September 2009 | Volume 67 | Number 1

Teaching for the 21st Century Pages 22-26

Why Creativity Now? A Conversation with Sir Ken Robinson
Amy M. Azzam

The creativity and critical thinking have been flagged as essential 21st century skills, yet some people think of them as being
as separate as oil and water. What's your take?
It's interesting that people see creativity and critical thinking as being opposed. It's partly because people associate creativity with being
totally free and unstructured. But what we really have to get hold of is the idea that you can't be creative if you don't do something.
You can be creative in math, science, music, dance, cuisine, teaching, running a family, or engineering. Because creativity i s a process
of having original ideas that have value. A big part of being creative is looking for new ways of doing things within whatever activity
you're involved in. If you're a creative chef, for example, then your originality is going to be judged in terms of cuisine. There's no point
applying the criteria of modern jazz to somebody who's trying to create a new souffl.
A creative process may begin with a flash of a new idea or with a hunch. It may just start as noodling around with a problem, getting
some fresh ideas along the way. It's a process, not a single event, and genuine creative processes involve critical thinking as well as
imaginative insights and fresh ideas.
But creativity isn't just about coming up with new ideas; some ideas might be completely crazy and impractical. So an essenti al bit of
every creative process is evaluation. If you're working on a mathematical problem, you're constantly evaluating it, thinking, "Does that
feel right?" If you're composing a piece on the piano, part of you is listening to what you're doing and thinking, "Does that work? Is that
going in a good direction?"
What's the biggest misconception people have about creativity?
One is that it's about special peoplethat only a few people are really creative. Everybody has tremendous creative capacities. A policy
for creativity in education needs to be about everybody, not just a few.
The second misconception is that creativity is about special activities. People associate creativity with the arts only. I'm a great
advocate of the arts, but creativity is really a function of everything we do. So education for creativity is about the whole curriculum, not
just part of it.
The third misconception is that creativity is just about letting yourself go, kind of running around the room and going a bit crazy. Really,
creativity is a disciplined process that requires skill, knowledge, and control. Obviously, it also requires imagination and inspiration. But
it's not simply a question of venting: It's a disciplined path of daily education. If you look at some of the people we most respect for their
creative achievements, it's because of the extraordinary insights, breakthroughs, and discipline they have brought to their work.
Why do you think creativity is especially important right now?
The challenges we currently face are without precedent. More people live on this planet now than at any other time in history. The
world's population has doubled in the past 30 years. We're facing an increasing strain on the world's natural resources. Technology is
advancing at a headlong rate of speed. It's transforming how people work, think, and connect. It's transforming our cultural values.
If you look at the resulting strains on our political and financial institutions, on health care, on education, there really isn't a time in
history where you could look back and say, "Well, of course, this is the same thing all over again." It isn't. This is really new, and we're
going to need every ounce of ingenuity, imagination, and creativity to confront these problems.
Also, we're living in times of massive unpredictability. The kids who are starting school this September will be retiringif they ever do
around 2070. Nobody has a clue what the world's going to look like in five years, or even next year actually, and yet it's the job of
education to help kids make sense of the world they're going to live in.
You know, for my generationI was born in 1950we were told that if you worked hard, went to college, and got a regular academic
degree, you'd be set for life. Well, nobody thinks that's true anymore, and yet we keep running our school systems as though it were.
So many people have degrees now that an individual degree isn't worth a fraction of what it used to be worth. So being creati ve is
essential to us; it's essential for our economy.
I work a lot with Fortune 500 companies, and they're always saying, "We need people who can be innovative, who can think differently."
If you look at the mortality rate among companies, it's massive. America is now facing the biggest challenge it's ever facedto maintain
it's position in the world economies. All these things demand high levels of innovation, creativity, and ingenuity. At the moment, instead
of promoting creativity, I think we're systematically educating it out of our kids.
Is creativity at odds with a culture of standardized testing?
We have a major problem with our education systems, not just in America, but in many of the old, industrialized countries. If you have a
system as in the United States where there's a 30 percent high school dropout ratein the African American/Latino communities it's
over 50 percent, and in some of the Native American communities it's nearly 80 percentyou can't just blame the kids for it. With that
amount of waste, there's something wrong with the system with impersonal forms of education, with people sitting in rows and not
discovering the things that impassion them or invigorate them or turn them on.
That's increasingly the case with this culture of standardized testing. It's totally counterproductive. Looking back at our own education,
we came alive in certain sorts of lessons with certain teachers when we were given an opportunity to do things that invigorated us. And
when you find things you're good at, you tend to get better at everything because your confidence is up and your attitude is different.
Too often now we are systematically alienating people from their own talents and, therefore, from the whole process of education. This
isn't, to me, a whimsical argument, like, "Wouldn't it be nice if we all did something we liked." It's a fundamental human truth that people
perform better when they're in touch with things that inspire them. For some people, it's gymnastics; for some people, it's playing the
