Music as a \eapon?

Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn ano rle

Polirics o Rock in Colo \ai Beilin
Is popular music a tool of consumer capitalist recuperation or can it be a weapon of revo-
lutionary change? The career of the radical rock band Ton Steine Scherben, founded in
West Berlin in 1970, suggests that at certain moments, radical music and radical politics
can be mutually constitutive. The bands history provides a richer understanding of the
radical left-wing scene in West Berlin at a key moment of transition from the student move-
ment of the 1960s to the anarchist and terrorist scenes of the 1970s, illustrating how an
analysis of popular music in its social and cultural setting can broaden historical analysis.
Timorly S. Biown
`oirleasrein !niveisiry
Popular Music as an Historiographical Problcm
Tle sclolaily sruoy o populai musicano o rle connecrion lerween populai
music ano social movemenrslas ieceiveo iarlei less arrenrion rlan irs
impoirance meiirs. !n one aiea in wlicl populai music is geneially acknowleogeo
ro lave playeo an impoiranr iolerle 'sixries"sclolaily invesrigarion oren
legins ano enos wirl rle olseivarion rlar sweeping social clanges weie
ieecreo in, ano somelow connecreo ro, rle iising populaiiry o iock music.
!uirlei invesrigarion is uigenrly neeoeo, oi nor only ooes lisroiy oren lag
lelino orlei oisciplines in arrempring ro unoeisrano rle naruie ano impoirance
o populai meoia, alove all populai music, lur rle pioresr movemenrs o rle
196Os ano areirlemselves rle ocus o a iising rioe o sclolaily inreiesraie
uninrelligille wirlour a moie soplisricareo unoeisranoing o rle inreioepenoence
o rle polirical ano rle culruial in geneial, ano o rle iole o populai music in
pairiculai. So ai, rle lulk o rle woik on rle socio-culruial conrenr o populai
music las allen ro sclolais woiking in culruial ano meoia sruoies, oisciplines
rlar, along wirl musicology, lave ueleo rle iise o populai music sruoies as
a oisciere helo.
1
!acl las pioouceo valualle insiglrs easily aoapreo oi use
ly lisroiians.
2
!n rle Angloplone lireiaruie, leginning wirl rle woik o rle
Biiminglam Cenrei oi Conrempoiaiy Culruial Sruoies in rle 196Os, rle
ocus las leen on uncoveiing mooes o culruial iesisrance in rle music- ano
sryle-laseo yourl sulculruies o rle posrwai peiioo.
3
Moie iecenrly, rlemes o
Ameiicanizarion, culruial glolalizarion, ano local appiopiiarion lave come ro
rle oie.
+
!n rle Ceiman lireiaruie, populai music las leen rieareo somewlar
moie lisroiically, wirl sruoies ocusing on music as a mooe o iesisrance againsr
rle roralizing rwenrierl-cenruiy iegimes o `arional Socialism ano !asr Ceiman
2 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
Communism.
5
!n conriasr, rle iole o populai music in rle \esr Ceiman
pioresr movemenrs o rle 196Os ano 197Osone o rle iarlei moie sriiking
local expiessions o rle glolal yourl ievolr usually passing unoei rle iuliic
o '1968"is only now leginning ro ieceive sulsranrial sclolaily arrenrion.
6

Tlis is suipiising, oi rle \esr Ceiman case oeis peilaps rle mosr sriiking
example o rle inreipeneriarion o populai music ano populai polirics, wlicl,
wlile in ceirain ways unique, is emllemaric o rle mass yourl pioresrs o rle
196Os moie geneially.
\ly rlis lacuna? ne ieason may le rlar rle oecisive evenrs ano rlemes
o rle sixries ano sevenries in \esr Ceimanyiom larrles ovei rle `arional
Socialisr pasr, eoucarional ieoim ano rle oemociarizarion o rle pullic spleie,
ro mass pioresrs, srare violence, ano ler-wing reiioiismaie rlemselves ai
iom leing aoequarely exploieo. Tle evenrs o rle \esr Ceiman '1968," wlile
rle suljecr o a vasr Ceiman-language lireiaruie, aie only jusr now leginning ro
pass our o rle iealm o 'pairicipanr lisroiy" wirl irs accompanying polemics ro
a moie oispassionare lisroiiogiaply lenehring iom clionological ano, in rle
case o Anglo-Ameiican lisroiians, geogiaplical ano culruial oisrance.
7
\irl
rle lig issues ai iom sarisacroiily iesolveoinoeeo, only jusr now leginning
ro le rieareo in !nglisl ar allrleie las peilaps leen a sense rlar seeming
eplemeia-like populai music is less in neeo o invesrigarion. !r is also riue
rlar mucl o rle lisroiiogiaply so ai las piivilegeo a iarlei naiiow, sruoenr
Maixism-cenriic, oiganizarion-louno view o rle sixrieswirl a coiiespono-
ingly naiiow view o wlar consrirures 'polirics"wlicl las ler our impoiranr
pairs o rle picruie. Tlis srare o aaiis is rlankully leginning ro clange, ano
one goal o rlis essay will le ro lelp pusl rle clange along. !eie ir will le
aigueo rlar in rle ler-wing \esr Ceiman milieu o rle lare sixriesa milieu
rlar gave liirl lorl ro rle myiiao peimurarions o rle H/tcrnetit/cvcgung as
well as rle reiioi o uilan gueiilla gioupsiaoical music ano iaoical polirics
weie murually consrirurive.
8
`or only oio iock music lorl geneiare ano miiioi
rle ioeas ano slogans o rle movemenrgiving cleaiei-rlan-usual expiession
ro rle iaoical mcnte/itclur ir miiioieo, in irs mooes o culruial piooucrion,
laigei rlemes o rle pioresr movemenrs rlar iockeo \esr Ceiman sociery in
rle sixries ano sevenries.
\leie populai music las leen analyzeo, ir las oren leen in a moie oi less
geneiic sense, as one among orlei culruial piooucrs rlar serrleo, as a iesulr o
posrwai Anglo-Ameiicanizarion, on new reiiiroiy, evoking a iesonance o giearei
oi lessei inreiesr in irs new culruial reiiain. To le suie, rlis is pair o rle sroiy,
rle memoii lireiaruie o pairicipanrs in rle \esr Ceiman scene o rle sixries
ano sevenries is iie wirl ieeiences ro rle impoirance o populai music in rle
iaoical-ler H//teg. Bur ir is possille ro oo moie rlan riear populai music in rle
alsriacr, inoeeo, lecause o one exriaoioinaiy ano well-oocumenreo gioup, we
lave rle oppoiruniry ro unoeirake a souice-oiiven invesrigarion o populai music
3
Timothy S. 8rown
in irs socio-polirical serring.
9
A lano o enouiing signihcancenor only lecause
o rle sulsequenr iock-srai caieei o irs leao singei Rio Reisei, lur lecause o
rle emorional oice ano sraying powei o polirical anrlems like 'Keine Maclr
ui `iemano" ano 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr"Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn
conrinues ro le iememleieo as rle lano rlar supplieo rle 'sounoriack oi rle
ievolr o a geneiarion." Beyono sucl glil pionouncemenrs, lowevei, rle gioup`s
eaily caieei oeis a look inro one o rle mosr salienr ways in wlicl populai
music nor only iesonareo wirl, lur lelpeo ro consrirure, yourl pioresr.
1O
"Only whcn wc arc strong can wc changc our situation!"
Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s ioors lay in rle iaoical srieer rlearei o rle 196Os. Tle
gioup`s oiiecr piecuisoi, Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetrc (Bcr/incr e/lsthcetcr), was a
ciearive alliance lerween rliee liorleis, Ceir, Perei, ano Ralpl Molius (rle
uruie Rio Reisei).
11
\eaiing coloiul cosrumes ano anciul masks, accompanieo
ly a live lano oi wlicl Ral wiore rle songs, rle liorleis peioimeo on rle
srieers ano in yourl lomes o \esr Beilin leginning in 1969. Tleii aim was
ro cieare an air rlar woulo lileiare consciousness ano rleiely leao ro polirical
acrion. To rlis eno rley oevelopeo a oozen oi so pieces oepicring rle conicrs
o oaily lie, seveial o wlicl woulo larei supply rle lasis o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn
songs. Tle agslip among rlese was rle piece 'Rira ano Paul," wlicl was
peioimeo oi rle hisr rime ar a yourl cenrei in rle `aunynsriale in Beilin
Kieuzleig in rle all o 1969.
12
Tle piece iepiesenreo rle cenreipiece o rle
rioupe`s arrempr ro cieare a polirically eecrive air: 'as Tlearei zu einem
piakrikallen uleiriaglaien !nsriumenr zu maclen," ieao an announcemenr oi
rle slow, 'isr oie von oei Tleareiriuppe in Angii genommene Aileir. as
S!`CSP!!! Rira uno Paul isr oas eisre !igelnis oiesei Aileir." Tle piece
was a soir o Romeo ano Julier rale ievolving aiouno a young woikei, Paul
(poiriayeo ly Ral Molius), ano Rira, rle oauglrei o a acroiy ownei. !n one
scene a iusriareo Paul sees rle ace o a conseivarive commenraroi on lis TV
scieen. 'Ar rlar poinr," wiires Ceir Molius, 'Paul, in lillical pose, gialleo rle
relevision ano wirl luining iage smasleo ir ro rle giouno."
13
Tle scene was
olloweo ly rle peioimance o a song wirl a soon-ro-le legenoaiy ieiain:
'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr."
1+
An iconic expiession o iage ano
violenr iesisrance againsr rle mulriple oppiessions o oaily lie, rle song woulo
le iecoioeo a yeai larei as Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s hisr single.
15
(!llus. 1)
Auoience pairiciparion was a ciirical elemenr in rle peioimances o
Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetrcmasks weie laio our on a ralle ano young woikeis
weie invireo onro rle srage ro play our scenes iom rleii own lives.
16
Cenrial
ro HCT`s conceprion o rlearei was rlar rle lounoaiy lerween peioimei ano
specraroi musr le lioken oown, ano rlar rle conriilurion o rle larrei was
equal ro, i nor moie impoiranr rlan rlar o rle oimei. 'Tle pieoominanr
4 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
culruial ano polirical consciousness o rle auoience memlei," ieaos poinr `o. 1
o rle gioup`s guioelines, 'is rle srairing poinr oi rle planning ano iealizarion
o rle play."
17
A gioup o young appienrices wlo hisr appeaieo on rle evening
in rle `aunynsriale peioimeo wirl sucl veive ano assuiance rlar rley weie
invireo inro a ciearive alliance wirl rle memleis o Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetrc.
!n eaily 197O rle gioup splir o ro peioim on rleii own as rle Retc Stcinc,
Pre/cteris.hcs Lchr/ingsthcetcr.
18
Ralpl ano Ceir Molius conrinueo ro peioim
wirl rle Retc Stcinc, wlile Perei Moliusalong wirl Kai Siclreimann ano
R.P.S. !aniue, lorl larei ounoing memleis o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cniemaineo
wirl Hejjmen's Cemi. Tcetrc.
19
!ike Hejjmen's Cemi. Tcetrc, rle Retc Stcinc riieo
ro osrei polirical consciousness rliougl auoience pairiciparion. \e arrempr
rliougl oui peioimances," srareo rle gioup in a maniesro:
ro ger young people ro ponoei rleii siruarion. Tle scenes aie impioviseo.
Tle peioimance is veiy simple, lecause a peison plays a siruarion wirl
wlicl le is amiliai. \e play wirl masks, wlicl ar rle eno o rle peioi-
mance aie oisriilureo among rle auoience. !n rlis way we arrempr ro ger
!llus. 1: Tle iecoioing o rle hisr single 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr,"
1971. Picruieo aie lassisr Kai Siclreimann ano oiummei \olgang Seioel.
All plorogiapls couiresy Jurra Marrless, Beilin.
5
Timothy S. 8rown
rle specraroi ro play along.. \e see rle lasic rask as rle luiloing o moie
rlearei gioups. \len moie gioups aie luilr, moie young people will ponoei
rleii siruarion ano rle moie rleie aie, rle sriongei we will le. nly wlen
we aie sriong can we clange oui siruarion!
Rooreo in liveo expeiience, rle engageo rlearei o rle Retc Stcinc miiioieo a
key rleme o rle sixries ievolurion in \esr Ceimany, rlar o sel-lileiarion
rliougl acrion. !n speaking rle pieviously unspeakalle, making visille pievi-
ously raken-oi-gianreo aurloiiraiian ielarionslips lerween loss ano woikei,
reaclei ano sruoenr, paienr ano clilo, Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetrc ano rle Retc
Stcin peneriareo ro rle leair o rle `ew !er unoeisranoing o locaring rle
polirical in rle eveiyoay.
2O
(!llus. 2+)
Ar rle same rime, rle Retc Stcinc weie pair o a riansoimarion in rle naruie
o ler-wing polirics in \esr Ceimany arei rle ciisis yeai o 1968. \irl rle
ligl-warei maik o rle sruoenr movemenr pasr, in rle wake o rle assassinarion
arrempr againsr sruoenr leaoei Ruoi ursclke in Apiil 1968 ano rle oissolu-
rion o rle clie Ceiman sruoenr oiganizarion rle SS rle ollowing yeai,
!llus. 2: Tle Rore Sreine.
6 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
!llus. 3: Tle Rore Sreine in ieleaisal. !iom ler ro iiglr !eileir !. ('!eppi"),
Klaus J. ('Jacko"), \olgang B. ('Bonnei"), ano Raymono.
!llus. +: Tle Rore Sreine on srage.
7
Timothy S. 8rown
rle yourl ielellion in \esr Ceimany was caiiieo oiwaio ly new acrois mo-
rivareo ly new conceins. Tlis slir was maikeo ly a new ocus on woikeis in
geneial ano young woikeis in pairiculai. A salienr earuie o rle new polirical
lanoscape weie rle lors o new Maixisr-!eninisr ano/oi Maoisr caoie pairies,
rle so-calleo K-Gruppcn. Alongsioe rlese weie rle Besisgruppcn ('iank ano hle
gioups"), wlicl iepiesenreo a soir o 'going ro rle people" on rle pair o rle
young ler-wing inrelligenrsia, linkeo wirl a new ocus on molilizing woiking
class yourl. Ar rle same rime, rle counreiculruial srieam o rle `68ei move-
menr wlicl lao legun ro ciysrallize aiouno rle amous Kemmunc ano orlei
communes in 1968-69 lecame incieasingly auronomous ano iaoical. ur o
rlis srieam aiose rle \esr Beilin 'Blues," a pioro-reiioiisr scene o anaiclisr
lippies llenoing counreiculruial sryle wirl miliranr opposirion ro rle srare.
21

