Problem 2-1

An air-filled rubber ball has a diameter of 150 mm. If the air pressure within it is increased until the
ball's diameter becomes 175 mm, determine the average normal strain in the rubber.
Given: d
0
150mm := d 175mm :=
Solution:
c
td td
0

td
0
:=
c 0.1667
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-2
A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of 375 mm. If it is stretched around a pipe having an
outer diameter of 125 mm, determine the average normal strain in the strip.
Given: L
0
375mm :=
Solution:
L t 125 ( ) mm :=
c
tL tL
0

tL
0
:=
c 0.0472
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-3
The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P on the beam causes the
end C to be displaced 10 mm downward, determine the normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.
Given: a 3m := L
CE
4m :=
b 4m := L
BD
4m :=
AL
CE
10mm :=
Solution:
AL
BD
a
a b +
|

\
|
.
AL
CE
:= AL
BD
4.2857 mm =
c
CE
AL
CE
L
CE
:= c
CE
0.00250
mm
mm
= Ans
c
BD
AL
BD
L
BD
:= c
BD
0.00107
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-4
The center portion of the rubber balloon has a diameter of d = 100 mm. If the air pressure within it
causes the balloon's diameter to become d = 125 mm, determine the average normal strain in the
rubber.
Given: d
0
100mm := d 125mm :=
Solution:
c
td td
0

td
0
:=
c 0.2500
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-5
The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P on the beam is displace
10 mm downward, determine the normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.
Given: a 3m := b 2m := c 2m :=
L
CE
4m := L
BD
3m :=
A
tip
10mm :=
Solution:
AL
BD
a
AL
CE
a b +
=
AL
CE
a b +
A
tip
a b + c +
=
AL
CE
a b +
a b + c +
|

\
|
.
A
tip
:= AL
CE
7.1429 mm =
AL
BD
a
a b + c +
|

\
|
.
A
tip
:= AL
BD
4.2857 mm =
Average Normal Strain:
c
CE
AL
CE
L
CE
:= c
CE
0.00179
mm
mm
= Ans
c
BD
AL
BD
L
BD
:= c
BD
0.00143
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-6
The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the maximum allowable normal
strain in each wire is c
max
= 0.002 mm/mm, determine the maximum vertical displacement of the load
P.
Given: a 3m := b 2m :=
c 2m :=
L
CE
4m := L
BD
3m :=
c
allow
0.002
mm
mm
:=
Solution:
AL
BD
a
AL
CE
a b +
=
AL
CE
a b +
A
tip
a b + c +
=
Average Elongation/Vertical Displacement:
AL
BD
L
BD
c
allow
:= AL
BD
6.00 mm =
A
tip
a b + c +
a
|

\
|
.
AL
BD
:=
A
tip
14.00 mm =
AL
CE
L
CE
c
allow
:= AL
CE
8.00 mm =
A
tip
a b + c +
a b +
|

\
|
.
AL
CE
:=
A
tip
11.20 mm = (Controls !) Ans
Problem 2-7
The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P causes point A to be displaced horizontally 2
mm, determine the normal strain developed in each wire.
Given:
a 300mm := u 30deg :=
A
A
2mm :=
Solution:
Consider the triangle CAA':
|
A
180deg u := |
A
150deg =
L
CA'
a
2
A
A
2
+ 2 a A
A
( )
cos |
A
( )
:=
L
CA'
301.734 mm =
A
CA
L
CA'
a
a
:=
A
CA
0.00578
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-8
Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a
force is applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate by u = 0.3, determine the normal
strain in the cable. Originally the cable is unstretched.
Given:
a 400mm := b 300mm := c 300mm :=
u 0.3deg :=
Solution:
L
AB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AB
500mm =
Consider the triangle ACB':
|
C
90deg u + := |
C
90.3 deg =
L
AB'
a
2
b
2
+ 2 a b cos |
C
( )
:=
L
AB'
501.255 mm =
c
AB
L
AB'
L
AB

