Ni Resist and Ductile Ni Resist Alloys 11018

Properties and Applications
of
Ni-Resist and Ductile Ni-Resist
Alloys

Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
The Alloys ......................................................................................................................................... 2
National and International Standards............................................................................................... 21
Corrosion Data ................................................................................................................................ 27

1

Properties and Applications
of
Ni-Resist and Ductile Ni-Resist
Alloys
General Characteristics of the
Ni-Resist Austenitic Cast Iron Alloys
There are two families of Ni-Resist austenitic cast irons.
These are the standard or flake graphite alloys and the
ductile or spheroidal graphite alloys. As time passes, the
spheroidal grades, because of higher strength, ductility
and elevated temperature properties, are becoming more
prominent. However, the flake materials with lower cost,
fewer foundry problems and better machinability and
thermal conductivity are still produced by many foun-
dries. General characteristics of both groups are de-
scribed below.
Corrosion Resistance: The Ni-Resists are specified for
handling salt solutions, sea water, mild acids, alkalies
and oil field liquids, both sweet and sour. Their corrosion
resistance is far superior to that of normal and low alloy
cast irons. They are not stainless steels and do not
behave as such. They are characterized by uniform
corrosion rather than by localized deterioration.

Wear Resistance: Cylinder liners, pistons, wear rings
and sleeves, bearings, glands and other metal-to-metal
rubbing parts are cast in Ni-Resist alloys. Their galling
resistance is excellent.

Erosion Resistance: Slurries, wet steam and other
fluids with entrained solids are substances which are
extremely erosive to most metals. Ni-Resist alloys offer
a combination of corrosion-erosion resistance which is
superior in these environments. They are outstanding
when compared to gray cast iron, ductile irons and steel.

Toughness and Low Temperature Stability: Ni-Resist
alloys are much superior to gray cast iron, particularly at
low temperatures.
Controlled Expansion: Expansivities from as low as
5.0 X 10
-6
to as high as 18.7 X 10
-6
cm/cm per C
(2.8 X 10
-6
to 10.4 X 10
-6
in/in per F) are possible with
the different Ni-Resist alloys. The lower value makes
possible a cast metal with low expansivity for precision
parts. Also, the range permits matching Ni-Resists with
many different metals and alloys.

Magnetic and Electrical Properties: Some Ni-Resist
alloys are non-magnetic. These and others have high
electrical resistance. Thus, they are used for resistance
grids, electric furnace parts, in clutches and other appli-
cations requiring these properties combined with
machinability and heat resistance.

Heat Resistance: Originally, because of good heat and
oxidation resistance, the flake graphite Ni-Resist alloys
were used at temperatures up to 700C(1300F). How-
ever, because of the superior elevated temperature
properties of the spheroidal graphite Ni-Resists, the
flake alloys are now seldom used above 315C(600F).
Spheroidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys can be and are
used at temperatures up to 1050C(1930F). Although
the ductile alloys are better, all Ni-Resists have
relatively low rates of oxidation in air. The resulting
oxides adhere tenaciously, further reducing oxidation
with time.

Machinability: The machining techniques possible for
Ni-Resist castings are similar to those for the higher
strength grades of gray cast iron and austenitic
stainless steels.

Castability: Complicated and intricate designs that are
often difficult to cast in other materials are possible with
Ni-Resist alloys. This leads to products that are eco-
nomically produced.

2

Part I
The Alloys
The Ni-Resist cast irons are a family of alloys with
sufficient nickel to produce an austenitic structure which
has unique and superior properties. The family is divided
into two groups. These are the standard or flake graphite
alloys and the ductile or spheroidal graphite alloys.
Except for the copper containing ones, the groups have
materials similar in composition but for a magnesium
addition which converts the graphite to the spheroidal
form in the ductile Ni-Resists. Copper interferes with the
magnesium treatment and alloys high in copper cannot
be produced with spheroidal graphite. Typical micro-
structures of flake and spheroidal graphite alloys are
shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Table II Typical Nomenclatures for Spheroidal
Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys
Common
Name
ASTM
A439-83 A571-84
ISO
2892-1973
DIN
1694
BS
3468:1986
NiResist D-2 Type D-2 SAO 20 2 GGG-NiCr 20 2 Grade S2
NiResist D-2W - - GGG-NiCrNb 20 2 Grade S2W
NiResist D-2B Type D-2B SAO 20 3 GGG-NiCr 20 3 Grade S2B
Nicrosilal Spheronic - SASCr 20 5 2 GGG-NiSiCr 20 5 2 -
NiResist D-2C Type D-2C S-Ni 22 GGG-Ni 22 Grade S2C
NiResist D-2M Type D-2M SAW 23 4 GGG-NiMn 23 4 Grade S2M
NiResist D-3A Type D-3A S-NO 301 GGG-NiCr 301 -
NiResist D-3 Type D-3 SAO 30 3 GGG-NiCr 30 3 Grade S3
NiResist D-4A - - GGG-NiCr 30 5 2 -
NiResist D-4 Type D-4 S-NiSiCr 30 5 5 GGG-NiSiCr 30 5 5 -
NiResist D-5 Type D-5 S-Ni 35 GGG-Ni 35 -
NiResist D-5B Type D-5B SAO 35 3 GGG-NiCr 35 3 -
NiResist D-5S Type D-5S S-NiSiCr 35 5 2 GGG-NiSiCr 35 5 2 Grade S5S
NiResist D-6 - SAW 13 7 GGG-NiMn 13 7 Grade S6

FLAKE GRAPHITE ALLOYS
Figure 2 Typical Microstructure of Spheroidal Graphite
Ni-Resist Alloys - Ni-Resist D-2W - Graphite
Spheres and Carbide Areas within Austenite
Matrix
NI-Resist NiMn 13 7 Relatively low cost, non-magnetic
alloy is not used where corrosion and/or high temperature
resistance are required.

Ni-Resist 1 Good resistance to corrosion in alkalis,
dilute acids, sea water and other salt solutions has good
moderate temperature and wear resistance. Used for
pumps, valves and products where wear resistance is
required. Used for piston ring inserts because of match-
ing expansion characteristics of aluminum piston alloys.

Ni-Resist 1b Similar applications as Ni-Resist 1, but
Figure 1 Typical Microstructure of Flake Graphite Ni-
Resist Alloys - Ni-Resist 1- Graphite Flakes
and Carbide Areas within Austenite Matrix
Testing and Materials(ASTM), the International Stand-
ards Institute (ISO), The Deutsches Institut fur Normung
(DIN) and the British Standards Institute (BSI). Some
other national designations are given in Part II. Nominal
chemical compositions are in Tables III and IV. Refer to
the national or international specifications for precise
chemical requirements.
Table I Typical Nomenclatures for Flake Graphite
Ni-Resist Alloys
Common
Name
ASTM
A 436-84
ISO
2892-1973
DIN
1694
BS
3468:1986
NiMn 13 7 - L-NiMn 13 7 GGL-NiMn 13 7 -
NiResist 1 Type 1 L-NiCuCr 15 6 2 GGL-NiCuCr 15 6 2 Grade F1
Ni-Resist 1b Type 1 b L-NiCuCr 15 6 3 GGL-NiCuCr 15 6 3 -
Ni-Resist 2 Type 2 L-NiCr 20 2 GGL-NiCr 20 2 Grade F2
Ni-Resist 2b Type 2b L-NiCr 20 3 GGL-NiCr 20 3 -
Nicrosilal - L-NiSiCr 20 5 3 GGL-NiSiCr 20 5 3 -
Ni-Resist 3 Type 3 L-NiCr 30 3 GGL-NiCr 30 3 Grade F3
Ni-Resist 4 Type 4 L-NiSiCr 30 5 5 GGL-NiSiOr 30 5 5 -
Ni-Resist 5 Type 5 L-Ni 35 - -
Ni-Resist 6 Type 6 - - -
The composition and properties of the Ni-Resists are
covered by a number of national and international speci-
fications. Unfortunately, the nomenclature describing
these alloys varies from country to country. Tables I and
II give the common name for the various alloys and their
designations in four different specifications. The speci-
fying bodies in these tables are the American Society for
Ni-Resist Alloys
3

Nicrosilal Has improved corrosion resistance in dilute
sulfuric acid. Used for pumps, valves and other castings
requiring higher mechanical properties.

Ni-Resist 3 Has resistant to corrosion in wet steam
and corrosive slurries. Can be used where it is necessary
to match the coefficient of expansion of gray cast iron or
steel at temperatures around 260C(500F). Applications
include pumps, valves and machinery castings.

Ni-Resist 4 Has excellent stain resistance. Is superior
to other Ni-Resist alloys with regard to corrosion-erosion
resistance.

Ni-Resist 5 Has lowest coefficient of thermal expan-
sion of Ni-Resist alloys. Provides dimensional stability for
machine tool parts, forming dies, instruments and
expansion joints.

Ni-Resist 6 Is an uncommon alloy. When produced, it
is used for pumps and valves handling corrosive solu-
tions. Is not related to Ni-Resist D-6.

SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE ALLOYS

Ni-Resist D-2 Has good resistance to corrosion,
corrosion-erosion and frictional wear. Can be used at
temperatures up to 760C(1400F). Applications are
pumps, valves, compressors, turbocharger housings and
exhaust gas manifolds used with Ni-Resist D-2W, a
primary ductile grade.

Ni-Resist D-2W Has similar properties and applica-
tions as Ni-Resist D-2, but with better weldability when
proper procedures are followed.

Ni-Resist D-2B Has higher chromium content which
results in better corrosion and corrosion-erosion
resistance than Ni-Resist D-2. Has similar applications to
Ni-Resist D-2.

Nicrosilal Spheronic Has improved corrosion resist-
ance in dilute sulfuric acid and good high temperature
stability. Used for pumps, valves and other castings
requiring higher mechanical properties.

Ni-Resist D-2C Used for pumps, valves, compressors
and turbocharger parts where high ductility is desired.
Because of good resistance to wet steam erosion, an-
other important application is in steam turbines. Some-
times used for non-magnetic components. Is also used
for some low temperature applications.

Ni-Resist D-2M Maintains ambient temperature me-
chanical properties down to -170C(-275F). Major uses
are for refrigeration and cryogenic equipment.

Ni-Resist D-3A Suggested where a high degree of
wear and galling resistance are required along with
moderate amounts of thermal expansion.

Ni-Resist D-3 Has good corrosion resistance at
elevated temperatures. Excellent corrosion-erosion re-
sistance in wet steam and salt slurries. Uses include
pumps, valves, filter parts, exhaust gas manifolds and
turbocharger housings.
Common
Name
Ni Cr Si Cu Mn C max Other
NiMn 13 7 12.0-14.0 .2max 1.5-3.C - 6.0-7.0 3.0 -
NiResist 1 13.5-17.5 1.5-2.5 1.0-2.8 5.5-7.5 0.5-1.5 3.0 -
NiResist1b 13.5-17.5 2.5-3.5 1.0-2.8 5.5-7.5 0.5-1.5 3.0 -
NiResist 2 18.0-22.0 1.5-2.5 1.0-2.8 .5max 0.5-1.5 3.0 -
NiResist 2b 18.0-22.0 3.0-6.0 1.0-2.8 5max 0.5-1.5 3.0 -
Nicrosil-al 18.0-22.0 1.5-4.5 3.5-5.5 - 0.5-1.5 2.5 -
NiResist 3 28.0-32.0 2.5-3.5 1.0-2.C .5max 0.5-1.5 2.6 -
NiResist 4 29.0-32.0 4.5-5.5 5.0-6.C .5max 0.5-1.5 2.6 -
NiResist 5 34.0-36.0 .1max 1.0-2.C .5max 0.5-1.5 2.4 -
NiResist 6 18.0-22.0 1.0-2.0 1.5-2.5 3.5-5.5 0.5-1.5 3.0 1.0Mo

Table IV Chemical Compositions of Spheroidal
Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys, %
Common
Name
Ni Cr Si Cu Mn C max Other

NiResist
D-2 18.0-22.0 1.75-2.75 1.0-3.0 0.5max 0.70-1.25 3.0 -

NiResist
D-2W 18.0-22.0 1.50-2.20 1.5-2.2 0.5max 0.5-1.5 3.0 .12-20Nb

NiResist
D-2B 18.0-22.0 2.75-4.00 1.5-3.0 0.5max 0,70-1.25 3.0 -

Nicrosilal
Spheronic 18.0-22.0 10-2,5 4.5-5.5 0.5max 0.5-1.5 3.0 -

NiResist
D-2C 21.0-24.0 0.5max 1.0-3.0 0.5max 1.8-2.4 2.9 -

NiResist
D-2M 22.0-24.0 0.2max 1.5-2.5 0.5max 3.75-4.50 2.6 -

NiResist
D-3A 28.0-32.0 1.0-1.5 1.0-2.8 0.5max 1.0max 2.6 -

NiResist
D-3 28.0-32.0 2.5-3.5 1.0-2.8 0.5max 1.0max 2.6 -

NiResist
D-4A 29.0-32.0 1.5-2.5 4.0-6.0 0.5max 0.5-1.5 2.6 -

NiResist
D-428 .0-32.0 4.5-5.5 5.C-6.0 0.5max 1.0max 2.6 -

NiResist
D-534 0-36.0 0.1 max 1.0-2.8 0.5max 1.0max 2.4 -

NiResist
D-5B 34.0-36.0 2.0-3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5max 1.0max 2.4 -

NiResist
D-5S 34.0-37.0 1.15-2.25 4.9-5.5 0.5max 1.0max 2.3 -

NiResist
D-6 12.0-14.0 0.2max 2.0-3.0 0.5max 6.0-7.0 3.0 -
has superior corrosion-erosion resistance. Higher chro-
mium content produces an alloy that is harder and
stronger.

Ni-Resist 2 Higher nickel content makes this alloy
more corrosion resistant in alkaline environments. Has
found applications for handling soap, food products,
rayon and plastics. Used where freedom from copper
contamination is required.

Ni-Resist 2b Greater hardness improves corrosion-
erosion resistance. This alloy performs well in metal-to-
metal wear situations.
Table III Chemical Compositions of Flake Graphite
Ni-Resist Alloys, %
Ni-Resist Alloys
4

Ni-Resist D-4A Has excellent corrosion and corro-
sion-erosion resistance with superior high temperature
properties. Finds uses in pumps, armatures, exhaust
gas piping and turbocharger parts.

Ni-Resist D-4 Corrosion, corrosion-erosion and heat
resistant properties are superior to those of Ni-Resists
D-2 and D-3. Applications are similar to Ni-Resist D-4A.

Ni-Resist D-5 Is used where low thermal expansion is
required. Applications include machine tool parts, scien-
tific instruments and glass molds.

Ni-Resist D-5B Has low thermal expansion with high
levels of heat and corrosion resistance. Has good
mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Used
for low pressure gas turbine housings, glass molds and
other elevated temperature applications.

Ni-Resist D-5S Has excellent resistance to growth
and oxidation at temperatures up to 1050C(1930F).
Low coefficient of thermal expansion with good ther-
mal shock resistance. Used in gas turbines, turbo-
charger housings, exhaust manifolds and hot pressing
dies.

Ni-Resist D-6 Is non-magnetic with good mechanical
properties. Used for switch insulator flanges, terminals,
ducts and turbine generator parts.

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

Each of the alloying elements in the iron base of the Ni-
Resists affects the structure and/or properties in different
ways. The intentional additions make important and
necessary contributions. The following is a brief synop-
sis of the unique effects of these substances.

Nickel
Nickel is the element which gives the Ni-Resist alloys
their defining characteristics. It is primarily responsible
for the stable austenitic structure and makes substantial
contributions to corrosion and oxidation resistance and
to mechanical properties throughout the usable tem-
perature range. The coefficient of thermal expansion is
also largely dependent on the nickel content, reaching a
minimum at 35% nickel.

Chromium
The most important effects of chromium are improve-
ments in strength and corrosion resistance at ele-
vated temperatures. It also causes increased
hardness which improves wear and corrosion/ero-
sion resistance. Chromium decreases ductility by
forming a higher percentage of hard carbides. Higher
chromium can lead to a greater propensity for micro-
porosity in castings.

