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Digital Modulation

Pulse code modulation (PCM) samples an input signal at a sampling frequency, quantizes the sample levels into digital values using an analog-to-digital converter, and encodes the quantized samples into binary words. At the receiver, the binary words are decoded back into analog signal levels, low-pass filtered to reconstruct the original signal with some quantization error. The quantization error can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization levels and bits per sample, but this increases the required transmission bandwidth. PCM has advantages in reducing noise effects and enabling pulse regeneration and multiplexing of signals.

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30 views

Digital Modulation

Pulse code modulation (PCM) samples an input signal at a sampling frequency, quantizes the sample levels into digital values using an analog-to-digital converter, and encodes the quantized samples into binary words. At the receiver, the binary words are decoded back into analog signal levels, low-pass filtered to reconstruct the original signal with some quantization error. The quantization error can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization levels and bits per sample, but this increases the required transmission bandwidth. PCM has advantages in reducing noise effects and enabling pulse regeneration and multiplexing of signals.

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blzz2net
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16.

b) Digital Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation:


Pulse code Modulation: The pulse code modulator technique samples the input signal x(t) at a sampling frequency. This sampled variable amplitude pulse is then digitalized by the analog to digital converter. Figure.(1) shows the PCM generator.

In the PCM generator, the signal is first passed through sampler which is sampled at a rate of (fs) where: fs2fm (1)

The output of the sampler x(nTs) which is discrete in time is fed to a q- level quantizer. The quantizer compares the input x(nTs) with it's fixed levels. It assigns any one of the digital level to x(nTs) that results in minimum distortion or error. The error is called quantization error, thus the output of the quantizer is a digital level called q(nTs). The quantized signal level q(nTs) is
binary encode. The encoder converts the input signal to v digits binary word.

Figure.(3) shows the block diagram of the PCM receiver. The receiver starts by reshaping the received pulses, removes the noise and then converts the binary bits to analog. The received samples are then filtered by a low pass filter; the cut off frequency is at fc.
fc= fm (2)

where fm: is the highest frequency component in the original signal

It is impossible to reconstruct the original signal x(t) because of the permanent quantization error introduced during quantization at the transmitter. The quantization error can be reduced by the increasing quantization levels. This corresponds to the increase of bits per sample(more information). But increasing bits (v) increases the signaling rate and requires a large transmission
bandwidth. The choice of the parameter for the number of quantization levels must be acceptable with the quantization noise (quantization error). Figure.(4) shows the reconstructed signal.

Advantages of PCM 1.Effect of noise is reduced. 2.PCM permits the use of pulse regeneration. 3.Multiplexing of various PCM signals is possible.

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