The human excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urine. Urine is formed in nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and selectively reabsorb useful substances while urine containing urea passes through the tubule. Urine is stored in the bladder and then expelled through the urethra. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work to regulate water concentration in the body through antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes the kidney retain or expel water to maintain homeostasis. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys become damaged and stop functioning, allowing waste to
The human excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urine. Urine is formed in nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and selectively reabsorb useful substances while urine containing urea passes through the tubule. Urine is stored in the bladder and then expelled through the urethra. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work to regulate water concentration in the body through antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes the kidney retain or expel water to maintain homeostasis. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys become damaged and stop functioning, allowing waste to
The human excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urine. Urine is formed in nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and selectively reabsorb useful substances while urine containing urea passes through the tubule. Urine is stored in the bladder and then expelled through the urethra. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work to regulate water concentration in the body through antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes the kidney retain or expel water to maintain homeostasis. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys become damaged and stop functioning, allowing waste to
The human excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urine. Urine is formed in nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and selectively reabsorb useful substances while urine containing urea passes through the tubule. Urine is stored in the bladder and then expelled through the urethra. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work to regulate water concentration in the body through antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes the kidney retain or expel water to maintain homeostasis. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys become damaged and stop functioning, allowing waste to
Human excretory system consists of: 2 kidneys 2 ureters Bladder Urethera
Lt. Kidney
Renal vein Renal artery
(Brings dirty blood; waste substances)
Urinary bladder (Stores urine temporarily)
Muscles controlling the urine flow
Urethra (Urine thrown out of body)
The function of kidney is to remove the poisonous substance urea, other waste salts & excess water from the blood & excrete it in the forms of a yellowish liquid urine.
MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION
Urine is formed inside a large no. of excretory units called Nephrons. The nephron has a cup – shaped bag at its upper end which is called Bowman’s capsule. The lower end of Bowman’s capsule is tube shaped and is called a tubule. The Bowman’s capsule contains a tuft of blood capillaries which is called glomerulus. The other end of glomerulus comes out of Bowman’s capsule as a blood capillary, surrounds the tubule of nephron & finally joins as renal venule.
Filteration Glomerulus filters the blood. Only the small molecules of subs. present in blood are allowed to pass thru like glucose, amino acids, Salts, urea and water and collects as filterate in Bowman’s cup The large molecules like protein and blood cells remain behind in the blood.
Selective Reabsorption Nephrons allows the useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water into blood capillaries. But the urea remains behind in the tubule. It does not get reabsorbed into blood capillaries.
The liquid left behind in the tubule of nephron is urine. The nephron carries this urine into the collecting duct of the kidney, from where it is carried to ureter. From the ureter, urine passes into urinary bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder for sometime & ultimately passed out of the body thru urethra. STEPS____________________________________________________________ 1 Get free chapterwise tests for Class Xth on www.tcyonline.com LECTURE NOTES – BIOLOGY STEPS … A T C Y P r og r am _______________________________________________________________________________________
Human urine contains
→ water → some slats → Nitrogenous substances → Urea
OSMOREGULATION Definition → The control of water & mineral content of the body is called Osmoregulation.
Purpose: If these factors are absent
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Condition I ADH Condition II
more water in blood Less water concentrated
Dilite Osmosis Blood shrunk cells Swollen cells 2 STEPS____________________________________________________________ Get free chapterwise tests for Class Xth on www.tcyonline.com LECTURE NOTES – BIOLOGY STEPS … A T CY Pr ogr am _______________________________________________________________________________________
Mechanism
Hypothalamus (Detector) Monitors the conc. of blood
blood concentrated Blood diluted
Pituitary gland
ADH Secreted in Blood Stop secreting ADH
(Anti Diuretic Horm.)
Blood gets deluded Kidney
(absence of ADH) walls of collective
Kidney ducts impermeable to water
[makes walls of collecting ducts of nephron
Water remains in urine & urine thus passed permeable to water] will be very dilute & more in quantity.
Minimize loss of water in urine & maximize
water remains in blood.
Urine concentrated & lesser in quantity
KIDNEY FAILURE / RENAL FAILURE
An infection in the kidneys or an injury or restricted blood flow can damage kidneys due to which they stop working. Complete failure of kidneys allows the urea & other waste products to build up in the blood. Even the amt. of water in the kidney is not regulated C can lead to death if not treated urgently.
7. Kidney transplant Dialysis /Artificial Kidney The procedure of cleaning the blood of a person by separating the waste sub. (urea) from it is called dialysis.
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