Borl rle 'Blues" scene ano rle Besisgruppcn iepiesenreo a new piivileging o
rle local. Tleii ieriear inro rle neiglloilooo, rle Kic:, was lorl an arrempr
ro riansoim sociery ly ocusing on conciere local sriuggles, ano an arrempr
ro escape iom sociery ly oiming auronomous enclaves. !r is wirl rle mosr
impoiranr o rlese enclavesBeilin Kieuzleigrlar rle name Ten Stcinc
S.hcr/cn is inoelilly linkeo.
22
"Thc Discovcry of Krcuzbcrg"
Tle riansoimarion o Kieuzleig inro a iaoical enclave was, in a unoamenral
sense, a piooucr o rle Colo \ai. Ar rle eno o rle Secono \oilo \ai mucl
o rle oisriicr lay in iuins. Ar leasr +2 peicenr o irs living-spaces ano rwo-
rliios o irs lusinesses weie oesrioyeo.
23
Tle luiloing o rle Beilin \all in
1961 acceleiareo rlis oecay. Piivare luiloing acriviry came almosr ro a lalr ano
pullic luiloing was iesriicreo ro a ew inoivioual piojecrs. Many young woiking
amilies riieo o rle coal ovens, oursioe roilers, ano oesrioyeo aaoes ano moveo
ro rle ourskiirs o rle ciry. An inux o Tuikisl 'guesr woikeis" leginning in
196+ aileo ro srem rle ner loss in Kieuzleig`s popularion, wlicl sliank iom
a posrwai ligl o 213,OOO in 1952 ro only 158,OOO in 197O.
2+
Tle numlei o
jols was cur in lal.
25
Moie unoamenrally, rle luiloing o rle Beilin \all
clangeo rle sparial oiienrarion o Kieuzleig wirlin rle ciry, oisplacing rle
oisriicr iom neai rle cenrei o Beilin ro rle maigins o irs iump wesrein lal.
\irl many o irs srieers now coming alsuioly ro an eno againsr rle conciere
laiiiei, Kieuzleig lecame a pocker o \esr Beilin lounoeo on rliee sioes ly
rle wall, a space lorl lireially ano hguiarively 'on rle maigins." Connecreo
ly !-Baln ro rle sruoenr oisriicrs neai rle !iee !niveisiry on rle orlei sioe
o rle ciry, wirl cleap ienrs, Kieuzleig lecame an arriacrive oesrinarion oi
sruoenrs. Ar rle same rime, ir lecame lome ro oiar-ooogeis arriacreo ly \esr
Beilin`s exempr srarus unoei allieo miliraiy occuparion. Tle comlinarion o
rlese acrois lelpeo make Kieuzleig thc majoi oesrinarion oi woulo-le lo-
lemians in \esr Ceimany in rle lare 196Os ano `7Os.
26
S Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
!oi rle leaoei o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn, Ralpl Molius, Kieuzleig possesseo an
aooirional arriacriveness: irs mix o young woikeis ano Gester/citcr seemeo ro
oei rle possililiry o aurlenric engagemenr wirl rle woiking class.
27
Molius`
larei claim (as Rio Reisei, ro wlicl le will leiearei le ieeiieo)rlar rle
move ro Kieuzleig was piompreo ly a iumoi rlar young pioleraiians srill liveo
rleiespeaks volumes nor only alour rle inreiweaving myrlologies o lano
ano oisriicr, lur alour Rio Reisei limsel.
28
A Cliisrian wirl a oeep concein
oi social jusrice (alrlougl nor a sel-aoveirising one in a laigely anri-ieligious
ler-wing milieu), an avio ieaoei o rle aovenruie sroiies o Kail May, ano a
lomosexual (nor openly unril 1976), Reisei was an oursioei wirl a poweiul
commirmenr ro rle weak ano rle maiginalizeo. \irl irs popularion o young
woikeis, ieriiees, ano immigianrs, Kieuzleig was a peiecr helo o engage-
menr oi lis populisr iomanricism. Tle lano rlar woulo give expiession ro
rlis iomanricism was ounoeo in Augusr 197O in a ioom o rle Aoalleirsriale
in rle leair o 'Kieuzleig 36." !r incluoeo, alongsioe Rio Reisei, oiummei
\olgang Seioel, guiraiisr R. P. S. !aniue, ano lassisr Kai Siclreimann. Tle
name Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn was suggesreo ly Reisei. '!r souno|eo] socialisr," wiires
lassisr Kai Siclreimann, 'oi ar leasr riaoe-union-like." Bur ir also iepiesenreo
'a secier gieering ro rle lano rlar was oi us rle giearesr mooel: Tle Rolling
Srones."
29
Tle gioup`s populisr oiienrarion asseireo irsel in a numlei o ways, nor
leasr in irs musical innovarions. ne o rlese lao ro oo wirl language. Ten
Stcinc S.hcr/cn was rle hisr Ceiman iock gioup ro sing in Ceiman, a liglly
unusual srep in an eia wlen iock peioimeis in conrinenral !uiope renoeo ro
ape Anglo-Ameiican mooels iiglr oown ro rle language.
3O
!sing Ceiman was
nor a narionalisr sraremenr, lur a localisr one, ir was meanr ro allow rle gioup
ro connecr as inrimarely as possille wirl irs raiger auoience, rle appienrices ano
young woikeis o Kieuzleig. Communicaring in a iougl pioleraiian veinaculai,
alreinarely sung, spoken, ano sloureo, Rio Reisei aclieveo a riuei ano moie
soplisricareo level o airisric expiession, lur le also maoe a polirical poinr:
rlar rle neeos o eveiyoay people, rle iealiries o oaily lie, riumpeo noims
ano sranoaios imposeo iom rle oursioe. 'Tleie aie oren ieal conveisarions
rlar lappen on rle srieer, in puls, oi in rle woikplace," noreo rle lano in an
inreiview in eaily 1971, '|w]e jusr lao ro wiire rlem oown.."
31

