Education 220- Curriculum Development

First Semester A. Y. 2023-2024

Final Examination

Essay Type. Discuss the following questions/topics as specifically indicated.

1. Explain this principle on curriculum designing “Curriculum development is

a decision process that should consider challenges and enjoyment for the

learners”. 7 pts.

As a student, reflecting on the principle of curriculum development that

emphasizes challenges and enjoyment for learners, I find to be both insightful and

practical. Studies indicate that many of our learners are not attaining functional

literacy thus making it difficult for them to meet the challenges of a rapidly

changing world. For many years, we have been mulling, and sharing at problem-

defining, dissecting, analyzing, and pinpointing causes of crowded curriculum

that requires many competences which are overlapping across disciplines.

Critical Thinking: Students are encouraged to think critically when they

are taught challenging material. Students gain creativity, analytical abilities, and

the capacity to synthesize information when they work through challenging

situations.

Growth mentality: A growth mentality is fostered by challenges. Students

discover that mastery and growth are the results of hard work, perseverance, and

conquering challenges.
 Getting Ready for Real Life: Life is full of obstacles. A curriculum that

simulates the intricacies of the actual world equips students for their future

pursuits.

Enjoyment: Students study more intently when they find the material

enjoyable. Happy learning improves comprehension and retention.

Motivation: Motivation is fueled by enjoyment. When learning brings

them delight, students are more motivated to investigate subjects, pose questions,

and pursue information.

Holistic Development: A fun curriculum considers the passions, interests,

and cultural backgrounds of the pupils. It celebrates diversity and promotes well-

rounded growth.

2. Give example/s of teaching-learning strategy that allows self-discovery.

Explain how this strategy makes learning effective. 7 pts.

Discovery-Based Learning:

Definition: In this approach, students actively explore concepts, encouraging

critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and self-directed learning.

How It Works: Teachers act as facilitators, guiding and supporting students as

they make their own discoveries.

Effectiveness:

 Encourages independent thinking and curiosity.

 Fosters a deeper understanding of concepts because students uncover

information themselves.
  Enhances long-term retention as students are personally invested in their

discoveries.

To stimulate and nurture learner’s interest in learning, to make them explore

beyond their classroom walls are the ever-aching desire of teachers. They want to

focus on the students and their needs, not on the subject matter. They want to

teach without the compelling pressure to cover a curriculum. Teaching for the

sake of keeping learners in the school and making them graduate is not their end-

goal.

The present tendency of equating teachers’ performance with the result of the

national achievement test is forcing them to teach for the sake of testing not for

the joy of teaching and learning. Pupils learn more than what the test scores

reveal. Good results may please parents and administrators but teaching must go

beyond getting high scores. Evaluation is necessary to determines pupils’

strengths and weaknesses. It directs teachers’ next course of action but it should

never be used as a tool to gauge teachers’ competence in teaching.

3. What is the role of the school managers in the curriculum implementation? 6

pts.

As a student, understanding the role of school managers in curriculum

implementation is essential. The school manager plays an important role in

shaping the school curriculum because they are the people who are responsible in

keeping records of curriculum and reporting learning outcomes are also the

managers’ responsibilities.
 Supervising Curriculum Implementation: School managers, including principals

and other administrative staff, play a crucial role in overseeing the implementation of the

curriculum. They ensure that teachers follow the prescribed curriculum guidelines and

deliver quality education to students.

1. Selecting and Recruiting New Teachers: School managers are responsible for

hiring competent teachers who can effectively deliver the curriculum. They assess

candidates’ qualifications, teaching abilities, and alignment with the school’s

educational goals.

2. Admitting Students: School managers handle student admissions. They ensure

that the admission process aligns with the curriculum requirements and the

school’s capacity. Admitting students who meet the necessary criteria contributes

to effective curriculum delivery.

3. Procuring Equipment and Materials: Managers facilitate the acquisition of

necessary resources for effective learning. This includes textbooks, teaching aids,

technology, and other materials required to implement the curriculum

successfully.

4. Planning for Facility Improvement: School managers strategize ways to

enhance school facilities and physical plants. A conducive learning environment

positively impacts curriculum delivery. Improving infrastructure, classrooms, and

amenities ensures a better educational experience for students.

 In summary, school managers play a pivotal role in ensuring that the

curriculum is effectively delivered. Their commitment to quality education benefits

students, teachers, and the entire school community.