L
AB
:=
c
AB
0.00251
mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-9
Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a
force is applied to the end D of the member and causes a normal strain in the cable of 0.0035 mm/mm
determine the displacement of point D. Originally the cable is unstretched.
Given: a 400mm := b 300mm := c 300mm :=
c
AB
0.0035
mm
mm
:=
Solution:
L
AB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AB
500mm =
L
AB'
L
AB
1 c
AB
+
( )
:= L
AB'
501.750 mm =
Consider the triangle ACB':
|
C
90deg u + =
L
AB'
a
2
b
2
+ 2 a b cos |
C
( )
=
|
C
acos
a
2
b
2
+
( )
L
AB'
2

2 a b

(
(

:=
|
C
90.419 deg =
u |
C
90deg := u 0.41852 deg =
u 0.00730 rad =
A
D
b c + ( ) u := A
D
4.383 mm = Ans
Problem 2-10
The wire AB is unstretched when u = 45. If a vertical load is applied to bar AC, which causes u =
47, determine the normal strain in the wire.
Given:
u 45deg := Au 2deg :=
Solution:
L
AB
L
2
L
2
+ = L
AB
2L =
L
CB
2L ( )
2
L
2
+ = L
CB
5L =
From the triangle CAB:
|
A
180deg u := |
A
135.00 deg =
sin |
B
( )
L
sin |
A
( )
L
CB
=
|
B
asin
L sin |
A
( )

5L
|

\
|
.
:= |
B
18.435 deg =
From the triangle CA'B:
|'
B
|
B
Au + := |'
B
20.435 deg =
sin |'
B
( )
L
sin 180deg |
A'

( )
L
CB
=
|
A'
180deg asin
5 L sin |'
B
( )

L
|

\
|
.
:=
|
A'
128.674 deg =
|'
C
180deg |'
B
|
A'
:=
|'
C
30.891 deg =
sin |'
B
( )
L
sin |'
C
( )
L
A'B
= L
A'B
sin |'
C
( )
sin |'
B
( )
L := L
AB
2L :=
c
AB
L
A'B
L
AB

L
AB
:= c
AB
0.03977 = Ans
Problem 2-11
If a load applied to bar AC causes point A to be displaced to the left by an amount AL, determine the
normal strain in wire AB. Originally, u = 45.
Given: u 45deg :=
Solution: c
AC
AL
L
=
L
AB
L
2
L
2
+ = L
AB
2L =
L
CB
2L ( )
2
L
2
+ = L
CB
5L =
From the triangle A'AB:
|
A
180deg u := |
A
135.00 deg =
L
A'B
AL
2
L
AB
2
+ 2 AL ( ) L
AB
( )
cos |
A
( )
=
L
A'B
AL
2
2 L
2
+ 2 AL ( ) L + =
c
AB
L
A'B
L
AB

L
AB
=
c
AB
AL
2
2 L
2
+ 2 AL ( ) L + 2L
2L
=
c
AB
1
2
AL
L
|

\
|
.

(
(

2
1 +
AL
L
|

\
|
.
+ 1 =
Neglecting the higher-order terms,
c
AB
1
AL
L
+
|

\
|
.
0.5
1 =
c
AB
1
1
2
AL
L
|

\
|
.
+ ..... +

(
(

1 = (Binomial expansion)
c
AB
1
2
AL
L
|

\
|
.
= Ans
Alternatively,
c
AB
L
A'B
L
AB

L
AB
= c
AB
AL sin u ( )
2L
=
c
AB
1
2
AL
L
|

\
|
.
= Ans
Problem 2-12
The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the shear strain
xy
at corners A and B if the
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.
Given:
a 400mm := b 300mm :=
AA
x
3mm := AA
y
2mm :=
AC
x
2mm := AC
y
2mm :=
AB
x
5mm := AB
y
4mm :=
Solution:
Geometry : For small angles,
o
AC
x
b AC
y
+
:= o 0.00662252 rad =
|
AB
y
AC
y

a AB
x
AC
x

( )
+
:= | 0.00496278 rad =

AB
x
AA
x

b AB
y
AA
y

( )
+
:= 0.00662252 rad =
u
AA
y
a AA
x
+
:= u 0.00496278 rad =
Shear Strain :