Tlis merloo inuenceo nor only rle language in wlicl rle songs weie
sung, lur rle rlemes wirl wlicl rley oealr. Tle rirle o rle gioup`s hisr allum,
erum gcht cs mir se rc.lig (1971), capruieo peiecrly rle gioup`s concein wirl
exploiing rle suljecriviry ano psyclology o oppiession iooreo in rle expeiience
o oaily lie. Tle hisr single, 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr," expiesseo
in a iougl clippeo piose rle iusriarion o man cauglr in a woilo o inexoialle
ano impeisonal oices. Tle hisr sranza'Raoios lauen, Plarren lauen, !ilme
lauen, TV`s lauen, Reisen kauen, Auros kauen, !usei kauen, Molel kauen,
9
Timothy S. 8rown
woui?"expiesseo a oeep skepricism alour consumei capiralisr sociery ano rle
lappiness rlar possessions weie supposeo ro liing.
32
Tlis skepricism iesonareo
wirl rle inuenrial ciirique o consumei capiralism maoe ly rle rlinkeis o
rle !iankuir Sclool, wlicl ly rle eno o rle 196Os lao nor only peicolareo
oown ro inoim rle rlouglr o sruoenr inrellecruals, lur spieao our ro ooverail
wirl rle woilo view o young people moie geneially. Tlis ciirique lao come
ro specraculai expiession ouiing rle ligl peiioo o rle sruoenr movemenr.
Boin in pop-culruial oim ly rle sariiical ieis o rle Kemmunc (meoia-savvy
communaios wlo useo rle occasion o a reiiille hie in rle Belgian oepairmenr
sroie L'nnetetien in May 1967 ro spoo rle oveileareo piose o consumei-
isr aoveirising copy) ano in moie conciere oim ly pioro-reiioiisrs Anoieas
Baaoei ano Cuoiun !nsslin (wlose aison arrack on a !iankuir oepairmenr
sroie in Apiil 1968 signaleo a new willingness ro go leyono woios ro oeeos),
rle ciirique o 'Konsum-Teiioi" was a majoi componenr o rle iaoicalism in
rle milieu o wlicl rle S.hcr/cn weie a pair.
33
Borl a collecrive ieusal ano a
call ro aims, rle ieiain 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr" was expiessive
o rle new level o comlariveness wirl wlicl rlis ciirique was leing puisueo
ar rle leginning o rle 197Os.
3+
!n musical reims, Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn oeieo a iaw, sriippeo-oown souno,
llues-laseo, wirl oisroireo guirais ano sing-along ieiains. \lile rle inuence
o !nglisl 'Bear gioups" like rle Rolling Srones ano rle Kinks is olvious, rle
S.hcr/cn occupieo a riansirional space among rle genies. !ike rleii Ameiican
conrempoiaiies rle MC-5a gioup also known oi irs associarion wirl iaoi-
cal polirics ano wirl wlom Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn rouieo !uiope in 1972rle
S.hcr/cn anricipareo rle punk iock o rle lare sevenries. Tley can le placeo
alongsioe orlei 'pioro-punk" gioups like rle `ew Yoik olls ano rle Srooges,
lanos rlar lelpeo oige a link lerween rle iock music o rle sixries/sevenries
ano rle moie sriippeo-oown punk vaiianr o rle lare sevenries/eiglries. !n rle
case o rle S.hcr/cn, lowevei, rleie was a moie unoamenral link wirl punk
rlar lay less in rle iealm o music pcr sc rlan in rle conoirions o irs pioouc-
rion ano oisriilurion. !ike many o rle punk, posr-punk, ano laiocoie lanos
o rle 198Os, rle S.hcr/cn souglr ro lypass capiralisr means o piooucrion ano
oisriilurion, ieleasing rleii music on rleii own iecoio lalel ano oisriiluring
ir rliougl non-riaoirional clannels. !n emliacing wlar woulo larei le calleo
a !Y ('o ir Youisel") aesrleric, rle S.hcr/cn liiogeo rle gap lerween rle
inoepenoenr culruial piacrice o rle 196Ossymlolizeo ly rle inrense cieariviry
o rle unoeigiouno piess ano inoepenoenr air scene(s)ano rle explosion o
inoepenoenr lanos, lalels, ano pullisleis accompanying rle iise o punk iom
rle eno o rle 197Os.
!n rle lanos o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn, rlis culruial innovarion uncrioneo
in explicirly polirical reims. Tle name o rle lano`s iecoio lalel'avio
Volksmuno"comlineo a ieeience ro rle lillical sroiy o avio ano Coliarl
10 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
(complere wirl slingslor logo) wirl rle ioea o rle 'people`s voice," peiecrly
capruiing rle essence o rle gioup`s piojecr. Tle ioea o an airisr-iun iecoio
lalel was liglly novel ar a rime wlen rle ohcial culruie inousriy aominisreieo
almosr eveiy aspecr o rle piocess o piooucrion ano oisriilurion o music. Veiy
iequenrly, rle inousriy conriolleo even rle acr o composirion irsel. !eie, roo,
Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn wenr againsr rle giain ly wiiring irs own composirions ano
singing rlem in Ceiman. Tle lano`s oelur single ano allum oio liisk lusiness
in rle ler-wing look sroie ciicuir. Tle lano iepoireo selling 1O,OOO copies
o rle 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr single," ano a similai numlei o
rle '\aium gelr es mii so oieckig" !P.
35
By rle eno o rle oecaoe, Ten Stcinc
S.hcr/cn lao solo 3OO,OOO copies o irs own allums wirl no aoveirising ano
nexr-ro-no iaoio aiiplay.
36
Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn was also piecocious in pullisling
irs own 'anzine," Gutcn Mergcn. Repiooucing lyiics, ploros, ano commenraiy
in a vivio cur-ano-pasre sryle, ir comlineo a concein wirl local, neiglloilooo
issues, wirl issues oiawn iom rle lioaoei woilo, sucl as women`s ano gay
lileiarion, Black Powei, ano rle Ameiican !noian Movemenr, ano rle aimeo
gueiilla sriuggle in \esr Ceimany. Tle main message o rle anzineo rle
gioup`s enriie piojecrwas expiesseo in rle inriooucrion ro Gutcn Mergcn:
'\lar we lave oone, eveiyone can oo."
37
Tlis emplasis on sel-managemenrlorl airisric ano poliricallleo ovei
inro Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s moie pullic commirmenrs. !r was symlolizeo mosr
sriongly ly rle lano`s iole in rle ciearion o \esr Beilin`s legenoaiy squar,
rle Ceoige von Raucl !aus. Tle lackgiouno ro rle ciearion o rle Raucl
!aus lay in a piojecr o uilan ienewal legun ly Buigeimeisrei \illy Bianor
in 1963. Accoioing ro rle iniriarive, Kieuzleig was ro le useo as a gianr canvas
oi mooein uilan planning. Tle plan, wlicl envisioneo rle reaiing oown o
luiloings conraining some 16,OOO inoivioual living spaces, was pur inro acrion
in 196869.
38
!nlike in anorlei oisriicr leavily aecreo ly rle plan, \eooing,
rle plan mer wirl opposirion in Kieuzleig. Tle poliricizarion o rlis issueo
rle issue o wlar was ro lecome o rle luiloings o rle oisriicrciysrallizeo
aiouno rle quesrion o rle srarus o rle Berlanien lospiral complex on rle
Maiiannenplarz. Tle Berlanien lao leen impoiranr in rle ninereenrl cenruiy
oi raking caie o rle pooi iom rle suiiounoing oisriicr, ir srooo empry wlen
rle issue o uilan ienewal liouglr marreis ro a leao in 197O. !n rlis sriuggle
ovei uilan ienewal weie miiioieo some o rle main renoencies rlar aiose in
rle areimarl o rle sruoenr movemenr. Tle KP-M! (Communisr Pairy-
Maixisr !eninisr) was especially acrive in Kieuzleig, wleie ir souglr ro use
rle issue o lousing as a means o connecring wirl rle woiking classone o
rle key goals o rle K-Gruppcn. !ounoeo in ecemlei 1968, rle KP-M!
cieareo irs own Stettci/ commirree oi \esr Beilin in `ovemlei 1969. Tle
Stettci/ commirree, as expiesseo in rle pages o Retc Prcssc Kerrcspencn:, was
ro supply 'analyrical woik in connecrion wirl rle pairiculai rype o oppiession
11
Timothy S. 8rown
o rle masses in a pairiculai locarion"in rle case o Kieuzleig, rle issue o
uilan ienewal.
39