Copper
Copper improves corrosion resistance in mildly acidic
solutions. It interferes with the magnesium treatment
used to produce spheroidal graphite and cannot be
added to ductile Ni-Resists.
Carbon
Carbon is a characteristic element in all cast irons. High
carbon reduces the solidification temperature and im-
proves the melting and pouring behaviour. Lower carbon
contents usually lead to fewer carbides and higher
strength and toughness.
Silicon
Silicon is another essential element in cast irons. It
improves fluidity of the melt which leads to better casting
properties, especially for thin-walled sections. Silicon
also contributes to greater high temperature corrosion
resistance. This element lessens chromium carbide
formation.
Manganese
Manganese provides no improvements in corrosion re-
sistance, high-temperature or mechanical properties.
However, it is an austenite stabilizer which makes
important contributions to the low temperature properties
of Ni-Resist D-2M and to the non-magnetic alloys such
as Ni-Resist NiMn 13 7.
Niobium (Columbium)
Niobium is an important addition agent which leads to
the improved weldability of Ni-Resist D-2W. Control of
silicon, sulfur and phosphorous are also necessary for
maximum effect. It will probably have similar effects in
other compositions.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is not specified in the various grades of Ni-
Resist alloys, but about 2% is sometimes added for
improved high temperature strength.
Magnesium
A necessary ladle addition which leads to the formation
of spheroidal graphite in the ductile Ni-Resists. Only a
very small quantity is present in castings.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Tables V and VI list the nominal mechanical properties
for flake and spheroidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys, re-
spectively. These are average values given for guidance
only. Mechanical properties can be varied by heat
treatment and by altering the levels of carbon, silicon,
chromium and, if desired, molybdenum. For unique
service requirements, special agreements on composi-
tion and properties can often be reached between buyer
and producer. There are some variations in required or
typical mechanical properties in the various national and
international specifications. Actual specification values
for many of these are given in Part II. In general, these
are for as-cast material. Heat treatment may change
them considerably.
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of the flake graphite alloys is similar
for all types. This is because the austenite matrix com-
mon to all of the alloys controls the strength level;
although some variation in strength can be attained by
controlling the size, amount and distribution of graphite
flakes through heat treatment. It is also possible to raise
strength levels by lowering carbon and silicon and/or
raising chromium.
Ni-Resist Alloys
5

Table V Mechanical Properties of Flake Graphite Ni-
Resist Alloys
Alloy

Tensile
Strength
MPa(ksi)
Compressive
Strength
MPa(ksi)
Elongation

%
Modulus of
Elasticity
MPa(ksi)x10
3
Brinell
Hardness

NiMn 13 7 140-220 630-840 - 70-90 120-150
(20-31) (90-120) (10-13)
Ni-Resist 1 170-210 700-840 2 85-105 120-215
(24-30) (100-120) (12-15)
Ni-Resist
lb
190-240 860-1100 1-2 98-113 150-250
(27-34) (123-157) (14-16)
Ni-Resist 2 170-210 700-840 2-3 85-105 120-215
(24-30) (100-120) (12-15)
Ni-Reslst 190-240 860-1100 1-2 98-113 160-250
(27-34) (123-157) (14-16)
Nicrosibl 190-280 - 2-3 - 140-250
(27-40)
Ni-Resist 3 190-240 700-910 1-3 98-113 120-215
(27-34) (100-130) (14-16)
Ni-Resist 4 170-240 560 - 105 150-210
(24-34) (80) (15)
Ni-Resist 5 120-180 560-700 1-3 74 120-140
(17-26) (80-100) (11)
Ni-Resist 6 170-210 700-840 - - 130-180
(24-30) (100-120)
Table VI Mechanical Properties of Spheroidal
Alloy

Tensile
Strength

MPa(ksi)
Yield
Strength
0.2% Offset
MPa(ksi)
Elongation

%
Modulus of
Elasticity

MPa(ksi)x10
3

Charpy
Impact

Kg-m(ft-Ib)
Brinell
Hardness

Ni-Resist 370-480 210-250 7-20 112-130 14-27 140-200
D-2 (53-69) (30-36) (16-19) (101-197)
Ni-Resist 370-480 210-250 8-20 112-130 14-27 140-200
D-2W (53-69) (30-36) (16-19) (101-197)
Ni-Resist 390-500 210-260 7-15 112-133 12 150-255
D-2B (56-71) (30-37) (16-19) (87)
Nicrosilal 370-440 210-260 10-18 - - 180-230
Spheronic (53-63) (30-37)
Ni-Resist 370-450 170-250 20-40 85-112 21-33 130-170
D-2C (53-64) (24-36) (12-16) (153-240)
Ni-Resist 440-480 210-240 25-45 120-140 24-34 150-180
D-2M (63-69) (30-34) (17-20) (175-248)
NI-Resist 370-450 210-270 13-18 112-130 16 130-190
D-3A (53-64) (30-39) (16-19) (117)
Ni-Resisl 370-480 210-260 7-18 92-105 8 140-200
D-3 (53-69) (30-37) (13-15) (59)
Ni-Resist 380-500 210-270 10-20 130-150 10-16 130-170
D-4A (54-71) (30-39) (19-21) (73-117)
Ni-Resist 390-500 240-310 1-4 91 - 170-250
D-4 (56-71) (34-44) (13)
Ni-Resist 370-420 210-240 20-40 112-140 20 130-180
D-5 (53-60) (30-34) (16-20) (145)
Ni-Resist 370-450 210-290 7-10 112-123 7 140-190
D-5B (53-64) (30-41) (16-18) (56)
Ni-Resist 370-500 200-290 10-20 110-145 12-19 130-170
D-5S (53-71) (29-41) (16-21) (87-138)
Ni-Resist 390-470 210-260 15-18 140-150 - 120-150
D-6 (56-67) (30-37) (20-21)
alloys having higher values. The impact resistance
decreases as temperature drops to sub-zero levels,
but, because of the austenitic structure, there is no sharp
embrittlement or transition point. In the case of
Ni-Resist D-2M, the impact strength is maintained to
-196C(-321F).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Tables VII and Vlll list the average physical properties for
flake and spheroidal graphite alloys. These also are
average values given for guidance only. Refer to Part II
for physical properties required or expected in some of
the national and international specifications.

Density
As can be seen from the tables, the density of the various
Ni-Resist alloys is about the same, except for Ni-Resists
D-5 and D-5B. Generally, the density of Ni-Resists is
about 5% higher than for gray cast iron and 15% lower
than cast bronze alloys.

Thermal Expansion
For the various Ni-Resist alloys, the coefficients of ther-
mal expansion range from 5.0 x 10
6
/C(2.8 x 10
6
/F) to
18.7 x 10
6
/C(10.4 x 10
6
/F). These values for a given
alloy can vary with the nickel content within the specified
composition. Thus, by selecting the Ni-Resist alloy and
the nickel content a matching thermal expansivity with
many other materials can be found.
The tensile strengths of the spheroidal graphite alloys,
with the exception of Ni-Resist D-2M, are about the
same, although at significantly higher values than for the
flake graphite materials. This similarity is again caused
by the common austenite matrix. Strength values can
also be varied by similar compositional changes as
mentioned above for the flake graphite alloys. The 0.2%
offset yield strengths are also about the same for the
spheroidal graphite alloys, except for Ni-Resist D-2C
and D-4 where it is lower and higher, respectively.

Elongation (Ductility)
As seen in Tables V and Vl, elongation values for the
spheroidal graphite varieties are significantly higher
than for the flake graphite alloys. This is also true when
comparing the spheroidal types to normal and alloyed
gray cast irons. Higher chromium content will lower
ductility in the spheroidal graphite alloys because of an
increased amount of carbides in the austenitic matrix.
Changing the carbide content through heat treatment
can also affect elongation values.

Modulus of Elasticity
The moduli of elasticity of the flake graphite alloys are
similar to those for gray cast iron. For alloys of similar
chemical composition, the values are slightly, but not
significantly, higher for ductile Ni-Resists. Typical values
are given in some of the mechanical property tables in
the specifications in Part II.

Impact Strength
The impact strength of flake graphite Ni-Resist alloys
are higher than those of gray cast iron, but are still
quite low. They are usually not included in specifica-
tions. Charpy V-notch values for spheroidal graphite Ni-
Resists are much higher. Typical values are given in
some of the mechanical property tables in the specifi-
cations in Part II. Chromium content has a marked
effect on impact strength with low or chromium-free
Ni-Resist Alloys
6

Table VII Typical Physical Properties of Flake
Alloy

Denisty

gm/cc
(Ib/in
3
)
Thermal
Expansion
m/mC
(in/inF)
Thermal
Conductivity
W/mC

Electrical
Resisti
vity
ohm mm
2
/m

Magnetic
Permeability

NiMn 13 7 7.4 17.7 38-42 1.2 1.02
(.268) (9.8)
Ni-Resist 1 7.3 18.7 38-42 1.6 1.03
(264) (10.4)
Ni-Resist lb 7.3 18.7 38-42 1.1 1.05
(.264) (10.4)
Ni-Resist 2 7.3 18.7 38-42 1.4 1.04
(.264) (10.4)
Ni-Resist
2b
7.4 18.7 38-42 1.2 1.04
(.268) (10.4)
Nicrosilial 7.4 18.0 38-42 1.6 1.10
(.268) (10.0)
Ni-Resist 3 7.4 12.4 38-42 - -
(.268) (6.9)
Ni-Resist 4 7.4 14.6 38-42 1.6 2.00
(.268) (8.1)
Ni-Resist 5 7.6 5.0 38-42 - -
(.275) (2.8)
Ni-Resist 6 7.3 18.7 38.42 - -
(.264) (10.4)

Table VIII Typical Physical Properties of Spherodial
Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys.
Alloy

Denisty
gmlcc
(Ib/in
3
)

Thermal
Expansion
M/mC
(in/inF)
Thermal
Conductivity
W/mC

Electrical
Resistivity
ohm mm
2
/m

Magnetic
Permeability

Ni-Resist D-2 7.4 18.7 12.6 1.0 1.02
(268) (10.4)
Ni-Resist D-2W 7.4 18.7 12.6 - 1.04
(.268) (10.4)
Ni-Resist D-213 7.45 18.7 12.6 1.0 1.05
(.270) (10.4)
Nicrosilal
Spheronic 7.35 18.0 12.6 - -
(.266) (10.0)
Ni-Resist D-2C 7.4 18.4 12.6 1.0 1.02
(268) (10.2)
Ni-Resist D-210 7.45 14.7 12.6 - 1.02
(.270) (82)
Ni-Resist D-3A 7.45 12.6 12.6 - -
(.270) (7.0)
Ni-Resist 3 7.45 12.6 12,6 - -
(270) (7.0)
Ni-Resist D-4A 7.45 15.1 12.6 - -
(270) (8.4)
Ni-Resist D-4 7.45 14.4 12.6 - -
(270) (8.0)
Ni-Resist D-5 7.6 5.0 12.6 - -
(275) (2.8)
Ni-Resist D-513 7.7 5.0 12.6 - -
(279) (2.8)
Ni-Resist D-5S 7.45 12.9 12.6 - -
(270) (7.2)
Ni-Resist 6 7.3 18.2 12.6 1.0 1.02
(264) (10.1)

.01 mm/mm(.125in/ft). The same precautions taken for
the design of high strength gray iron castings apply to all
Ni-Resist alloys. The principle of "controlled directional
solidification" should be followed. This means that a
casting should be designed to freeze without interruption
from light to heavy sections. Abrupt changes in section
thickness should be avoided. Provision should be made
for the proper placement of feeders. It is always helpful if
foundry engineers are consulted during casting design.

Machining
The machinability of Ni-Resist alloys is inferior to that of
pearlitic gray cast iron but usually better than cast steels.
The chromium content is the most important factor in
determining the machinability of the various grades of Ni-
Resist alloys. As chromium content increases machin-
ability is reduced because of increasing amounts of hard
carbides. Of course, good machining practices should
always be followed. Proper selection of cutting tools, cut-
ting lubricants and speed and feed rates are necessary
for optimum results.

HEAT TREATMENT

Stress Relief
It is advantageous to use heat treatment to stress-relieve
Ni-Resist castings to remove residual stresses formed
during cooling after casting and subsequent machining.
This is done by heating to 600-650C(1110-1200F) at a
rate of 50-100C/hour (90-180F/hour). The castings
should be held in this temperature range for 2 hours plus
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivities of the Ni-Resist ailoys are
very consistent within a class, either flake or spheroidal
graphite. This is easily seen in Tables Vll and Vlll. It is
also obvious that the thermal conductivity of the flake
graphite alloys is considerably higher than that of the
spheroidal graphite ones; that is, about 40W/mC versus
12.6W/mC, respectively.

Electrical Resistivity
The electrical resistivity of some of the alloys is given in
Tables Vll and Vlll. In general, the spheroidal graphite
alloys have lower values. If electrical conductivity is an
important property, they are usually preferred.

Magnetic Properties
The magnetic permeability of the Ni-Resists is strongly
influenced by the presence of carbides. Since their
number and size can depend on heat treatment and other
factors, measurements of magnetic properties are often
variable. While Ni-Resists NiMn 13 7 and D-6 are usually
considered the only truly non-magnetic alloys, D-2 and,
especially, D-2C have been used in many non-magnetic
applications. The data in Tables Vll and Vlll are compiled
from the specifications in Part II.

PROPERTIES AFFECTING DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURE

Design of Castings
Pattern design and shrinkage allowance is similar for
flake and spheroidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys of similar
nickel content. The shrinkage allowance decreases with
increasing nickel content. For the lower nickel grades
(Ni-Resists 1,1b, 2, 2b and the various D-2s) it is .02mm/
mm(.25in/ft). At intermediate levels of nickel (Ni-Resists
3, 4, D-3 and D-4) it is .015mm/mm (.19in/ft) and at the
highest nickel contents (Ni-Resists 5 and the D-5s) it is
Ni-Resist Alloys
7

1 hour per 25mm(1 inch) of section thickness. They
should then be furnace-cooled to or near ambient tem-
perature. With castings made from Ni-Resist alloys with
the higher coefficients of expansion and with thin sec-
tions, it is most important to have controlled, uniform
heating and slow cooling. A small reduction in yield
strength may occur after stress relieving.

High Temperature Stability
Ni-Resist castings intended for static or cyclic service at
480C(900F) and above can be given a dimensional
stabilization heat treatment. If not done, carbon is slowly
removed from the austenite matrix while at service tem-
peratures. This results in a small growth in volume and
distortion can occur. When the heat treatment is used
this problem is eliminated. The proper cycle is to heat to
850-900C(1560-1650F) at 50-100C(90-180F) per
hour. The castings should be held in this temperature
range for not less than 2 hours plus 1 hour for each 25mm
(1 inch) of section thickness followed by air cooling.

Normalizing
The same heat treatment that is used for high-tempera-
ture stabilization can be used for normalizing. It will
result in an increase in yield strength and elongation.

Annealing
If Ni-Resist castings of the correct composition are higher
in hardness than expected, excessive carbide formation
has probably occurred. Some softening and improved
machinability can be achieved through high-temperature
annealing. This heat treatment will breakdown and/or
spheroidize some of the carbides. To anneal, castings
should be heated to 950-1025C(1740-1875F) at 50-
100C(90-180F) per hour. They should be held in this
temperature range for 2 hours per 25mm (1 inch) of
section thickness followed by cooling in the furnace or in
still air.

Ambient Temperature Stability
For assured dimensional stability for service at ambient
temperatures, slow, uniform heating to 815-840C(1500-
1560F) is suggested. Castings should be held in this
temperature range for one hour per 25mm (1 inch) of
section thickness and uniformly cooled to at least
315C(600F) . For stringent requirements, the uniform
cooling can be continued to ambient temperature.

WELDING

Ni-Resist alloys are all capable of being welded,
provided that correct welding parameters are followed
and that sulfur and phosphorous contents are controlled
to proper limits. The degree of welding that is possible
varies from alloy to alloy as described in the following.
In general, the flake graphite Ni-Resists are slightly
tougher and more ductile than gray cast irons and,
despite their higher coefficients of expansion, have
proved to be tolerant to welding stresses. Where welding
will be required and in order to prevent hot cracking in
the weld heat affected zone, sulfur and phosphorous
must be controlled to 0.04% or less.
The superior mechanical properties, toughness and
ductility of spheroidal graphite Ni-Resists suggest en-
hanced weldability over ordinary gray cast iron and flake

graphite Ni-Resist alloys. In practice, this is not neces-
sarily correct. The presence of the magnesium required
for the spheroidization process decreases ductility at the
welding temperature and small cracks can occur in the
weld heat affected zone. Because of this problem, alloy
D-2W was developed. In this material, the addition of
niobium (columbium), combined with the control of sili-
con, phosphorous and the residual magnesium con-
tents, has led to an alloy with very adequate weldability.
Practical experience has demonstrated excellent weld-
ing repairability of major casting defects.

Welding Practice
Most welding will be concerned with the repair or recla-
mation of castings, but in any case, preparations prior to
welding are always very important. It is recommended
that all unsound metal be removed before starting by
machining, chipping or grinding. If the former two meth-
ods are used, only carbide tipped tools should be em-
ployed. To ensure that only sound metal remains, a dye
penetrant should be employed. The actual area to be
welded should be wider and more open than for steel.
This is shown in Figure 3. Since positional welding is
difficult with certain electrodes, the work piece should
be placed for downhand welding. A thin weld coating or
"buttering" of the surface, prior to welding greatly
assists in preventing heat affected zone cracking.
Figure 3 Examples of Preparation and Welding
Procedures for Repairs to Defects in Castings

The usual welding process is manual metal arc with flux
coated electrodes. The choice of electrodes is critical
with the widely available 55% nickel/iron types strongly
suggested. This composition is used for welding ordi-
nary gray cast iron and is suitable for flake graphite Ni-
Resist alloys. Most 55% nickel/iron electrodes deposit
metal with a tensile strength equal to that of Ni-Resist
alloys D-2, D-2B and D-2W. However, they are often
lacking in impact toughness. To avoid this problem, the
electrode selected to weld spheroidal graphite alloys
should be carefully evaluated to provide a deposit with
acceptable soundness, toughness and machinability
Ease of operation and freedom from slag inclusions in
the weld metal are also important properties. It is very
important to follow the electrode manufacturer's instruc-
tions for storage, drying, baking and using the elec-
trodes.
Following welding, all slag and weld spatter should be
thoroughly removed by brushing or grinding. Peening
should not be done. Undercuts should be removed by
grinding and carefully refilled.

Welding Heat Treatments
When welding flake graphite Ni-Resist alloys, preheating
Ni-Resist Alloys
8

to 300-350C (570-660F) is recommended. The
interpass temperature should also be maintained at that
level. On completion of welding, care should be taken to
allow slow cooling in still air. For complex welds, transfer
to a preheated oven or furnace and slow cooling under
controlled conditions may be advantageous.
Preheating is normally unnecessary when welding
spheroidal graphite alloys. However, in practice, it is
sometimes beneficial to use a low preheat to about
100C (210F) when welding conditions are not ideal and
cold air drafts are present. A low interpass temperature
of 150C(300F) is essential for the ductile Ni-Resists.
Post weld heat treatments are usually not necessary for
structure or properties in any Ni-Resist alloy. But stress
relief is often required, especially if castings are to be
exposed to an environment where stress corrosion crack-
ing is a possibility. The heat treatment procedures for
stress relief given previously should be followed.