xy_B
| + :=
xy_B
11.585 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_A
u + ( ) :=
xy_A
11.585 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-13
The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the shear strain
xy
at corners D and C if the
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.
Given:
a 400mm := b 300mm :=
AA
x
3mm := AA
y
2mm :=
AC
x
2mm := AC
y
2mm :=
AB
x
5mm := AB
y
4mm :=
Solution:
Geometry : For small angles,
o
AC
x
b AC
y
+
:= o 0.00662252 rad =
|
AB
y
AC
y

a AB
x
AC
x

( )
+
:= | 0.00496278 rad =

AB
x
AA
x

b AB
y
AA
y

( )
+
:= 0.00662252 rad =
u
AA
y
a AA
x
+
:= u 0.00496278 rad =
Shear Strain :

xy_D
o u + :=
xy_D
11.585 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_C
o | + ( ) :=
xy_C
11.585 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-14
The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the average normal strain that occurs along th
diagonals AC and DB.
Given:
a 400mm := b 300mm :=
AA
x
3mm := AA
y
2mm :=
AC
x
2mm := AC
y
2mm :=
AB
x
5mm := AB
y
4mm :=
Solution:
Geometry :
L
AC
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AC
500mm =
L
DB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
DB
500mm =
L
A'C'
a AA
x
+ AC
x

( )
2
b AC
y
+ AA
y

( )
2
+ :=
L
A'C'
500.8 mm =
L
DB'
a AB
x
+
( )
2
b AB
y
+
( )
2
+ :=
L
DB'
506.4 mm =
Average Normal Strain :
c
AC
L
A'C'
L
AC

L
AC
:= c
AC
1.601 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
c
BD
L
DB'
L
DB

L
DB
:= c
BD
12.800 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-15
The guy wire AB of a building frame is originally unstretched. Due to an earthquake, the two columns
of the frame tilt u = 2. Determine the approximate normal strain in the wire when the frame is in thi
position. Assume the columns are rigid and rotate about their lower supports.
Given:
a 4m := b 3m := c 1m := u 2deg :=
Solution:
u
u
180
|

\
|
.
t = u 0.03490659 rad =
Geometry : The vertical dosplacement is negligible.
AA
x
c u := AA
x
34.907 mm =
AB
x
b c + ( ) u := AB
x
139.626 mm =
L
AB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AB
5000mm =
L
A'B'
a AB
x
+ AA
x

( )
2
b
2
+ :=
L
A'B'
5084.16 mm =
Average Normal Strain :
c
AB
L
A'B'
L
AB

L
AB
:=
c
AB
16.833 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-16
The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine the shear strain along
the edges of the plate at A and B.
Given: a
x
250mm := a
y
250mm :=
Av 5mm := Ah 7.5mm :=
Solution:
At A :
tan
u'
A
2
|

\
|
.
a
x
Ah
a
y
Av +
=
u'
A
2 atan
a
x
Ah
a
y
Av +
|

\
|
.
:= u'
A
1.52056 rad =

nt_A
t
2
|

\
|
.
u'
A
:=
nt_A
0.05024 rad = Ans
At B :
tan
|'
B
2
|

\
|
.
a
y
Av +
a
x
Ah
=
|'
B
2 atan
a
y
Av +
a
x
Ah
|

\
|
.
:= |'
B
1.62104 rad =

nt_B
|'
B
t
2
:=
nt_B
0.05024 rad = Ans
Problem 2-17
The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine the average normal
strains along side AB and diagonals AC and DB.
Given: a
x
250mm := a
y
250mm :=
Av 5mm := Ah 7.5mm :=
Solution:
For AB :
L
AB
a
x
2
a
y
2
+ :=
L
A'B'
a
x
Ah
( )
2
a
y
Av +
( )
2
+ :=
c
AB
L
A'B'
L
AB