Tle inreiesr o rle K-Gruppcn norwirlsranoing, rle impasse aiouno rle
srarus o rle Berlanien was lioken ly classically-anaiclisr merloos. Tle
seizuie o wlar woulo lecome rle Ceoig von Raucl !aus ar rle eno o 1971
was acrually rle secono o rwo luiloing seizuies wirl wlicl rle S.hcr/cn weie
connecreo. Tle hisr rook place in July arei a TSS conceir in rle Mensa o
rle Teclnical !niveisiry. Tle conceir, wlicl also earuieo peioimances ly
rle lanos Hgitetien Frcc ano Hsh Re Tcmp/c, was pair o an inoimarional evenr
oiganizeo ly Perei Paul Zall, eoiroi o rle leaoing Beilin iaoical oigan Hgit
SS3, in coopeiarion wirl rle Retc Hi/jc cst Bcr/in. Tle Retc Stcinc weie piesenr,
along wirl a conringenr o young woikeis, sruoenrs, ano iaoicals iom rle \esr
Beilin anaiclisr scene. Tle acrivisr !orlai Bingei inrenoeo ro use rle conceir
as a jumping-o poinr oi rle seizuie o an empry luiloing in Kieuzleig, ro
le useo oi rle ciearion o a sel-oiganizeo yourl cenrei. Arei rle S.hcr/cn`s
peioimance, as agieeo upon aleao o rime wirl Bingei, Rio Reisei calleo
upon rle ciowo ro go inro acrion. Tle iesulrrle seizuie o an empry acroiy
luiloing ar Maiiannensriale 13was rle hisr sucl luiloing seizuie in \esr
Beilin. By rle eno o rle oecaoe, moie rlan 3OO luiloings in \esr Beilin weie
unoei rle conriol o squarreis.
+O

Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s peioimance was iecoioeo ly Klaus !ieuoigmann ano
larei maoe up rle live sioe one o rle S.hcr/cn's hisr allum.
+1
Bur rle evenrs
o July 3 weie meiely a pieluoe ro a moie specraculai evenr, one wirl wlicl
rle name Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn woulo lecome inoelilly associareo. By rle eno o
!llus. 5: Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn in rle Auoimax o rle T! Beilin, 1973.
12 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
1971, rensions lerween rle iaoical milieu ano rle srare weie coming ro a leao.
Tle Reo Aimy acrion miliranr Peria Sclelm lao leen killeo in !amluig in
July, only a couple o weeks arei rle Maiiannensriale luiloing seizuie, leaoing
ro reiioiisr iepiisals. n ecemlei +, rle anaiclisr miliranr Ceoig von Raucl
was killeo in Beilin in a sloor-our wirl police. Tle 'muioei" (as rle iaoical
ler unoeisrooo ir) o von Raucl symlolizeo rle incieasingly piriless sriuggle
lerween reiioiisrs ano rle srare ano lenr even giearei uigency ro rle sriuggle
ovei uilan space in \esr Beilin. A 'Teacl-!n" scleouleo ar rle Teclnical !ni-
veisiry on ecemlei 8 was ro oeal wirl rle issue o rle Berlanien, specihcally
rle Mairla-Maiia-!aus, rle oimei nuises` ooimiroiy on rle noirl-wesr sioe
o rle complex acing rle Beilin \all. Rio Reisei ano lis iieno Anne Reiclea
leaoing hguie in rle Blues scene ano sloirly ro le a memlei o rle Bcvcgung
2. )uni, rle anaiclisr counreipair ro rle RA!envisioneo rle seizuie o rle
Mairla-Maiia-!aus as rle pieluoe ro a seizuie o rle enriie lospiral complex,
oiming rle lasis o a '!ieie Repullik Berlanien."
+2
!ueleo ly angei ovei rle
oearl o Ceoig von Raucl, rle Teacl-!n on ecemlei 8 iesulreo in quick ano
oecisive acrion. Arei rle peioimance o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn, ano accompanieo ly
massive yeiing ano pullic announcemenrs, some 6OO miliranr yourl oescenoeo
on rle Berlanien ly auromolile ano sulway. '! iememlei rle peioimance
o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn in rle Auoimax o rle T!," iecalls Cliisrina Peiincioli,
women`s acrivisr ano hlmmakei:
wleie lerween rle songs evei sloirei polirical rexrs weie ieao. Tlar was
new ano giear, unril rlen, iock music lao spoken only ro rle gur. Bur rle
ciowning evenr came wlen rle enriie oemonsriarion suooenly rook o ano
we seizeo rle Berlanien. Tlar srill las rle powei ro inspiie me rooay, rle
clanneling o a culruial evenr inro polirical acrion.
+3
Tle Mairla-Maiia-!aus, seizeo ly young woikeis, appienrices, iunaways, aioeo
ano alerreo ly memleis o rle local Basis Cioup ('Basis-Ciuppe !eim- uno
!elilingsaileir") ano iaoicals iom rle Blues milieu, was quickly ienameo rle
'Ceoig von Raucl !aus." Tle louse lecame a majoi 'scene" locarion, nor only
oi iunaways ano oiug useis, lur oi memleis o rle pioro-reiioiisr gioups.
Police iaioeo rle louse on Apiil 19, 1972, on inoimarion rlar Miclael 'Bommi"
Baumann, a iieno o rle oeceaseo Ceoig von Raucl, memlei o rle Blues
scene ano larei rle Bcvcgung 2. )uni, was langing our rleie.
++
Tle puipoireo
oiscoveiy o a 'loml laloiaroiy" in rle louse was iepoireo on wirl ielisl ly
rle conseivarive Bi/ Zcitung, ano rle C! agirareo, wirlour success, oi rle
louse`s closuie.
+5
Tle seizuie iepiesenreo an inirial llow in rle sriuggle ovei
uilan space in Beilin, giving iise ro a larrle lerween squarreis ano aurloiiries
rlar woulo lasr well inro rle 198Os.
+6

!oi rle memleis o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn rle seizuie o rle louseano rle
inrimare connecrion lerween rleii music ano iaoical polirical acrion rlar ir
13
Timothy S. 8rown
lelpeo solioiypioveo ro le a ooulle-eogeo swoio. n rle one lano, rle
gioup immoiralizeo rle seizuie in irs amous 'Raucl !aus !ieo," a song rlar
appeaieo on irs secono !P, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, ieleaseo in crolei 1972.
n rle orlei, rle uniry among anri-aurloiiraiians celeliareo in rle 'Raucl
!aus !ieo was ai iom a iealiry: ar rle veiy rime ar wlicl rle song was le-
ing iecoioeo, wirl iesioenrs iom rle louse invireo ro sing on rle iousing
cloius: 'as isr unsei !aus!li kiiegr uns liei niclr iaus"rle memleis
o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn weie on ai iom iienoly reims wirl rle people in con-
riol o rle Raucl !aus. Accuseo o laving wiirren a song rlar, as Rio Reisei
paiapliaseo ir, lao 'norling ro oo wirl iealiry," rle gioup was piolilireo ly
rle !aus` leaoeis iom appeaiing ar a Teacl-!n againsr a rlieareneo evicrion
in Maicl 1972.
+7
'Tlis oion`r lampei rle same people," iecalls rle S.hcr/cn`s
lass playei Kai Siclreimann lirreily, 'iom slowing up rwo monrls larei in
Klaus !ieuoigmann`s sruoio in rle Aomiialsriale ro clanr along as rle song
was leing iecoioeo oi rle !P."
+8

Tlis alling our lerween rle S.hcr/cn ano rle people in conriol o rle Raucl
!aus was emllemaric o a moie unoamenral conicr lerween rle lano`s an-
aiclisr-lolemian oiienrarion ano rle oogmaric aurloiiraiianism o many o
irs ellow lerisrs. Rio Reisei, oi one, was iepelleo ly rle rleoierical jaigon o
rle sruoenr movemenr. '! lao piollems wirl rle sruoenrs," le wiires. '! ouno
wlar rley saio ano low rley saio ir loiing. Tle ieis, rle language, ir was all
Cieek ro me. Tle ievolurionizarion o rle Lchr/ctric/c. Tlar always smelleo
a lirrle roo mucl like sclool."
+9
Tle conicr lerween rle S.hcr/cn ano wlar
Reisei calleo rle 'polirical manageis" lao alieaoy ieaieo irs leao in rle wake
o rle S.hcr/cn gig pieceoing rle seizuie o rle Maiiannensriale 13 piopeiry
in July 1971. Accoioing ro Rio Reisei ir was lis co-conspiiaroi !orlai Bingei
('!orlai X" in Reisei`s accounr) wlo, arei insrigaring rle seizuie, calleo rle
police ro make suie rlar a conicr wirl rle aurloiiries woulo ensue.
5O
!eie,
Reisei olseiveo, 'ice colo !eninism lao slown irs ace."
51

