MULTI STOREY

CAR PARKING

BY:
KHAIRUNNUR BT MD SHAKRI
NUUR LAILY BT KHAIRUDDIN
 MULTI STOREY CAR PARKING

• A multi-storey car park or a parking

garage is a building (or part thereof)
which is designed specifically to be for
automobile parking and where there
are a number of floors or levels on
which parking takes place

• It is essentially a stacked parking lot

• It is limited to 5 till 6 stories with the

total capacity up to 500 cars per lot

• Apply multiple access and exit system

to avoid traffic congestion in and out
 MULTI STOREY CAR PARKING

• Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are;

- safety in use

- clear visibility

- parking-space marking to enable drivers to

remember the location of their vehicles

- integration into the context of town planning

- clear views to the outside

- good natural lighting and ventilation

 MULTI STOREY CAR PARKING

GENERAL GUIDELINES

• Basement parking
• Appropriate for residential area, apartment, commercial complex, office complex and for
area around airport that has building high control limit

• Podium parking
• For medium and high density residential area, plus, office complex. Ground level until
level 4 are used for the parking area, while residential unitS, office and other functional
spaces are located above the parking level

• Independent building for multi storey car parking

• For all building types that have large and adequate area for parking, such as low cost
apartment, trade and city center, park and ride system at LRT station or railway station,
bus station, institution, sport complex and mosque
• Normally built separately if the building function is different

• Roof top parking

• Appropriate for shopping complex (less that 5 stories) because it saves cost compared
to basement parking

Source: Department of Town and Country Planning

 MULTI STOREY CAR PARKING

TYPES MECHANICAL
OF ELEVATOR/
PARKING AUTOMATED
PARKING
clearway

system
CONVENTIONAL RAMPS adjacent
PARKING / SELF
SYSTEM
PARKING types
Straight

30 curve
layout
FLOOR 45
SYSTEM
split 60
paraller
sloping perpendicular
 CONVENTIONAL PARKING

RAMP SYSTEM

1) Clearway parking

• Interfloor travel path completely separated

from potentially conflicting parking –
unparking movements clearway ramp system

• Provide safest movement with least delay

• Preferred for self park design

• Feasible for small garage sites

 RAMP SYSTEM

2) Adjacent parking

• Part or all of ramp travel is performed on

access aisles

• Requires less area per parking stall

• Twofold use of travel paths

Adjacent-parking ramp systems
• Feasible for smaller land parcel

• More susceptible to traffic movement delays

• Has potential in causing accident

 RAMP DESIGN

1) Opposed ramp design

• Vehicles rotate in the same direction
• Up and down ramps in opposite
direction
• Required ramp surfaces to be opposed
• The operation is safer

opposed ramp design

2) Parallel
• Up and down ramp slope in the same
direction
• Ramp surfaces are parallel
• Vehicles must rotate in opposite
direction
• Cheaper to construct
parallel ramp design
 Parking layout

PARALLEL

• parallel parking requires experience, confidence, and patience

• Parking spaces (min );
7.5 meters long
2.75 meters wide.
Advantages
•Works well in extremely narrow, linear spaces
•Requires minimum pavement area
Disadvantages
•Difficult maneuvering for most drivers
•Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic
•Inefficient use of on-street space
 Angle 90°
• effective in low turnover rate or long term parking areas,
the perpendicular, or 90 degree parking configuration is
the most efficient and economical since it accommodates
the most vehicles per linear meter.

• Standard dimensions for this configuration are:

Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (2-way) 7 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters V
vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 82

Degree Parking Dimensions and Geometry

 Angle 90°

Advantages
• Works well with either one- or two-way
aisles
• Handles the most vehicles per square
meter of pavement
• Handles most vehicles per linear meter

Disadvantages
• Requires widest area
• Difficult maneuvering for some drivers
• Two-way traffic can create some
visibility problems
90 Degree Parking Pattern
 Angle 60°

- ideal for a fast turnover rate or predominantly short term

use
- often offset by difficulties of inefficient circulation patterns
and one-way aisles

• Standard dimensions for this configuration are:

Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way) 5.5 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 16.5 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 65.6

60 Degree Parking Dimensions and

Geometry
 Angle 60°

Advantages
• in and out of parking spaces
• Good visibility
• Lends itself to either one-or two-way aisles
• Most common short term parking configuration

Disadvantages
• Requires more pavement per vehicle than
perpendicular configuration
• Handles less vehicles per linear meter

60 Degree Parking One-way and Two-way

Patterns
 Angle 45°

The 45 degree angled parking configuration

displays similar benefits and limitations as
the 60 degree.

