A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING MICROCONTROLLER USING 8051

B Tech (Telecommunica ion!" P#o$ec S a%e & I
B' P#a ee( )ua(*+,! Su-han.hu Sha#ma(*/+! 0iman'u 1ach#oo(*/*!

Un-e# he Gui-ance o2 P#o23 Rahul 1o.h i

)e4a# men o2 Elec #onic. an- Telecommunica ion En%inee#in% S.V.K.Ms NMIMS, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering.
i

Ac(no5le-%emen
!art from, the success of my seminar de!ends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this o!!ortunity to e"!ress my gratitude to the !eo!le #ho ha$e %een instrumental in the successful com!letion of this seminar. I #ould like to sho# my greatest a!!reciation to Prof. &ahul Koshti, my !ro'ect guide. I cant say thank them enough for their tremendous su!!ort and hel!. (ithout their encouragement and guidance this seminar #ould not ha$e materiali)ed. I am grateful for the guidance, su!!ort and hel! recei$ed from other mem%ers #ho contri%uted and contri%uting to this seminar #hich is $ital for the success of this seminar.

Name of Student* Prateek +ua,-./0 Sudhanshu Sharma,-1.0 Vimanyu Kachroo,-1-0 2tech,E3T40

A6. #ac
n analog tem!erature sensor is !retty easy to e"!lain, its a chi! that tells you #hat the am%ient tem!erature is5 These sensors use a solid6state techni7ue to determine the tem!erature. That is to say, they dont use mercury ,like old thermometers0, %imetallic stri!s ,like in some home thermometers or sto$es0, nor do they use thermostats ,tem!erature sensiti$e resistors0. Instead, they use the fact as tem!erature increases, the $oltage across a diode increases at a kno#n rate. 2y !recisely am!lifying the $oltage change, it is easy to generate an analog signal that is directly !ro!ortional to tem!erature. There ha$e %een some im!ro$ements on the techni7ue %ut, essentially that is ho# tem!erature is measured. 2ecause these sensors ha$e no mo$ing !arts, they are !recise, ne$er #ear out, don8t need cali%ration, #ork under many en$ironmental conditions, and are consistent %et#een sensors and readings. Moreo$er they are $ery ine"!ensi$e and 7uiet and 7uite easy to use

Ta6le o2 Con en .
No3 Ti le Ac(no5le-%emen A6. #ac 13 +3 ,3 In #o-uc ion Li e#a u#e Re7ie5 8a#-5a#e u.e,31 Bloc( -ia%#am /3 8a#-5a#e in2o#ma ion /31 In #o-uc ion o Mic#o con #olle# /3+ A:) Con7e# e# /3, LM,5 Tem4e#a u#e Sen.o# /3/ Re.i. o#. /35Ca4aci o#. 9 1 , / Pa%e No3

53 93 *3

A44lica ion. ;u u#e -e7elo4men Re2e#ence

1/ 15 19

Li. o2 ;i%u#e.
9igure ..: 9igure /.: 9igure 1.: 9igure 1./ 9igure 1.1 9igure 1.; * 9lo# diagram * 2lock diagram * Pin diagram of T<=4;: * ?M /; diagram * color coded resistor * 4a!acitor sym%ol / ; > :: :. :.

13 In #o-uc ion
The aim of this !ro'ect is to design an am%ient tem!erature measurement circuit. The moti$ation for doing this !ro'ect is the fact that tem!erature measurement has %ecome an integral !art of any control system o!erating in a tem!erature sensiti$e en$ironment and the $arious learning outcomes associated during the im!lementation of the !ro'ect. In this !ro'ect the am%ient tem!erature #ill %e dis!layed on a ?4+. control. In follo#ing #e ha$e %riefly discussed details of a Microcontroller and the !ro'ect in general. tem!erature sensor ?M /; is used for sensing the am%ient tem!erature. The system #ill get the tem!erature from the I4 and it #ill dis!lay the tem!erature o$er the se$en segment dis!lay and this tem!erature #as com!ared #ith the $alue stored %y the user. The main #ork of the !ro'ect is to sense the tem!erature and dis!lay it and then control it %y using relays. No# to dis!lay a tem!erature #e ha$e to 'ust con$ert the tem!erature #hich is analog into a digital 7uantity %y using an analog to digital con$ertor that is referred as con$ertor. To control a tem!erature sensiti$e de$ice #e refer a range of tem!erature #hich #ith com!ared %y the current tem!erature that is sensed %y the tem!erature sensor. The tem!erature %ased a!!lications are %ased on mostly on three ty!es these are*6 : .Ander tem!erature a!!lication .. B$er tem!erature a!!lication /. Po#er tri!!ing a!!lication +4 or @+ n <=s;.