L
AB
:=
L
AB
353.55339 mm =
L
A'B'
351.89665 mm =
c
AB
4.686 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
For AC :
L
AC
2 a
y
( )
:= L
AC
500mm =
L
A'C'
2 a
y
Av +
( )
:= L
A'C'
510mm =
c
AC
L
A'C'
L
AC

L
AC
:= c
AC
20.000 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
For DB :
L
DB
2 a
x
( )
:= L
DB
500mm =
L
D'B'
2 a
x
Ah
( )
:= L
D'B'
485mm =
c
DB
L
D'B'
L
DB

L
DB
:= c
DB
30.000 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-18
The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain
along each diagonal, AB and CD. Side D'B' remains horizontal.
Given:
a 50mm := b 50mm :=
AB
x
3 mm :=
AC
x
8mm := AC
y
0mm :=
u'
A
91.5deg := L
AD'
53mm :=
Solution:
For AB :
AB
y
L
AD'
cos u'
A
90deg
( )
b := AB
y
2.9818 mm =
L
AB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AB
70.7107 mm =
L
AB'
a AB
x
+
( )
2
b AB
y
+
( )
2
+ := L
AB'
70.8243 mm =
c
AB
L
AB'
L
AB

L
AB
:=
c
AB
1.606 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
For CD :
AD
y
AB
y
:= AD
y
2.9818 mm =
L
CD
a
2
b
2
+ := L
CD
70.7107 mm =
L
C'D'
a AC
x
+
( )
2
b AD
y
+
( )
2
+ 2 a AC
x
+
( )
b AD
y
+
( )
cos u'
A
( )
:=
L
C'D'
79.5736 mm =
c
CD
L
C'D'
L
CD

L
CD
:=
c
CD
125.340 10
3

mm
mm
=
Ans
Problem 2-19
The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at each of
its corners, A, B, C, and D. Side D'B' remains horizontal.
Given: a 50mm := b 50mm :=
AB
x
3 mm :=
AC
x
8mm := AC
y
0mm :=
u'
A
91.5deg := L
AD'
53mm :=
Solution: u'
A
1.597 rad =
Geometry :
AB
y
L
AD'
cos u'
A
90deg
( )
b := AB
y
2.9818 mm =
AD
y
AB
y
:= AD
y
2.9818 mm =
AD
x
L
AD'
sin u'
A
90deg
( )
:= AD
x
1.3874 mm =
In triangle C'B'D' :
L
C'B'
AC
x
AB
x

( )
2
b AB
y
+
( )
2
+ :=
L
C'B'
54.1117 mm =
L
D'B'
a AB
x
+ AD
x
:= L
D'B'
48.3874 mm =
L
C'D'
a AC
x
+ AD
x

( )
2
b AD
y
+
( )
2
+ :=
L
C'D'
79.586 mm =
cos u
B'
( )
L
C'B'
2
L
D'B'
2
+ L
C'D'
2

2 L
C'B'
( )
L
D'B'
( )

=
u
B'
acos
L
C'B'
2
L
D'B'
2
+ L
C'D'
2

2 L
C'B'
( )
L
D'B'
( )

(
(
(

:=
u
B'
101.729 deg = u
B'
1.7755 rad =
u
D'
180deg u'
A
:= u
D'
88.500 deg = u
D'
1.5446 rad =
u
C'
180deg u
B'
:= u
C'
78.271 deg = u
C'
1.3661 rad =
Shear Strain :

xy_A
0.5t u'
A
( )
:=
xy_A
26.180 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_B
0.5t u
B'
( )
:=
xy_B
204.710 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_C
0.5t u
C'
( )
:=
xy_C
204.710 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_D
0.5t u
D'
( )
:=
xy_D
26.180 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-20
The block is deformed into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal
strain along line AB.
Given: Ax
BA
70 30 ( )mm := Ay
BA
100mm :=
Ax
B'A
55 30 ( )mm :=
Ay
B'A
110
2
15
2

( )
mm :=
Solution:
For AB :
L
AB
Ax
BA
2
Ay
BA
2
+ := L
AB
107.7033 mm =
L
AB'
Ax
B'A
2
Ay
B'A
2
+ := L
AB'
111.8034 mm =
c
AB
L
AB'
L
AB

