Monitoring, modelling and simulation of PV systems using LabVIEW

Aissa Chouder
a
, Santiago Silvestre
b,
, Bilal Taghezouit
a
, Engin Karatepe
c
a
Photovoltaic Laboratory, Development Centre of Renewable Energies, BP 62 Route de lObservatoire, 16340 Bouzareh Algiers, Algeria
b
Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Polite` cnica de Catalunya, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
c
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
Received 24 July 2012; received in revised form 25 September 2012; accepted 29 September 2012
Available online 29 October 2012
Communicated by: Associate Editor Nicola Romeo
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed characterization of the performance and dynamic behaviour of photovoltaic systems by using Lab-
VIEW real-time interface system. The developed software tool integrates several types of instruments into a single system which is able
to oer online measurements all data sources and comparison simulation results with monitored data in real-time. Comprehensive mon-
itoring and analyzing of PV systems play a very important role. The proposed method is a low-cost solution to provide fast, secure and
reliable system by making the system database-ready for performance analysis of PV systems. The proposed method is also applied to a
grid connected PV system in the Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER) in Algeria. The results show that there is
a good agreement between the measured and simulation results values. The integration methodology of robust simulation and monitored
data in real-time can be extended to study the fault diagnosis of a PV system.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: PV systems; Monitoring; Modelling; Simulation
1. Introduction
LabVIEWe (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineer-
ing Workbench) is a graphical programming language by
National Instruments that uses icons instead of lines of text
to create applications. Nowadays this programming envi-
ronment has found its application in many scientic elds
and technical engineering, so in this work we propose an
integral LabVIEW platform of monitoring, modelling
and simulation tools for photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Many applications of LabVIEW for monitoring PV sys-
tems have been reported before in the literature (Koutroulis
and Kalaitzakis, 2003; Forero et al., 2006; Mart nez
Boho rquez etal., 2009; Vergura and Natangelo, 2009; Ulieru
et al., 2010).
On the other hand dierent commercial software solu-
tions are available for PV systems simulation (Silvestre,
2012) and standard simulation software, as Matlab (Yusof
et al., 2004; Pater and Agarwal, 2008; Karatepe et al., 2008;
Chouder and Silvestre, 2012) or Pspice (Castan er and
Silvestre, 2002; Silvestre et al., 2009) have been also exten-
sively used for this purpose. Furthermore Vergura and
Natangelo (2010) have integrated Matlab and Simulink
for monitoring energy performances of PV plants.
In this work we report the integration of monitoring,
modelling and simulation of PV systems in the same envi-
ronment able to give information of the system behaviour
in real time. This solution allows the acquisition and con-
trol of all necessary data from the PV system, evaluate
main model parameters of PV modules and array, calculate
the performance ratio (PR) and Yields of the system, create
HTML and XLS report les and visualize all these data
and the dynamic system behaviour in real time. Moreover
the integration of robust modelling and simulation gives
0038-092X/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.016

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 934017491; fax: +34 934016756.

E-mail address: santi@eel.upc.edu (S. Silvestre).
www.elsevier.com/locate/solener
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
the opportunity to compare simulation results with moni-
tored data in real time, allowing the development of new
tools for fault detection as well as new prediction models
with the objective of improve the performance and reliabil-
ity of PV systems, optimizing the system output to achieve
higher yields.
2. PV system description
The proposed method of monitoring, modelling and
simulation of PV systems has been applied to a grid con-
nected PV system located in the Centre de Developpement
des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Algerie. The PV sys-
tem is formed by 90 PV modules (Isofoton 106Wp-12 at
STC) divided in three subgenerators of 3 kWp each one.
The subgenerators are formed by two parallel strings of
15 PV modules in series. Each subgenerator is connected
to a single phase inverter of 2.5 kW (IG30 Fronius) that
injects the generated energy into a phase of the public
low voltage distribution network of the National Company
(Sonelgaz) 220 V50 Hz (Hadj Arab etal., 2005). The block
diagram of this PV system is shown in Fig. 1.
3. Monitoring PV systems using LabVIEW
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the sensors and
acquisition data of the monitoring system implemented in
the PV system. Dierent sensors are included to measure
irradiance, temperature, as well as current and voltages at
the DC and AC sides of the system.
The data acquisition is carried out using an Agilent
34970A and dedicated multiplexer module Agilent 34902A
with sixteen channels. Data communication between PC
and LabVIEW, where the incoming data is processed, is per-
formed by GPIB bus.
Two pyranometers (Kipp & Zonen CM 11 type) and a
reference solar cell are used to measure the irradiance.
One of the pyranometers and the reference cell are installed
at two dierent places of the PV plant to measure irradi-
ance in the tilted plain. A second pyranometer measures
the irradiance in the horizontal plane. Thermocouples have
been used to measure the ambient temperature near the PV
plant in order to predict the eective PV modules
temperature.
Eq. (1) is used to calculate this eective solar cell tem-
perature, T
c
.
T
c
T
a
NOCT 20