Microcontroller #ill %e used for handling all the re7uired com!utations and

+3 Li e#a u#e Re7ie5

There are many as!ects that should %e considered #hen measuring tem!eratureC the needs of a home refrigerator are different to those of a commercial furnace, or those for monitoring li7uids flo#ing through !i!es in a %e$erage6!rocessing !lant. The !re$ious a!!lication e"am!les !resent $ery different challenges to those encountered #hen measuring the tem!erature #ithin the housing of a cell !hone or la!to! com!uter. (hile each of these a!!lications need to measure tem!erature, they all ha$e $ery different re7uirements. Some considerations are ho# hot, #here is the tem!erature %eing measured and ho# !recise does the measurement need to %e. No# for an e"am!le if e7ui!ment is #orking continuously then it %ecomes heated. +ue to heating the insulation of that !articular de$ice is %eing molten. %ecome slo# or #e can say that it %ecome less efficient. To !re$ent this condition #e continuously monitor the de$ice tem!erature. The #ork of relay to control tem!erature is de!ends on the surrounding conditions, like if the de$ice is o$er heated then the reference range of tem!erature. t this time #e ha$e to a$oid the o$erheating D !ro$ide cooling to the de$ice. 2ut in those countries #here the sno# fall occurs then the de$ice is %ecome under heating then to a$oid this condition #e ha$e to !ro$ide heating to the de$ice. nd if the de$ice e"ceeds the tem!erature range #hich is !re$iously define %y us, then the de$ice is %eing turned B99 or #e can say that the de$ice is %eing tri!!ed. The a%o$e discussed three cases are o!erated %y three different relays. Bne relay !ro$ide heating %y heater #hich is connected to the relayC this relay is acti$ated nd no# it

#hen the EAN+E& TEMPE& TA&EF condition occur. Bnce heater is on the de$ice starts heating D #orks !ro!erly as re7uired. The second relay !ro$ides cooling to the de$ice %y a fan or %lo#er #hich is connected #ith relay, this relay acti$ated #hen o$er tem!erature condition occurs. +ue to this the de$ice %ecomes cooled. If the tem!erature range get out of the range of reference range then re7uired to on the fan or %lo#er. 2ut if in case the fan is not in #orking condition and the de$ice tem!erature is e"ceeds the relay tri!!ed the de$ice to !re$ent the damage. It is used for safety !ur!ose. In this #hole system is using the oscillation fre7uency ::.G;=.MH). all the relays are connected #ith the transistors at acti$e high mode so as %u))er is also connected in the acti$e high mode #ith the transistor.

9igure ..: flo# diagram

,3 8a#-5a#e U.e-

Microcontroller T<=S;.,<G;. deri$ati$e0. I4 +S :<.G ,Tem!erature Sensor0. ?M -<G; ,&egulator I4 for ; $olts constant +.4 su!!ly ?4+ 9or dis!lay at remote station. 4rystal Bscillator to !roduce ::.G;=. MH) 9re7uency for microcontroller clock. Ieneral Pur!ose P42 Soft#are Ased. Keil u6Vision /.G*6 Keil Soft#are is used !ro$ide you #ith soft#are de$elo!ment tools for <G;: %ased microcontrollers. (ith the Keil tools, you can generate em%edded a!!lications for $irtually e$ery <G;: deri$ati$e.

