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Dynamic Excitations

This document summarizes research on the dynamic excitations of transport structures. It discusses how moving loads affect rails and structures, causing random vibration. It examines the degradation of structural materials under dynamic loads over time using fatigue concepts. Maintaining transport infrastructure requires monitoring stresses, estimating residual life, and making technical and economic decisions about maintenance, repair, and reconstruction.

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Raquel Carmona
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Dynamic Excitations

This document summarizes research on the dynamic excitations of transport structures. It discusses how moving loads affect rails and structures, causing random vibration. It examines the degradation of structural materials under dynamic loads over time using fatigue concepts. Maintaining transport infrastructure requires monitoring stresses, estimating residual life, and making technical and economic decisions about maintenance, repair, and reconstruction.

Uploaded by

Raquel Carmona
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNC 2008

Dynamic excitations of transport structures


Prof. Ing. Ladislav Frba, DrSc., Dr.h.c.
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague

Outline
Introduction Movement of loads Rails Random vibration of structures Degradation of structural materials under dynamic loads Conclusions

Introduction
Transport structures moving load earthquake wind

Movement of the load


m

Moving load
v(x,t) 2 d v u ( t ), t [ ] x = u(t) f ( x, t ) = [ x u (t ) ] F m 2 dt 2 d 2 v [u (t ), t ] 2 v du 2 v du v d 2u 2 v = 2 +2 + + 2 2 2 dt u dt u t dt u dt t

Uniform movement at velocity c


du x = u (t ) = ct , =c dt d 2u =0 2 dt

2 v ( x , t ) 2 2 v ( x, t ) d 2 v(ct , t ) 2 v( x, t ) = + 2c +c 2 2 2 dt t x t x x =ct

Motion in (x,y) plane x = u(t), y = v(t) load f(x,y,t) m(x,y,t) d2w / dt2
2 2 2 2 d w w du w dv 2 w 2 w du dv = 2 + 2 + 2 +2 + 2 dt t x y dt dt x dt y dt 2 w du 2 w dv w d 2u w d 2 v +2 +2 + + 2 x t dt y t dt x dt y dt 2 x =u (t ) 2
y =v (t )

Rails
P

0
-x v(x,t) x = ct s k +x

Diferencial equation
&&( x, t ) + 2 b v &( x, t ) + kv( x, t ) = ( x ct ) P EIv IV ( x, t ) + v

Steady state vibration

v( x, t ) = v0 v( s ),

P P v0 = 3 = 8 EI 2k
k = 4 EI
1/ 4

Moving coordinate: Speed parameter: Damping parameter: Critical speed:

s = ( x ct )
c c = = ccr 2 EI
1/ 2

= b ( / k )1/ 2
EI ccr = 2
I

1/ 2

Ordinary differential equation:

v ( s ) + 4 v ( s ) 8 v ( s ) + 4v( s ) = 8 ( s )
IV 2 II

Solution
2 bs v( s) = e ( D1 cos a1s + D2 sin a1s ) 2 2 a1 ( D1 + D2 )

for s > 0
2 bs v( s ) = e ( D3 cos a2 s + D4 sin a2 s ) 2 2 a2 ( D3 + D4 )

for s < 0

Random vibration of a beam on elestic foundation under moving force

Equation of the beam


&&( x, t ) + 2b v & ( x , t ) + k ( x ) v ( x, t ) = L [ v( x, t )] EIv IV ( x, t ) + v
= ( x ct ) F (t )

Foundation Force

k ( x) = k + k ( x) k = E [ k ( x) ]
F (t ) = F + F (t )
o

F = E [ F (t )] 1/ 4 k Moving coordinate s = ( x ct ) , = 4 EI

Static deflection and bending moment under F F F force F v = = , M =


0

8 3 EI

2k

Coeficient of variation VV and VM as a function of speed , = 0.2, i = 0, = 0.2, D = 10/

COVARIANCE

POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

Random vibration of a beam


Bernoulli-Euler equation

&&( x, t ) + 2 b v & ( x, t ) = p ( x, t ) EI v IV ( x, t ) + v
Normal mode analysis
v( x, t ) = v j ( x) q j (t )
j =1

Generalized deflection

p( x, t ) = v j ( x) Q j (t )
j =1

2 && & q j (t ) + 2b q j (t ) + j q j (t ) = Q j (t )

Generalized force

1 Q j (t ) = M j

p( x, t ) v ( x) dx
j 0

0 for t < 0

Solution

q j (t ) =

h (t ) Q ( )d = h ( ) Q (t )d
j j j j

Impulse function (weighting function)


1 h j ( ) = 2

H j ( )ei d

Frequency response function

H j ( ) =
Load

h j ( )e i d
o

p ( x, t ) = E [ p ( x, t ) ] + p ( x, t )

Stationary vibration of a beam under moving continuous random load

Load

o o p ( x, t ) = p + p ( s ) 1 + r (t )

p = E [ p ( x, t ) ]
o o

p ( x, t ) = p ( s ) + p r (t ) + p ( s ) r (t )
2

s =t x/c 1
Covariance of the moving load
C pp ( x1 , x2 , ) = 2C pp ( + 0 ) + 2 p 2Crr ( ) + 2 pC pr ( + x 1 / c) +
+ 2 pCrp ( x2 / c) + 3C ppr + 3 pC prr + 3C ppr + 3 pC prr + 4C pprr

x1 x2 0 = c

Non-stationary vibration of a beam under moving random force

Load

p( x, t ) = ( x ct ) P(t ) , P(t ) = P + P(t ) , E [ P(t )] = P


o

Covariance of the force

o o C pp (t1 , t2 ) = E P (t1 ) P (t2 )

Covariance of moving load

C pp ( x1 , x2 , t1 , t2 ) = ( x1 ct1 ) ( x2 ct2 )C pp (t1 , t2 )


Covariance of generalized deflection
1 Cq j qk (t1 , t2 ) = M jMk

h (t
j

1 )hk (t2 2 )v j (c 1 )vk (c 2 )C pp ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2

Speed parameter Damping parameter Simple beam

= c /(2 f1l )

= b / 1 = /(2 )
j x Pl 3 v j ( x) = sin , v0 = l 48 EI

Degradation of structural materials under dynamic loads


Dynamic loads Whler curve

Fatigue tests

Concept of fatigue assessment


Real Loads P (t) Static system Stress curve (t) Spectrum ni (o, n) Calculation value for damage DSd Counting procedure (Rainflow) Simulation of train passages

Material properties (Whler curve)

= max - min = min / max

Proof DSd Dlim

Damage hypothesis (Palmgren-Miner)

Effect of traffic loads Stress-time records statistical evaluation estimation of residual life yes Modal analysis not criteria of dererioration yes Monitoring of cracks not criteria of cracks yes Inspections

Strategy of maintenance, repairs and reconstructions, yes the conditions are fulfilled, not the conditions are not fulfilled

Maintenance not Technical economic decision yes Repair

yes

not

Reconstruction

Conclusions
The dynamic loads, i.e. in time varying loads,
increase the stresses in transport structures with increasing speed

The dynamic loads are varying in time either


regularly or randomly

The response of structural materials


deteriorates their properties in time

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