L
AB
:=
c
AB
38.068 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-21
A thin wire, lying along the x axis, is strained such that each point on the wire is displaced Ax = k x
2
along the x axis. If k is constant, what is the normal strain at any point P along the wire?
Given: Ax k x
2
=
Solution:
c
x
Ax
d
d
=
c 2 k x = Ans
Problem 2-22
The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed line. Determine the averag
shear strain
xy
of the plate.
Given: a 150mm := b 200mm :=
Aa 0mm := Ab 3 mm :=
Solution:
Au atan
Ab
a
|

\
|
.
:=
Au 1.146 deg =
Au 19.9973 10
3
rad =
Shear Strain :

xy
Au :=

xy
19.997 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-23
The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines. Determine the averag
shear strain
xy
of the plate.
Given: a 200mm := Aa 3mm :=
b 150mm := Ab 0mm :=
Solution:
Au atan
Aa
b
|

\
|
.
:=
Au 1.146 deg =
Au 19.9973 10
3
rad =
Shear Strain :

xy
Au :=

xy
19.997 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-24
The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines. Determine the
average normal strains along the diagonal AC and side AB.
Given: a 200mm := b 150mm :=
AA
x
3 mm := AA
y
0mm :=
AB
x
0mm := AB
y
0mm :=
AC
x
0mm := AC
y
0mm :=
AD
x
3 mm := AD
y
0mm :=
Solution:
Geometry :
L
AC
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AC
250mm =
L
AB
b := L
AB
150mm =
L
A'C
a AC
x
+ AA
x

( )
2
b AC
y
+ AA
y

( )
2
+ :=
L
A'C
252.41 mm =
L
A'B
AA
x
2
b
2
+ :=
L
A'B
150.03 mm =
Average Normal Strain :
c
AC
L
A'C
L
AC

L
AC
:= c
AC
9.626 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
c
AB
L
A'B
L
AB

L
AB
:= c
AB
199.980 10
6

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-25
The piece of rubber is originally rectangular. Determine the average shear strain
xy
if the corners B
and D are subjected to the displacements that cause the rubber to distort as shown by the dashed lines
Given: a 300mm := b 400mm :=
AA
x
0mm := AA
y
0mm :=
AB
x
0mm := AB
y
2mm :=
AD
x
3mm := AD
y
0mm :=
Solution:
Au
AB
atan
AB
y
a
|

\
|
.
:=
Au
AB
0.38197 deg =
Au
AB
6.6666 10
3
rad =
Au
AD
atan
AD
x
b
|

\
|
.
:=
Au
AD
0.42971 deg =
Au
AD
7.4999 10
3
rad =
Shear Strain :

xy_A
Au
AB
Au
AD
+ :=

xy_A
14.166 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-26
The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed
lines. Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal DB and side AD.
Given: a 300mm := b 400mm :=
AA
x
0mm := AA
y
0mm :=
AB
x
0mm := AB
y
2mm :=
AD
x
3mm := AD
y
0mm :=
Solution:
Geometry :
L
DB
a
2
b
2
+ := L
DB
500mm =
L
AD
b := L
AD
400mm =
L
D'B'
a AB
x
+ AD
x

( )
2
b AD
y
+ AB
y

( )
2
+ := L
D'B'
496.6 mm =
L
AD'
AD
x
2
b AD
y
+
( )
2
+ := L
AD'
400.01 mm =
Average Normal Strain :
c
BD
L
D'B'
L
DB

L
DB
:= c
BD
6.797 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
c
AD
L
AD'
L
AD

L
AD
:= c
AD
28.125 10
6

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-27
The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine (a) the average normal strains c
x

and c
y
, the shear strain
xy
at A, and (b) the average normal strain along line BE.
Given: a 80mm := B
x
0mm := E
x
80mm :=
b 125mm := B
y
100mm := E
y
50mm :=
AA
x
0mm := AC
x
10mm := AD
x
15mm :=
AA
y
0mm := AC
y
0mm := AD
y
0mm :=
Solution:
Ax
AC
AC
x
AA
x
:= Ax
AC
10.00 mm =
Ay
AC
AC
y
AA
y
:= Ay
AC
0.00 mm =
Au
AC
atan
AC
x
b
|