,31 BLOC1 )IAGRAM

9igure /.: %lock diagram

/3 8AR)<ARE IN;ORMATION /31 In #o-uc ion o Mic#o con #olle#

(hen #e ha$e to learn a%out a ne# com!uter #e ha$e to familiari)e a%out the machine ca!a%ility #e are using, and #e can do it %y studying the internal hard#are design ,de$ices architecture0, and also to kno# a%out the si)e, num%er and the si)e of the registers. microcontroller is a single chi! that contains the !rocessor ,the 4PA0, non6$olatile memory for the !rogram ,&BM or flash0, $olatile memory for in!ut and out!ut ,& M0, a clock and an I@B control unit. lso called a Jcom!uter on a chi!,J %illions of microcontroller units ,M4As0 are em%edded each year in a myriad of !roducts from toys to a!!liances to automo%iles. 9or e"am!le, a single $ehicle can use -G or more microcontrollers.

9igure 1.:* Pin diagram of T<=4;:

<=s;.* The

T<=S;. is a lo#6!o#er, high6!erformance 4MBS <6%it tmelKLMs high6density non$olatile memory

microcontroller #ith <K %ytes of in6system !rogramma%le 9lash memory. The de$ice is manufactured using technology and is com!ati%le #ith the industry6standard <G4;: instruction set and !inout. The on6chi! 9lash allo#s the !rogram memory to %e re!rogrammed in6 system or %y a con$entional non$olatile memory !rogrammer. 2y com%ining a $ersatile <6%it 4PA #ith in6system !rogramma%le 9lash on a monolithic chi!, the tmel8s T<=S;. is a !o#erful microcontroller #hich !ro$ides a highly6fle"i%le and cost6effecti$e solution to many em%edded control a!!lications. In addition, the T<=S;. is designed #ith static logic for o!eration do#n to )ero fre7uency and su!!orts t#o soft#are selecta%le !o#er sa$ing modes. The Idle Mode sto!s the 4PA #hile allo#ing the & M, timer@counters, serial !ort, and interru!t system to continue functioning. The Po#er6do#n mode sa$es the & M con6tents %ut free)es the oscillator, disa%ling all other chi! functions until the ne"t interru!t The hard#are is dri$en %y a set of !rogram instructions, or soft#are. Bnce familiar #ith hard#are and soft#are, the user can then a!!ly the microcontroller to the !ro%lems easily. The follo#ing are some of the ca!a%ilities of <G;: microcontroller. N Internal &BM and & M N I@B !orts #ith !rogramma%le !ins N Timers and counters N Serial data communication N The <G;: architecture consists of these s!ecific features* N :> %it P4 Ddata !ointer ,+PT&0 N < %it !rogram status #ord ,PS(0

N < %it stack !ointer ,SP0 N Internal &BM 1k N Internal & M of :.< %ytes. N 1 register %anks, each containing < registers N G %its of general !ur!ose data memory N /. in!ut@out!ut !ins arranged as four < %it !ortsG6P/ N T#o :> %it timer@counters* TG6T: N T#o e"ternal and three internal interru!t sources N Bscillator and clock circuits.

/3+ A:) Con7e# e#3

A)C080/= +4G<G1 is a $ery commonly used <6%it analog to digital con$ertor. It is a single channel I4. The digital out!uts $ary from G to a ma"imum of .;;. +4G<G1 needs a clock to o!erate. The time taken to con$ert the analog $alue to digital $alue is de!endent on this clock source. n e"ternal clock can %e gi$en at the 4lock IN !in

Pin Description: Pin No

;unc ion

Name

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: . /

cti$ates +4C cti$e lo# 4hi! select In!ut !ins &ead In!ut !inC ?o# to high (rite !ulse is gi$en to start the con$ersion 4lock In!ut !inC to gi$e

1 ;

