Name : Kashif Ali

Student ID : 0000357315
Course ID : 8612
Subject : Professionalism in Teaching
Tutor : Abdul Karim
Assignment # 2
Q.1 How does education contribute to ethical character of the
students? What is the role of teacher in this regard?
Contribution of Education to Ethical Character
Education’s contribution to the ethical character of students and the role of teachers in this
developmental journey are profound and multifaceted. To delve deeper into these aspects:

1. Curriculum Content: The curriculum is designed to include literature, history, and social
sciences that often confront moral issues and ethical dilemmas, prompting students to engage
with complex questions about right and wrong, justice, equity, and human rights. These subjects
not only convey factual knowledge but also challenge students to consider the moral
implications of historical events, literary actions, and societal developments.

2. Development of Critical Thinking Skills: Education fosters critical thinking by

encouraging students to question, analyze, and evaluate different perspectives before arriving at
conclusions. This skill is essential for ethical reasoning as it enables individuals to navigate moral
complexities, identify biases, and consider the consequences of their actions and decisions on
others and society at large.

3. Promotion of Empathy and Social Awareness: Through group activities, discussions,

community service, and exposure to diverse cultures and backgrounds, education encourages
students to step into others’ shoes. This is crucial for ethical behavior as empathy leads to more
compassionate and considerate actions towards others.

4. Ethical Frameworks and Theories: Higher education, in particular, offers students the
opportunity to study ethical theories and frameworks directly, such as utilitarianism, deontology,
virtue ethics, and care ethics. This academic approach provides a structured way to think about
ethics and morality, offering students tools to dissect and understand ethical problems.

Role of the Teacher

1. Educator and Mentor: Beyond imparting academic knowledge, teachers guide students
through moral and ethical quandaries, integrating ethical questions into the curriculum
whenever possible. This includes discussing contemporary ethical issues, encouraging reflective
thinking, and facilitating moral debates. Teachers mentor students not only in academic pursuits
 but also in personal and ethical development, offering advice, support, and guidance on
navigating ethical dilemmas in school and beyond.

2. Role Model: The behavior of teachers is under constant observation by students. Teachers
who demonstrate integrity, fairness, empathy, and respect in their everyday actions and
decisions provide powerful lessons in ethics that are often more impactful than formal
instruction. This aspect of role modeling extends to how teachers address their own mistakes,
manage conflicts, and treat each member of the school community.

3. Facilitator of Ethical Culture: Teachers play a critical role in creating a classroom

environment that encourages open dialogue, mutual respect, and critical engagement with
ethical issues. By facilitating discussions that respect diverse viewpoints and encourage ethical
reflection, teachers help build a community of learners who are comfortable exploring moral
complexities and expressing their thoughts and opinions on ethical matters.

4. Mediator in Conflicts: Conflicts among students offer real-life opportunities for teaching
and learning about ethics and conflict resolution. Teachers mediate these situations by guiding
students towards understanding each other’s perspectives and finding fair and respectful
resolutions. These mediation experiences teach students practical skills in negotiation, empathy,
and respect for others, reinforcing ethical principles in tangible ways.

Conclusion
In conclusion, education significantly contributes to the ethical development of students by integrating
moral education into the curriculum, developing critical thinking and empathy, and exposing students to
diverse perspectives. Teachers amplify this impact through their roles as educators, mentors, role
models, facilitators, and mediators, embodying ethical principles in their professional conduct and
interactions with students. Through these combined efforts, education shapes not just the intellectual
capabilities of students but their moral and ethical character as well.
Q.2 Discuss strategies which can make teaching effective.
Effective teaching strategies
Effective teaching strategies comprise proven best practices in education that work in a variety of
classroom environments. Many teachers may use multiple strategies to keep their students engaged
throughout the school year and test their knowledge more comprehensively. Other teachers may use
only one or two strategies to guide their lesson plans and ensure that each student understands the
information being taught.

What works well for one class may not be best of the next class, meaning teachers will continuously
assess the effectiveness of a teacher strategy and make adjustments as needed. The most effective
approach to implementing teaching strategies is to customize them to meet your students’ needs.

1. Behavior management
Behavior management strategies foster an atmosphere of mutual respect, reduce disruptive behavior
and ensure students have an equal opportunity to fulfill their potential in the classroom. It’s crucial to
provide them with both a positive and productive learning environment. Examples include establishing a
reward system with an interactive chart where students move up or down depending on their
performance and behavior in class.

