + cos( A B ) ) 2 1 ( iv ) sin A sin B = ( cos( A B ) cos( A + B ) ) 2 Type-IV If f ( x) = x m 1 P.I = xm ( D) 1 = x m 1 + g ( D) ( i ) s in A cos B =

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    = (1 + g ( D) ) x m
    1

    HerewecanuseBinomialformulaasfollows: i) (1 + x ) = 1 x + x 2 x 3 + ...
    1

    ii) (1 x ) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...
    1

    iii) (1 + x ) = 1 2 x + 3x 2 4 x 3 + ...
    2

    iv) (1 x ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ...
    2

    v) (1 + x) 3 = 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + ... vi) (1 x) 3 = 1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x3 + ... Type-V If f ( x) = e axV

    where V = sin ax, cos ax, x m

    P.I =

    1 ax e V ( D)

    Firstoperate e ax byreplacingDbyD+a. = e ax 1 V ( D + a)

    Type-VI If f ( x) = x nV sin ax = I.P of eiax


    cos ax = R.P of eiax

    where V = sin ax, cos ax

    Type-VII(SpecialTypeProblems) If f ( x) = sec ax (or) cosecax (or) tan ax 1 P.I = f ( x) = e ax e ax f ( x)dx Da 1. ODEwithvariableco-efficient:(EulersMethod) d2y dy Theequationisoftheform x 2 2 + x + y = f ( x) dx dx

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    Impliesthat ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = f ( x) Toconvertthevariablecoefficientsintotheconstantcoefficients Put z = log x implies x = e z xD = D


    x 2 D 2 = D( D 1) x3 D 3 = D( D 1)( D 2)

    where D =

    d d and D = dx dz

    Theaboveequationimpliesthat ( D( D 1) + D + 1) y = f ( x) whichisO.D.E withconstantcoefficients. 2. LegendresLineardifferentialequation: d2y dy Theequationifoftheform (ax + b) 2 2 + (ax + b) + y = f ( x) dx dx Put z = log(ax + b) implies (ax + b) = e z (ax + b) D = aD d d where D = and D = (ax + b) 2 D 2 = a 2 D( D 1) dx dz (ax + b)3 D 3 = a 3 D( D 1)( D 2) 3. MethodofVariationofParameters: d2y dy Theequationisoftheform a 2 + b + cy = f ( x ) dx dx C.F = Ay1 + By2 and P.I = Py1 + Qy2 y2 f ( x ) where P = dx and y1 y2 y1 y2 y1 f ( x) Q= dx y1 y2 y1 y2

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