Effect of Chemical Composition on
Welding
It was mentioned above that the addition of niobium
(columbium) to the alloy D-2 composition led to the
development of the more weldable grade, D-2W. In
utilizing this alloy, attention must be paid not only to the
niobium content (.12% min.), but also to silicon (2.25%
max.), phosphorous (0.04% max.) and magnesium
(0.05% max.). There also appears to be an inter-
relationship between these elements which assists in
obtaining excellent toughness and ductility, without any
significant changes in other mechanical properties. In
addition to type D-2W, a niobium addition seems to have
a beneficial effect on other Ni-Resist alloys, although the
research in this area has been limited.
Research has also indicated that a higher level of
chromium content can improve welding response. Thus,
alloys such as D-2B have satisfactory weldability. This is
in spite of the lower ductility and higher propensity to
microporosity caused by increased chromium. A niobium
addition and control of the other elements as in alloy
D-2W is also advantageous with this type of composition.

PROPERTIES AFFECTING SERVICE
PERFORMANCE

Wear and Galling Resistance
The presence of dispersed graphite, as well as the work
hardening characteristics of Ni-Resist alloys, bring about
a high level of resistance to frictional wear and galling. Ni-
Resists 2, D-2, D-2C, D-3A, 4 and D-4 offer good wear
properties with a wide variety of other metals from sub-
zero to elevated temperatures. In the case of the ductile
alloys, temperatures can go as high as 800C(1500F).
Ni-Resists D-2B, 3 and D-3 are not recommended for
frictional wear applications because their microstructures
contain massive, hard carbides that can abrade the
mating metal.
When comparing Ni-Resist alloys to other metals, Ni-
Resists D-2 and D-2C have been shown to have the
lowest frictional wear rates when compared to bronze,
regular ductile iron and nickel/chromium alloy N0600. Be-
tween the two Ni-Resist alloys, D-2 had the least wear.
With mating parts, it is often useful to "wear-in" the two
surfaces. During this operation prior to actual service, a

solid lubricant such as molybdenum disulfide is effective.
A work-hardened, glazed surface develops which resists
wear and extends life.

Corrosion Resistance
It is usually said that Ni-Resist alloys have a corrosion
resistance intermediate between gray and low alloy cast
irons and stainless steel. This statement is an over-
simplification of their usual form of corrosion. They cor-
rode in a manner similar to the gray cast irons, but because
of their chemical composition, form denser, more adher-
ent corrosion product films which suppress further corro-
sion. They are not stainless steels and do not behave as
they do. In neutral and mildly acidic halide-containing
solutions, stainless steels often corrode in destructive
localized ways. That is, they suffer pitting, crevice corro-
sion and, sometimes, stress corrosion cracking. Ni-
Resist alloys seldom have these forms of attack. Their
corrosion is usually uniform at fairly low rates. Of course,
Ni-Resists do not have the typically good corrosion
resistance of stainless steel in mild and/or strongly
oxidizing acids and should not be used in such
environments.
In additional to the comments, tables and figures in this
section of this brochure, the corrosion behaviour of Ni-
Resist alloys in many different environments is given in
Part III. Please refer there for specific media and service
conditions.

Special Forms of Attack
Galvanic Corrosion: Galvanic corrosion occurs when
two substances with different electrochemical potentials
(activities) are in contact in a conducting solution or
electrolyte. In Figure 4, the relative potential of Ni-Resist
alloys to other metals and alloys is given in moderate
velocity, ambient temperature sea water. The Ni-Resists
are less active (cathodic) than zinc, aluminum alloys, low
alloy steels and cast iron. This means that the corrosion
Figure 4 Galvanic Series of Various Metals in Flowing
Sea Water at Ambient Temperatures. Velocity
Range: 2.4-4.0 meter/sec(8-13 feet/sec),
Temperature Range: 10-27C(50-80F)
Ni-Resist Alloys
9

rate of these alloys will be accelerated when they are in
contact with Ni-Resists. Figure 3 also shows that Ni-
Resist alloys are active (anodic) with regard to copper
base alloys, stainless steels and nickel base alloys.
Thus, they will corrode preferentially to these materials.
In order to distribute the corrosion over a large area,
designers and engineers should always provide for a
larger relative area of Ni-Resist when it is in contact with
these types of alloys. When this is done serious problems
in the galvanic corrosion of Ni-Resists will usually not
occur. Typical examples that are particularly successful
are stainless steel trim in Ni-Resist valves and stainless
steel impellers and shrouds in Ni-Resist pumps.
Graphitization: In cast irons, graphite occurs as flakes
or spheroids in a metal matrix. Certain environments,
such as sea water, other salt solutions and soil, cause the
metal matrix to corrode preferentially, leaving a structure
of hydrated iron oxide and graphite particles. This form of
attack is called graphitization or graphitic corrosion. The
graphite/oxide surface layer is often porous and,
because of the potential difference between graphite and
iron, accelerated corrosion of the underlying cast iron
can occur. Other iron, steel or bronze parts are also
active with respect to graphitized cast iron and corrode at
high rates. Because of their inherent superior corrosion
resistance, Ni-Resist alloys are less apt to form a
graphitized surface layer. Thus, the above problems are
largely avoided. When Ni-Resists do form a graphitized
layer, the acceleration of their corrosion is much less
because the potential difference between Ni-Resist
alloys and graphite is smaller than with cast iron.
Corrosion/Erosion: Although not as good as austen-
itic stainless steels, the Ni-Resist alloys, when compared
to most cast irons and steel, have excellent ability to
resist the combined effects of corrosion and erosion in
high velocity solutions. When ordinary and low-alloy cast
irons corrode in aqueous environments, a loosely adher-
ent corrosion product layer of hydrated iron oxides and
graphite is formed. If velocities exceed 3.0-3.7 metres/
second (10-12 feet/second), this film is washed away,
continuously exposing fresh metal surfaces for ongoing
corrosion. The Ni-Resists, particularly those that contain
chromium, form denser, more adherent corrosion prod-
uct surfaces. Because of this, they can resist high fluid
flow velocities. For example, see Tables IX and X When
solids are present it is desirable to select the harder
types of Ni-Resist, such as 2b, D-2B, 4 and D-4.
Temperature
Duration of Test:
Agitation:
Marine Fouling:
Ambient
3 Years
Tidal flow with continous immersion
All specimens completely covered with fouling
organisms at time of removal from test
Material

Corrosion Rate
cm/yr(in/yr)
Ni-Resist 1 .0053(.0021)
Ni-Resist 2 .0043(.0017)
Ni-Resist D-2 .0041(.0016)
Ni-Resist 3 .0038(.0015)
Ductile Gray Cast Iron .0246(.0097)
Gray Cast Iron .0254(.0100)
Table X Corrosion of Pump Materials in High Velocity
Sea Water
Alloy

Temperature
C(F)
Velocity
m/sec(ft/sec)
Corrosion Rate*
mm/yr(in/yr)
Type 316 Stainless Steel 10(50) 43(141) .005(.0002)
Ni/Cu alloy 400 11(52) 43(141) .010(.0004)
Ni-Resist 1 27(81) 41(134) .990(.040)
88Cu/10Sn/2Zn 2(36) 42(138) 1.10(.044)
85Cu/5Sn15Zn/5Pb 25(77) 41(134) 1.35(.054)
Gray Cast Iron 20(68) 38(125) 13.5(.540)
*All tests were 30 days duration except for Gray Cast Iron. Because of excessive
attack on specimens of this material its tests were stopped after 10 days.
Cavitation Damage: Cavitation damage is the me-
chanical fracturing of a metal surface in fluids under
conditions which cause large cyclic hydraulic pressure
changes. For example, as a pump impeller rotates at
high velocity, it produces alternating areas of high and
low pressure on the casing wall. During the low pressure
cycle, bubbles can form in the liquid. They subsequently
collapse under high pressure and the fluid "hammers" the
metal surface. The alternating character of the stresses
induce a condition which leads to metal fatigue. Metals
that are stronger, harder and have higher corrosion
fatigue strength resist cavitation damage best. Thus, the
Ni-Resists are superior to most other cast irons with
alloys 1 b, 2b, D-2B, 4 and D-4 being preferred.
Stress Corrosion Cracking: Stress corrosion cracking
is the brittle failure of metals when exposed to specific
media. The stresses involved can be well below the
elastic limit and are almost always residual rather than
applied. Common examples are austenitic stainless
steels in hot chloride-containing solutions, carbon and
low alloy steels in strong caustics and copper alloys in
ammoniacal environments. Ni-Resist alloys are highly
resistant to this form of corrosion, but there have been
some probable stress corrosion cracking failures in warm
sea water. The problem is greatly alleviated and prob-
ably eliminated by proper stress relief heat
treatment after casting, welding and machining. The
procedures for this are given on page 6. Other work has
suggested that the ductile grades of Ni-Resist are more
resistant to stress corrosion cracking than the flake
graphite alloys or that some ductile grades are better
than others in this regard. These are not absolute
solutions to the problem, because the assigning of de-
grees of susceptibility is of questionable merit. It is best
to consider all Ni-Resists to be equal in this regard.
Additionally when examining Ni-Resist alloys after crack-
ing failures, the possibility of poor quality castings, corro-
sion fatigue and other failure modes should be
considered before deciding on an inherent susceptibility
to stress corrosion cracking.
Corrosion Fatigue: Metallic fatigue failures can occur
when a metal is subject to a large number of cyclic
stresses below the elastic limit. In air, most metals have
a fatigue limit or stress below which fatigue failures do
not occur. However, in a corrosive media this fatigue limit
is lowered and does not exist for continuously corroding
metals. Because of their better corrosion resistance in
aqueous solutions than ordinary cast irons, Ni-Resist
alloys might be expected to have better corrosion fatigue
resistance than ordinary cast irons. However, this has
Table IX Corrosion of Cast Materials in Low Velocity
Sea Water
Ni-Resist Alloys
10

not been observed, possibly because the corrosion prod-
uct film is continually being fractured by the cyclic stresses
and its protectiveness is not permitted to develop.

Atmospheric Corrosion: The Ni-Resist alloys are
similar in performance to the "weathering" steels in that
they form dense, self protecting corrosion product
surfaces during exposure to air. There are substantial
advantages over unalloyed cast iron and steel. Painting
and other protective coatings are usually not required.

Corrosion Performance in Specific
Environments
Marine Environments: Ni-Resist alloys are very well
suited for a number of important applications near and in
seawater. Figure 5 illustrates this superiority from long term
tests in a marine atmosphere 240 metres from the sea.
When immersed in sea water the Ni-Resists provide advan-
tages over other metals at velocities ranging from no flow
to turbulent conditions. This is shown in Tables IX, X and Xl.
Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate the good performance of Ni-
Resist D-2 in aerated and deaerated sea water with increas-
ing temperature. The high velocity performance, including
resistance to corrosion/erosion and cavitation damage, is
Turbulent Flow Conditions 60 Day Test - 825 cm/sec (27ft/sec)
Temperature 23-28T (73-82F)
Material Corrosion Rate
cm/yr(inlyr)
Gray Cast Iron 0.686(0.270)
2% Nickel Cast Iron 0.610(0.240)
88/10/2 Cu/Sn/Zn Bronze 0.117(0.046)
65/35 Cu/Zn Brass 0.107(0.042)
Aluminum Bronze 0.092(0.036)
Ni-Resist 2 0.079(0.031)
90/10 CuNi 0.051(0.020)
5% Nickel Aluminum Bronze 0.030(0.012)
Ni-Resist 1 0.020(0.008)
Ni-Resist 3 0.018(0.007)
NiCu Alloy K500 0.008(0.003)
25/20 CrNi Stainless Steel 0.005(0.002)

Figure 5 Corrosion Behavior of Cast Irons and Copper
Containing Steel in a Marine Atmosphere
240 Meters ( 800 Feet ) from the Sea - North
Carolina, USA
Figure 7 Corrosion in Aerated Sea Water as a
Function of Temperature
the primary reason Ni-Resist alloys are so frequently se-
lected for use in sea water pumps and valves. Ni-Resists
D-2 and D-2W are commonly preferred.
Petroleum Production: Ni-Resist alloys find major
applications in oil and gas production. In crude or "sour"
oil and gas containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide
and organic acids, self protective corrosion deposits
result in low corrosion rates. This is shown in Tables Xll
and Xlll. The hard, carbides in the chromium containing
grades of Ni-Resist impart erosion resistance and are
useful when sand and other solids are present. The
combination of sea water and petroleum fluids corrosion
resistance makes Ni-Resist alloys well suited for applica-
tions in offshore oil and gas production.
Alloy
100
H
200 Hours 300 Hours 400 Hours
gms/lm
2
(Ibs/ft
2
)
Ni-Resist 1 60(.007) 83(.C10) 83(.010) 83(.010)
Gray Cast Iron 79(.010) 189(.023) 222(.027) 248(.030)
Piston Ring Gray Cast Iron 157(.019) 215(.026) 253(.031) 295(.036)
Plain Carbon Steel 0.4% Carbon 85(.010) 218(.027) 310(.038) 363(.044)
Figure 6 Corrosion in Ueaerated Sea Water as a
Function of Temperature
Table XI Corrosion/Erosion of Various Alloys in High
Velocity Sea Water
Table XII Weight Loss in Still Natural Gas with
Hydrogen Sulfide at 80C(180F)
Ni-Resist Alloys
11

Table XIII Corrosion Tests in Sour Crude Oils
Corrosion Rate cm/yr(in/yr)
Material
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Ni-Resist 1 .0017(.0007) .025(.010) .0023(.0009)
Ni-Resist 3 - .017(.007) -
Gray Cast Iron .0053(.0021) .113(.045) .040(016)
Mild Steel .0043(.0017) .130(.052) Consumed
Type 304 Stainless Steel <.0003(<0001)' .020(.008)" <.0003(<.0001)
*.010cm(.004in) pitting
**.030cm(.012in) pitting
Test 1 - Exposed in 200,000 liter (55,000 gallon) sour crude oil storage tank
at ambient temperature, Immersed in liquid for 23 days and
suspended vapour above liquid for 52 days
Test 2 - Exposed In top of crude flash tower at 105-115C(220-240F) for
43 days. Crude contained 0.34% sulfur 0.021% sodium chloride.
Test 3 - Exposed in crude oil preheater (average temperature 145C(295F)
with flow rate of 210cm/sec(701sec) for 463 days. Crude contained
0.4% sulfur and .031% sodium chloride
Table XIV Effect of Nickel Content on the Corrosion
Rate of Cast Iron in 50% to 65% Sodium
Hydroxide
dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid at ambient tempera-
ture. Intermediate concentrations and higher tempera-
tures are to be avoided. The copper containing alloys, Ni-
Resist 1 and 1 b, are preferred. They are much better
than gray cast iron. In hydrochloric acid, the higher nickel
Ni-Resists such as 3, D-3 and D-3A are marginally useful
in dilute solutions at low temperatures. Increases in
solution velocity, agitation and aeration adversely affect
the corrosion performance of Ni-Resist alloys in most
acids throughout temperature and concentration ranges.
Data for a number of acid environments is given in Part III.
Elevated Temperature Performance

Ni-Resist alloys, when compared to gray and low alloy
cast irons, have superior properties at elevated tempera-
tures. This applies to both flake and spheroidal graphite
alloys. However, because of much higher mechanical
properties and resistance to internal oxidation, the duc-
tile Ni-Resists are preferred at elevated temperatures up
to 1050C(1930F).
Mechanical Properties
The high temperature mechanical properties of the sphe-
roidal graphite Ni-Resist alloys are given in Table XVI.
Room temperature properties after long-time exposure to
elevated temperatures are shown in Table XVII. Figure 8
illustrates the short term, high temperature tensile proper-
ties of Ni-Resist D-2. Creep data for some ductile Ni-
Resists are shown graphically in Figure 3, along with a
comparison to CF-4 cast stainless steel (18Cr, 8Ni). The
stress rupture curves for Ni-Resists D-2, D-3 and D-5B,
with and without molybdenum, are given in Figures 10, 11
and 12 along with the data for HF cast stainless steel
(19Cr, 9Ni).The hot hardness values of Ni-Resists D-2, D-
3, D-4 and D-5B, also with and without molybdenum, are
shown in Figure 13. Although a variation from the speci-
fications, it is important to note that the addition of 0.5-1.0%
molybdenum to ductile Ni-Resists usually raises the el-
evated temperature mechanical properties with only a
slight reduction in elongation. The stress rupture and
creep performance benefit from molybdenum (see Tables
XVI and XVII and Figures 10, 11 and 12) such that the
resultant alloys are equal to or superior to the HF and CF-
4. The addition of molybdenum also raises the as-cast
hardness, except for Ni-Resist D-4, and maintains it at
elevated temperatures (see Figure 13).

Resistance to Cracking and Distortion
During cyclic heating and cooling to temperatures of
675C(1250F) and above, cast iron and steels pass
through a critical range which frequently results in crack-
ing and/or distortion of castings. Volume changes which
lead to this problem occur because of matrix phase
changes between ferrite and austenite at this tempera-
ture. The Ni-Resists, being austenitic at all temperatures
do not have a transformation and have no sharp volume
changes. However, there can be the slight high tempera-
ture stability problem described in the heat treatment
section. Using the heat treatment suggested there will
alleviate any troubles.