2. Blended learning
With a blended learning teaching strategy, technology is incorporated with traditional learning. This
allows students to work at their own pace, research their ideas and become more physically engaged
during lessons. Examples include providing interactive tablets or whiteboards with engaging activities
and posting classwork online for easier access.

3. Cooperative learning
Group work is a cooperative learning strategy that allows students with various learning levels to work
together. By encouraging them to express their own ideas and listen to others’ ideas as a group, you help
students develop communication and critical thinking skills. Examples include solving math puzzles
together, performing skits as a team or working on group presentations.

4. Culturally responsive teaching

Culturally responsive teaching links lessons and context with students’ contemporary and ancestral
cultures. Diverse classrooms require you to reach students with dramatically different backgrounds
and/or different learning styles. Through this teaching strategy, explain how your topic relates to
different cultures and make sure your classroom is a place where all students feel empowered.
Encourage all students to ask questions and share unique answers.

5. Differentiation
Differentiation is a teaching strategy that lets you assign tasks to students based on their specific
academic abilities and their learning needs. Effective classrooms are often inclusive settings so it’s
important to teach to a range of learning levels simultaneously. Examples include worksheets that vary in
complexity or letting students choose from activities or stations related to a particular lesson.

Here are some ways to use differentiation:

 Provide books or other materials at different reading levels

 Create custom spelling lists for students with different spelling skills
 Host small groups to provide tailored advice to students
 Offer one-on-one after-school help to students encountering challenges
 Discuss student progress and at-home educational strategies with parents
 Measure progress in different ways, through projects, portfolios and participation
 Read more: Differentiated Instruction: Definition and Strategies

6. Experiential learning
Experiential learning uses real-world experience to learn by doing. While traditional lesson plans tend to
focus on the teacher, this strategy focuses on students participating in activities they may not
immediately recognize as educational. Examples include games, experiments and/or simulations. A
common form of experiential learning is a field trip combined with practical lessons outside of the
classroom that connect to your current curriculum.

7. Formative assessment
A formative assessment is used periodically to monitor student learning incrementally. This can more
effectively measure the process of learning as opposed to end-of-unit tests and can help you to improve
your teaching methods throughout the year. Examples of this teaching strategy include self-evaluation
exercises and summarizing a topic in multiple ways.

8. Game-based learning
If you want to help students become more excited about learning, consider developing and
implementing educational games and/or challenges, whether in-person or online. These games can
inspire children, especially kinesthetic learners, to participate more fully in the learning process, as well
as keep them motivated and focused on their class lessons. This teaching strategy can also help them
solve problems and reach a goal.

9. Growth mindset
A growth mindset is a strategy designed to help students see the value of effort, persistence and risk in
trying new things and learning new concepts. It focuses on praising students when they try new
methods and/or embrace different perspectives on learning goals. A growth mindset also encourages
students to set goals using the Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time-Based (SMART)
method.

10.Inquiry-based instruction
Inquiry-based instruction uses thought-provoking questions to inspire students to think independently
and discuss meaningful topics. This lets you present academic concepts in a way that invites students to
reconsider their perspectives and ask questions. Inquiries can be math or science questions with a
complex answer, such as “Why is the sky blue?” or questions that result in a more subjective response,
such as “Do poems have to rhyme?”
Q.3 Describe global trends in teacher education. Examine impact of
globalization in teacher education of Pakistan.
Global Trends In Teacher Education
Global trends in teacher education reflect broader shifts in technology, pedagogy, and globalization.
These trends are reshaping how teacher education programs around the world prepare future educators
to meet the needs of diverse and increasingly interconnected classrooms. Some of these global trends
include:

1. Technology Integration: There’s a growing emphasis on integrating digital tools and

resources into teacher education. This includes training teachers to use educational technology
to enhance learning and teaching, such as through blended learning models, digital content, and
virtual classrooms.

2. Focus on Diversity and Inclusivity: Teacher education programs are increasingly

focusing on preparing teachers to work in diverse classrooms. This includes training on cultural
competency, special education, and strategies to support students from various backgrounds
and with different learning needs.

