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Iowa Core: Characteristics of Effective Instruction
One of the six Iowa Core Outcomes (#6) is: Educators implement effective instructional practices to
ensure high levels of learning for each and every student. The thinking behind this outcome is t

If content is challenging and relevant, and teachers routinely deliver instruction that demonstrates the
characteristics of effective instruction, then student learning and performance will increase.

^Characteristics of Effective Instruction?

To remember them, use the acronym START.
StudentCentered Classrooms:
In student-centered classrooms, students are directly involved and invested in the discovery of their own knowledge. Through
collaboration and cooperation with others, students engage in experiential learning that is authentic, holistic, and challenging.
Students are empowered to use prior knowledge to construct new learning. Through the development of the metacognitive
process, students reflect on their thinking. Curriculum and assessment are centered on meaningful performances in real-world
contexts. As a partner in learning, teachers intentionally create organized and cohesive experiences to assist students to make
connections to key concepts.
Teaching for Understanding:

Teaching for understanding is leading students to engage in a variety of thought-provoking activities such as explaining, finding
evidence and examples, generalizing, applying, making analogies, and representing the topic in new ways. Grant Wiggins (1998)
hbeing introduced to new ideas and
being asked to think more deeply and more carefully about facts, ideas, experiences, and theories previously encountered and
learned. According to Wiske (1998), it shifts instruction from a paradigm of memorizing and practicing to one of understanding
and applying. It is best accomplished through addressing classroom practices and supporting the teacher as the primary change
agent.
Assessment FOR Learning (Formative Assessment):

Formative assessment is a process, not an assessment tool or instrument, which includes collecting information on student
progress toward a learning goal. The information is used to adjust instruction and increase student learning. The assessment for
learning process is not an add-on to instruction, but an integral part of instruction necessary to identify and close the learning
gap for each student. Assessment for learning is used by both teachers and students. Teachers use feedback to check for student
understanding during the instructional process and to make adjustments to their instruction as necessary. Students use
feedback from the process to monitor their own learning and to make adjustments to their learning tactics. Formative
assessment practices provide students with clear learning targets, examples and models of strong and weak work, regular

Rigorous and Relevant Curriculum:

A rigorous and relevant curriculum is one that is cognitively demanding and challenging to students as they apply the essential
concepts and skills to real world, complex and open ended situations. The content is not just interesting to students, but involves
particular intellectual challenges. When students successfully meet these challenges, their new learning will have meaning and
value in contexts beyond the curriculum unit or classroom setting. Rigor and relevance is characterized by content that is linked
to a core disciplinary concept or skill and students to do authentic work, using methods that are specific to the
discipline and applying what they know or what they are learning to solve complex problems 2) involves the use of prior
knowledge, the development of in-depth understanding, and the ability to develop and express ideas and findings through
elaborated communication.
Teaching for Learner Differences:

Teaching for Learner Differences is about planning for and teaching to variances among learners in the classroom to create the
best learning environment possible. It is designed to ensure all students acquire the essential concepts and skills of the Iowa
Core. Using data to guide instructional decision-making students are provided core, supplemental and intensive levels of
support. Teaching for Learner Differences is a framework which provides processes so that all students have access to the
general education curriculum. It is best accomplished through a proactive approach where student and environmental data are
used to plan for, implement, and adjust for the needs of all students.
Attributes of the Characteristics of Effective Instruction

Student Centered Classrooms:
x
x
x
x
x
Educators support all students in making connections to construct new learning in order to make
decisions and solve problems.
The educator facilitates opportunities for students to be metacognitive.
Educators and students are partners in learning.
Educators facilitate time for students to learn collaboratively.
Educators use meaningful and authentic assessment in real world context.

Teaching for Understanding:

x
x
x
x
Instruction facilitates the construction of deep conceptual and procedural knowledge.

Instruction facilitates the development of representations and conceptual models.
Instruction inducts students into the discipline.
Instruction facilitates the application of new learnings and understandings in new and novel
situations (transfer).

Assessment for Learning:

x
x
x
x
x
x

Educators utilize K-12 learning progressions along which students are expected to progress in a
domain.
Student learning goals are clear, focused on the intended learning, and communicated so all
students understand the criteria for success.
Instructional modifications for students are planned from carefully elicited evidence of student
learning.
Descriptive feedback identifies for students the specific knowledge and skills needed to reach
learning goal(s).
Self and peer assessment is planned and structured by educator and students in order to develop
life-long learning skills.
A collaborative classroom climate is conducive to assessment for learning.

Rigorous and Relevant Curriculum:

x
x
x
Higher order thinking (HOT) is performed by students during instruction.

Deep understanding and mastery of critical disciplinary concepts and skills are demonstrated.
Concepts and skills are applied to situations, issues, and problems in the world beyond school.

Teaching for Learner Differences:

x
x
x
x
x
x
/the essential concepts and skills within the content.

/

Teacher provides flexibility w
acquisition and demonstration of learning.
Teachers provide clear instruction about how to learn, making the various strategies and skills of the
learning process conspicuous to all students.
Instruction includes opportunities for students to practice and review their learning and receive
feedback.
d
concepts and skills and adjusts instruction.

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Iowa Core: Characteristics of Effective Instruction

^Characteristics of Effective Instruction?

Teaching for Understanding:

Assessment FOR Learning (Formative Assessment):

Rigorous and Relevant Curriculum:

Teaching for Learner Differences:

Attributes of the Characteristics of Effective Instruction

Teaching for Understanding:

Instruction facilitates the construction of deep conceptual and procedural knowledge.

Assessment for Learning:

Rigorous and Relevant Curriculum:

Higher order thinking (HOT) is performed by students during instruction.

Teaching for Learner Differences:

/the essential concepts and skills within the content.

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