"Music as a Wcapon"?
Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s rloiny ielarionslip wirl rle oogmaric ler ieecreo a lasic
rension ar rle leair o ler-wing acrivism, one rlar ievolveo aiouno quesrions
o ievolurionaiy oiganizarion ano racrics. Tlis rension ouno irs ieecrion
in rle lasic ano longsranoing splir lerween srarisr ano anaiclisr veisions o
socialism rlar, as eaily as rle conicrs lerween Maix ano Bakunin ouiing rle
ninereenrl cenruiy, lao leen playeo our acioss a lioao ser o anrinomies: on
rle one lano rleoiy, oioei, lieiaicly, on rle orlei emorion, sponraneiry, au-
ronomy. Tle ioeological sriuggles o rle rwenrierl cenruiy in Russia, Spain,
ano elsewleie only inrensiheo rlese conicrs. !n Ceimany, rle eiasuie o rle
ler`s pasr ly rle expeiience o `azism meanr rlar rlar pasralong wirl rlese
unoamenral conicrslao ro le oiscoveieo anew. !osr classics o anaiclism
14 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
appeaieo alongsioe woiks o Maixism in a lioao ourpouiing o iecoveieo
rleoiy, iepioouceo ar rle giass ioors ly loorleg pullisleis oi iepiinreo ano
oisriilureo ly rle luigeoning woilo o ler-wing pullisleis ano oisriilurois.
Tle lioao splir lerween aurloiiraiian ano anri-aurloiiraiian veisions o social-
ism was ieecreo in \esr Ceimany`s rwo main gueiilla gioups, rle Reo Aimy
!acrion ano rle June Secono Movemenr, rle larrei playing anaiclisr clown
ro rle oimei`s Communisr seiiousness.
52
Tle splir was ly no means always
so cleai in iealiry, lur rle lioao oisrincrion lerween rle liglly rleoierical,
oogmaric, oiganizarion- ano woikei-cenriic appioacl (e.g. o rle K-Gruppcn)
on rle one lano, ano rle sepaiarisr, liesryle-oiienreo, anaiclisr scene on rle
orlei, was liglly claiacreiisric o rle peiioo arei rle ligl-warei maik o rle
\esr Ceiman sruoenr movemenr, wlen piollems o ievolurionaiy oiganizarion
rempoiaiily olscuieo ly specraculai evenrs ano Ruoi ursclke`s claiismaric
leaoeislip coulo no longei le glosseo ovei.
Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn exisreo ar rle leair o rlese conicrs. Bur rle lano con-
ionreo a moie unoamenral piollem, one rlar lao ro oo wirl rle ielarionslip
lerween air ano polirics. Tle inrimare associarion lerween Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn
ano rle iaoical-ler milieu o \esr Beilin in rle eaily sevenries was only in
pair a piooucr o rle lano`s own commirmenrs, ir was also a piooucr o rle
place ano momenr in wlicl rle lano hisr iose ro piominence. Tle S.hcr/cn`s
hisr majoi gig rook place ar rle leginning o Sepremlei 197O. Tle occasion
was rle '!esrival oei !iele," a majoi open-aii iock conceir on rle Balric Sea
islano o !elmain. Sponsoieo ly rle sex slop magnare Beare !lse ano lilleo
as rle 'Ceiman \ooosrock," rle esrival earuieo peioimances ly lig names
sucl as Roo Srewair, Canneo !ear, ano (in rle hnal peioimance leoie lis
oearl) Jimi !enoiix.
53
Rain, souno piollems, ano violence ly likei looolums
conriilureo ro an armospleie o iusriarion wlicl was ieaoy ro luisr inro
rle open ly rle rime rle S.hcr/cn peioimeo. \len rle lano rook rle srage
lare on rle rliio oay o rle esrival, ir was wirl rle knowleoge rlar rle esrival
oiganizeis lao alieaoy oepaireo wirl rle ieceiprs, news rlar nor only angeieo
rle lano lur cappeo o rle giowing iusriarion o rle 5OO oi so esrival vol-
unreeis. Rio Reisei`s commano iom rle srage"!auen wii oen Veiansralrei
ungespirzr in oen Booen!"was suhcienr ro ser o a iior rlar saw rle esrival
aciliries go up in ames.
5+
Tle S.hcr/cn`s (lireially) incenoiaiy peioimance ar rle esrival lelpeo ro
cemenr an associarion lerween rle gioup ano iaoical acrion rlar sulsequenr
evenrs oio lirrle ro oisiupr. Jusr a ew weeks larei, rle song 'Keine Maclr ui
`iemano" was useo in rle relevision oocumenraiy on rle \esr Ceiman ler:
Funj Fingcr sin cinc Feust.
55
!n rle wake o rle lioaocasr, rle srarion was le-
siegeo ly some 1,OOO caios ano lerreis asking wlerlei ir was possille ro luy rle
song on iecoio.
56
Tle lano swirly piesseo rle song as irs oelur single, wlicl
appeaieo in Augusr.
57
Tle wioespieao peiceprion rlar 'iock" ano 'ievolurion"
15
Timothy S. 8rown
weie naruial leoellows, comlineo wirl rle evei-wioening conicr lerween
rle iaoical ler ano rle srare, conriilureo ro making Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn a ocal
poinr oi eoirs ar polirical enliglrenmenr ano polirical molilizarion. Tle lano`s
peioimances weie oren accompanieo ly sponraneous oiscussions involving
lorl auoience ano lano.
58
Tle lano`s music, wlen nor rle lano irsel, was a
piesence acioss \esr Ceimany, accompanying luiloing seizuies in orlei ciries,
ano appeaiing wleievei iaoical acrivisrs came inro conicr wirl rle srare. n
roui in crolei 197O, rle lano was expelleo iom Swirzeilano arei rleii hnal
conceir in Basel oevelopeo inro a polirical oemonsriarion.
59

Tle renoency o young people ro place rleii polirical aspiiarions onro rle
S.hcr/cn ooveraileo wirl rle giowing imliicarion o rle lano in rle iaoical
scene. !n Sepremlei 1971, memleis o rle lano ielocareo ro a laige eiglr-ioom
H/t/eu ar Tempelloei !ei 32 on rle !anowelikanal in Beilin-Kieuzleig.
Tley oio so ar rle invirarion o Joig Scllorreiei, anaiclisr man-alour-rown,
eisrwlile secieraiy o rle execurive loaio o rle Se:ie/istis.hc Dcuts.hc Stucn-
tcn/un (SS) ano oimei memlei o rle Kemmunc . Alongsioe rle moie
celeliareo Kemmunc , rle Kemmunc lao leen an arrempr, unoeiraken ar rle
leginning o 1967, ro maiiy rle rleoiy o rle sruoenr movemenr wirl piaxis,
ro live iaoical polirics on a oaily lasis. Moving in wirl one o rle 'srais" o rle
!xria-pailiamenraiy pposirionwlose oimei ioommare was none orlei
rlan rle ugirive Reo Aimy !acrion miliranr !olgei Meinsrle S.hcr/cn
moveo a srep closei ro rle leair o rle iaoical scene in \esr Beilin.
6O
Scllor-
reiei lecame involveo musically wirl rle lano, playing ure ano lelping ro
oiganize conceirs ano iecoio oisriilurion. Bur lis ieal impoirance lay elsewleie.
Appoinreo 'spiiirual aovisoi" ro rle lano, in rongue-ano-cleek ieeience ro
rle Ameiican gioup MC-5`s ielarionslip wirl irs managei/polirical guiu Joln
Sinclaii, Scllorreiei seiveo as a liioge lerween rle S.hcr/cn ano rle sruoenr
polirical scene. '!oeological aovisoi woulo lave leen moie coiiecr," as Kai
Siclreimann purs ir.
61
'Tliougl lis knowleoge ano lis speaking aliliries," le
conrinues, 'rle S.hcr/cn weie now, ar conceirs wirl a laige sruoenr auoience,
lerrei aimeo againsr veilal arracks."
62
Tle S.hcr/cn`s srage piesenrarion, wlicl lao legun ro incoipoiare mulri-
meoia elemenrs like images piojecreo on rle wall lelino rle lano, evolveo ro
incluoe moie explicir polirical ieeiences. Peioiming unoei a lannei leaiing a
slogan ly rle ninereenrl-cenruiy lumanisr oiamarisr Ceoig Buclnei'Fricc
cn Huttcn! Kricg cn Pe/estcn!-Rio Reisei somerimes ieao exceiprs iom Claii-
man Mao`s lirrle ieo look lerween songs. rlei lano memleis joineo in.
63
Ten
Stcinc S.hcr/cn`s iaoical image was uirlei lolsreieo ly an incioenr involving
rle gioup`s managei ano saxoplonisr `ikel Pallar in ecemlei 1971. Pallar
was invireo ro appeai on rle \R relevision piogiam '!noe oen..." ro rake
pair in a iouno ralle oiscussion on 'Pop uno Coie anoeie Musik zwisclen
Pioresr uno Maikr." rlei panelisrs incluoeo rle counreiculruial impiesaiio
16 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
Rol !liicl Kaisei, rle sociologisr !einz-Klaus Merzgei, ano rle jouinalisr
\olgang !amm. Arei alusing Kaisei oi some minures oi lis seivice ro 'rle
oppiessoi" (rliougl lis involvemenr in rle music inousriy) Pallar pulleo our
an ax ano arrackeo rle sruoio ralle as slockeo ellow panelisrs lackeo slowly
away. 'So," iemaikeo Pallar as le walkeo away iom rle slarreieo ralle, 'weirei
oiskurieien."
6+