Steam Service
Ni-Resist alloys D-2 and D-3 have been excellent for
applications requiring resistance to wet steam erosion.
Alkaline Environments: Ni-Resist austenitic cast
irons are widely used in handling sodium hydroxide and
other strong caustics. The addition of nickel to iron
results in a marked improvement in corrosion resistance
in such environments. This is clearly shown in Tables
XIV and XV. Because of their high (30%) nickel content,
Ni-Resists 3, D-3 and D-3A are preferred. Iron base
alloys often suffer stress corrosion cracking failures in
hot, strong caustics. This has not been a problem with
the Ni-Resists, but a reasonable precaution is to stress
relieve all castings prior to being placed in service.
Acid Environments: Ni-Resist alloys can be used in
Table XV Plant Corrosion Tests of Various Alloys in
74% Sodium Hydroxide
Temperature:
Duration of Test:
Agitation:
Boiling with vacuum of 66cm(26in) of mercury
81 Days
Boiling action only
Per Cent Nickel Corrosion Rate cmlyr(inlyr)
0 212(.083)
3.5 .119(.047)
5 .124(.049)
15 .076(.030)
20 .0084(.0033)
20(2% Cr) .0152(.0060)
30 .0010(.0004)

Temperature:
Duration:

Agitation:
125C(260F)
Specimens exposed far 20 days in liquid and 12 days in vapor
over liquid. Corrosion rates based on 21 days exposure.
Stagnant(in strorage tank)
Material Corrosion Rate cmlyr(inlyr)
NiCu alloy 400 0023(.0009)
Ni-Resist 3 .0064(.0025)
Ni-Resist D-2 .0127(.0050)
Ni-Resist 2 .0152(.0060)
Type 304 Stainless Steel .0381(.0150)
Mild Steel .190(.075)
Gray Cast Iron .193(076)

Ni-Resist Alloys
12

Table XVI Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties
of Some Spheroidal Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys.
At higher steam temperatures, where resistance to
growth and scaling is important, these same materials
are also superior. Steam turbine components such as
diaphragms, shaft and labyrinth seals and control valves
are examples of applications. Table XVI and Figure 8
give useful strength and creep data for steam service.
Table XVlll favourably compares the growth of some Ni-
Resist alloys to gray cast iron in steam.

Resistance to Elevated Temperature
Oxidation
Both flake and spheroidal graphite Ni-Resists have high
temperature oxidation performance up to ten times better
than that for gray cast iron. The high chromium and high
silicon grades, especially, form dense, adherent self
protecting oxide scales. However, because of the pref-
erence for the higher strength ductile alloys for elevated
temperature service, only they will be considered here.
For example, ductile Ni-Resists D-2, D-2B, D-3, D-4, D5B
and D-5S provide good resistance to oxidation
and maintain useful mechanical properties up to
760C(1400F). At higher temperatures, alloys D-2B, D-
Figure 9 Creep Behavior of Several Spheroidal
Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys and CF-4 Stainless
Table XVII Room Temperature Mechanical Properties
After 10,000 Hours Exposure at Indicated
Temperature
Property and
Temperature
D-2

D-2C

D-3

D-4

D-5B

TENSILE STRENGTH MPa(ksi)
Ambent 407(59) 428(62) 400(58) 442(64) 421(61)
426C(800F) 373(54) 359(52) - - -
538C(1000F) 331(48) 290(42) 331(48) 421(61) 324(47)
649C(1200F) 248(36) 193(28) 290(42) 331(48) 283(41)
760C(1400F) 152(22) 117(17) 186(27) 152(22) 173(25)
0.2% YIELD STRENGTH MPa(ksi)
Ambent 242(35) 235(34) 269(39) 304(44) 283(41)
426C(800F) 193(28) 179(26) - - -
538C(1000F) 193(28) 159(23) 193(28) 283(41) 179(26)
649C(1200F) 173(25) 166(24) 186(27) 235(34) 166(24)
760C(1400F) 117(17) 117(17) 104(15) 131(19) 131(19)
ELONGATION FROM SHORT TIME TENSILE TESTS Per Cent
Ambient 10.5 25 7.5 3.5 70
426C(800F) 12 23 - - -
538C(1000F) 10.5 19 7.5 4.0 90
649C(1200F) 10.5 10 7.0 11 65
760C(1400F) 15 13 18 30 24.5

Alloy

Temperature

C(F)
Tensile Strength

MPa(ksi)
Yield Strength
0.2%
MPa(ksi)
Elongation

Per Cent
Charpy
Impact
ft-Ib
Ni-Resist D-2 550(1022) 455(66,0) 278(40.3) 6.0 5.5
660(1202) 497(72.0) 254(36.8) 7.5 7.2
Ni-Resist D-2 550(1022) 459(66,5) 302(43.7) 3.0 3.6
with 1% Mo 660(1202) 490(71.0) 300(43.5) 4.0 3.6
Ni-Resist D-213 550(1022) 452(65.5) 312(45.2) 4.0 4.0
660(1202) 483(70.0) 274(39.7) 5.0 4.7
Ni-Resist D-3 600(1202) 495(71.7) 268(38.8) 8.0 7.2
NI-Resist D-5S* 870(1600) 513(74.4) 222(32.2) 23.0 -
*2500 Hours Exposure
Figure 8 Short Time Tensile Properties of Ni-Resist D2
at Elevated Temperatures
3, D-4 and D-5S can be considered with D-5S having
good oxidation resistance up to 925C(1700F).
Table XIX provides oxidation data for some ductile Ni-
Resists and other alloys, under both static and cyclic
conditions. Thermal cycling causes the metal to expand
and contract regardless of whether any phase changes
occur. This leads to cracking and flaking of the protective
scale. To minimize this, low expansion grades of Ni-
Resist, such as D-4, should be considered. If high
toughness is not required, it can be used at least to
815C(1500F).
Ni-Resist Alloys
13

Figure 10 Stress Rupture Data for Ni-Resist D-2
Table XVIII Growth of Gray Cast Iron and Some Ni-
Resist Alloys in Steam at 482C(900F)
Growth in cm/cm (in/in) at 482C(900F) Alloy

After 500 Hours After 1000 Hours After 2500 Hours
Gray Cast Iron .0023 .0052 .014
Ni-Resist 2 .0005 .0010 .0015
Ni-Resist 3 .0003 .00045 .00048
Ni-Resist D-2 .0003 .0005 .0005
Ni-Resist D-3 .0003 .0000 .0000
Table XIX Oxidation of Various Alloys for Different
Times and Temperatures

Material
Ductile Iron (2.5 Si)
Ductile Iron (5.5 Si)
Ni-Resist D-2
Ni-Resist D-2C
Ni-Resist D-4
Ni-Resist 2
Type 309 Stainless Steel
Test 1 - Furnace Atmosphere - air, 4000 hours at 704C(1300F)
Test 2 - Furnace Atmosphere - air, 600 hours at 870-925C(1600-1700F), 600
hours at 315-925C(600-1700F), 600 hours at 425-480C (800-900F)
Figure 11 Stress Rupture Data for Ni-Resist D-3 Table XX Low temperature Impact Properties of Some
Spheroidal Graphite Ni-Resist Alloys
Charpy V-Notch ft/lbs Alloy

20C
68F
0C
32F
-50C
-58F
-100C
-148F
-196C
-321F
M-Resist D-2 9 9 9 8 7
NI-Resist D-2C 24 24 28 26 10
Ni-Resist D-2M 28 28 29 29 28
Ni-Resist D-3 7 7 6 5 3
Ni-Resist D-3A - 14 - 13 7.5
Ni-Resist D-5 - 17 - 15 11
The presence of appreciable sulfur containing gases in
a high temperature environment can greatly reduce the
useful service life of Ni-Resist and other alloys. Usually
the maximum temperature must be lowered by
200-300'C (360-540F)

Low Temperature Performance

Ductile Ni-Resist alloys generally retain their usual good
impact properties to quite low temperatures. The auste-
nitic structure is stable and they do not have a ductile/
brittle transition temperature. Table XX gives Charpy V-
notch values for six of the alloys from ambient tempera-
ture to -196C(-321F). Most of the alloys show only
slight decreases until temperatures drop below 100C(-
148F). At -196C(-321F), impact values are noticeably
lower for Ni-Resists D-2C, D-3 and D-3A. However,
there is no reduction for Ni-Resist D-2M which was
especially developed for cryogenic service. Obviously, it
is the alloy of choice at these low temperatures. How-
ever, it is not an economic or practical substitute for D-2
or D-2W in corrosive enviroments at ambient and el-
evated temperatures, regardless of its attractive me-
chanical properties.
Figure 13 Hot Hardness of Some Spheroidal Graphite
Ni-Resist Alloys. Solids Symbols are
Standard Compositions. Open Symbols are
Alloys with 0.7%-1.0% Mo Added
Figure 12 Stress Rupture Data for Ni-Resist D-513
Ni-Resist Alloys
14
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
OFTHE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
NI-RESIST ALLOYS
Thermal Expansion
The Ni-Resist alloys have a wide range of coefficients of
thermal expansion. These differences have been exploited in
a number of ways. Average values for the various alloys
are given in Tables Vll and Vlll. Reference should be made
to Part II for the national and international specifications.

High Expansion
The 15% and 20% nickel alloys (Ni-Resists 1, 2, D-2 and
their derivatives) are those with relatively high expansivities.
These are the alloys that are often used in conjunction with
other metals such as aluminum, copper and austenitic
stainless steel which also have high thermal coefficients of
expansion. By matching the thermal expansion properties
of dissimilar metals, engineers can work to closer toler-
ances without being concerned about joint warpage. Ex-
amples of this practice are Ni-Resist piston rings inserts
cast in aluminum pistons, austenitic stainless steel
vanes in Ni-Resist pump casings and Ni-Resist heating
units in copper heads of soldering irons. Because
Ni-Resist D-4 has a similar expansion coefficient to
S30400 austenitic stainless steel, stainless steel vanes
are used in Ni-Resist turbocharger diaphragms.

Intermediate Expansion
Ni-Resists 3 and D-3 are the alloys used to match the
coefficients of expansion of carbon and low alloy steels,
gray and low alloy cast iron, ferritic stainless steels and
some nickel base alloys. The data in Figure 14 indicate
that by varying the nickel content of Ni-Resist D-3 that a
range of coefficients of expansion will exist. Similar data
have been produced for Ni-Resist 3. Thus, many of these
dissimilar alloys can become closely compatible.

Low Expansion
Where low thermal expansion is required for dimen-
sional stability in machine tools, scientific instruments,

glass molds and forming dies, Ni-Resist alloys 5, D-5, D-
5B and D-5S are used. A high level of galling resistance
and good machinability are added advantages. Ni-
Resists D-5B and D-5S also have excellent oxidation
resistance and mechanical properties combined with low
distortion at elevated temperatures. As a further aid in
diminishing distortion, the heat treatment given on page
7 should be used.

Thermal Shock Resistance
Because the strength and toughness of the spheroidal
graphite Ni-Resists are superior to similar properties of the
flake graphite alloys, the thermal shock resistance is also
superior. In most cases involving temperature changes
of up to 225C(400F), Ni-Resist D-3 can be used. However,
where the thermal shock is known to be unusually severe,
such as cycling between 500 and 1050C(930 and 1930F)
Ni-Resist D-5S is the desired selection. This is particularly
true because of its combination of oxidation resistance,
ductility, hot strength and low expansion coefficient.

Electrical Resistivity
As can be seen from Tables VIl and Vlll and the specifica-
tions in Part II, the electrical resistivities of the flake
graphite alloys are higher than for the corresponding
ductile ones. Table XXI shows they are also higher than
the values for gray cast iron and carbon and stainless
steels. This properly is advantageous in certain electrical
applications, especially in switches.

Magnetic Properties
The magnetic permeabilities of some ductile Ni-resists
compared to other alloys are given in Table XXII. Ni-
Resist alloys D-2 and D-2C have been used in many non-
magnetic applications. However, the only truly non-
magnetic grades are Ni-Resists NiMn 13-7 and D-6. This
property combined with their relatively good castability
make them useful materials.
Figure 14 Effect of Nickel Content on the Thermal
Expansion of Ni-Resist D-3
Alloy
Electrical Resitivity
Microhms/cm
2

Gray Cast Iron 75-100
Ni-Resists 1, 1b, 2, 2b 130-170
Medium Carbon Steel 18
12%Cr Stainless Steel 57
18%Cr-8% NI Stainless Steel 70
Table XXII Magnetic Permeability of Some Spheroidal
Graphite Ni-Resists and Other Alloys
Alloy
NI-Resist D-2
Ni-Resist D-28
NI-Resist D-2C
Ni-Resist D-2M
Ni-Resist D-6
Gray Cast Iron
Plain Carbon Steel
12% Cr Stainless Steel
18% Cr 8% Ni Stainless Steel
Aluminum Bronze
Copper
Table XXI Electrical Resistivity of Various Alloys
Ni-Resist Alloys
15
FIELDS OF APPLICATION
Throughout the text, numerous examples of applications
of Ni-Resist alloys have been mentioned. In this section,
we have grouped them by industry area and have in-
cluded some additional uses. There are also a number
of pictures of finished and unfinished castings intended
for various applications.

Chemical Processing
Chemical equipment requires the ability to withstand
long periods of service under a wide variety of corrosive
conditions. For those applications in chemical plants
where cast components are suitable and economical,
the Ni-Resist alloys are widely and successfully used.

Some of the more frequent applications are:
Blowers
Compressors
Condenser parts
Cryogenic equipment
Furnace parts
Piping
Pots and kettles
Pump casings and impellers
Roils and conveyors
Salt solution and slurry handling equipment
Valves and valve fittings

Electrical Power Industry
Increases in the demand for electricity and the need to
replace old and obsolete generating facilities have
meant that engineers and designers must devise means
for increasing the efficiency of power production. Thus,
higher pressures, higher operating temperatures and
other requirements mean demands for better materials
of construction. In many cases, the Ni-Resist family of
alloys provide economical and efficient answers. For
example, application opportunities include equipment for
generation, transmission and utilization of electricity

Pump impellers and vertical parts. Pumps made from these
parts were for marine service but they could have been
used in many different environments and industries. Ni-
Resist D-2C. (The Taylor Group, Larbert, U.K.)

Pump diffuser (a) and impellers (b) used in municipal
sewage treatment plants. These are rough castings prior to
final machining. Ni-Resist 1b. (Harris Industries, Longview,
Texas, U.S.A.)
Exhaust gas diffuser for stationary gas turbine used for gen-
eration of electricity. Weight - 235 kgs (520 Ibs). Ni-Resist
D-2B. (Macaulay Foundry, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.)
derived from gasoline and diesel engines as well as well
as from steam, water and gas powered turbines.

Mechanical seals
Meter parts
Non-magnetic housings
Pole line hardware
Pump casings, diffusers and impellers
Resistance grids
Steam handling equipment
Switch parts
Turbine parts
Valves and related attachments
Third and fourth stage diaphragms for stationary gas
turbine for generation of electricity. Weight - left 85 kgs (190
Ibs) right 130 kgs (290 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-5B. (Macaulay
Foundry, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.)
Ni-Resist Alloys
16

Food Handling and Processing
Sanitation is necessary in all food processing equipment
that comes in contact with the product. Corrosion must
be minimized and cleaning must be quick and thorough.
For equipment that lends itself to castings, Ni-Resist
alloys have given very satisfactory service.
Prevention of contamination or discoloration of food is
often achieved by the use of Ni-Resists 2, 2b, 3 or 4 and
their ductile counterparts in pumps, kettles, filters and
valves. Ni-Resist 4 provides advantages in quality cook-
ing, with little warping or pitting. Food does not stick to
utensils, pots or grills. Cooking equipment made with this
alloy are easy to keep clean and remain smooth, bright
and attractive.
Baking, bottling and brewing equipment
Canning machinery
Distillery equipment
Feed screws
Fish processing equipment
Heavy duty range tops and grills
Meat grinders, chopper and packing equipment
Pots and kettles
Pumps and pump parts
Salt solution filters
Internal Combustion Engines
The Ni-Resist alloys have certain outstanding advan-
tages in this field. They are used in gasoline, diesel and
LPG powered engines in trucks, busses, railway
locomotives, stationary power plants and marine and
aircraft propulsion units.
Turbine manifolds and housings for automotive gasoline
powered engines. Ni-Resist D-5S. (Duport Harper
Foundries Ltd., Tipton, U.K.)
Turbocharger casings for passenger automobiies. Engine
sizes range from 0.6 liter to about 2.0 liters. Weights 1.5 kgs
(3.3 Ibs) to 5.0 kgs (11 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2 for smallest cast-
ing on left, Ni-Resist D-5S for others. (Enomoto Foundry
Ltd., Kawaguchishi, Saitama, Japan)
Aluminum alloy piston for a truck diesel engine with Ni-
Resist 1 ring insert, cut-away view and Ni-Resist 1 ring prior
to being cast in-place. (Zollner Pistons, Ft. Wayne, Indiana,
U.S.A.)
Compressor housing for use with steam containing solid
particles. Ni-Resist D-2C. (Sulzer-Escher Wyss, Zurich,
Switzerland)
Ni-Resist Alloys
17
Turbocharger guide wheel for automotive engine Ni-Resist
D-5S. (Hasenclever, Battenberg, Germany)
For exhaust parts such as manifolds and valve guides,
Ni-Resist castings have proved resistant to the effects
of temperatures up to 1050C(1930F) and the severe
wear that can be caused by valve stem motion. They
are also resistant to attack by most usual combustion
products. Thermal expansion coefficients of Ni-Resist
alloys which closely match those of stainless steels
and UNS N06600 are another factor in exhaust
applications.
Cylinder heads of Ni-Resist alloys resist corrosion from
water and combustion products and have good metal-to-
metal wear behavior. Ni-Resist finds wide spread use as
insert rings in aluminum alloy pistons.
Water pump impellers and bodies offer another appro-
priate use for Ni-Resist alloys in engines. With
increases in power, modern water pumps must oper-
ate at higher velocities than in the past. Higher water
temperatures and pressures may increase the corro-
sion hazard and higher speeds can cause increased
erosion damage.
Cylinder liners
Diesel engine exhaust manifolds
Exhaust valve guides
Gas turbine housings, stators and other parts
Insert rings and hot spot buttons for aluminum
Alloy pistons
Turbocharger housings, nozzle rings, heat shields
and other parts
Water pump bodies and impellers

Liquid Handling
The same characteristics that have made the Ni-Resist
alloys so valuable in the chemical and process industries
apply to many other areas where corrosive liquids and
erosive conditions exist.