3. Emphasis on Global Competence: With the increasing interconnectedness of the world,

there’s a push towards developing global competence among teachers. This involves
understanding global issues, teaching students about intercultural understanding, and preparing
students to thrive in a globalized world.

4. Professional Development and Lifelong Learning: There’s recognition of the need

for teachers to engage in continuous professional development beyond their initial training. This
includes ongoing learning opportunities, professional learning communities, and resources for
teachers to keep up with pedagogical and subject matter advances.

5. Research and Evidence-Based Practices: There’s a growing emphasis on research and

evidence-based teaching practices in teacher education. This trend encourages teachers to use
research findings to inform their teaching methods and to engage in research themselves to
contribute to the field of education.
Impact of Globalization on Teacher Education in Pakistan
Globalization has significantly impacted teacher education in Pakistan, influencing it in various ways:

1. Curriculum Updates: Globalization has prompted updates in the curriculum of teacher

education programs in Pakistan to include more global perspectives and competencies. This is
aimed at preparing teachers who can educate students to be global citizens, capable of
understanding and interacting with global issues.

2. Technology in Education: Influenced by global trends, there’s a push towards

incorporating technology into teaching and learning in Pakistan. Teacher education programs are
gradually integrating training on using digital tools and platforms, though this adoption varies
widely across regions due to differences in resources and infrastructure.

3. Professional Development Opportunities: Globalization has increased access to

international professional development opportunities for Pakistani teachers. This includes online
courses, webinars, and workshops conducted by global institutions, allowing teachers to gain
new insights and teaching methodologies.

4. English Language Proficiency: The global emphasis on English as a lingua franca has
influenced teacher education in Pakistan, with a notable push towards improving English
language proficiency among teachers. This is particularly relevant for English language teachers
but also impacts teachers across subjects, as English medium instruction increases in prevalence.

5. Challenges and Opportunities: The process of integrating global trends into teacher
education in Pakistan is not without challenges. These include resource limitations, varying
standards of education across different regions, and resistance to change. However, globalization
also presents opportunities for collaboration, access to global educational resources, and the
potential to raise the standards of teacher education and ultimately, student outcomes.

In conclusion, globalization has influenced teacher education in Pakistan by driving curriculum updates,
integrating technology, enhancing professional development, and emphasizing English proficiency.
Despite facing challenges related to resources and implementation, these influences offer opportunities
to improve the quality of education and prepare students for a globalized world.
Q.4 Examine the situation of professionalism in teacher education
institutions of Pakistan.
Examining the situation of professionalism in teacher education institutions in Pakistan involves looking
at several key aspects: the quality of teacher training programs, the regulatory and policy framework, the
standards of practice, and the challenges faced in ensuring professional development for educators. It’s
important to note that the situation can vary significantly across different regions of the country,
reflecting disparities in resources, infrastructure, and governance.

Quality of Teacher Training Programs

Teacher education programs in Pakistan aim to prepare teachers for the classroom by providing them
with the necessary pedagogical skills, subject knowledge, and professional competencies. However, the
quality of these programs often varies, with some institutions offering comprehensive and up-to-date
training while others may lag due to outdated curricula, insufficient resources, and lack of qualified
faculty. The effectiveness of teacher training is crucial for professionalizing the teaching workforce and
ensuring high educational standards.

Regulatory and Policy Framework

The professionalism in teacher education is influenced by the regulatory and policy framework governing
education in Pakistan. The National Education Policy and various provincial policies aim to improve the
quality of education and teacher professionalism. The establishment of regulatory bodies, such as the
National Accreditation Council for Teacher Education (NACTE), is a step towards enhancing the quality
assurance mechanisms in teacher education. However, the implementation of policies and the
enforcement of standards can be inconsistent, impacting the overall professionalization of teacher
education.

Standards of Practice
The development of professional standards for teachers is an essential aspect of promoting
professionalism. These standards define the knowledge, skills, and behaviors expected of teachers and
are crucial for guiding teacher education programs, professional development, and evaluation. While
there has been progress in defining professional standards for teachers in Pakistan, the adoption and
integration of these standards into practice across all regions and institutions remain a work in progress.
Challenges to Professionalism
Several challenges hinder the advancement of professionalism in teacher education institutions in
Pakistan:

Resource Constraints: Many teacher education institutions face significant resource constraints,
including limited financial resources, inadequate learning materials, and insufficient technological
infrastructure. These limitations can affect the quality of teacher training and professional development
opportunities.

