RTTC Pune presents

GSM to 3G
A Journey of Wireless Communication

The Mobile Generations

1G ( Before 1990 )

Analog No roaming, no security, costly.

2G ( After 1990 )

Digital Mainly for voice communication Verity of standards like FDMA,TDMA,CDMA,DECT etc.
3G ( After 2000)
Main objectives:

Integration of all standards and services. Higher data rate for multimedia applications
2

The Mobile Generations

1st Generation
Analog speech

2nd Generation
Digital speech + low -rate data ( 64 kbps)

3rd Generation
High data rates (384kbps-14.4 Mbps) + 2nd gen. services

NMT450, AMPS, TACS C450

GSM, (IS-54)DAMPS, JDC/PDC, IS-136(TDMA), IS-95(CDMA)

UMTS/IMT-2000 WCDMA

1980

1990

2000

1G Cellular Systems
Many Different Standards:

AMPS (US) NMT (Northern Europe) TACS (Europe) NTT (Japan) many others...

Spectrum

around 800 and 900 MHz

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Forward Link mobile Reverse Link base station

Two separate frequency bands are used for forward and reverse links. Typically, 25 MHz in each direction. e.g. in GSM-900 : 890 915 MHz (forward) 935 -- 960 MHz (reverse)
5

2G Cellular Systems
Four Major Standards:

GSM IS-54 JDC IS-95

(European, now Global) (Later becomes IS-136, US) (Japanese Digital Cellular, now PDC) (CDMA, US)

Spectrum for 2G Systems

At present GSM is operating in

900 MHz band

- 890-915 MHz Uplink

935-960 MHz Downlink

1800 MHz band - 1710-1785 MHz Uplink

1805-1880 MHz Downlink

1900 MHz band - 1850-1910 MHz Uplink

1930-1990 MHz Downlink

Typical 2G Architecture

PSDN
BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC

PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC

BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller

GMSC

Tandem
CO

PSTN

Tandem
CO

CO

MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register

2G Limitations
Low Data Bit Rates and Low voice Quality
Mainly designed to offer voice communication.

Connections setup too long & complicated Inefficient resource utilization for bursty traffic
Since it adopts Circuit Switching technique.

No efficient method for packet switched services.

Failed to fulfil the growing demand from customers i.e. Internet access not just at home/office but also when they are on the move.

Multiple Standards and No common frequency Band.

A wireless user can roam in only those networks that supports the same standards. 9 Thus still it is not a Global system.

Solution to 2G Limitations

HSCSD ( High Speed Circuit Switched Data) :

To increase the data rates a simple solution is to use multiple time slots instead of one. In GSM channel by using one TS provides speeds of 9.6-14.4 Kbps. In HSCSD by using upto four TSs a speed of 57.6 Kbps can be obtained. It requires minimum changes in the network architecture; But its flip side is that it uses circuit-switching.

The solution to this situation is GPRS.

10

GPRS..
2.5 G system standardized by ETSI Few changes to existing GSM infrastructure No need to reorganize radio spectrum. A new set of GSM-bearer services that provide packet mode transmission within the GSM network & interconnects with external packet data networks. Offers data services (e.g. Internet access) by using Packet -switching Domain. Reserves radio resources only when there is data to send. Uses 1 to 8 radio channels to offer speeds more than 115 Kbps
11

GPRS..
Direct support for Data Network. Better Billing Mechanisms. Introduce packet-switched routing functionality
Better data transfer rates Low cost and connectivity-oriented .

Migration Path to 3G Networks

Because the core network components of GPRS ( e.g. SGSN , GGSN ) are an integral part of 3G core network. Though the software components in the entities of 2.5G network and 3G network are different, the basic network architecture and interfaces remains the same.

12

Packet-switched technique vs. circuit-switched

In circuit-switching, resources (e.g. a channel) are allocated to user for duration of connection

Inefficient use of resources User pays for the whole connection High QoS: channel maintains real-time connection

In packet-switching, resources are allocated to user only for the time it takes to send each packet

A channel can serve many users User pays by the packet Ideal for bursty data connections
13

Comparison
Packet-switched Circuit-switched

High bit rates (up to 170kbit/s) Shared bandwidth Variable access times Friendly bill (based on volume) Robust application support
Frequent transmission of small volumes Infrequent transmission of small or medium volumes

Low bit rates (14.4kbit/s) Reserved bandwidth Fixed access time Unfriendly bill (based on duration) Limited application support
Large volumes

14

2G to 2.5G Architectural Changes

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis E A B MS BTS BSC MSC Gs VLR C D H GMSC PSTN NSS

PSTN

SS7

Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data) Gr HLR AuC Gc Gi

Gn

PSDN

SGSN

IP

GGSN

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller

NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

15

GPRS Architecture - Components

New components introduced for GPRS services:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) IP-based backbone network
Old components in GSM upgraded for GPRS services:

HLR MSC/VLR Mobile Station

16

GPRS Architecture
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
At the same hierarchical level as the MSC. Transfers data packets between mobile stations and GGSNs. Keeps track of the individual MSs location and performs security functions and access control. Detects and registers new GPRS mobile stations located in its service area Participates into routing, as well as mobility management functions.