Standard dimensions for this configuration are:

Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way) 4.5 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 14 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 52.5

45 Degree Parking Dimensions

and Geometry
 Angle 45°

Advantages
• Reduced width requirements for layout
• Easy maneuvering in and out of parking
spaces
• Good visibility to the rear

Disadvantages
• Doesn't work well with two-way aisles
• Requires more pavement per vehicle
than perpendicular parking configuration
45 Degree Parking Pattern
 Angle 30°

• Standard dimensions for this configuration are:

Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75 meters
Parking space length 6 meters
Driving aisle width (1-way) 7 meters
Two rows plus aisle width 19 meters
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 39.4

30 Degree Parking Dimensions

and Geometry
 Angle 30°

Advantages
• Easy parking
• Reduced width requirements for layout

Disadvantages
• Requires the most pavement per vehicle
• Doesn't work well with two-way aisles

30 Degree Parking Pattern

 Types of ramp

1) Straight ramp
• Usually rectangular shaped with ramp well
along the structure’s longer side dimension
• more horizontal distance is required to satisfy
ramp grade criteria than accommodate
vehicular movement between ramp ends
• Requires less floor area and simple to
construct
• Economical space on lot that is long and
narrow
• Cause difficulties to get on and off straight ramp (Sharp turn)

• Having two ways circulation lanes on parking floor may be hazardous

• Up and down circulation lanes intersect on the parking floor unless the
floor area is so large that each circulation can be kept within its own half
on one-way lanes
 curve ramp
• Single surfaces that permits vehicles to travel on a
continuous helical path between parking levels

• Movement;
Up-counterclockwise
Down-counterclockwise
Entrance and exit in the side

• Opposite side of ramp oil

• Directly above each other on succeeding floor
• Should be clearway type
• Continuous- 360º of rotation between two parking
levels
• Located near corners of rectangular structure to
minimize floor space loss but required more space
than straight ramp.(fit narrow site but waste more
spaces)
• costly to construct
• Offer better traffic operation by providing
gradual turning as compared to sharp turning
movement usually required at ends of straight
ramp
• Super elevation at ends of straight ramp
create undesirable wrapping of floor areas
• No crossing of up and down traffic, even at
parking floor connection
• Each traffic stream confined to its own ramp
all the way from the top to bottom of the
building
• Diameter of ramp is controlled by required
turning radiuS (min 45 ft)
• Driver have a clear view each way even there
is a crossing of traffic at each parking floor

Functional plan for twin-spiral

garage
 FLOOR SYSTEM

1) SPLIT-LEVEL OR STAGGERED
FLOOR SYSTEMS

• Floor levels in one section is staggered

vertically by one half story from those in
adjacent sections
• Applicable to small, high-cost sites where
maximum use of space must be achieved

Advantages

• Construction is relatively simple

• The design fits well on rectangular sites
• Efficient in terms of floor space per vehicle
parking stall

Disadvantages

• Frequent conflicts may arise between Split system

circulating traffic and parking and un-parking
vehicles
 Two-way staggered-floor ramp system Tandem staggered-floor ramp system

This staggered-floor system provides parking

on level floors and desirable one-way traffic Three-level staggered-floor ramp system
flow- COMMON TYPE
 FLOOR SYSTEM
2) SLOPING-FLOOR SYSTEMS

• Consist of sloping levels (full width

ramp/continuous ramp)
• Contains two adjacent parking modules
tilted in opposite directions
• Well-suited to self-park operations

Advantages
• The relatively flat floor slope permits
comfortable parking and pedestrian walking
• Each entering customer has an opportunity Plan view of sloping floor systems
to park in the first available space as parking
is adjacent to the interfloor circulation
system
• Floor-to-floor travel distance is greater in
sloping-floor garages than in other types of
ramp garages

Disadvantages
• Cause congestion during peak out-bound
movements

Basic sloping-floor concept

 Sloping –floor system with
crossover ramp of mid point

Double sloping-floor system

with midpoint crossover
 AUTOMATED PARKING
• Automated parking is a method of
automatically parking and retrieving cars
typically using a computerised system of
pallets, lifts and carriers
• Most suitable on expensive sites and where
land is very limited- too small for economical
development with a ramp parking

• advantages :

- increase capacity ; high space utilization

due to lower ceiling height, dense parking,
and reduce space width
- no ventilation or HVAC required; saving
utility costs
- eliminates stairs, elevators and fire exits
- enhance safety and security
- typically requires less building volume and
less ground area than a conventional facility
with the same capacity
 AUTOMATED PARKING

• Disadvantages :
- cost ; operation and maintenance

• Many structural and functional types of

automated mechanical systems exist, such
as :

- underground systems as part of the

building foundation
- above grade where they can match
neighboring buildings in architectural
appearance
 STANDARD AND REGULATION