\
|
.
:= Au
AC
79.8300 10
3
rad =
Since there is no deformation occuring along the y- and x-axis,
c
x_A
Ay
AC
:= c
x_A
0 = Ans
c
y_A
Ax
AC
2
b
2
+ b
b
:=
c
y_A
0.00319 = Ans

xy_A
Au
AC
:=

xy_A
79.830 10
3
rad =
Ans
Geometry :
AB
x
AC
x
B
y
b
= AB
x
B
y
b
|

\
|
.
AC
x
:= AB
x
8mm =
AB
y
0mm :=
AE
x
AD
x
E
y
b
= AE
x
E
y
b
|

\
|
.
AD
x
:= AE
x
6mm =
AE
y
0mm :=
L
BE
E
x
B
x

( )
2
E
y
B
y

( )
2
+ := L
BE
94.34 mm =
L
B'E'
a AE
x
+ AB
x

( )
2
E
y
AE
y
+ AB
y

( )
2
+ := L
B'E'
92.65 mm =
c
BE
L
B'E'
L
BE

L
BE
:= c
BE
17.913 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Note: Negative sign indicates shortening of BE.
Problem 2-28
The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine the average normal strain that occurs
along the diagonals AD and CF.
Given: a 80mm := B
x
0mm := E
x
80mm :=
b 125mm := B
y
100mm := E
y
50mm :=
AA
x
0mm := AC
x
10mm := AD
x
15mm :=
AA
y
0mm := AC
y
0mm := AD
y
0mm :=
Solution:
Ax
AC
AC
x
AA
x
:= Ax
AC
10.00 mm =
Ay
AC
AC
y
AA
y
:= Ay
AC
0.00 mm =
Au
AC
atan
AC
x
b
|

\
|
.
:= Au
AC
79.8300 10
3
rad =
Geometry :
L
AD
a
2
b
2
+ := L
AD
148.41 mm =
L
CF
a
2
b
2
+ := L
CF
148.41 mm =
L
A'D'
a AD
x
+ AA
x

( )
2
b AD
y
+ AA
y

( )
2
+ :=
L
A'D'
157.00 mm =
L
C'F
a AC
x

( )
2
b AC
y

( )
2
+ :=
L
C'F
143.27 mm =
Average Normal Strain :
c
AD
L
A'D'
L
AD

L
AD
:= c
AD
57.914 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
c
CF
L
C'F
L
CF

L
CF
:= c
CF
34.653 10
3

mm
mm
= Ans
Problem 2-29
The block is deformed into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at
corners C and D.
Given: a 100mm := AA
x
15 mm :=
b 100mm := AB
x
15 mm :=
L
CA'
110mm :=
Solution:
Geometry :
Au
C
asin
AA
x
L
CA'
|

\
|
.
:= Au
C
7.84 deg =
Au
C
0.1368 rad =
Au
D
asin
AB
x
L
CA'
|

\
|
.
:= Au
D
7.84 deg =
Au
D
0.1368 rad =
Shear Strain :