Faculty Qualifications and Development: The qualifications and professional development of

faculty in teacher education institutions are critical for maintaining high standards of training. However,
not all institutions have access to highly qualified and trained faculty, which can affect the quality of
education provided to future teachers.

Access and Equity: Geographic and socio-economic disparities in Pakistan affect access to quality
teacher education and professional development opportunities. Teachers in rural or less developed areas
may not have the same opportunities for professional growth as their counterparts in more urban or
affluent regions.

Quality Assurance and Accreditation: Ensuring consistent quality across teacher education
programs is a challenge. While accreditation bodies exist, their reach and effectiveness in improving and
maintaining the quality of teacher education vary.

Conclusion
In conclusion, while there are efforts towards improving professionalism in teacher education
institutions in Pakistan, significant challenges remain. Addressing these challenges requires concerted
efforts from the government, educational institutions, and the international community to invest in
education, enhance the quality of teacher training programs, enforce professional standards, and ensure
equitable access to professional development opportunities across the country.
Q.5 Describe causes and solutions of ethical issues pertaining to
education in Pakistan.
Ethical issues in education in Pakistan span a broad spectrum, reflecting systemic challenges, socio-
economic disparities, and governance issues. These issues can undermine the integrity and effectiveness
of the education system, affecting the quality of education and the development of students.
Understanding the causes behind these ethical issues is crucial for devising effective solutions.

Causes of Ethical Issues in Education

1. Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption in various forms, including bribery for
school admissions, grade inflation, and misallocation of resources, is a significant ethical issue.
Mismanagement within educational institutions and governing bodies can lead to unequal
access to educational opportunities and resources.

2. Teacher Absenteeism and Negligence: Teacher absenteeism and negligence toward

their duties compromise the quality of education. This behavior is often a symptom of low
salaries, lack of motivation, inadequate professional development, and insufficient accountability
mechanisms.

3. Cheating and Plagiarism: The prevalence of cheating in exams and plagiarism in

academic work among students is fueled by high stakes associated with exams, societal pressure
to succeed, and sometimes, lenient policies on academic dishonesty.

4. Discrimination and Inequality: Discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, religion, or

socio-economic status is an ethical issue affecting access to and quality of education. Girls, in
particular, face significant barriers to education in many parts of Pakistan.

5. Commercialization of Education: The commercialization of education, with a focus on

profit over quality, leads to ethical concerns about equity and access. This issue is particularly
evident in the proliferation of private schools and tuition centers that may not be affordable for
all.
Solutions to Ethical Issues in Education
1. Strengthening Governance and Accountability: Implementing strict governance
structures and accountability mechanisms can help mitigate corruption and mismanagement.
This includes transparent processes for funding, admissions, and examinations, along with
severe consequences for unethical behavior.

2. Improving Teacher Training and Welfare: Enhancing teacher training to include

ethical education and professional development, coupled with better pay and career
advancement opportunities, can address teacher absenteeism and negligence. Recognizing and
rewarding exemplary teachers can also motivate ethical behavior.

3. Promoting Academic Integrity: Schools and higher education institutions should enforce
strict policies against cheating and plagiarism, including the use of technology to detect
plagiarism and instituting severe penalties for violations. Cultivating a culture of integrity
through education and awareness is equally important.

4. Ensuring Equity and Inclusion: Policies and practices that promote inclusivity and equity
in education are necessary to combat discrimination. This includes scholarships and support
programs for underprivileged and marginalized students, gender-sensitive educational policies,
and inclusive curricula

5. Regulating Commercialization: The government should regulate private educational

institutions to ensure that they meet quality standards and are accessible to students from
different economic backgrounds. This could involve subsidizing private education for needy
students or incentivizing schools to provide scholarships.

6. Community and Parental Engagement: Engaging communities and parents in the

educational process can foster a collective responsibility toward ethical education. Awareness
campaigns highlighting the importance of ethics in education can mobilize community support
for ethical practices.

7. Legal and Policy Reforms: Implementing and enforcing legal and policy reforms that
address the root causes of ethical issues in education is critical. This includes laws and policies
that ensure equal access to quality education, protect the rights of students and teachers, and
create an environment conducive to ethical behavior.