17

GPRS Architecture
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
Provides inter-working between PLMN and external packet-switched networks. Converts the GPRS packets from SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends out on the corresponding packet data network. Participates into the mobility management. Maintains the location information of the mobile stations that are using the data protocols provided by that GGSN. Collects charging information for billing purpose.

18

GPRS Architecture
Backbone Network
Tunnels of data and signaling messages between GPRS support nodes. Protocol architecture based on the Internet Protocol (IP). GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) used to tunnel user data and signaling between GPRS Support Nodes. All PDP (Packet Data Protocol) PDUs (Protocol Data Units) shall be encapsulated by GTP.
19

GPRS Architecture Backbone Network (cont.)

Two kinds of GPRS backbone Network:

Intra-PLMN backbone network: The IP network interconnecting GSNs within the same PLMN. Inter-PLMN backbone network: The IP network interconnecting GSNs and intra-PLMN backbone networks in different PLMNs.

Two intra-PLMN backbone networks are connected via the Gp interface using Border Gateways and an interPLMN backbone network. Border Gateway handles the packet transfer between GPRS PLMNs.

20

GPRS Architecture
HLR

Enhanced with GPRS subscription data and routing information. Accessible from the SGSN via the Gr interface and from the GGSN via the Gc interface.

21

GPRS Architecture
MSC/VLR
Not needed for routing of GPRS data. Needed for the co-operation between GPRS and the other GSM services. e.g.,

Paging for circuit-switched calls that can be

performed more efficiently via the SGSN Combining GPRS and non-GPRS location updates

Receives location information from SGSN or sends paging requests to SGSN via the Gs interface.
22

GPRS Architecture
Mobile Station
GPRS MS includes two components:

MT (Mobile Terminal). Typically a handset

used to access the radio interface. TE (Terminal Equipment). Typically a laptop or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).

Could be one unit combing the functionalities of a MT and a TE.

23

GPRS Architecture
Mobile Station (cont.)
Three types of MS:

Class-A: Could be attached to both GPRS and

other GSM services, and the MS supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and other GSM services. Class-B: Could be attached to both GPRS and other GSM services, but the MS can only operate one set of services at a time. Class-C: Could be exclusively attached to one service type at a given time.
24

Packet transfer

Intra-PLMN backbone

PLMN

25

Packet Transfer
A laptop connects with a GPRS-capable handset. The handset communicates with GSM base station. Base station sends the GPRS packets to SGSN. SGSN encapsulates packets Handset location information is updated in other GSM components, such as HLR. SGSN sends encapsulated packets to GGSN. GGSN decapsulates and sends to PDNs.

26

GPRS summary
SGSN :

Mobility Management Random access detection and Authentication Gathers Charging Information Gateway between UMTS Core Network and external networks Address allocation for MS Gathers Charging Information Filtering and format conversions.

GGSN :

BSS : BSC , BTS , MFS.

call processing R/R/M, T/F synchronisation,

27

GPRS Limitations
Speeds Much Lower in Reality. Data packets can traverse different routes/nodes leading to potential transit delays affecting the Quality of Service. Operators may decide to charge based on time rather than volume, which may destroy the cost advantage that GPRS provides today.

Requires major network modifications: Many network elements to be upgraded and totally new to be introduced. Expensive: Not much time for invest to be returned due to upcoming 3rd generation technology.
28

3G (UMTS)
IMT-2000 Goal : to have a single radio interface that provide global roaming.
But due to technical/other reasons, different countries/bodies started developing their own 3G radio interface systems using various standards like : WCDMA WTDMA TDMA/FDMA OFDMA ODMA ETSI selected two systems : WCDMA for paired frequency bands for FDD operation and WTDMA for unpaired frequency bands for TDD operations.
29

3GPP
3GPP was formed in 1998 to have co-ordination between different bodies and common universal standards to provide global roaming. In 3GPP forum WCDMA technology has emerged as the most widely adopted third generation air interface.

IMT-2000 refers to a set of radio interface standards that fulfill

the requirements from 3G Networks. In addition to WCDMA, the other air interfaces that can be used

to provide the third generation services are EDGE (up to 384

kbps) & multi carrier CDMA (cdma 2000).
30

3G Systems
High quality and integrity comparable to to the fixed network.
High bit rates : ranging from 144 Kbps -2 Mbps. Variable bit rates to offer bandwidth on demand.