Diffuser housings
Mechanical seals
Pipe and pipe fittings
Steam ejectors
Strainers
Valves of all kinds
Miscellaneous cast parts for a moving sea water trash
screen. Ni-Resist 3. (Castech Casting Technology,
Wingfield, South Australia, Australia)
Rotating filter drum for a fresh water treatment plant.
Weight 106 kgs (234 Ibs). Ni-Resist 2. (Taylor & Fenn
Company, Windsor, Connecticut U.S.A.)
Hinge arm for a fresh water sluice gate. Weight 77 kgs (170
Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2. (Taylor and Fenn Company, Windsor,
CT, U.S.A.)
Ni-Resist Alloys
18

Housing sections for a large fresh water pump. Ni-Resist
D-2W (Deutsche Babcock, Oberhausen, Germany)

Marine Industry
The corrosion and erosion resistance of Ni-Resist alloys
in sea water have made these materials exceptionally
useful for a broad range of applications where sea water
is encountered.

Diesel engine manifolds
Miscellaneous hardware
Strainers
Valves and valve parts
Three stage piston air compressor for marine service,
Casting weight 293 kgs (644 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2 (Taylor
and Fenn Company, Windsor, Connecticut, U.S.A.)
Pump volute or spiral outlet casting. Weight 2090 kgs
(4600 Ibs). Ni-Resist 1. (St. Mary's Foundry, St. Mary's,
Ohio, U.S.A.)
Bowl section for a large sea water pump. Weight 2000 kgs
(4400 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2W. (The Taylor Group, Larbert,
U.K.)
Two-part water pump for a desalination plant. Ni-Resist D-
2W. (Klein, Schanzlin and Becker, Bremen, Germany)
Ni-Resist Alloys
19
Petroleum Industry
When petroleum fluids enter feed lines, refineries and
other processing plants, they must be distributed to the
processing equipment. In addition, large quantities of
water are often required in the various operations. In all
of this, corrosion resistant materials are needed. For cast
parts, Ni-Resist alloys have proved to be very successful.
They have good corrosion resistance to salt water,
corrosive petroleum fractions and some of the milder
acids and caustics often encountered.

Deep well, acid water and water flood pumps
Gas compressors
Motor parts
Petroleum fluids pumps and pump parts
All kinds of valves and valve parts

Precision Machinery
Because of their low coefficients of thermal expansion,
Ni-Resists 5 and D-5 are the primary cast alloys used
where dimensional stability is a requirement. The accu-
racy of many machine tools, gauges and instruments
may be increased by using them in vital parts. The coef-
ficient of thermal expansion of these Ni-Resist alloys is
one-third of that for gray cast iron. Ni-Resist D-5 is con-
siderably tougher. Both alloys are more corrosion resis-
tant and they are comparable with regard to vibration
damping capacity and machinability.

Bases, bridges and work supports
Forming dies
Gauges
Glass molds
Instrument parts
Machine tool ways
Measuring tools
Optical parts
Spindle housings

Double suction pump for a sea water desalination plant.
Upper section weight 2000 kgs (4400 Ibs), lower section
weight 4800 kgs (10560 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2. (Ebara
Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
Pulp and Paper Industry
Corrosion is a problem at practically all stages in the
manufacture of pulp and paper. The sulfite process has
acid conditions. Kraft mills have alkaline environments. A
combination of corrosion and erosion exist in both types of
plants. Ni-Resist alloys offer useful solutions in many areas.

Dryer rolls
Fourdrinier castings
Grids
Press rolls
Screen runners
Spiders
Valves and valve parts
Wood steamers
Part for a boil-off gas compressor for a liquid natural gas
plant. Weight 2500 kgs (5500 Ibs). Ni-Resist D-2M. (Ebara
Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
Parts for an optical instrument before and after assembly.
Ni-Resist D-5. (Wolfensberger, Bauma, Switzerland)
Ni-Resist Alloys
20
Miscellaneous Applications
The above listings of applications within particular indus-
tries are only a beginning where NI-Resist alloys are
concerned. As a class, the Ni-Resists area very versatile
group and can be found in almost any field. In order to
emphasize this, we have included pictures of Ni-Resist
products which are not easily categorized, but have both
widespread or unique uses.
Plug valve intended for pulp and paper plant service.
Valves of this type are used in many liquid handling sys-
tems in various industries. Ni-Resist 2. (DeZurik Division
of General Signal, Sartell, Minnesota, U.S.A.)

Hot air ducts for a variable temperature wind tunnel where operating temper-
atures can reach 580C(1075F). Ni-Resist D-2W. (The Taylor Group, Larbert,
U. K.)
Miscellaneous small parts for liquid handling service. From the left a pump impeller in Ni-Resist 2, a sta-
tionary seal ring housing in Ni-Resist 1 and a flange in Ni-Resist 2. (Western Foundry, Longmont,
Colorado, U.S.A.)
Unpolished lapping wheel. Weight 1070 kgs (2350 Ibs).
Ni-Resist D-2. (Macaulay Foundry, Berkeley, California,
U.S.A.)
Ni-Resist Alloys
21
Part II
National and International Standards
The following tables indicate the designations for ASTM ISO, and draft European (CEN) NiResist standards and for the
national Ni Resist standards in Australia, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom.
Comparison of International and National Standards Covering Austenitic Cast Iron.
Flake Graphite Austenitic Cast Iron Grades.
Equivalent
Ni-Resist
Grades

United States
ASTM A439-1994

International
ISO 2892-1973

European Standard
(Draft)*

Australia
AS-1833-1986

France
NF A32-301-1992

Germany
DIN 1694-1981

Japan
JIS G 5510-1987
United
Kingdom
BS 3468-1986
L-NiMn 13 7 EN-GJL-AX NiMn 13 7 LAW 13 7 FGL-Nil 3 Mn7 GGLANn 13 7 FCA-NiMn 13 7
1 Type 1 L-NiCuCr 15 6 2 EN-GJL-AX NiCuCr 15 6 2 L-NiCuCr 15 6 2 FGL-Nil 5 Cub Cr2 GGL-NiCuCr 15 6 2 FCA-NiCuCr 15 6 2 F1
1 b Type 1 b L-NiCuCr 15 6 3 L-NiCuCr 15 6 3 FGL-Ni15 Cub Cr3 GGL-NiCuCr 15 6 3 FCA-NiCuCr 15 6 3
2 Type 2 L-NiCr 20 2 L-NiCr 20 2 FGL-Ni20 Cr2 GGL-NiCr 20 2 FCA-NiCr 20 2 F2
2b Type 2b L-NiCr 20 3 L-NiCr 20 3 FGL-Ni20 Cr3 GGL-NiCr 20 3 FCA-NiCr 20 3
L-NiSiCr 20 5 3 L-NiSiCr 20 5 3 FGL-NI20 Si5 Cr3 GGL-NiSiCr 20 5 3 FCA-NSCr 20 5 3
3 Type 3 L-NiCr 30 3 L-NiCr 30 3 FGL-Ni30 Cr3 GGL-NiCr 30 3 FCA-NiCr 30 3 F3
4 Type 4 L-NiSiCr 30 5 5 L-NiSiCr 30 5 5 FGL-Ni30 Si5 Cr5 GGL-NiSiCr 30 5 5 FGA-NiSiCr 30 5 5
5 Type 5 L-N135 L-NI35 FGL-Ni35 FCA-NI35
Type 6
*This European Standard is being developed under Founding -Austenitic cast irons, CEN Work Item 00190007, and when issued will replace the French, German and UK standards shown.
Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Austenitic Cast Iron Grades.
Equivalent
Ductile
Ni-Resist
Grades
United States
ASTM A439-1994
ASTM A571
M-1992
International
ISO 2892-1973
European Standard
(Draft)*
Australia
AS-1833-1986
France
NF A32-301-1992
Germany
DIN 1694-1981
Japan
AS G 5510-1987
United
Kingdom
BS 3468-1986
D-2 Type D-2 S-NiCr 20 2 EN-GJS-AX NiCr 20 2 S-NiCr 20 2 FGS-Ni20 Cr2 GGG-NiCr 20 2 FCDA-NiCr 20 2 S2
D-2W EN-GJS-AX NiCrNb 20 2 FGS-Ni20 Cr2 GGG-NiCrNb 20 2 FCDA-NiCrNb 20 2 S2W
Nb0.15
D-2B Type D-2B S-NiCr 20 3 S-NiCr 20 3 FGS-Ni20 Cr3 GGG-NiCr 20 3 FCDA-NiCr 20 3 S2B
S-NiSiCr 20 5 2 S-NiSiCr 20 5 2 FGS-Ni20 Si5 Cr2 GGG-NiSiCr 20 5 2 FCDA-NiSiCr 20 5 2
D-2C Type D-2C SAO EN-GJS-AX Ni 22 S-Ni 22 FGS-Ni22 GGG-Ni 22 FCDA-Ni 22 S2C
D-2M Type D-2M S-NiMn 23 4 EN=GJS-AX NiMn 23 4 SAW 23 4 FGS-Ni 23 Mn4 GGG-NiMn 23 4 FCDA-NiMn 23 4 S2M
D-3A Type D-3A S-NiCr 301 S-NiCr 301 FGS-N130 Crl GGG-NiCr 301 FCDA-NiCr 301
D-3 Type D-3 S-NiCr 30 3 EN-GJS-AX NiCr 30 3 S-NiCr 30 3 FGS-Ni30 Cr3 GGG-NiCr 30 3 FCDA-NiCr 30 3 S3
D-4A Type D-4A FGS-Ni30 Si5 Cr2 GGG-NiSiCr 30 5 2 FCDA-NiSiCr 30 5 2
D-4 Type D-4 S-NiSiCr 30 5 5 EN-GJS-AX NOD 30 5 5 S-NiSiCr 30 5 5 FGS-Ni30 Si5 Cr5 GGG-NiSiCr 30 5 5 FCDA-NiSiCr 30 5 5
D-5 Type D-5 S-Ni 35 EN-GJS-AX Ni 35 S-Ni 35 FGS-Ni35 GGG-Ni 35 FCDA-Ni 35
D-5B Type D-5B S-NiCr 35 3 EN-GJS-AX NO 35 3 S-NiCr 35 3 FGS-Ni35 Cr3 GGG-NiCr 35 3 FCDA-NiCr 35 3
D-5S Type HS EN-GJS-AX NiSiCr 35 5 2 FGS-N135 Si5 Cr2 GGG-NiSiCr 35 5 2 FCDA-NiSiCr 35 5 2 S5S
D-6 S-NiMn 13 7 EN-GJS-AX NiMn 13 7 S-NiMn 13 7 FGS-Ni13 Mn7 GGG-NiMn 13 7 FCDA-NiMn 13 7 S6
*This European Standard is being developed under 'Founding -Austenitic cast irons, CEN Work Item 00190007, and when issued will replace the French, German and UK standards shown.
Typical chemical compositions and mechanical and physical properties of flake graphite and spheroidal graphite
austenitic cast irons follow.
Note: In most specifications there are differences in composition, mechanical and physical property ranges and manda-
tory clauses. Before using any standard it is advisable to check an original text for details.
A. United States
A-1 Flake Graphite Grades, Chemical Composition
A-2 Flake Graphite, Mechanical Properties
A-3 Spheroidal Graphite Grades, Chemical Composition
A-4 Spheroidal Graphite, Mechanical Properties

B. International Organization for Standardization, ISO
B-1 Flake Graphite Grades, Chemical Composition and
Mechanical Properties
B-2 Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Grades, Chemical Composition
B-3 Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Grades, Mechanical Properties
C. European Standard (Draft)
Engineering Grades
C-1 Flake Graphite and Spheroidal Graphite, Chemical Composition
C-2 Flake Graphite and Spheroidal Graphite, Mechanical Properties
Special Purpose Grades
C-3 Flake Graphite and Spheroidal Graphite, Chemical Composition
C-4 Flake Graphite and Spheroidal Graphite, Mechanical Properties

D. Typical Properties
D-1 Typical Physical Properties of Flake Graphite Ni-Resist
D-2 Typical Physical Properties of Spheroidal Graphite Ni-Resist
D-3 Typical Low Temperature Properties of Ductile Ni-Resist
Ni-Resist Alloys
22
C max Si Mn Ni Cu Cr S S Mo
Type 1 3.00 1.00-2.80 0.5-1.5 13.50-17.50 5.50-7.50 1.50-2.50 0.12
Type 1 b 3.00 1.00-2.80 0.5-1.5 13.50-17.50 5.50-7.50 2.50-3.50 0.12
Type 2 3.00 1.00-2.80 0.5-1.5 18.00-22.00 0.50 max 1.50-2.50 0.12
Type 2b 3.00 1.00-2.80 0.5-1.5 18.00-22.00 0.50 max 3.00-6.OO
A
0.12
Type 3 2.60 1.00-2.00 0.5-1.5 28.00-32.00 0.50 max 2.50-3.50 0.12
Type 4 2.60 5.00-6.00 0.5-1.5 29.00-32.00 0.50 max 4.50-5.50 0.12
Type 5 2.40 1.00-2.00 0.5-1.5 34.00-36.00 0.50 max 0.10 max 0.12
Type 6 3.00 1.50-2.50 0.5-1.5 18.00-22.00 3.50-5.50 1.00-2.00 0.12 1.00 max

Tensile Strength
min.ksi (MPa)
Brinell Hardeness
(3000kg)
Type 1 25(172) 131-183
Type 1 b 30(207) 149-212
Type 2 25(172) 118-174
Type 2b 30(207) 171-248
Type 3 25(172) 118-159
Type 4 25(172) 149-212
Type 5 20(138) 99-124
Type 6 25(172) 124-174
C max Si Mn Ni Cr P max
Type D-2
A
3.00 1.50-3.00 0.70-1.25 18.00-22.00 1.75-2.75 0.08
Type D-2B 3.00 1.50-3.00 0.70-1.25 18.00-22.00 2.75-4.00 0.08
Type D-2C 2.90 1.00-3.00 1.80-2.40 21.00-24.00 0.50 max
B
0.08
Type D-2M 2.2-2.7
C
1.50-2.50 3.75-4.50 21.00-24.00 0.20 max
B
0.08
Type D-3A 2.60 1.00-2.80 1.00 max
B
28.00-32.00 1.00-1.50 0.08
Type D-3
A
2.60 1.00-2.80 1.00 max
B
26.00-32.00 2.50-3.50 0.08
Type D-4 2.60 5.00-6.00 1.00 max
B
26.00-32.00 4.50-5.50 0.08
Type D-5 2.40 1.00-2.80 1.00 max
B
34.00-36.00 0.1 max 0.08
Type D-513 2.40 1.00-2.80 1.00 max
B
34.00-36.00 2.00-3.00 0.08
Type D-5S 2.30 4.90-5.50 1.00 max
B
34.00-37.00 1.75-2.25 0.08
Charpy V-notch D Tensile Strength
min.ksi (MPa)
Yield Strength,
0.2% offset,
mil (MPa)
Elongation, in
2 or 50mm, min%
Brinell Hardness,
3000kg
min. av 3 tests min. ind. test
Type D-2 58 (400) 30 (207) 8.0 139-202 - -
Type D-2B 58 (400) 30 (207) 7.0 148-211 - -
Type D-2C 58 (400) 28 (193) 20.0 121-171 - -
Type D-2M CI 1 65 (450) 30
B
(205) 30 121-171 20
C
16
C

Type D-21V CI 2 60 (415) 25
B
(170) 25 111-171 27 20
Type D-3A 55 (379) 30 (207) 10.0 131-193 - -
Type D-3 55 (379) 30 (207) 6.0 139-202 - -
Type D-4 60 (414) 202-273 - -
Type D-5 55 (379) 30 (207) 20.0 131-185 - -
Type D-5B 55 (379) 30 (207) 6.0 139-193 - -
Type D-5S 65 (449) 30 (207) 10.0 131-193 - -
United States

A-1 Flake Graphite Grades ASTM A 436-84 (Reapp. 1992).
Composition, wt%
A
where same machining is required, the 3.00-4.00/ Cr range is recommended.
A-2 Mechanical Properties
A-3 Spheroidal Graphite Grades ASTM A 439-83 (Reapp. 1994), D-2M-ASTM A571-84 (Reapp. 1992).
Composition, wt%
A - Additions of 0.7-1.0% Mo will increase the mechanical properties above 800F (425C)
B - Not intentionally added
C - For casting with sections under in., it may be desirable to adjust the carbon upwards to a max. of 2,90%

A-4 Mechanical Properties
A - Heat-treated condition
B - Yield strength shall be determined at 0.2% offset method, see Test Methods E8. Other methods may be agreed upon by mutual consent of the manufacturer and purchaser.
C - Not more that one test in a set of three may be below the min. average required for the set of three.
D - The energy absorption values shown are applicable at temperatures down to and including-195C.