Ramp break over angle

• Measure ability of the car to break over the steep
ramp either climbing or descending without scrapping
(Min 10º)
• Can be altered through design techniques
• Transitional blend top and bottom of ramps composed
of two or more break point can multiply the steepness
with workable break angles beyond the normal
capacities of cars or driver
• Having pad of asphalt or concrete each side of break Angle of approaches
point so that the cars having low break over angle can
negotiate potential critical points without scrapping

Angle of departure
• Min 10º
• To reduce incident of tailpipe and rear bumping
dragging

Angle of approaches
• Min 15 º Angle of departure
 STANDARD
Ramp slopes
AND
• Max 15%
• For slopes over 10%, transition at least 8 feet long should be provided at each REGULATION
end of the ramp at one half the slope of the ramp itself

Ramp grades transition

• Min 12 foot long = 1/2 of ramp grade

Ramp width
One way straight ramp - min 12 feet
Two way straight ramp - min 22 feet
Circular ramp - min 14-18 feet

Ramp radius
• Single lane helical ramp - min 32 -37 feet
• Must kept min to conserve space and reduce travel distance
• Very sharp can cause dizzy

Ramp turn super elevation

• ½ inch/foot of ramp width at sharpest turning
• Ramp curves not too steeply
a) Slow driver- difficult to keep way from inside edge of ramp pavement
b) Fast driver- encourage to speed greater than conditions of grade and
sight distance safety permit
 STANDARD
AND
Driveway exits REGULATION
a) Ramp driveway exit rising up to public sidewalk
• have transition section min 16 feet long at almost level before
intersecting the sidewalk
• Prevent hood of the car from obscuring the driver’s view of pedestrians
on walk

b) Property line wall

• Must not interfere with the driver’s view of pedestrian on public side
walk.
• If exit driveway is parallel and adjacent to the property line that extends
all the way to side walk, edge of the driveway should physically
establish by curbing or railing.
• min 6 feet from the wall.

Ramp grades

• Computed by : floor to floor height x 100

____________________
Ramp length
• Max ramp grades :
a) self park design
- not exceed 15 %
- not exceed than 10% if had a pedestrian walkway on vehicles
ramp
b)sloping floor self park design
- ramp grades max 4%
- angle parking 60º-minimizes gravity roll back of vehicles
 Ramp appearance
Architectural and optical effect

• Ramp wall
- Painted with stripes contrasting to wall color
- Parallel to ramp surfaces or at steeper angles
- Use paint marking in between vertical column and travel way
- Built structural features with architectural lines parallel or perpendicular to ramp surfaces

• Ramp structures
- Open ; to provide sight distance and reduce closed in impression

• Ramp illumination
- Wall opening are restricted-distract the driver’s view
- Artificial lighting should take form of diffused illumination
- Reflector should pointed away from the direction of travel

Signs and Wayfinding

• Color-coding, numbering, visual cues, music, and even machines for marking your ticket with your exact location
to locate your car for easy retrieval

• Locate signs in areas where driver can read in a timely fashion

• Clear, simple, and direct messages

• Floor coding can be useful

• Signage should locate all major internal pedestrian access points as well as external major roads and buildings
 Vehicle control
Fee collection
• Fixed or variable charged pay on exit

Barrier capacity
• 2 barrier types available
- Rising arm
- Rising kerb
• Entry barrier 400 vehicles/hour
• Exit barrier 250 vehicles/hour

Lighting
• Services illumination for public should be (lux);

Parking areas 20
Driveways 50
Ramps 70
Roof 20
Entrance and exit 150
Interior view of multi storey car parking
 Security and safety
• Open, glass stairwells and glass-backed elevators

• Security devices
- video, audio and emergency buttons that call into the booth or local
police station
- Public telephones

• Eliminate potential hiding places, such as under open stairs

• Handicap accessibility with vehicles close to stair and elevator cores

have a direct path to key movement patterns of the garage

• ventilation
- avoid carbon monoxide build-up, designed adequate air flow for through
mechanical and/or natural

• Non-slip floor surface

- ensure safety of movement of the man and automobile

• Energy efficiency in lighting

- balance between day lighting, interior lighting and exterior control
especially on the exterior design of the façade while providing adequate
lighting within
- Lights should be vandal resistant and easy to maintain.
 Fire and precaution
Structural fire resistance
• Use non-combustible materials in the construction with structural fire requirement 1 hour in
specific restricted circumstances requirement for structural fire requirement may be waived
for building less than 15.2m high
• Eg: Cast in place concrete, pre-cast concrete and structural steel

Means of escape
• All parking spaces within 45.7 m of escape stairway having 1 hour fire requirement

Fire precaution
• Have adequate
- fire bridge access
- Dry rising main
- Fire points