blues; and for some people, it's doing calculus.
We know this because human culture is so diverse and richand our education system is becoming increasingly dreary and
monotonous. It's no surprise to me that so many kids are pulling out of it. Even the ones who stay are often detached. Only a few
people benefit from this process. But it's far too few to justify the waste.
People often associate creativity with the individual. But is there a social dimension to creativity that's particularly relevant in
the 21st century?
Absolutely. Most original thinking comes through collaboration and through the stimulation of other people's ideas. Nobody lives in a
vacuum. Even people who live on their ownlike the solitary poets or solo inventors in their garagesdraw from the cultures they're a
part of, from the influence of other people's minds and achievements.
In practical terms, most creative processes benefit enormously from collaboration. The great scientific breakthroughs have almost
always come through some form of fierce collaboration among people with common interests but with very different ways of thinking.
This is one of the great skills we have to promote and teachcollaborating and benefiting from diversity rather than promoting
homogeneity. We have a big problem at the momenteducation is becoming so dominated by this culture of standardized testing, by a
particular view of intelligence and a narrow curriculum and education system, that we're flattening and stifling some of the basic skills
and processes that creative achievement depends on.
Look at Thomas Edison. He was one of the most prolific inventors in American history. He had over 1,100 patents in the U.S. Patent
Office. But actually, Edison's great talent was mobilizing other people. He had teams of cross-disciplinary groups working with him.
They gave themselves clear objectives and tight deadlines and pulled out every stop to work collaboratively.
So there's no doubt in my mind that collaboration, diversity, the exchange of ideas, and building on other people's achievements are at
the heart of the creative process. An education that focuses only on the individual in isolation is bound to frustrate some of those
possibilities.
Can you teach creativity?
Yes. But people think they can't teach it because they don't understand it themselves. They say, "Well, I'm not very creative, so I can't
do it."
But there are actually two ways of thinking about teaching creativity. First of all, we can teach generic skills of creative thinking, just in
the way we can teach people to read, write, and do math. Some basic skills can free up the way people approach problemsskills of
divergent thinking, for example, which encourage creativity through the use of analogies, metaphors, and visual thinking.
I worked a while ago with an executive group of a Native American community. They wanted me to talk to them about how they could
promote innovation across their tribe. We sat around a boardroom table for the first hour, and I guess they were expecting me to get
some flip charts out and show them some techniques. We did a little of that, but what I actually got them to do was to get into groups
and draw pictures of some of the challenges they're facing as a community.
Well, the minute you get people to think visuallyto draw pictures or move rather than sit and write bullet pointssomething different
happens in the room. Breaking them up so they aren't sitting at the same desk and getting them to work with people they wouldn't
normally sit with creates a different type of dynamic. So you can teach people particular skills to free up their own thinking, of valuing
diversity of opinion in a room.
But in addition to teaching those skills, there's also personal creativity. People often achieve their own best work at a personal level
when they connect with a particular medium or set of materials or processes that excites them.
My new book, The Element, is about finding your passion. I talked to many peoplegymnasts, musicians, scientists, an amazing
woman who was a pool player. Whether it was music or jazz or the triple jump, each of them found something that they resonated with,
that they had a personal aptitude for. If you combine a personal aptitude with a passion for that same thing, then you go into a different
place creatively. You know, Eric Clapton was given his first guitar about the same time I was. Well, it worked out for Eric in a way it
didn't quite work out for me. He got the hang of it, but also combined it with tremendous passion.
If creativity and innovation are so important, should we assess them?
You can't assess peoplein generalfor being creative because you have to be doing something to be creative. If you're working in
math class and the teaching is encouraging you to look for new approaches, to try new ways of thinking, then of course you can begin
to judge the level of creativity and imaginativeness within the framework of mathematics as you would within the framework of music or
dance or literature.
I make a distinction between teaching creatively and teaching for creativity. Teaching creatively means that teachers use their own
creative skills to make ideas and content more interesting. Some of the great teachers we know are the most creative teachers because
they find a way of connecting what they're teaching to student interests.
But you can also talk about teaching for creativity, where the pedagogy is designed to encourage other people to think creatively. You
encourage kids to experiment, to innovate, not giving them all the answers but giving them the tools they need to find out what the
answers might be or to explore new avenues. Within particular domains, it's perfectly appropriate to say, "We're interested in new and
original ways you can approach these issues."
Whether there would be an individual grade for creativity, that's a larger question. Certainly giving people credit for origi nality,
encouraging it, and giving kids some way of reflecting on whether these new ideas are more effective than existing ideas is a powerful
part of pedagogy. But you can't reduce everything to a number in the end, and I don't think we should. That's part of the problem.
The regime of standardized testing has led us all to believe that if you can't count it, it doesn't count. Actually, in every creative
approach some of the things we're looking for are hard, if not impossible, to quantify. But that doesn't mean they don' t matter. When I
hear people say, "Well, of course, you can't assess creativity," I think, "You canjust stop and think about it a bit."