4. Cite ways where NGOs help shape the curriculum implementation. 7 pts.

In many developing nations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

have a significant influence on how curricula are implemented. Their

contributions are significant and diverse. NGOs have an impact on education in

the following ways:

NGOs work to promote inclusive and equitable education policies through

advocacy and policy influence. They work with legislators, governing bodies, and

educational establishments to advance changes, close gaps, and guarantee that

curricula meet the demands of a diverse student body. Organizations that work in

non-profits actively contribute to the design and enhancement of curricula. They

offer knowledge, analysis, and perspectives to develop learner-centered, culturally

sensitive, and current curricula. NGOs assist in the creation of interesting and

useful learning resources by working with educators. NGOs arrange professional

development seminars, training sessions, and teacher training programs in order to

build teacher capacity. They stress inclusive practices, introduce cutting-edge

teaching strategies, and improve the abilities of instructors. Building capability

enhances the way curricula are taught in classrooms. Resources & Supplementary

Materials: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) produce digital resources,

workbooks, and textbooks. These resources improve learning and supplement

 official textbooks. NGOs often modify these materials to consider regional

circumstances, dialects, and cultural quirks. NGOs promote community

awareness and engagement by bridging the gap between communities and

schools. They include local stakeholders, parents, and community leaders in

conversations about the curriculum. NGOs make guarantee that curriculum

implementation meets community objectives by promoting ownership and

knowledge. They survey, gather information, and assess learning objectives.

This input directs ongoing development, highlights problems, and provides guida

nce for changes. NGOs keep an eye on the implementation of curricula in order to

evaluate its efficacy.

In conclusion, NGOs play a major role in curriculum creation, teacher pre

paration, and community involvement, all of which help to shape an education sys

tem that is higher caliber and more inclusive.

Together they empower students, encourage lifelong learning, and progress social

justice.

5. Explain the strong link between the teacher and the written curriculum in

the implementation phase. 6 pts.

Teachers play a pivotal role in translating the curriculum document (which

outlines learning objectives, content, and assessment) into actionable teaching

practices. They analyze the curriculum to identify key concepts, skills,

and learning outcomes that need to be addressed in the classroom. The diversity in

such teaching can help teacher better address the needs of the learners. It was also
 found out that interaction and integrative activities also address the preferences of

children, their different learning styles, and the various conditions under which

they are likely to learn, because children differ in intelligence and the ways they

go about learning. Integrative teaching offers pieces of knowledge that help

learners perceive learning as a whole.

By doing so, teachers ensure that the curriculum aligns with the specific

needs of their students and the context of their school.

6. In what category of curriculum change does the MATATAG curriculum

belong? Justify your answer. 6pts

The MATATAG Curriculum, which was launched by the Department of

Education (DepEd) in the Philippines, falls into the following categories.

1. Make the curriculum relevant to produce job-ready, active, and responsible

citizens

2. Take steps to accelerate the delivery of basic education services and provision

facilities.

3. Take good care of learners by promoting learner well-being, inclusiveness

learning, and positive learning environment

4. Give support for teachers to teach better.

This revised curriculum aims to address challenges faced by the current K

to 12 curriculum, including content congestion, misplaced prerequisite learning

competencies, and cognitive demand imbalance2. For more detailed information,

 you can explore the MATATAG Curriculum Guides for Kindergarten, Grades 1,

4, and 7, which will be implemented starting SY 2024-2025.

According to a research, education is a field of knowledge dealing with

technical aspects of teaching. So too in education- to learn more of what an

educator possesses now, could make him a better person if he should use it in the

proper way. After experiencing many years in teaching, education is still needed.

It could be done through training, seminars, and pursuing higher education. There

we find new techniques, strategies to upgrade teaching competency.

From time to time, changes will occur in our educational system as we are

in a changing world. It is worth knowing as we are the key persons to its door to

prosperity.

7. As a curriculum implementor, what is your personal opinion based on your

experiences on the relevance of modern technology in shaping the present

curriculum specifically in the curriculum implementation? Is there any

drawback to the use of the ICT for the learners? If yes, please identify these

drawbacks.7 pts.

YES, integrating technology in instruction is like a prescription. That doing so

will have salutary effects for instruction is almost taken for granted. Technology

used as a tool enables us to do so many things efficiently, but rarely ever, in

expensively. Using it well requires, among other things, staff and administrator

training, correlating curriculum and software, and designing new classroom

strategies, rethinking assessment procedures and tools. Because of all the things
 involved in integrating technology in instruction, one cannot treat the issue

nonchalantly or cavalierly. To do so would be catastrophic. The observation that

today’s children are born with, not the proverbial silver spoon, but a joystick, a

keyboard or a remote control. The result, computers made it possible the

institution responsible for developing teachers responsible for educating the

children are also caught in the time wrap. This phenomenon is a result of 2 major

reason. One is the lack of resources traditionally available to schools and the other

is lack of knowledge or appreciation of the effects of technology use in

instruction.

8. Discuss how an evaluation of the curriculum becomes a process and a tool, as

well. 6 pts.