xy_C
Au
C
:=

xy_C
136.790 10
3
rad = Ans

xy_D
Au
D
:=

xy_D
136.790 10
3
rad = Ans
Problem 2-30
The bar is originally 30 mm long when it is flat. If it is subjected to a shear strain defined by
xy
= 0.0
x, where x is in millimeters, determine the displacement Ay at the end of its bottom edge. It is distorte
into the shape shown, where no elongation of the bar occurs in the x direction.
Given: L 300mm :=
xy
0.02 x =
unit 1mm :=
Solution:
dy
dx
tan
xy
( )
=
dy
dx
tan 0.02 x ( ) =
0
Ay
y 1
(
(
]
d
0
L
x tan 0.02 x ( ) unit ( )
(
(
]
d =
Ay
0
30
x tan 0.02x ( ) unit ( )
(
(
]
d :=
Ay 9.60 mm = Ans
Problem 2-31
The curved pipe has an original radius of 0.6 m. If it is heated nonuniformly, so that the normal strain
along its length is c = 0.05 cos u, determine the increase in length of the pipe.
Given: r 0.6m := c 0.05 cos u ( ) =
Solution:
AL L c
(
(
]
d =
AL
0
90deg
ru ( ) 0.05 cos u ( )
(
(
]
d =
AL
0
90deg
u 0.05 r cos u ( )
(
(
]
d :=
AL 30.00 mm = Ans
Problem 2-32
Solve Prob. 2-31 if c = 0.08 sin u .
Given: r 0.6m := c 0.08 sin u ( ) =
Solution:
AL L c
(
(
]
d =
AL
0
90deg
ru ( ) 0.08 sin u ( )
(
(
]
d =
AL
0
90deg
u 0.08 r sin u ( )
(
(
]
d :=
AL 0.0480 m = Ans
Problem 2-33
A thin wire is wrapped along a surface having the form y = 0.02 x
2
, where x and y are in mm. Origina
the end B is at x = 250 mm. If the wire undergoes a normal strain along its length of c = 0.0002x,
determine the change in length of the wire. Hint: For the curve, y = f (x), ds = 1
dy
dx
|

\
|
.
2
+ dx .
Given: B
x
250mm := c 0.0002 x = unit 1mm :=
Solution:
y 0.02x
2
=
dy
dx
0.04x =
ds 1
dy
dx
|

\
|
.
2
+ dx =
ds 1 0.04x ( )
2
+ dx =
AL s c
(
(
]
d = AL
0
B
x
x 0.0002x ( ) 1 0.04x ( )
2
+
(
(
]
d =
AL unit ( )
0
250
x 0.0002x ( ) 1 0.04x ( )
2
+
(
(
]
d :=
AL 42.252 mm = Ans
Problem 2-34
The fiber AB has a length L and orientation If its ends A and B undergo very small displacements u
A
and v
B
, respectively, determine the normal strain in the fiber when it is in position A'B'.
Solution:
Geometry:
L
A'B'
L cos u ( ) u
A

( )
2
L sin u ( ) v
B

( )
2
+ =
L
A'B'
L
2
u
A
2
+ v
B
2
+ 2L v
B
sin u ( ) u
A
cos u ( )
( )
+ =
Average Normal Strain:
c
AB
L
A'B'
L
L
=
c
AB
1
u
A
2
v
B
2
+
L
2
+
2 v
B
sin u ( ) u
A
cos u ( )
( )

L
+ 1 =
Neglecting higher-order terms u
A
2
and v
B
2
,
c
AB
1
2 v
B
sin u ( ) u
A
cos u ( )
( )

L
+ 1 =
Using the binomial theorem:
c
AB
1
1
2
2 v
B
sin u ( ) u
A
cos u ( )
( )

(
(

+ .. + 1 =
c
AB
v
B
sin u ( )
L
u
A
cos u ( )
L
= Ans
Problem 2-35
If the normal strain is defined in reference to the final length, that is,
c '
n
=
p' p
As' As
As'
|

\
|
.
lim

instead of in reference to the original length, Eq.2-2, show that the difference in these strains is
represented as a second-order term, namely, c
n
- c'
n
= c
n
c'
n.
Solution:
c
n
AS' AS
AS
=
c
n
c'
n

AS' AS
AS
|

\
|
.
AS' AS
AS'
|

\
|
.
=
c
n
c'
n

AS'
2
2 AS ( ) AS' ( ) AS
2
+
AS ( ) AS' ( )
=
c
n
c'
n

AS' AS ( )
2
AS ( ) AS' ( )
=
c
n
c'
n

AS' AS
AS
|

\
|
.
AS' AS
AS'
|

\
|
.
=
c
n
c'
n
c
n
( )
c'
n
( )
=
(Q.E.D.)