Tlis enacrmenr o symlolic violence againsr rle sysrem was specraculai in
irs slock eecr, yer rle issue rlar so exeiciseo Pallarrle aliliry o rle populai
culruie inousriy ro exploir, ano rleiely oepoliricize rle ielellion symlolizeo
ly iock musicwas a seiious one, wioely oiscusseo in rle \esr Ceiman ler.
Tle ioeal naruie o rle ielarionslip lerween music ano polirics was nor easy ro
esrallisl. A maniesro pullisleo in Hgit SS3 a ew weeks arei Pallar`s releviseo
acr o 'piopaganoa ly rle oeeo" arrempreo ro cooiy ir. !nrirleo 'Musik isr eine
\ae," rle piece souglr ro casr rle ciearion o music in essenrially polirical
reims, as a key componenr o rle polirical sriuggle:
Music can lecome a collecrive weapon wlen you srano on rle sioe o rle
people oi wlom you aie making music! \len you say somerling wirl youi
lyiics, oesciile a siruarion rlar eveiyone iecognizes, lur alour wlicl eacl
ears rlemselves up insioe in isolarion, rlen eveiyone will leai rlar rley aie
nor |alone] ano you can oemonsriare rle possililiry oi clange. Music can
also lecome a weapon wlen you iecognize rle causes o youi aggiession.
\e wanr rlar you oo nor inreinalize youi iage, rlar you aie cleai alour
wleie youi oisconrenr ano youi ooulr come iom....
ui pullic aie rle people o oui geneiarion: appienrices, Rockeis, young
woikeis, 'ciiminals," people in ano our o gioup lomes. ui songs oeal wirl
rleii siruarion. Songs exisr ro le sung rogerlei. A song las impacr wlen a
gioup o people can sing ir. ui songs aie simple, so rlar many can sing
along."
65
!r concluoeo:
\e oon`r neeo any aesrleric, oui aesrleric lies in polirical eecriveness. ui
pullic is rle measuie, ano nor some ippeo-our poer. \e lave leaineo ro
make songs iom oui pullic, only iom rlem can we leain in rle uruie low
ro wiire songs oi rle people. \e lelong ro no pairy ano ro no renoency.
\e suppoir eveiy acrion rlar seives rle class sriuggle, no marrei wlicl
gioup oiganizes ir.
66

Tlis unoeisranoing o rle iole o music, in irs collecrivism ano in irs piivileging
o polirical eecriveness ovei aesrlerics (oi in irs arrempr ro elioe rle oisrinc-
rion lerween rle rwo) was nor new, ir woulo nor lave leen veiy our o place,
inoeeo, in rle mourl o Beirlolo Bieclr. Yer ir was also veiy cleaily rle piooucr
o a oisrincr conjuncruie maikeo ly rle collecrivisr claims associareo wirl rle
anri-impeiialisr sriuggles o rle Tliio \oilo, ano rle inrense poliricizarion o
17
Timothy S. 8rown
eveiy spleie o lie in \esr Beilin`s ler milieu.
Yer air ano polirics oio nor hr rogerlei so nicely as rle 'Musik isr eine
\ae" maniesro implieo. !oi one rling, rle oeploymenr o rle S.hcr/cn on
rle polirical ionr(s) involveo a lorromless pir o commirmenrs. Arei rle ielease
o rle erum gcht cs mir se Drc.lig allum, rle sleeve o wlicl loie rle lano`s
plone numlei:
rle releplone ar rle T-!ei was nevei silenr. Twenry-oui louis a oay. Mosr
o rle calls lao ro oo wirl iequesrs oi rle S.hcr/cn ro appeai in connecrion
wirl a sclool sriike, a college sriike, ro lelp pievenr an announceo inciease
in pullic riansir aies, oi planneo luiloing seizuies, Knasrlile, Rore !ile,
Sclwaize !ile, oi in connecrion wirl a sruoenr goveinmenr elecrion. !n
lerween all rlar rleie weie oeis ro peioim ar oiscorleques, yourl lomes,
|oi] Carlolic oi !vangelical yourl gioups, !alken, Jusos, rle SAJ.
67
Piessuie oi rle lano ro make irs piesence elr on rle polirical scene came
especially iom Reisei`s iieno Anne Reicle. '\e weie ro lecome rle iock
ano ioll hglring larralion," wiires Reisei, 'ano ro make music rlar woulo liing
people 'slouring inro rle srieers.`"
68

To rlis eno, Reicle commissioneo Reisei ro wiire a Kempic oi rle move-
menr. Tle iesulr'Keine maclr ui `iemano"lecame one o rle gioup`s
mosr well-known songs. Clallenging ioeological ano Colo \ai //e. lounoaiies
('!m Suoen, im sren, im `oioen, im \esren, es sino uleiall oiesellen, oie
uns eipiessen"), calling oi rle oesriucrion o walls lorl lireial ano hguiarive
('Reilen wii oie Mauein ein, oie uns riennen. Kommr zusammen, !eure. !einr
eucl kennen"), iepearing again ano again a ieiain iejecring aurloiiry in all
irs oims ('Keine Maclr ui `iemano!"), rle song was an anri-aurloiiraiian
sraremenr o singulai powei. Yer irs anaiclisr senrimenrs weie nor univeisally
appieciareo on rle ler, ir was iejecreo, oi example, ly rle leaoeislip o rle
RA! as 'useless oi rle anri-impeiialisr sriuggle."
69
Tle rension lerween rle
lano`s lolemian anaiclism ano rle ler-wing caoies sriercleo lack ro rle
eailiesr peioimances o Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetcr. 'Tle ievolurionaiy caoies
iejecreo rle ieview our o lano," wiires Ceir Molius, 'lecause in ioeological
reims ir enoeo roo iesignareoly.. |Bur] wlo can say wlar 'iesigneo` is?" \lo?
\as nor Coerle`s Serrevs ej Yeung crthcr also iesigneo, lur also ievolurion-
aiy?"
7O
Ciaoually memleis o rle lano legan ro see rle ielenrless poliriciza-
rion o rleii music wirlin rle scene as sriing. 'Playing ar a Teacl-!n was all
lur a oury," complaineo Rio Reisei, 'we weie iequiieo |ro oo ir], ir was like in
rle CR.. Tlar was lappening even leoie Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen came
our."
71
Tle polirical impoirance o rle lano liouglr wirl ir polirical sciuriny.
Tlis sciuriny was so inrense, wiires Kai Siclreimann, rlar rle lano eaieo ro
luy new ampliheis lesr rle ciy go up: '\lar, rle S.hcr/cn lave new ampliheis?
!oi so-ano-so-many rlousanos o maiks? Tiairois!"
72

1S Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
"Dcr Traum ist aus"
Tle rension lerween air ano poliricswlicl in rle eyes o rle S.hcr/cn lao
lecome a rension lerween un ano sreiile oogmarismcame incieasingly ro
expiession in rle gioup`s live peioimances. \lerlei laiasseo oi aooing
'gooo rime" iock ano ioll sranoaios ro rleii ser,
73
calleo our oi sriewing glir-
rei acioss rle srage ('we rliew glirrei ovei rle ievolurionaiy masses," wiires
Kai Siclreimann
7+
), oi clallengeo oi engaging emale lackgiouno singeis
wlo commirreo rle sin o oancing on srage (inspiiing a leareo oiscussion wirl
auoience memleis alour rle iole o women),
75
rle S.hcr/cn incieasingly ouno
rlemselves rle ocal poinr o liglly poliricizeo ano emorive oelares. 'Tle
Scleilen weie expecreo ro le polirically coiiecr," wiires Kai Siclreimann,
'ano ir was rle orleis wlo oecioeo wlar polirically coiiecr was. Tle Scleilen
weie |seen as] rle He.hlepc//c o rle ler, ano so eveiyone lelieveo rley lao rle
iiglr ro lave a say in wlar rle Scleilen oio."
76

Tlis ulrimarely insuppoiralle siruarion maoe up one elemenr in rle lano`s
oecision ro escape rle lorlouse enviionmenr o \esr Beilin, wlicl ir oio in
June 1975 ly moving inro a commune ar !iesenlagen in Sclleswig-!olsrein.
77