Curriculum evaluation is both a process and a tool used to assess the

effectiveness and quality of an educational curriculum. Let’s delve into how this

evaluation becomes an integral part of educational planning and improvement.

As a process, curriculum evaluation involves systematic steps to gather

data and make informed decisions about the curriculum. Here are the key

components:

1. Objectives/Intended Learning Outcomes: First, educators pre-determine

the desired learning outcomes or objectives. These serve as the foundation

for curriculum design and assessment.

 2. Situation/Context: The evaluation considers the context in which the

curriculum operates. Understanding the environment, student

demographics, and available resources is crucial.

3. Evaluation Instruments/Tools: Educators select, modify, and construct

evaluation tools. These tools should be objective, reliable, and valid. They

help collect data on student performance and curriculum effectiveness.

4. Utilization of Tools: The chosen evaluation tools are used to collect data

before and after curriculum implementation. This allows educators to track

changes and measure progress.

5. Analysis of Results: Educators analyze the obtained results to identify

strengths and weaknesses. They seek explanations for patterns observed in

student performance.

6. Utilization of Results: Based on the analysis, necessary modifications are

made to improve the curriculum. The goal is continuous enhancement.

On the other hand, as a tool, curriculum evaluation provides valuable information

for decision-making. Here’s how it serves various stakeholders:

 Evaluation helps identify areas where students need additional support or

remediation. It informs teaching strategies and student-centered adjustments.

 Teachers: Teachers receive feedback on their instructional practices. They can

adapt their teaching methods based on evaluation results.

 Classroom Purpose: Evaluation ensures that the curriculum aligns with

classroom goals. It assesses the appropriateness of teaching methods and

materials.
 Community: Curriculum evaluation considers community needs and

expectations. It ensures that the curriculum reflects local context and values.

In summary, curriculum evaluation is not only a process but also a

powerful tool for enhancing educational quality. By systematically assessing

curriculum components and involving various stakeholders, educators can create

meaningful learning experiences for students.

9. Among the varied evaluation models, which one do you often employ and

why? 6 pts.

Brinkerhoff’s Success Case Method:

1. Description: This approach identifies successful cases (learners who

excel) and investigates what factors contributed to their success.

2. Why It’s Useful: Brinkerhoff’s method helps identify best practices and

areas for improvement.

The countryside awaits every youth to transform the wide rolling

plains. Even our schools today are committed to the great task of giving

the necessary motivation and encouragement to top our knowledge and

talents. It teaches the students that all their experiences inside and outside

school are learning moments.

10. What does it mean by this statement, “Planning, designing, and

implementing a curriculum have no meaning without evaluating the

curriculum”. 6 pts.
 As a student, understanding the significance of this statement is crucial.

Let’s break it down:

1. Planning and Designing Curriculum:

o Planning: This involves creating a blueprint for what students will learn, how it will be

taught, and the overall educational experience.

o Designing: It refers to shaping the content, structure, and learning activities within the

curriculum.

2. Implementing Curriculum:

o This step is where teachers put the planned and designed curriculum into action. They

deliver lessons, engage students, and facilitate learning experiences.

3. Evaluation of Curriculum:

o Evaluation is the critical step that ensures the effectiveness of the curriculum.

o It involves assessing whether the curriculum achieves its intended goals, whether students

are learning, and if adjustments are needed.

o Evaluation helps identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.

Now, let’s tie it all together:

 Without evaluation, the entire process of planning, designing, and implementing a

curriculum lacks meaning. Here’s why:

o Planning and designing might result in a beautifully crafted curriculum, but its real

impact remains uncertain until it’s put into practice.

o Implementation without evaluation can lead to missed opportunities for improvement.

o Evaluation provides insights into what works, what needs adjustment, and how to

enhance student learning.

In essence, evaluation breathes life into the curriculum, ensuring it aligns with

educational goals and serves students effectively.

11.Briefly discuss Outcomes-Based Education and cite its distinct

features/characteristics from traditional education. 6 pts.

Understanding the differences between Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) and

traditional education is crucial.

Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) is an educational theory that centers around

specific learning outcomes. Unlike traditional education, which focuses on what schools

provide to students, OBE emphasizes that students must demonstrate their knowledge

and abilities based on predefined outcomes. In an OBE system, each part of the

educational process is aligned with these goals. The role of educators shifts to being

instructors, trainers, facilitators, or mentors, all aimed at helping students achieve the

specified outcomes. OBE has been adopted globally, with countries like Australia, South

Africa, the United States, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the European Union incorporating it

into their education systems.

In summary, OBE focuses on practical skills, individualized learning outcomes,

and fostering critical thinking, setting it apart from the content-centric approach of

traditional education.
Prepared by:

Shirley G. Hampac, D. R. Dev.

Professor