Multiplexing of services with different quality requirements on a single connections e.g. speech, video and packet data.
A modular and open structure to allow to grow in size and complexity and permit easy introduction of new applications. Coexistence of second and third generation systems and inter system handovers for coverage enhancement and load balancing. Support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic, e.g. web browsing causes more loading to downlink than to uplink. Use of small pocket terminal world wide.
31

Spectrum for 3G Systems

The IMT 2000 band has been identified in most of the countries for the launch of 3G services-

Uplink- 1920-1980 MHz, Downlink- 2110-2170 MHz.

There have been some dispute which has been raised by CDMA operators for the use of PCS 1900 band 1850-1910 and 19301990.
32

Spectrum Bands
The PCS-1900 band is in direct conflict with the IMT-2000 bands If the PCS-1900 band is allocated to cdma players there is a clear risk that WCDMA cannot happen in India.
GSM 1800 Uplink 75 MHz GSM 1800 Downlink 75 MHz IMT-2000 Uplink 60 MHz IMT-2000 Downlink 60 MHz

1710

1785

1805

1880

1920

1980

2110

2170

1850

1910

1930

1990

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

PCS-1900 Uplink 60 MHz

PCS-1900 Downlink 60 MHz

33

Two main evolution paths into 3G

WCDMA Evolution

PDC

WCDMA/WCDMA-E

New Spectrum Existing Spectrum

GSM

GSM/GPRS

EDGE

TDMA

cdmaOne 2G 28.8 kb/s

CDMA2000 1X First Step into 3G 64 - 144 Kb/s

CDMA2000 1xDO Rev 0/A Spectrum 3G phase 1 384 Kb/s 3.6 Mb/s Evolved 3G Up to 14Mb/s+

New+Existing

34

GSM Evolution for Data Access

2 Mbps UMTS

384 kbps 115 kbps EDGE

GPRS
9.6 kbps GSM

1997

2000

2003

2003+
3G

GSM evolution

35

WCDMA
TECHNOLOGY CHOSEN BY BSNL FOR THE LAUNCH OF 3G(UMTS) SERVICES

36

3G (UMTS) Network Architecture

PSTN User equipment (UE) Access Network (AN) Core Network (CN) and other networks

UMTS architecture is similar to that of GSM/GPRS. but the actual protocols residing in these entities are quite different. This difference is created by WCDMA based air interface in UMTS AN . Significant changes in the protocols residing at the UE and AN. Thus GSM/GPRS Handsets will not support UMTS. However CN entities( like HLR,VLR,SGSN,GGSN etc) of GSM or GPRS is almost entirely reused in the UMTS. 37

3G (UMTS) ...
User Equipment : ( UE )
To access the services provided by the N/W. Uu interface : WCDMA air interface to connect with the AN. Two modes of operation over Uu interface : FDD mode for the paired spectrum and TDD mode for the unpaired spectrum.

Access Network : ( AN )
Functions specific to WCDMA air interface. BTS terminates the radio connection with the UE. BSC controls the resources of the BTS.

Core Network : ( CN )
Core Functions : Mobility management, Call control , Switching and Routing. Also manages the subscription information of a subscriber and provides the services accordingly.
38

Logical Structure of User Equipment

Mobile Termination ( MT ) Universal Subscriber Identity Module ( USIM )

Terminal Equipment ( TE )

Mobile Equipment ( ME )

User Equipment (UE)

39

3G(UMTS) User Equipment (UE)

UE is divided into two logical parts : 1. Mobile Equipment (ME) 2. Universal SIM (USIM) ME is divided into two distinct functional groups : 1. Mobile Termination (MT) : Performs Radio transmission/termination, authentication and mobility management. 2. Terminal Equipment (TE) : Laptop, Camera etc. Manages the hardware( speaker, microphones, video cameras) and hosts user applications like Web browser. Universal SIM (USIM) : USIM application resides on a smart card called UICC which contains logic required to securely identify the user. For this it contains permanent identity of user i.e. IMS, Secrete key for authentication phone book and other information's. 40 UE is also referred to as MS.

3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) - 3G Radios

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis E A B BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS ATM Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller CN Core Network MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Gn SGSN Gb MSC Gs IuCS VLR C D H GMSC PSTN CN

PSTN

SS7
Gr HLR

AuC

Gc Gi

PSDN

IP

GGSN

41

3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) - Soft Switching

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis A Mc BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS ATM Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller CN Core Network MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Gn SGSN GGSN Gb MSC Server Gs IuCS Gr HLR AuC VLR CS-MGW Nc Mc B C D H GMSC server PSTN CN Nb CS-MGW

PSTN

SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi

PSDN

42

WCDMA RAN

Element management

43

Mobile Broadband
An alternative for broadband at home

3G at home: PSTN telephony line FAX line Internet Access, up to 2Mbps Low-cost alternative to the landline network based on WCDMA

44

THANK YOU
&

Have a Nice Time

45