!eie again, rle S.hcr/cn miiioieo laigei oevelopmenrs, oi rle 197Os weie
an eia wlen many on rle ler oioppeo our ano ruineo inwaio, expeiimenring
wirl easrein ieligions oi ielocaring ro rle counriysioe oi expeiimenrs in com-
munal living. Yer, wirl rle move ro !iesenlagen, rle lisroiy o rle S.hcr/cn
ano rle lisroiy o iaoical polirics in Ceimany legan slowly ro oiveige. !oi
rlis ieason, rle sulsequenr caieeis o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn ano o Rio Reisei as a
solo peioimei lie leyono rle scope o rlis essay. Yer o rle eaily peiioo, wlen
rle lisroiy o rle lano ano rle lisroiy o rle iaoical ler scene in rle !eoeial
Repullic so sriongly conveigeo, seveial concluoing poinrs neeo ro le maoe.
!iisr, rle lisroiy o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn suggesrs rle impoirance o analyzing
rle \esr Ceiman '1968" nor only in a wioei rempoial peispecrive, lur also in a
wioei social one. Tle ievolurionaiy impulses rlar iockeo \esr Ceiman sociery
iom rle mio-sixries rliougl rle lare sevenries weie ly no means meiely rle
piooucr o a naiiow 'sruoenr movemenr," lur exrenoeo ro places wleie rle
liglly rleoierical wiir o rle SS oio nor necessaiily iun. !r is no accioenr,
arei all, rlar one o rle mosr impoiranr sires ar wlicl rlis lioaoei '1968" was
elaloiareorle helo o populai culruiewas a iealm o wlicl rle sruoenr
movemenr was oeeply suspicious. !r is piecisely lecause populai culruie ano
iaoical polirics weie capalle o so oeeply inreipeneriaring one anorlei rlar
analysis musr exreno leyono rle SS ro encompass rle counreiculruie ro
wlicl, incieasingly iom rle eno o 196Os, young woikeis lelongeo.
!r is impoiranr ro emplasize, uirleimoie, rlar rle meaning o music irsel
is nor hxeoi.e. ooes nor jusr oeiive iom rle conrenr o rle lyiics oi rle in-
renrions o rle peioimeilur is socially oereimineo. \e lave seen low rle
social meaning o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn was supplieo as mucl ly rle auoience as
19
Timothy S. 8rown
ly rle lano irsel, ano rlis one ieason wly in iecenr yeais rle iaoical iiglr,
wlicl las long arrempreo ro sreal rle iconogiaply ano sryle o rle ler, las
appiopiiareo rle music o Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn as well.
78
Tlis sriange ruin only
ieinoices rle necessiry o going leyono a simple acknowleogemenr o rle
impoirance o populai music ro an arrempr ro conrexrualize ir, unoeisranoing
ir nor simply as air oi culruial piacrice lur as mulriacereo social plenomenon.
Tle lano Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn was, in rle explicir naruie o irs connecrion wirl
iaoical polirics, rle exceprion iarlei rlan rle iule. Bur as iecenr sclolaislip is
incieasingly illusriaring, examples o rle inrimare connecrion lerween social
movemenrs ano populai music alouno.
79
\e lave lur ro look oi rlem.
1
See oi example Keirl `egus, Pepu/er Musi. in Thcery. Hn ntreu.tien, (!anovei ano
!onoon: \esleyan !niveisiry Piess ano !niveisiry Piess o `ew !nglano, 1996),
Tony Mirclell, Pepu/er Musi. en Le.e/ cntity: Re.l, Pep, en Rep in Lurepc en O.cenie,
(!onoon, `ew Yoik: !eicesrei !niveisiry Piess), 1996.
2
See Timorly S. Biown, ''Keeping ir Real` in a ieienr '!ooo: (Aiican)-Ameiicaniza-
rion ano !ip !op in Ceimany," in: Thc iny/ Hin't Fine/: Hip Hep en thc G/e/e/i:etien
ej B/e.l Cu/turc, ipannira Basu ano Sioney !emelle eos. (!onoon: Pluro, 2OO6).
3
Tle classic CCCS sruoy is srill in piinr: Rcsisten.c Threugh Ritue/s, Sruair !all ano
Tony Jeeison eos. (!onoon: Rourleoge, 1993).
+
Anoy Bennerr, Cu/turcs ej Pepu/er Musi., (Buckinglam |!nglano], Plilaoelplia: pen
!niveisiry Piess, 2OO1).
5
Miclael !. Karei, Dijjcrcnt Drummcrs. )e:: n Thc Cu/turc Oj ^e:i Gcrmeny (xoio: x-
oio !niveisiry Piess, 2OO3), Byc Byc, Lu//cn City. B/ucsjrcels, Tremps un Hippics in cr DDR,
Miclael Raulur ano Tlomas Koclan eos. (Beilin: Sclwaizkop & Sclwaizkop, 2OO+).
6
See erle Siegiieo, Timc is en My Sic. Kensum un Pe/itil in cr vcstcuts.hcn )u-
gcnlu/tur cr 60cr )ehrc (!amluig: \allsrein, 2OO6).
7
!oi iecenr woik in !nglisl oealing wirl aspecrs o rle pioresr movemenrs o rle 196Os
ano 7Os see Ceio-Rainei !oin, Thc Spirit ej '6S. Rc/c//ien in cstcrn Lurepc en ^erth
Hmcri.e, 1956-196 (xoio: xoio !niveisiry Piess, 2OO6), Bctvccn Merx en Ce.e-
Ce/e. Yeuth Cu/turcs in Chenging Lurepcen Se.ictics, Axel Sclilor ano erle Siegiieo eos.
(`ew Yoik ano xoio: Beiglaln, 2OO6), Jeiemy Vaion, Bringing thc er Hemc. Thc
cethcr Uncrgreun, thc Rc Hrmy je.tien, en Rcte/utienery ie/cn.c in thc Sixtics en
Sctcntics (Beikeley: !niveisiry o Calioinia Piess, 2OO+), Jeiemi Suii, Pevcr en Pretcst:
G/e/e/ Rcte/utien in thc Hgc ej Dctcntc (Camliioge: !aivaio !niveisiry Piess) 2OO3.
8
See Saline Von iike, 'H// Pevcr te thc meginetien! Thc cst Gcrmen Ceuntcr.u/turc jrem
thc Stucnt Metcmcnt te thc Grccns (!incoln: !niveisiry o `eliaska Piess, 1997).
9
See oi example rle commenrs ly !liicl !nzensleigei, a memlei o rle Kommune
!, in: !liicl !nzensleigei, Dic )ehrc cr Kemmunc . Bcr/in 196-1969 (Koln: Kiepen-
leuei & \irscl, 2OO+).
1O
\olgang Seioel, 'Beilin uno oie !inke in oen 196Oein. ie !nsrelung oei Ton Sreine
Scleilen," in: S.hcr/cn. Musil, Pe/itil un irlung cr Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn, \olgang
Seioel eo. (Mainz: Venril, 2OO6), 255O.
11
Tle rioupe was nameo arei rle eiglreenrl-ninereenrl-cenruiy poer ano oiamarisr
!. T. A. !omann, see '!noimarionen. !oman`s Comic Tearei. Piospekr Piogiamm,"
20 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
Rio-Reisei-Aicliv, Beilin.
12
Kai Siclreimann, Jens Jollei, ano Cliisrian Srall, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen. Dic
Gcs.hi.htc cr 'Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn (Beilin: Sclwaizkop & Sclwaizkop, 2OOO), 16.
13
Ceir Molius, '!omann`s Comic Tearei, Rore Sreine, Ton Sreine Scleilen,
19691971," in: Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn. Gcs.hi.htcn, ^etcn, Tcxtcn en Phetes eu 15 )ehrcn.
Kieuzleigei !ere V! (Beilin: iik `islen Veilag in Kieuzleig, 1985), HPO Hr.hit
Bcr/in, `acllass Tilmann !iclrei.
1+
Tle lyiics ro rle song weie wiirren ly `oileir Kiause.
15
!oi a hisr-lano accounr ly a memlei o !omann`s Comic Tearie see Aclim
Mullei, '!isen eizielr," in: S.hcr/cn. Musil, Pe/itil un irlung, 1152+. See vioeo o
rle lano peioiming 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr" ar lrrp://www.yourule.
com/warcl?v=!w!8olRnsio.
16
'!noimarionen. !oman`s Comic Tearei. Piospekr Piogiamm," Rio-Reisei-Aicliv,
Beilin.
17
!lio., p. 15. Poinr `i. 2 conrinues: 'Tleie sloulo in rle play le no unknown piemises
|Voiausserzungen], rlar is, no piemises rlar aie known ro rle acroi, lur nor rle auoi-
ence memlei," ilio., p. 16.
18
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen.
19
See a sliglrly oieienr veision o rle ounoing o rle Rore Sreine in Ceir Molius,
'!omann`s Comic Tearei, Rore Sreine, Ton Sreine Scleilen, 19691971."
2O
Hejjmenn's Cemi. Tcetrc also lecame involveo in woiking wirl cliloien, a claiacreiisric
concein o rle \esr Ceiman `ew !er. See rle piece ly Perei Molius laseo on rle
gioup`s expeiience in rle Spielclul Kulmeisriale, a piojecr o rle Aileirsgemeinsclar
Spielumwelr in oei Beilinei `euen Cesellsclar ui liloenoe Kunsr, Perei Molius,
Kurs/u.h `i. 3+, ecemlei 1973, 25+8.
21
A classic oesciiprion o rlis scene is ro le ouno in Miclael Baumann, Hev it e// Bcgen
(Aisenal Pulp Piess, 1977). See also Ral Reinoeis ano Ronalo !iirscl, Dic Bcvcgung 2.
)uni. Gcspre.hc u/cr Hes.hrc/c//cn, Lercn:cntjuhrung, Knasr (Beilin, Amsreioam, 1995).