Ni-Resist Alloys
23
International Organization for Standardization, ISO
B-1 Flake Graphite Grades ISO 2892-1973 (E)
Composition, wt
Alloy Grade C max Si Mn Ni Cu Cr
Mechanical Property
UTS, (R,)min. N/mm
2

L-Ni Mn 13 7 3.0 1.5-3.0 6.0-7.0 12.0-14.0 0.5 max 0.2 max 140
L-Ni Cu Cr 15 6 2 3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5-1.5 13.5-17.5 5.5-7.5 1.0-2.5 170
L-Ni Cu Cr 15 6 3 3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5-1.5 13.5-17.5 5.5-7.5 2.5-3.5 190
L-Ni Cr 20 2 3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 max 1.0-2.0 170
L-Ni Cr 20 3 3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 max 2.5-3.5 190
L-Ni Si Cr 20 5 3 2.5 4.5-5.5 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 max 1.5-4.5 190
L-Ni Cr 30 3 2.5 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 0.5 max 2.5-3.5 190
L-Ni Si Cr 30 5 5 2.5 5.0-6.0 0.5-1.5 29.0-32.0 0.5 max 4.5-5.5 170
L-Ni 35 2.4 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 0.5 max 0.2 max 120
B-2 Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Grades ISO 2892-19973 (E)
Composition, wt
Alloy Grade C max Si Mn Ni Cu max Cr
S-Ni Mn 13 7 3.0 2.0-3.0 6.0-7.0 12.0-14.0 0.5 0.2 max
S-Ni Cr 20 2 3.0 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 1.0-2.5
S-Ni Cr 20 3 3.0 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 2.5-3.5
S-Ni Si Cr 20 5 2 3.0 4.5-5.5 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 0.5 1.0-2.5
S-Ni 22 3.0 1.0-3.0 1.5-2.5 21.0-24.0 0.5 0.5 max
S-Ni Mn 23 4 2.6 1.5-2.5 4.0-4.5 22.0-24.0 0.5 0.2 max
S-Ni Cr 301 2.6 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 0.5 1.0-1.5
S-Ni Cr 30 3 2.6 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 0.5 2.5-3.5
S-Ni Si Cr 30 5 5 2.6 5.0-6.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 0.5 4.5-5.5
S-Ni 35 2.4 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 0.5 0.2 max
S-Ni Cr 35 3 2.4 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 0.5 2.0-3.0
B-3 Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Grades ISO 2892-1973 (E)
Mechanical properties
Minimum mean impact value on 3 tests
Grade
Tensile Strength
(R
M
) min. N/mm
2

0.2% Proof stress
(R
p0. 2
) min. N/mm
2

Elongation
(A) min. % V-notch (Charpy) J
1
U-notch (Mesnager) J
1
S - Ni Mn 13 7 390 210 15 16 -
S - NiCr202 370 210 7 13 16
S - NiCr203 390 210 7 - -
S - NiSiCr2052 370 210 10 - -
S - Ni 22 370 170 20 20 24
S - Ni Mn 23 4 440 210 25 24 28
S - Ni Cr 301 370 210 13 - -
S - NiCr303 370 210 7 - -
S - Ni Si Cr 30 5 5 390 240 - - -
S - Ni 35 370 210 20 - -
S - Ni Cr 35 3 370 210 7 - -
1-1J=1Nm.
Ni-Resist Alloys
24
European Standard (Draft)
C-1 Engineering Grades - Chemical Composition
Graphite
Form
Designation
Grade

C max %

Si %
Chemical
Mn %
composition
Ni %

Cr %

P max %

Cu max
Flake EN-GJL-AX NiCuCr 15 6 2 3.0 1.0-2.8 0.5-1.5 13.5-17.5 1.0-3.5 0.25 5.5-7.5
EN-GJS-AX NO 20 2 3.c 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 1.0-3.5 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX NiMn 23 4 2.6 1.5-2.5 4.0-4.5 22.0-24.0 0.2 max 0.08 0.50
Spheroidal EN-GJS-AX NiCrNb 20 2 2
(1)
3.0 1.5-2.4 0.5-1.5 18.0-22.0 1.0-3.5 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX Ni 22 3.0 1.0-3.0 1.5-2.5 21.0-24.0 0.5 max 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX Ni 35 2.4 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 0.2 max 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX NiSiCr 35 5 2 2.0 4.0-6.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 1.5-2.5 0.08 0.50
(1)
For good weldability of this material Nb%0.353 - 0.032 (Si% + 64. Mg%)
(Typical niobium addition 0.12 - 0.18 %)
C-2 Engineering Grades - Mechanical Properties

Graphite
Form

Designation
Grade

Tensile Strength
(R
M
)
min NImm
2

Mec
0.2% Proof Stress (R
po2
)
min N/mm
2

hanical Properties
Elongation
(A) min %

V notch Charpy (J)
Flake EN-GJL-AX NiCuCr 15 6 2 170 not specified not specified not specified
EN-GJS-AX NO 20 2 37C 210 7 13*
EN-GJS-AX NiMn 23 4 440 210 25 24
Spheroidal EN-GJS-AX NiCrNb 20 2 370 210 7 13*
EN-GJS-AX Ni 22 370 170 20 20
EN-GJS-AX Ni 35 370 210 20 23
EN-GJS-AX NiSiCr 35 5 2 370 200 10 not specified
Optional requirement by agreement with the customer.
C-3 Special Purpose Grades - Chemical Composition
Graphite
Form
Designation
Grade

C max %

Si %
Chemical
Mn %
composition
Ni %

Cr %

P max %

Cu max %
Flake EN-GJL-AX NiMn 13 7 3.0 1.5-3.0 6.0-7.0 12.0-14.0 0.2 max 0.25 0.50
Spheroidal EN-GJS-AX NiMn 13 7 3.0 2.0-3.0 6,0-7.0 12.0-14.0 0.2 max 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX NO 30 3 2.6 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 2.5-3.5 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX NiSCr 30 5 5 2.6 5.0-6.0 0.5-1.5 28.0-32.0 4.5-5.5 0.08 0.50
EN-GJS-AX NO 35 3 2.4 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 34.0-36.0 2.0-3.0 0.08 0.50
C-4 Special Purpose Grades - Mechanical Properties
Chemical composition

Graphite
Form
Designation
Grade

Tensile Strength (R
M
)
min N/mm
2

0.2% Proof Stress (R
po2
)
min N/mm
2

Elongation
(A) min %
V notch Charpy (J)
Flake EN-GJL-AX NiMn 13 7 140 not specified not specified not specified
Spheroidal EN-GJS-AX NiMn 13 7 390 210 15 16
EN-GJS-AX NO 30 3 370 210 7 not specified
EN-GJS-AX SO 30 5 5 390 240 not specified not specified
EN-GJS-AX NO 35 3 370 210 7 not specified
Ni-Resist Alloys
25

Typical Properties

D-1 Typical Physical Properties of Flake Graphite Ni-Resist.

These grades corrolate to those in the ASTM standard.
Flake Graphite
Ni-Resist Grades
Nominal Denisty
Mg/m
3

Thermal Coeff.
of Expansion
20-200C
m/(mC) x10
6

Thermal
Conductivity
W (mC)
Specific Heat
J/(gC)
Specific
Electrical
Resistance
mm
2
/m
Relative
Permeability
(where H=8)
(kA/m)
Modulus of
Elasticity E
KN/mm
2

1 7,3 18.7 37.7-41.9 0.46-0.50 1.6 A.05 85-105
1b 7.3 18.7 37.7-41.9 0.46-0.50 1.1 A.05 98-113
2 7.3 18.7 37.7-41.9 0.46-0.50 1.4 >1.05 85-105
2b 7.3 18.7 37.7-41.9 0.46-0,50 1.2 >1.05 98-113
3 7.3 12.4 37.7-41.9 0.46-050 magnetic 98-113
4 7.3 14.6 37.7-41.9 0.46-0.50 1.6 magnetic
5 7.3 5.0 37.7-41.9 0.46-0.50 magnetic
D-2 Typical Physical Properties of Spheroidal Graphite Ni-Resist
These grades corrolate to those in the ASTM standard.
Ductile
Ni-Resist Grades
Nominal Denisty
Mg/m
3

Thermal Coeff.
of Expansion
20-200C
m/(mC) x10
6

Thermal
Conductivity
W (mC)
Specific
Electrical
Resistance
mm
2
/m
Relative
Permeability
(where H=8)
(kA/m)
Modulus of
Elasticity E
KN/mm
2

D-21D-2W 7.4 18.7 12.6 1.00 >1.05 112-133
D-2B 7.4 18.7 12.6 1.00 >1.05 112-133
D-2C 7.4 18.4 12.6 1.00 1.02-1.05 85-112
D-2M 7.4 14.7 12.6 1.02-1.05 120-140
D-3A 7.4 12.6 12.6 magnetic 112-130
D-3 7.4 12.6 12.6 magnetic 92-105
D-4A 7.4 15.1 12.6 magnetic
D-4 7.4 14.4 12.6 1.02 magnetic
D-5 7.6 5.0 12,6 magnetic 112-140
D-513 7.6 5.0 12.6 magnetic 112-123
D-5S 7.6 12.9 12.6 magnetic 110-145
D-3 Typical Low Temperature Properties of Ductile Ni-Resist
Grade D-2M*
Temp C
Tensile Strength
(R
M
) N/mm
2

0.2% Proof stress
(R
p0.2
) N/mm
2

Elongation
(A) %
Reduction in area
after fracture %
Charpy V-notch strengths
impact J
+20 450 220 35 32 29
0 450 240 35 32 31
-50 460 260 38 35 32
-100 490 300 40 37 34
-150 530 350 38 35 33
-183 580 430 33 27 29
-196 620 450 27 25 27
1
-1J=1N-m.
*Ductile Ni-Resist Grade D-2M corrolates to ASTM A571-1984 (1992).

26

27
Part III
Corrosion
Selected results from service and laboratory tests comparing Ni-Resist with cast iron for a
variety of conditions. Additional data on comparative service of Ni-Resist irons in other
corrosive environments may be obtaineo on request.
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year

Corrosive Medium

Location of
Test Specimens

Duration
of Test

Temperature
F

Aeration

Velocity

Cast
Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron

Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Acetic Acid, 10% Laboratory 60 Some 880 20 1-2
Acetic Acid, 25% Laboratory 60 Some 790 20 1-2
Acetic Acid, 25% (by vol.) Laboratory 168 hours 68 None * 1 1-2
Acetic Acid, 25% (by vol.) Laboratory 600 hours 68 None * 2 1-2
Acetic Acid, concentrated Laboratory 60 Some 80 20 1-2
Acetic Acid, 47%; 24% NaCl; some
Oleic Acid and Oxidizing salts
Recirculating tank

23 days

too

20

4

1-2

Acetone, 10 parts, and one part Oleic
Acid-Linoleic Acid mixture
Solvent recovery still

150 hours

145

None

Natural
ebulition
20

Gained
weight
1-2

Acetone, 5 parts, and one part Oleic
Acid-Linoleic Acid Mixture
Separator tank

131 days

35.6-102 dys
68.0-150 hrs
None

None

0.4

06

1-2

Acetylene Tetrachloride, trichlorethy-
lene vapor, lime
In Still

30 days

210

None

Boiling

70

4

1-2

Aluminum Sulfate, 57%(at end);.02%
Ferric, and .8% Ferrous Sulfate
Alum evaporator 44 days 140-240 * 300
Aluminum Sulfate, 2#/gal. Alum storage tank 62 days 90-98 * 4 1
Aluminum Sulfate, 5% Laboratory 60 Some 40 16 1
Aluminum Sulfate, 0.1% Laboratory 60 Same 5 2 1
Ammonium Hydroxide, 5% Laboratory 60 No loss 01 1-2-3
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10% Laboratory 60 No loss 0.2 1-2-3
Ammonium Hydroxide, 25% Laboratory 60 No loss 0.18 1-2-3
Ammonia solution, 50% Laboratory 60 No loss No loss 1-2
Ammonia solution, 75% Laboratory 60 No loss No loss 1-2
Ammonia solution, concentrated Laboratory 60 2 No loss 1-2
Ammonia, 5-6% by vol.; 150 p.p.m.;
Phenol carried by water vapor
Top of phenol tower

309 days

215.6

None

750,00.0 cu.
ft./hr
2

0.9

1-2

Ammonia liquors of 10 g/I Ammonia Inside ammonia coils 318 days 77 By flaw 0.2 1-2
Ammonia liquors of 10 g/I Ammonia Inside ammonia coils 318 days 158 By flow 6 1-2
Ammonia liquor

Ammonia liquor
separator tank
225 days

.09

.05

1-2

Ammonia liquors of 6.5 g/I Ammonia Liquor balance tank 307 days 215.6 None 1500 gal./hr 3 0.6 1-2
Ammonia liquors carrying Sulfates,
Sulfides, etc.
Feed tank

449 days

100

Slight

By flow

0.1

C1

1-2

Ammonium Chloride, 5% Laboratory 60 Some 50 3 1-2
Ammonium chloride 35%, zinc chlo-
ride 35%. Slightly alkaline
Dissolving tank

59 days

Room to
225
Air
agitated
Agitated

150

10

1

Ammonium Chloride, 25% by wt.
slightly alkaline, less than 15% Am-
monia
Process tank

68 days

221-230

5

1-2

Ammonium Chloride, 28-40% Evaporating tank 762 hours 77-216 360 10 1-2
Ammonium perchlorate 265-300 gpl-
sodium chloride 214-250 gpl, sodium
perchlorate 36 gpl, pH 5.2
Crystalizer

192 days

122

Air free

Low

3.3

1

* Ordinarily not satisfactory.
Ni-Resist Alloy
28
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Ammonium nitrate 66.8% + ammo-
nia 16.6% and ammonium nitrate
55.5% + ammonia 26%
Pump suction from
mixing tank
36 days 120 Low 4.1 fps 2.2 0.4 2
Ammonium and Sodium Nitrate solu-
tion settled after shaking in the
presence of the sample with NH3
gas until free NH
3
was 80 g/I
Laboratory 0.33 hour 149
NaHC0
3
re-
acted with
HN,NO2 to
produce free
NH
3
and
C0
2
gas
120 10 1-2
Ammonium Sulfate with 8% Sulfuric
Acid and Ammonia liquors
In a saturator drain
table
99 days 150 Aerated Some 70 5 1
Ammonium Sulfate, 5% Laboratory 60 Some 30 6 1
Ammonium Sulfate, 10% Laboratory 60 Some 30 4 1
Ammonium Sulfate, 25,% Eaboratory 60 Some 10 0.7 1
Saturated Ammonium Sulfate in 3-
10% H2SO4, plus coke oven gas
Saturator on Cracker
Pipe
77 days 131 None Violent 80 2 1
Arsenic Acid, 65% Collection tank 21 days 80-120
Exposed to
air
Stagnant
except when
tank filled
& emptied
650 370
Benzine Laboratory Some None 0 0 1-2
Benzol vapors and liquid
At bottom plateof frac-
tionating column of
benzol still
186 days 8 1-2
Benzol vapors and liquid
At 24th plate from bot-
tom of fractionating
column of benzol still
186 days 6 1-2
Benzol liquid Still body 146 days 4 1 1-2
Boron trichloride 95%, chlorine 5%,
traces of ferric chloride and
aluminum chloride
Stripping column
condenser
60 days 54 Air free
Agitated
liquid and
gas
4.9 4
Boron trichloride 99%, traces of
chlorine
Refining column
condenser
67 days 55 Air free
Agitated
liquid and
gas
1 3
Calcium Chloride, 5% Laboratory 60 Some None 9 5 1-2
Calcium Chloride, 5%, plus Magne-
sium Chloride, 5%
Laboratory 60 Some None 5 4 1-2
Calcium Chloride, 8%; Calcium Bro-
mide, 38%; Lithium, 11%;
Bromide brine.
Dehumidifying of air 38 days 120 Yes
Consider-
able
2 1-2
Calcium Chloride cooling brine with
Potassium Dichromate inhibitor
Brine tank 372 days None
Slow circu-
lotion
0.4 09 1-2
Calcium Chloride cooling brine Brine tank 355 days None
Slow circu-
lation
7 3 1-2
Calcium-Sodium-Magnesium Chloride
brines in 28% concentration
Evaporator at liquor
level
752.5 hours 160 Goad By boiling 20 3 1-2
Calcium-Magnesium Chloride brine;
50% total chlorides
Evaporator at liquor
level
26 days Boiling Good By boiling 30 4 1-2
Calcium Hydrosulfide containing
45-50 g/l CaO
Turbo gas absorber
above impeller hood
46 days 139
Sat'd with
H
2
S gas
1-21/sec. 8 1 1-2
Calcium Hydroxide, saturated solu-
tion
Laboratory 20 hours 86
With C0
2

free air
15.31/sec.
Slight gain
in weight
1-2
Calcium Hydroxide (Lime water) Laboratory 60 Some None 3 0.2 1-2
Calcium Hypochlorite, concentrated Laboratory 60 Some None 6 0.8 1-2
Calcium Hypochlorite, 0.07% Laboratory 60 Some None 8 2 1-2
Calcium Sulfite liquors Gas absorbing chamber 68 days 200 Good
Liquid as a
fine spray
or mist
5 2 1-2
Carbon Dioxide, saturated aqueous
solution
Laboratory 60 Some 30 1 1-2
Carbon disulfide and water Inside railroad tankcar 240 days Atmosphere 6.3 2 13

Ni-Resist Alloy
29
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Carbon Bisulfide, plus Carbon Tetra-
chloride, plus Sulfur Monochloride.
plus free Sulfur
Suspended from agi-
tator arm in still

339 days

Some

Completely
Destroyed

1

1-2

Carbon Tetrachloride

Sump tank, dry clean-
ing machine
66 days

70-90

1

1-2


Main still-vapor, dry
cleaning machine
66 days

160-170

0-3

1-2


Main still-liquid, dry
cleaning machine
66 days

160-170

1

1-2


Main storage tank, dry
cleaning machine
98 days

Room

2

1-2

Carbon Tetrachloride vapor contain-
ing S2C12 and CS2

Vapor stream above top
plate of bubble cap
rectification column
133 days

171

None

Consider-
able flow

7

0.5

1-2

Carbon Tetrachloride, crude

Plate 19 of bubble cap
rectification column, 3
plates above feed plate
133 days

176

None

Violent

5

0.4

1-2

Carbon Tetrachloride, 90%; Benzol,
10%-Kolene Solvent
Storage tank

40 days

Room

None

None

20

0.6

1-2

Carbon Tetrachloride, 90%; Benzol,
10%-Kolene Solvent
Bottom of still

38 days

287

None

By boiling

4

2

1.2

Cellulose acetate 10-15%, magnesium
sulfate 2-5%, acetic acid 75-80%

133 days

140

Moderate

Moderate

1.5

2

Chlorinated Benzene Top of still 137 days 280 None Some 2 1 1
Chlorinated solvents, condensate and
steam
Condenser