4lock IN

e"ternal clock. But!ut !inC Ioes lo# #hen Interru!t con$ersion is com!lete

>,< = :G ::to:< :=

nalog non6in$erting in!ut

Vin,O0 D Vin,60

D nalog in$erting In!ut. Iround,GV0 nalog Iround In!ut !inC sets the reference Vref@. $oltage for analog in!ut Iround,GV0 < %it digital out!ut !ins Ased #ith 4lock IN !in #hen internal clock source is used Su!!ly $oltageC ;V +igital Iround +- to +G 4lock &

.G

Vcc

/3, LM,5 Tem4e#a u#e Sen.o#

?M/; is a !recision I4 tem!erature sensor #ith its out!ut !ro!ortional to the tem!erature ,in o40. The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not su%'ected to o"idation and other !rocesses. (ith ?M/;, tem!erature can %e measured more

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accurately than #ith a thermistor. It also !ossess lo# self heating and does not cause more than G.: o4 tem!erature rise in still air. The ?M/; series are !recision integrated6circuit ?M/; tem!erature sensors, #hose out!ut $oltage is linearly !ro!ortional to the 4elsius ,4entigrade0 tem!erature. The ?M/; sensor does not re7uire any e"ternal cali%ration or trimming to !ro$ide ty!ical accuracies of PQR4 at room tem!erature and PSR4 o$er a full 6;; to O:;GR4 tem!erature range. It can %e used #ith single !o#er su!!lies, or #ith !lus and minus su!!lies. s it dra#s only >G T from its su!!ly, it has $ery lo# self6heating, less than G.:R4 in still air. The ?M/; is rated to o!erate o$er a 6;;R to O:;GR4 tem!erature range, #hile the ?M/;4 sensor is rated for a 61GR to O::GR4 range ,6:GR #ith im!ro$ed accuracy0.

9igure 1./ ?M/;diagram

/3/ Re.i. o#.

&esistor is a !assi$e com!onent used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is gi$en %y the ratio of $oltage a!!lied across its terminals to the current !assing through it. &esistors can %e either fi"ed or $aria%le. Negati$e tem!erature coefficient ,NT40, !ositi$e tem!erature coefficient ,PT40 and light de!endent resistor ,?+&0 are some such resistors. These s!ecial resistors are commonly used as sensors. &ead and learn a%out internal structure and #orking of a resistor.

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9igure 1.1* color coded &esistors

/35 Ca4aci o#.

ca!acitor is a !assi$e t#o terminal com!onent #hich stores electric charge. This com!onent consists of t#o conductors #hich are se!arated %y a dielectric medium. The !otential difference #hen a!!lied across the conductors !olari)es the di!ole ions to store the charge in the dielectric medium. The circuit sym%ol of a ca!acitor is sho#n %elo#*

9igure 1.; ca!acitor sym%ol

s you turn on the !o#er su!!ly, the current %egins to flo# through the ca!acitor inducing the !ositi$e and negati$e !otentials across its !lates. The ca!acitor continues to charge until the ca!acitor $oltage e7uali)es u! to the su!!ly $oltage #hich is called as the charging !hase of the ca!acitor. Bnce the ca!acitor is fully charged at the end of this !hase, it gets o!en circuited for +4. It %egins to discharge #hen the !o#er of the ca!acitor is s#itched off. There are different ty!es of ca!acitors. The sym%ol of ca!acitors from each grou! is sho#n %elo#.

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53 A44lica ion.
This !ro'ect can %e used in Home. This !ro'ect can %e used in Industry. This #ill hel! in sa$ing the electricity @ energy.

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;UTURE )E0ELOPMENT
(e can monitor !arameters like humidity, light and at the same time control them. (e can send this data to remote location using mo%ile or internet. (e can dra# gra!hs of $ariations in these !arameters using com!uter.

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RE;ERENCE*6
<G;: and em%edded system %y Ma)idi and Ma)idi ll datasheets from htt!*@@###.datasheetcatalog.com %out T<=s<.;. from htt!*@@###.atmel.com , htt!*@@###.triindia.co.in %out +S:<.G from htt!*@@###.dallas.com.