22
n rle Kemmunc see Timorly S. Biown, 'A Tale o rwo Communes: Tle Piivare
ano rle Polirical in ivioeo Beilin, 19671973," in: Bctvccn Thc Preguc Spring en
thc Frcn.h Mey 196S: Trensnetiene/ Lx.hengc en ^etiene/ Rc.entcxtue/i:etien ej Pretcst
Cu/turcs, Mairin Klimke, Jacco Pekeloei, ano Joaclim Sclailorl eos. (Beiglaln, oirl-
coming, 2OO9).
23
!asso Spooe, 'Zui Sozial- uno Sieolungsgescliclre Kieuzleigs," in: Krcu:/crg, !elmur
!ngel, Sreh Jeiscl-\enzel, \illelm Tieue eos. (Beilin: `icolai, 199+), XXV.
2+
!lio., XXV!.
25
!lio.
26
!oi a ascinaring look ar rle social makeup o Kieuzleig iom an insioei see J. C.
\airenleig, Krcu:/crg K 36. Lc/cn in (cr) Bcvcgung, Krcu:/crg insic /is :um Fe// cr
Meucr (Beilin: J. C. \airenleig, 2OO5), 1516.
27
See Tlomas Ciol, 'ie !ihnoung Kieuzleigs," Dic Tegcs:citung, Apiil 8, 199+.
28
Ralpl Molius aoopreo rle name Rio Reisei in 1978, Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht
jur ^icmen, 13.
29
Pair o rle appeal o rle Srones lay, rellingly, in rlar rley seemeo 'pioleraiian," Siclrei-
mann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 1+. Tle name Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn ecloeo rle name
o rle riaoe union Bau Sreine !ioen, Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 11.
21
Timothy S. 8rown
A uirlei connorarion'srones" lieaking glass inro 'slaios"is olvious.
3O
!airmur !l Kuioi, S.hver:retc Pep-Pcr/cn. Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen. Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn.
Thc Lsscn.c ej Re.l e/umc 2 (\elilaln Veilag, 2OO1). Singei !oo !inoenleig is oren
misrakenly given cieoir oi leing rle hisr Ceiman-language iock peioimei.
31
Perei \inklei, 'Aggiessiv, kiiriscl uno unveisclleieir: oie Beilinei 'Ton Sreine
Scleilen,`" Bcr/incr Zcitung, !eliuaiy 16, 1971.
32
'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr," erum gcht cs mir se rc.lig (avio Volks-
muno, 1971).
33
See \iliieo Mauslacl, ''Buin, waie-louse, luin!` Mooeiniry, Counreiculruie,
ano rle Viernam \ai in \esr Ceimany," in: Sclilor ano Siegiieo, Bctvccn Merx en
Ce.e-Ce/e, 1752O2.
3+
!oi a oeraileo analysis o rle lyiics o 'Maclr kapurr was eucl kapurr maclr" see
\einei !aulsricl, Zvis.hcn G/ittcr un Punl. Tu/ingcr er/csungcn :ur Re.lgcs.hi.htc Tci/
, 192-19S2 (Rorlenluig-leiooi: \issensclarlei Veilag, 1986), claprei 22.
35
Gutcn Mergcn, Rio Reisei Aicliv, Beilin, p. +5.
36
Alleir Kocl, Hngrijj euj's S.h/erejjcn/en-20 )ehrc cuts.hspre.higc Pepmusil (!iankuir
am Main: !llsrein Veilag, 1987), 53.
37
Gutcn Mergcn, p. 1.
38
Spooe, 'Zui Sozial- uno Sieolungsgescliclre Kieuzleigs," XXV!!.
39
Retc Prcssc Kerrcspencn:.
+O
Kai Siclreimann iaises rle possililiry rlar rleie miglr lave leen an eailiei !ausle-
serzung in anorlei ciry, Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 5+.
+1
!lio., 52.
+2
Rio Reisei, Kenig ten Dcuts.h/en. Lrinncrungcn en Ten Stcinc S.hcr/cn un mchr. !izllr
von ilm sellsr uno !annes !ylei (Beilin: Molius Rekoios, 2OO1), 239.
+3
uoreo in: Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 72.
++
See 'Teiioi-Zenriale ausgelolen. Bei 'Berlanien` eingeiuckr," Dcr H/cn, Apiil 19,
1972. See also . isclei, 'Berlanien: Teiioizenrium ooei !xpeiimenrieielo mir
!ellein? Bei Razzia in \olnkollekriv Mareiialien ui Arrenrare geunoen," Bcr/incr
Mergcnpest, Apiil 2O, 1972.
+5
!velyn Kollei, 'Konrioveisen um Berlanien. C! losre lerige elarre aus," Bcr/incr
Zcitung, Januaiy 7, 1972.
+6
Spooe, 'Zui Sozial- uno Sieolungsgescliclre Kieuzleigs," X!XX!X, XXV!!.
+7
Reisei, Kenig ten Dcuts.h/en, 2+6.
+8
Siclreimann er al, Keine Maclr ui `iemano, 87. n rle leaoeislip acrions wirlin
rle louse see J. Cialowsky, 'ie oiei !nreiessengiuppen waien zu keinen Kompiomissen
leieir," Bcr/incr Mergcnpest, ecemlei 15, 1971.
+9
Reisei, Kenig ten Dcuts.h/en, 11+.
5O
!lio., 221.
51
uoreo in: Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 5+.
52
Tlis rleme appeais iepeareoly in Baumann, Hev it e// Bcgen.
53
!enoiix oieo on Sepremlei 18 in !onoon.
5+
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 2O25.
55
Tle hlm, ly rle oiiecroi Miclael Bolme, was lioaocasr on Sepremlei 28, 197O.
56
Alleir Kocl, Hngrijj euj's S.h/erejjcn/en-20 )ehrc cuts.hspre.higc Pepmusil (!iankuir
am Main: !llsrein Veilag, 1987, 53.
57
Tle covei was piesseo on rle Rorapiinr macline owneo ly Ceio Molius, wlicl lao
22 Gcrman Studics Rcvicw 32/1 (2009)
pieviously lelongeo ro \esr Beilin`s Kemmunc .
58
Perei \inklei, 'Aggiessiv, kiiriscl uno unveisclleieir: oie Beilinei 'Ton Sreine
Scleilen,`" Bcr/incr Zcitung, !eliuaiy 16, 1971.
59
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, +7.
6O
n Meins see Ceio Coniaor, Ster/u.l. He/gcr Mcins. Lin Pertret e/s Zcit/i/ (Beilin:
!spiesso, 2OO1).
61
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 62.
62
!lio.
63
'Tlis gloiihcarion o Mao ar rlar rime was reiiille," Kai Siclreimann iememleis.
'\e weie nave ano sraiiy-eyeo," Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 5O51.
Tle Buclnei slogan was useo ly rle Raucl !aus Kollekriv as well, see Ceoig-von-
Raucl-!aus-Kollekriv, Friccn cn Huttcn, Kricg cn Pe/estcn. 6 )ehrc Sc//stergenisetien
(Beilin: Sellsrveilag, 1977).
6+
n Rol !liicl Kaisei, ano on rle `ikel Pallar incioenr see Timorly S. Biown, ''Tle
Ceimans Meer rle !noeigiouno`: Tle Polirics o Pop in rle Lsscncr Sengtegc o 1968," in:
Musillu/turcn in cr Rcte/tc. Stuicn :u Re.l, Htentgerc un K/essil im Umjc/ ten '196S',
Beare Kursclke eo. (Koln ano \eimai: Bollau, 2OO8). Vioeo o Pallar`s appeaiance on
'!noe oen..." can le vieweo ar lrrp://www.yourule.com/warcl?v=qsPZmoi_yc.
65
'Musik isr eine \ae," SS3, ecemlei 2+, 197O. Tle piece was iepullisleo in:
S.hver:c Pretele//c `i. 1, July 1, 1972. A veiy oieienr piece unoei rle same leaoing
appeaieo in 1972 in rle gioup`s anzine Gutcn Mergcn, p. 23.
66
'Musik isr eine \ae."
67
Reisei, Kenig ten Dcuts.h/en, 2++.
68
!lio.
69
See !airmur !l Kuioi, S.hver:retc Pep-Pcr/cn. Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen. Ten Stcinc
S.hcr/cn. Thc Lsscn.c ej Re.l e/umc 2 (\elilanveilag, 2OO1), 37.
7O
Ceio Molius, '!omann`s Comic Tearei, Rore Sreine, Ton Sreine Scleilen,
19691971."
71
uoreo in: Kai 87.
72
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 89.
73
Tlis rook place ar anorlei Raucl !aus Teacl-!n, in Maicl 1972, Siclreimann er al,
Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 97.
7+
Tlis was rle inamous (in rle lano`s loie) 'glirrei gig" o Apiil 197+, Siclreimann
er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 12+.
75
Joaclim !enrsclel, 'Spui oei Sreine," Re//ing Stenc, Miz 2OO5.
76
Siclreimann er al, Kcinc Me.ht jur ^icmen, 12+.
77
See also Sreve B. Peinemann, 'Aus oei Ciolsraorszene aus !ano geolen: Ton Sreine
Scleilen," in: Dic ut, ic u im Beu.h hest. Pe/itis.hc Re.lmusi.: ntcrticvs, Lrjehrungcn
(Rowollr, 198O).
78
Tle songs o rle Scleilen, nores \olgang Seioel, now 'lelong ro rle sranoaio ie-
peiroiie o eveiy `P meering," Seioel, 'Beilin uno oie !inke.," 5O. n rlis rleme see
also Miiko !einemann, 'Srieir um Rio`s !ile," Des Mege:in, July/Augusr 2OO6: 7+77.
79
See oi example Byc Byc, Lu//cn City, erle Siegiieo, ''!insruizenoe `eulauren. `
\olngemeinsclaren, Jugenozenrien uno piivare Pieienzen kommunisrisclei 'Ka-
oei` als !oimen jugenoliclei Sulkulrui," Hr.hit jur Se:ie/gcs.hi.htc ++ (2OO+): 3966,
Timorly S. Biown, 'Sulculruies, Pop Music ano Polirics: Skinleaos ano `azi Rock in
!nglano ano Ceimany," )eurne/ ej Se.ie/ Histery 38/1 (!all 2OO+): 15778.