99 days

140-200

90

10

1-2

Chromic Acid, 3.4%, plus Sodium
Sulfate
Cleaning tank 50 days Room 90 8 1
Coal Tar (High Chloride Content)
Fractionating Column
Top
Middle
Bottom
154 days
154 days
154 days
390
515
550
None
None
None
Some
Some
Some
200
13
6
6
1
3
3
3
3
Coke Oven Gas, Raw
In gas stream ahead
of final cooler
133 days 150 None Some 28 2 1
Corn gluten and Sulfurous Acid Gluten settler 840 hours 90 40 5 1-2
Corn syrup, pH 5.0 Syrup tank 528 hours 140 1 0.7 1-2
Corn syrup
Above liquid level in
syrup mixing tank
114 days 170 In the air
Securely
fastened
to shell
2 0.4 1-2
Corn syrup
Below liquid level in
syrup mixing tank
114 days 170 Open to air Constant 1 0.2 1-2
Corn: glucose liquor 22 Be, pH
4-4 .5
Between plates and
side of filter press
100 days 168-180 Moderate
4 gal./sq.
ft./min.
10 3 1-2
Corn, gluten, plus 0.05% Sulfur Diox-
Ide
Near middle of gluten
settler
77 days 70-90 Slight None 20 5 1-2
Corn sugar-dextrose; first sugar Mas-
secuite, 40 Be, pH 4 due to HCI
On agitator arm of dex-
trose crystalizer
70 days 84-120 None 7/min. 2 06 1-2
Diethanolamine water solution 11-15%
containing 10-15 grams H
2
S per
gal.
Laboratory 483 days 228 None 50/sec. 17 1.1 1
Ethyl Alcohol, 68% by vol.; Acetone,
30%; Methanol, 21%; balance air
In vapor space above
carbon bed in acti-
vated carbon absorber
278 hours 69 Good
Practically
none
50 3 1-2
In vapor in fatty acid still 3 weeks 440 730 10 2
Fatty acids; crude split Oleic and
Stearicacids
In liquid in fatty acid still 3 weeks 440 790 20 2

Vacuum bubble tower
between top tray &
scum
2002 hours 425 to 600 Some 370 20 2
Fatty acids, crude
Vacuum bubble tower
between top tray &
feed tray
2002 hours 425 to 600 Some 390 30 2

Vacuum bubble tower
between trays 4 and 5
2002 hours 425 to 600 Some 180 10 2
Ni-Resist Alloy
30
Average Carr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Fatty acids, animal Twitchell saponifer tank 38 days Boiling 70 20 2
Fatty acids; concentrated mix from
fish oils
Storage tank

130 days

200

None

None

60

8

2

Fatty acid vapors from fish oils

Vapor stream of fatty acid
still
210 days

475

By vapor
flow
140

10

2

Fertilizer: Ammonium nitrate and
phosphate, potassium chloride, aqua
ammonia, 45% salt concentration
Downstream from
meter

29 days

107

Moderate

200'/min

170

7

4

Fertilizer, Commercial 5-10-15
chemical fertilizer
In contact with damp
granules in storage
290 days

ATM

Some

None

10

3

1-2

Fish solubles condensed at a pH of 4.6 Near bottom of worse tank 170 days 90 Air free 60'/min. 4.9 1 1
Fish solubles condensed at a pH of 4.2 Bottom of work tank 105 days 90 Air free 40'/min. 2.7 0.2 1
Furfural, 25% and traces of acetic and
formic acids and other organic
compounds
Condenser head inlet

317 days

210

Air free

75-100'/sec

1.5

1

Gasoline, vapor of straight run
(63A.P.I.)
Lower section above
y16 tray of stabilizer
6252 hours

375

95 P.S.I.
press.
6

2

1-2

Gasoline, straight run (63A.P.I.)

5' above bottom of re-
flux accumulator
6252 hours

110

60 p.s.i.
press.
3

2

1-2

Gasoline, straight run, with some HCI
and H
2
S
Top tray of bubble tow-
er in topping unit
116 days 250-260 None
Rapid due
to bubbling
50

10

1-2

Gasoline, cracked, with some HCI and
H2S

Top tray of bubble
tower in Donnelly
cracking unit
116 days

400-415

None

Rapid due
to bub
bling
2

1

1-2

Gasoline, aviation

Base of column below
packing in Stedman
fractionating column

13 days

225

Slight

Vaporstream
25/sec.

2

0.6

1-2
Dry during major
portion of distilla-
tion cycle, but
steam present from
180-212 F.
Specimens in col
umn during 3
steamout periods
totaling 30 hrs.;
max. temp. 350 F.
Balance of time
samples exposed
to air at 100 F. av-
erage temperature
Glue, 5
/0; water, 95J

Cooling tank

10 months

140-190

Unknown

None

4

.04

Immersed 1/3 of
time, in air the
balance.
1-2
Glutamic Acid, crude, pH 5.6 In vapors of evaporator 36 days 158 None Considerable 17 8 1-2
Glutamic Acid and saturated solution
of NaCl, pH 3.2
In liquid in crystallizer

28 days

77

Yes

Considerable

6

4

1-2

Glycerine, fed to evaporator

Feed tank

182 days

130

2

Cu-free 2
Ni-Resist
Glycerine soap lye with 10-12% Glyc-
erme, 13-16% NaCl and Na
2
SO
4
,
mud and water
Alkali treating tank

105 days

185

Some

Some

40

10

2

Glycerine salt (evaporated spent soap
lye); concentrated Glycerine satu-
rated with salt in suspension
in still

648 hours

320

Violent

80

10

2

Glycerine, concentrated, saturated
with salt plus salt crystals

In vapor phase at-
tached to head of still

2125 hours

300

None

Violent
boiling un-
der vacuum
of 10 mm.
Hg absolute
pressure
80

10

2

Grapefruit juice

Laboratory

18 hours

Boiling

None

None

2340

20

3 hours only for
C.I. 1-2
Hydrochloric Acid, 5% by vol. Laboratory 60 Some None 70 10 1
Hydrochloric Acid, 10% by vol. Laboratory 60 Some None 1220 9 1
Hydrochloric Acid, 25o by vol. I Laboratory 60 Some None 1220 20 3
Ni-Resist Alloy
31
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Hydrochloric Acid, 1% Laboratory Room 200 6 1
Hydrochloric Acid, 2% Laboratory 68 880 5 1
Hydrochloric Acid, 3.7% Laboratory 68 5180 15 1
Hydrochloric Acid gas made by vola-
tilizing 31.5% Hydrochloric Acid

Hollow shaft leading to
carbonizer

37 days

220

Some air en-
ters with
HCI

20

10

Flow of gas is in
termittent-60, of
303 passed thru
in 1 hour every
3}/4 his. 1 1
passed thru for
short time after
HCI passed thru
Hydrofluoric Acid, 10% Laboratory 30 days 50-70 220 1 1
Hydrofluosilicic Acid, 6-9%, and So-
dium Fluosilicate crystals
containing 10-12%, water.

Storage tank and fluo-
silicate hopper

163 days

100 in hy-
drofluosilicic
acid, atmos-
pheric in
sodium Fluo-
silicate hop-
per
Agitated
with air

With air

160

6

135 days in hydro
fluosilicic acid, 28
days in sodium
Fluosilicate
1

Hydrofluosilicic Acid, 22%

In Wier box

94 days

145

None

Consider-
able

5520

4.8

Speed in acid 24
hrs. a day, altho
high temp. and
agitation exist- 1
ed only 8 hours
a day. C.I. had to
be removed end
of 6 days
Hydrogen Sulfide, moist Laboratory 7 days 200 70 10 1
Hydrogen Sulfide, 98%; balance air
and N
2

Gas path of extraction
unit
188 days

90

Good

By gas
flow
3

2

1

Insecticide: Pesticide solutions used for
spraying tomatoes consisting of
Marsate wettable powder, Farzate
wettable powder, tribasic copper sul-
fate, Zerlate wettable powder
Spray tank

420 days

60-100

None

Mechanical

3

0 8

1

Margarine

At waterline in mar-
garine tank
38 days

Boiling and
atmospheric

190

4

2

Meat juice extract; acidified extract of
animal tissue, pH 4-5, organic
solids conc'd from 0.5% to 40%,
inorganis salts of Na and K as
chlorides and phosphates 0.1% to
5% max. HCI for acidification
Laboratory

129.5
hours

120-180

Due to
evapora-
tion

50

5

1-2

Methyl Alcohol, crude

still

1927
hours
160

Away from
air
Mild

12

4

1-2

Mining: Flue gas from combustion of
Ohio strip mine coal-sulfur 2.5-4.5%
Unit air heater

197 days

300

20%

2000' min.

2.8

0.9

1

Monoethanolamine, in scrubbing of
C0
2
from H
2

Stripping tower

100 days

180-220

Open to gas

8

4

1-2

Monoethanolamine Plus C0
2
and H
2
S
Girbitol Stripper

270 days

230

None

Consider-
able
2

0.2

1-2

Naphtha, plus 15-30% of a mixture of
Oleic, Lincleic and Abietic acids
At bottom of scrubber

196 days

Room to
570
None

None

2

0.2

2

Naphthalene, crude, plus Sulphuric
Acid

Bottom of washer

10 days

185-203

Negligible

Mechanical
Agitation

2140

450

Initial conc' n of
acid : 93%,
final: 60-75I
Naphthenic acids in distillate from
South American petroleum (low
velocity liquid phase)
Bottom primary frac-
tionating column

174 days

500

None

Low liquid
velocity

8

5

1-2

Naphthenic acids in heavy distillate
from South American petroleum

Between trays 6 and 7
of second fraction-
ating column
59 days

554

None

By flow

8

10

1-2

Nickel Plating solution Wood tank 820 hours 75 None 8 4 1

Ni-Resist Alloy
32
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
oil, sour lube (2% Sulfuric Acid, 58%
Hydrocarbons, 40% water)
Agitator

365 hours

100

None

None

160

20

1

Oil, condensate of light gas, non-con-
densible gases and steam
Condensate line

1176 hours

90-120

30

7

1-2

Oleic Acid

Red oil wash tank at
water line
38 days

Boiling and
atmospheric

30

1

2

Oleum, 15%

Immersed
Laboratory
30 days

70

None

None

0.1

1.4 Type 1
0.3 Type 3
Type 3
Preferred
Oleum, 15%

Immersed
Laboratory
7 days

500

None

None

5

15 Type 1
4 Type 3
Type 3
Preferred
Paper pulp with small amounts of S0
2
,
Cl
2
, H2SO4, pH 4-4.5
Decker effluent

198 days

6

2

1-2

Paper stock with 0.15 g/I HCI and 0.02
g/I free Chlorine
Cylinder mold

91 days

180

20

1-2

Paper stock solution, 0.1 g/I free
Chlorine, pH 2.3-2.5
Thickener vat

449 days

9

1-2

Paper: deckered Kraft stock screened
and washed, pH 7.9
On agitator shaft of
storage chest
98 days

46

Sligh

501/min.

6

3

1-2

Paper: Kraft digester fumes

Digester gas-off line

75 days

200

Vapors and
air mix
Occasion-
ally high
5

0.9

1-2

Paper: spent neutral sulphite.
Tomahawk Liquor
In evaporator liquor

145 hours

134-233

Slight-
Moderate
3'/sec.

67

6.4

1

Paper sulfite pulp, pH 6.5 previously
treated with Calcium Bisulfite
cooking liquor and containing Ligno
sulfonic Acid
Head box

79 days

68

Negligible

75'/min.

4

2

1-2

Paper sulfite pulp, pH 5.5, previously
treated with Calcium Bisulfite cook-
ing liquor and containing Ligno
sulfonic Acid
Head box of blow pit
Oliver washer

82 days

68

Negligible

25'/min.

20

10

1-2

Paper sulfite pulp, pH 7.0, with residual
Calcium Hypochlorite bleach liquor
and Sodium Hydroxide
Head box

97 days

68

Negligible

75'/min.

10

3

1-2

Paper: soft sulfite stock from the
drainer, pH 5.6; consistency 2%

On agitator shaft of
stock chest

83 days

47

Moderate

50'/min.

20

7

Specimens out of
the stock 50 of
time. 1-2
Paper: Turpentine from Kraft Pulping
(Pacific Northwest). Small amount of
hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide
Turpentine phase of
decanter

97 days

150-200

Moderate

Flow rate
10-20 gal
hour

2.3

0.8

1

Paper: groundwood and white water,
treated with Cu Sulfate, Alum and
Chloramine
Under bull screen

101 days

100

None

None

20

10

1-2

Paper: groundwood stock, consistency
%

Groundwood screen
stock spout, in solu-
tion
68 days

102

Practically
None

4-51/sec.

30

10

1-2

Perch lorethylene vapors Solvent recovery still 64 days 260 None None 10 4 1-2
Petroleum: crude oil and H
2
SO
4
Crude oil agitator 92 months Atmospheric Some 40 3 1
Petroleum: Coal tar base of Quinoline
type, pH 8-9. Impurities-carbon and
iacradine
Tank

185 days

100-200

0.1

3

Petroleum: Hydrocarbons containing
traces of HCI and H
2
S
Top head of primary
distillation unit
453 days

250

Nil

Rapid

1.5

0.4

2

Petroleum: Hydrocarbons containing
traces of HCI and H
2
S
Above 20th tray in pri-
mary distillation unit
453 days

275

Nil

Rapid

2.5

0.1

2

Petroleum: Hydrocarbon stream con-
taining 45 ppm phenols, 130 ppm
chlorides and slight trace of sulfides
Primary column

430 days

250-320

1.2'/sec.

1.6

1

1

Petroleum: Ranger low S crude

Above highest baffle
below lowest of 10
bubble trays
1701 hours

640

170 p.s.i.
pressur
e
20

10

1-2

Petroleum: Overhead from crude oil
fractionation, hydrogen sulfide and
hydrochloric acid present
Crude distillation unit

128 days

200-300

None

1.3'/sec.

3

1.4

1

Ni-Resist Alloy
33
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year

Corrosive Medium

Location of
Test Specimens

Duration
of Test

Temperature
F

Aeration

Velocity
Cast Iran
Ni-Resist
Iron

Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Petroleum: Overhead from crude oil
fractionation, hydrogen sulfide and
hydrochloric acid present
Crude distillation unit

128 days

80-100

None

High agi-
Tation

2.6

0.3

1

Petroleum: Reduced Redwater crude
oil and superheated steam; sulfur
compounds and some naphthenic
acids present
Vacuum unit

175 days

700

Continuous
Agitation

0.9

0.4

1

Petroleum: Sour water containing
some light flashed distillate and hy-
drogen sulfide
Vacuum flasher

309 days

130

None

Medium

3

0.2

2

Petroleum: Sodium sulfide and sul-
fonic acid derivatives

Vapor side of evapora-
for in vapor and gas
gas zone
84 days

140

Moderate

High at
Start

0.4

0.1

1

Petroleum: Sour water, hydrogen sul-
fide and light hydrocarbons
Bottom of debutanizer
overhead accumulator
568 days

120

Nil

Nil

0.5

1

Phenol, 5% Laboratory 60 Some None 8 9 2-3
Phenol, Amyl

Bottom of storage tank
in vapors
106 days
106 days
200
200
Moderate
Moderate
Slight
Slight
14
5
10
4
1
1
Phosphoric Acid (tetra), concentrated Laboratory Varying None * 20 1
Phosphoric Acid, 80-90%, and
oxidizing substance
In launder acid from
precipitator
7-80 days

200

1690

20

1

Laboratory 48 hours 140 None None * 1.9 1
Phosphoric Acid (tetra), concen-
trated, 83.5-84.5y, P
2
O
O

Laboratory 48 hours 356 None None * 20 1
Phosphorus Molten Molten storage 185 days 140 None None 0.6 0.6 1
Pineapple juice

Laboratory

48 hours

188

Alternate
Immersion
None

790

70

Pineapple juice

Laboratory

48 hours

75

Alternate
immersion
None

60

10

1-2

Potassium Aluminum Sulfate, 5% Laboratory 60 Some None 6 2 1
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate, 10% Laboratory 60 Some None 30 10 1
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate, .1% Laboratory 60 Some None 4 1 1-2
Potassium hydroxide 81% Laboratory 68 hours 428 10 3
Potassium hydroxide 92% Laboratory 36 hours 515 10 2
Protein hydrolyzate mixture contain-
ing hydrochloric acid to a pH of 1.5
+ low concentration of S0
2

Laboratory

84 days

110

Some

Mild

34

9.5

1

Rosin: wood rosin and its derivatives

Vapor section of still

173 days

700

Good

By steam
injection
580

10

52 runs of 8 hours
each 1-2
Sewage sludge, activated In aeration tank 481 days Some 2 2 1-2
Sewage fumes, raw and untreated,
100% humidity, some H
2
S, no Cl
2

In gas chamber

260 days

Atmospheric

20

6

1-2

Sewage

Sewage regulation
chamber
190 days

Atmospheric

None

Some

18

5

1

Smelting: Flue gases from sulphate
recovery furnace
Cottrell precipitation

170 days

295

Moderate

Consider-
able
1.2

0.8

4

Smelting: Flue gases from sulphate
recovery furnace
C. E. recovery boiler

189 days

310

Moderate

Consider-
able
2.6

0.3

4

Soap: Reaction of fatty acid and so-
dium hydroxide to produce 50%
free fatty acid and 50% sodium
and aluminum soaps
Neutralization kettle

75 days

370

None

Agitator

56

4

Soap: saponification of fats with
Caustic Soda and graining with salt
and brine
At top of settling cone

106 days

160-212

Some air
in steam

By live
Steam

10

0.1

2-3

Soap: Tallow, acidulated cottonseed
and soybean oil soapstocks
Mixing tank

10.5 days

138

Air free

50'/min.

3.9

0.9

1

Sodium Bromide, concentrated from
22-47Be

In boiling tank

265.5 days

Boiling

30

3

Tank was alter
nately full and
empty 1-2
Sodium Carbonate, 5% Laboratory 60 Some None No loss No loss 1-2
Ni-Resist Alloy
34
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Casl Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Sodium Carbonate, 10% Laboratory 60 Some None No loss No loss 1-2
Sodium Chloride, saturated, with steam
and air
In graining pan 30 days 200 70 5
Alternately ex
posed 1-2
Sodium Chloride, saturated In salt grainer 60 days ISO 2 0 4 1-2
Sodium Chloride, saturated brine and
salt cake
In Oliver filter 145 days 200 20 2 1-2
Sodium Chloride Salt brine tank 180 days 50
Consider-
able
Some 10 3 1
Sodium Chloride, natural brine feed Storage tank 221 days 80 Moderate Some 2 1 1
Sodium Chloride, 14% NaCI, 16.7%
CaCl
2
,3.4% MgCl
2

Salt settler 215 days 157 None Some 21 3 1
Sodium Chloride, 14% NaCl, 16.7%
CaCl
2
, 3.4% MgC12
Hot end of brine heater 215days 160 None 4'/sec. 26 3 1
Sodium Chloride, 45% NaCl. 18%
CaCl
2
, 3.2J 18/MgCl
2

Filter feed tank 215 days 130 Moderate Some 13 3 1
Sodium Chloride Bittern, 9%, NaCl,
22% CaCl
2
, 5% MgCl
2

Settler 221 days 128 Moderate Some 33 4 1
Sodium Chloride Bittern, 6% NaCI,
18% CaC1
2
, 10% MgCl
2

Heater 365 days 175 None 1500 gpm 2.5 1
Sodium and Potassium chlorides,
saturated solution
In heating agitator
half immersed
31 days 120 Good
500'' min.
(theoretical)
20 3 1-2
Sodium Chloride, 18%, plus residual
soap and .03% total Na
2
0, .003%
free Na
2
0
In trough of filter
press
65 days 140 Good Good 70 1 1-2
Sodium Chloride brine plus sl. impuri-
ties of CaC0
3
, CaS0
4
, & Na
2
SO
4
pH
9.5

In vacuum evaporator
A. Above liquid

B. Below liquid

55 days

55 days

215

215

None

None

Consider-
able
Consider-
able

72

13

0.2

1

1-2

1-2

Sodium Chloride brine up to 50%, plus
oxidizing materials from products of
combustion of gas flame

In salt evaporator

329 hours

200

Some due
to excess
air entrain-
ed with
gases
Consider-
able due to
combustion
gases pass-
ing thru
240 20 1-2
Sodium Chlorite, 0.5%, Calcium Hy-
pochlorite, direct chlorination with
added Sulfuric Acid to adjust pH to
4.5

In Bellmer bleach
heater

31 days

97

For of
time

60'/min.

10

7

34.3 hrs. to .5%
Sodium chlorite.
138 firs. to sera
lion-571.7 hrs. to
combined chlori
nation and hypo
pochlorite treat
ments 1
Sodium Chlorite: 1% Caustic Soda and
0.02% Textore

Under grating of
bleaching keir

23 days

215

None

Some

7

0.1

Actual boiling time
about 12 hrs. day,
remainder of time
consumed in cool
ing and reloading
1-2
Sodium Cyanide solution for heavy
metals recovery
In overflow tank

60 days

136.4

Slight

By flow

2

0.3

1-2

Sodium Cyanide solution with Sodium
Chloride
In solution discharge
from Traylor coolers
30 days

154

Good

180 gal.
min.
0.9

0.2

1-2

Sodium Cyanide 10 oz./gal. plus So-
dium Hydroxide 10 oz./gal.

In plating tank

49 days

100-110

Caused by
work sus-
pended in
bath
2

3

1-2

Sodium Hydroxide 30% plus heavy
concentration of suspended salt
Salt tank

82 days

180

Moderate

Moderate

6.3

0.1

4

Sodium Hydroxide, 50% In caustic evaporator 92 days None 0.7 2-3
Sodium Hydroxide, 50%

In distributor box
-
to
settler
32 days

Hot

20

4

2-3

Sodium Hydroxide, 50%, In evaporator 38 days Hot 30 6 2-3

In high concentration
evaporator

94 days

Hot

40

20

125 firs. in 70%
caustic, remain
der time in 50%
2-3
Ni-Resist Alloy
35
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast lron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Sodium Hydroxide (Anhydrous) In flaker pan 96 days 700 None Some 510 13 3
Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide
each 90%

In flaker pan

170 hours
118 NaOH
52 KOH
700

Some

Continuous
overflow &
return
500

13

3


Storage tank between
vacuum evaporator and
finishing pots
35 days

275

70

4

2-3

Sodium Hydroxide and dissolved sili-
cates in production of metal cleaner
In Dopp kettle

32 days

120

None

None

30

5

2-3

Sodium Metasilicate

In evaporator in inter-
mittent contact with
liquor
6 weeks

230

20

0.4

1-2

Sodium Phenolate, with 20% (by vol.)
tar acids. Total alkalinity of 20% by
wt. NaOH
In phenol tower

329 days

248

None

2

0.7

2

Sodium Phosphate, 5% Laboratory 60 Some None 0.4 0.6 1-2
Sodium Sulfite and Sodium Bicarbo-
nate, pH 7.5
In storage tank

28 days

75.2

None

None

1

09

1-2

Sodium Tetraborate 2.5 g/I; 22 g/I
Sodium Carbonate; 25 g/I Sodium
Chloride
In crystallizer

108 days

86-212

Slight

20

1

1-2

Soybean meal; air, steam, and vapors
from hot, moist expeller
In cooling conveyor

800 hours

168

Good

By steam
flow
10

5

1-2

Soybean meal; air, steam and vapors
from hot, moist raw extracted
In vent stack of ele-
vator leg
675 hours

156

Good

By gas
flow
40

20

1-2

Stannic Chloride: crude liquid with
some free Chlorine
In still

432 hours

220-240

Some

Some

40

20

1-2

Starch liquor with Chlorine In starch tub 184 days 5 1 1-2
Steam and hot water with other re-
agents picked up during vat aging
of printed goods
In steam space of vat
ager

268 days

212

in the
steam

4

1

1-2

Steam

In a nipple expanded
from high pressure
steam line
31 days

350

Good

120 lb.
pres-
sure
2

0.7

2

Steam condensate with dissolved 0
and CO
2

In condensate return
line
30 days

180

Good

By flow

2

04

1-2

Steam condensate and cooling water

In nipples expanded
from steam lines
30 days

60-200

Good

By flow

40

20

1-2

Sugar liquors In sugar tank 280 days 2 0.8 1-2
Sugar syrup In syrup tank 280 days Some Some 1 0.8 1-2
Sugar liquors In glucose pan 652 hours 0.9 1 1-2
Sugar liquors In liquor trough 652 hours 8 3 1-2
Sugar juice: hot cane before clarifica-
tion
In Corr thickener

92 days

180

Good

Good

1

0.4

1-2

Sugar cane juice, raw In discharge line 92 days Atmospheric Good high 6 1 1-2
Sugar cane juice, clarified: also sub-
ject to cleaning methods with 5%
Caustic and 5% Hydrochloric Acid
In evaporator

55 days

150-180

None

Good

240

10

1-2

Sugar waste water

In Char filter waste
trough
217 days

176

None

17,000-25,-
000 gal./hr
20

10

1-2

Sugar sweet water before 10% solids
evaporation;
In storage tank

320 hours

170

None

By flow

2

0.9

1-2

Sugar juice, thin: 14.1 Brix and 8.4;
13.1% pH sugar and 1.0% non-sugar
In thin juice tank

60 days

197

Slight

By flow

9

3

1-2

Sugar juice, thin beet, after sulfita-
tion; 10.4 Brix and pH 7.9; purity
89.9
In box shunted from
main pipeline

49 days

177

None

Slow but
continuous
flow
30

20

1-2

Sugar (beet); second carbonation
juice; Brix 11.0; alkalinity 0.015; pH
8.8; purity 89.8
In carbonation tank

74 days

195

None

Continuous
gentle flow

10

2

1-2

* Consult with Inca for specific corrosion rates for the various Types of Ni-Resist irons.
Ni-Resist Alloy
36
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive
Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iran
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Sugar (beet) diffusion juice in process-
ing; pH 6.8; purity 86.1; Brix 12.5
In measuring tank

87 days

103

Alternately

Intermittent
gentle flow
9

10

1-2

Sulfate black liquor

Under screen plates in
diffuser
349 days

None

None

10

1

1-2

Sulfate black liquor In receiving tank 90 days 156 None 5-10'/min. 20 1-2

In storage tank

92 days

195

Practically
none
None

10

8

1-2


In storage tank

39 days

200

In air part
of time
Practically
none
20

10

1-2


In secondary washer

32 days

137

Practically
none
Practically
none
20

1

1-2

Sulfate green liquor

In distribution box

60 days

200

Slight

Fairly rap-
id flow
30

6

1-2

Sulfonated animal and vegetable oils
made alternately acid with 93%
H
2
S0
4
, and alkaline with 10%, caustic
In neutralization and
wash tank

60 days

104

None

Commercial
practice is
to stir

190

5

1

Sulfonated oil; mixture of animal and
vegetable oils with 93% H
2
SO
4

In sulfonator tank

70 days

77-104

None

Commercial
practice is
to stir
180

5

1

Sulfonated oils with 66 Be H
2
S0
4
,
followed by washing with Glauber's
Salt and neutralization with Caustic
Soda

In sulfonator

40 batches
(1 year)

212

Good

Good

*

5

37 sulfonations of
castor oil, 2 sulfo
nations tea seed
oil, 1 sulfonation
of olive oil.
Figures = in./100
batches.
1
Sulfonated oils with dilute H
2
SO
4
In wash tank 40 days 104 Medium 40 20 1
Sulfur, molten

Laboratory

20 hours

260

Partial ad-
mission of
air
None

20

20

1

Sulfur, molten

Laboratory

20 hours

260

Partial ad-
mission of
air
None

8

7

Partial immer
sion 1

Laboratory 4 days 260 None None 0.8 5 1
Sulfur, molten
Laboratory 4 days 500 None None 30 30 1
Sulfur, molten Laboratory 2 days 835 None None 400 590
Sulfur, molten, plus air and moisture

In pipeline of a sulfur
mine
11 days

305

Yes

Violent

55

13

1

Sulfur Chloride vapors, 98% S
2
CI
2

Below bottom prate of
bubble cap column

133 days

257

None, 3-5u
pressure

0.5'/sec.
vapor ve-
locity
160

1

2-3

Sulfur Chloride, 98.3%; Carbon Tetra-
chloride, 013%; Iron as FeCl
2
0.1%
In reboilerforrectifica-
tion column
133 days

280

None

By boiling

130

2

2-3

Sulfuric Acid, 5% Laboratory 20 hours 86 None None * 20 1
Sulfuric Acid, 10% Laboratory 20 hours 86 None None * 20 1
Sulfuric Acid, 80% Laboratory 20 hours 86 None None 20 1
Laboratory 20 hours 86 None 15.5'/min. 20 1
Sulfuric Acid, 96%. Laboratory 25 days Room None None 4 5 1
Sulfuric Acid and oils

In oil sulfonator

8 batches

Stirred

230

3

Ins./100 batches
1
Sulfuric Acid, 25% and acid sludge

In discharge line

1326
hours
140

Forced
flow
Completely
destroyed
8

1

Sulfuric Acid 66 Be, plus various
amounts of Nitrous Acid generated
by continuous addition of Sodium
Nitrate
In dye developing tank

9 days

175

Slight

Slight

1720

1

Sulfuric Acid, 72%, Polymer Gasoline,
Butane and Butylenes
In gasoline tower

237 days

175

Due to hub-
ble caps
70

20

1

Syrup, soft; the mother liquor separated
from crystallized soft sugar
In soft syrup tank

217 days

140

Good

1550 gals./
hour
5

0.1

1-2

Ni-Resist Alloy
37
Average Corr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Tanning solutions: Tannin extract from
chestnut wood
In evaporator

24 days

212

Continual
ebullition
220

20

1-2

At top of still 5 months 700 10 9 1-2
At center of still 5 months 700 10 9 1-2 Tar (coal)
At bottom of still 5 months 700 8 6 1-2
Tar Acid (coal)

In vapors in still
In liquid in still
1248 hours
1248 hours
260
260
In vapors
None
None
None
0.8
40
004
5
1-2
1-2
Tar (coal)
In vapors in still
In liquid in still
1052 hours
1052 hours
550
600
In vapors
None
None
None
2
3
0.4
0.8
1-2
1-2
Tar (coal), complex organic constitu-
ents of
In still

10 days

430

Good

80

9

1-2

Tomato juice Laboratory 125 Some 110 20 2
Vinegar syrup, sweet, with 2% Acetic
Acid, 3% Sodium Chloride, 35%
sugar
In kettle

1 hour, 55
minutes

Boiling

340

015

2

Vinegar, sweet Storage tank 40 days 63-212 0006 2
Water: Acid, mine, containing iron and
copper salts leached from sulfide ore
Mine shaft

187 days
Atmos-
phere

6

1

2

Water, brackish
East River, N.Y.C.
Water box of Steam
Power Plant
334 days

54

Yes

High

10

2

1

Water, brackish
Harlem River, N.Y.C.
Water box of Steam
Power Plant
197 days

55

Yes

0.8 1/sec.

10

4

1

Water, cooling tower at pH 8.0-8.5 as
obtained from Syracuse water sup
ply treated with algicide, oakite
sani- tizer #1 and aerated
Cooling tower basin

232 days

45-88

Extensive

1'/sec.

42

1 3

1

Water, distilled Laboratory 60 Some None 10 0.6 1-2
Water, fresh, pH 8.5 (185 p.p.m.
CaC02)
In discharge from
cooling tower
23 days

85

80% sat-
urated
Some

30

20

1-2

Water, salt, from oil wells In salt water pit 217 days 60 Slight By flow 20 1 1-2
Water, sea

On screens in rotating
screen house

394 days

Atmos-
pheric

Screens
moving in
and out of
water
Good

10

2

1-2

Water, sea

Velocity testing appa-
ratus
60 days

86F.

Consider-
able
27 ft./sec.

176

8

1

Water, sea

Intake flume

740 days

ATM

Consider-
able
5 ft./sec.

50

2

2

Water, sea In condenser 58 days 158-176 By flow 40 10 1-2
Water, steep (0.070% H2SO3) In germ separator 184 days 30 5 1-2
Water, steep, with 0.05% C0
2
and
0.5-1.0% Lactic Acid, pH 3.5-4.5
In steep water evap-
orator
40 days

150

Moderate

By boiling

70

20

1-2

Water, steep, vapors with 0.057 S02
and 0.5-1.0% Lactic Acid, pH 3.5-
4.5

In steep water evap-
orator

24 days

160

Liquor go-
ing to pan
sat'd with
air
20-50'/sec.

40

10

1-2

Water, steep In circulating tank 107 days 125-135 None None 10 5 1-2
Wheat starch, water, S02 and Dowi
cide, pH varied from 2.2 to 3.8
Drum dryer

68 days

320-340

Slight

Slight

45

14

1

Whiskey slop, thick

In tank

104 days, 6
days,'wk,
Near boil-
ing
None

None

50

10

89 days actual
operation 1-2
Whiskey slop, thin

In tank

104 days, 6
days/ wk
Near boil-
ing
None

None

10

7

89 days actual
operation 1-2
Whiskey mash

In beer still

103 days

Exposed in
still

Due to
movement
of liquid
and vapors
110

20

88 days actua
operation
1-2

Whiskey mash In open fermenter 103 days 65-75 None None 1 40 3 1-2
Ni-Resist Alloy
38

Average Carr. Rates
Mils per year
Corrosive Medium
Location of
Test Specimens
Duration
of Test
Temperature
F
Aeration Velocity
Cast Iron
Ni-Resist
Iron
Type Ni-Resist
Iron
Preferred
Whiskey slap, thin

In tank

3 months

150-220

Aerated as
passed over
screen but
not in tank

20

4

1-2

Whiskey slop, thin

At outlet from still in
screening unit
3 months

210-225

Complete

130'/min.

10

7

1-2

Whiskey slop, thin; concentrated 25%
solids, 5% Lactic Acid
In reserve tank

90 days

220

20

2

1-2

Whiskey slap, thin In settling tank 3 months Varying None None 20 4 1-2
Whiskey slop In slop outlet 3 months Hot None None 20 2 I-2
Whiskey slop, thin In settling tank 1 month None None 30 4 1-2
Whiskey slap, thin In tank 5 weeks None None 40 2 1-2
Wine, sherry

In cooker

7-15 days

110

Wine cir-
culated
*

2

2

Wine, sherry In cooker 7-15 days 135 * 8 2
Zinc, molten

Laboratory; half im-
mersed
36 hours

925-950

42700

23900

Zinc; return electrolyte from electro-
lytic cells
In acid heating cell

7 days

140

None

50 gal./min

Completely
dissolved
380

Zinc Chloride, 66%, and 20% Ammo-
nium Chloride
Laboratory

2 hours

182-204

None

None

680

20

1-2

Zinc Chloride, 85y,, and Gasoline va-
pors
In Lachman tower

380

6

1

1-2

Zinc Chloride, 80%, and Sodium Di-
chromate, 20%
In salt cylinder

144 days

140

None

None

4

0.3

1-2


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What are the two families of Ni-Resist austenitic cast iron alloys?

What are some general characteristics of Ni-Resist alloys?

Properties and Applications

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