C
G
800
1
where T
a
is the ambient temperature, G the irradiance and
NOCT the Normal Operating Cell Temperature given by
the PV modules manufacturer.
For the measurements of currents, DC (I
dc
) and AC
(I
ac
), we have used two CLSM-50 closed loop Hall eect
current sensors and a dual operational amplier LM
1458N.
The DC output voltage of the PV system is measured by
means of a voltage divider, while the AC output voltage is
measured at the secondary of the transformer used for the
voltage supply of the hall sensors. All data coming from the
acquisition system are processed in LabVIEW using the VI
shown by Fig. 3, where the appearing coecients are used
to calibrate the dierent monitored parameter. The VI
allows the following tasks: Communication with the data
acquisition Agilent 34970A in order to setup the dierent
channels via GPIB bus (DC/AC and temperature measure-
ments), processing the output string coming from the data
acquisition, splitting the output string to the corresponding
measured variable and the calibration of each channel with
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the CDER grid connected PV system.
338 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
Fig. 2. Sensors and acquisition data system to monitor the PV system.
Fig. 3. VI developed to obtain the monitored data.
Table 1
Calibration factors and channels associated to each measured variable and sensitivity of the irradiance sensors used.
Measured variables Channel number Sensors Calibration factor
G
I,c
101 Reference cell: R
sh
0:037 X 7901.4
G
I,p
, G
H,p
102, 103 CM 11: sensitivity = 5 lV/(W m
2
) 19,9203.2
T
amb
104 k type Thermocouple Direct measure in Agilent 34,970
V
DC
,
meas
105 Resistive divider 29
V
AC
,
meas
106 AC adapter 220/18
I
DC
, I
AC
,
meas
107, 108 Hall eect 1.6
A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349 339
the corresponding scaling factor. Table 1 shows the calibra-
tion factors and channels associated to each measured
variable as well as the sensitivity of the irradiance sensors
used.
4. Description of PV system modelling and simulation
4.1. Modelling the PV module
The model of the PV module is based on the one diode
model of the solar cell shown in Fig. 4, where G and T are
irradiance and temperature respectively, I
ph
is the photo
generated current depending on irradiance and tempera-
ture conditions, D is the diode modelling the P/N junction
of the solar cell and R
sh
and R
s
are the shunt and series
resistances respectively, modelling the power losses in the
device (Overstraeten and Mertens, 1986; Castan er and Sil-
vestre, 2002). The output current of the solar cell, I, can be
written as:
I I
ph
I
d
I
sh
2
where I
ph
is the photo generated current, I
d
is the diode
current and I
sh
is the current across R
sh
.
These currents are given as:
I
ph

G
G
ref
I
ph;ref
l
Icc
T T
ref
3
where G and T are respectively the irradiance and tempera-
ture conditions of work, G
ref
and T
ref
are irradiance and tem-
perature at standard test conditions (STCs): 1000 W/m
2
and
25 C, I
ph,ref
is the photo generated current at STC and l
Icc
the temperature coecient of current.
I
d
I
sat
exp
V R
s
I
nV
t

1

4
where I
sat
is the is the reverse saturation current of diode, n
is the diode ideality factor and V
t
the thermal voltage.
I
sh

V R
s
I
R
sh
5
Eq. (2) can be rewritten, considering Eqs. (3)(5), as
I I
ph
I
sat
exp
V RsI
nV
t

1


V R
s
I
R
sh

6
Eq. (6) is an implicit and not linear equation than gives
the I(V) characteristic of the solar cell. Commercial photo-
voltaic modules are composed by association of solar cells
in series forming a branch. Some higher power PV modules
include various branches in parallel. If we consider N
s
solar
cells in series in each branch and a total number of N
p
branches for a PV module, the total number of solar cells
forming the PV module is N
s
N
p
. So, Eq. (6) can be con-
veniently scaled to obtain a similar equation for the I(V)
characteristic of a PV module, taking into account the fol-
lowing equations (Castaner and Silvestre, 2002; Chenni
et al., 2007; Karatepe et al., 2007):
I
m
N
p
I 7
V
m
N
s
I 8
R
sm

N
s
N
p
R
s
9
R
shm

N
s
N
p
R
sh
10
where parameters with subscript m stands for the PV
module.
The model that allows to obtain the I(V) characteristic
of a PV module, considering Eqs. (6)(10), has been imple-
mented in LabVIEW environment. The I(V) and P(V)
characteristics as well as the coordinates of the maximum
power point (MPP) of both, solar cell and PV module
are available results of the developed model. The input
parameters for the calculations are: Open circuit voltage
of the solar cell (V
oc
), short circuit current of the solar cell
(I
sc
), R
s
, R
sh
, N
s
, N
p
, G, T, l
Icc
and the solar cell ideality
factor (n). The owchart for the obtention of the I(V)
and P(V) characteristics is shown in Fig. 5.
4.2. Inverter model
The inverter model developed in LabVIEW environ-
ment is based in the performance model inverter presented
by King et al. (2007). The AC output power of the inverter,
P
AC,sim
is dened by the following equation:
P
AC;sim

P
aco
A B

C A B

P
dc
B C P
dc
B
2
11
where P
aco
is the maximum AC output power for inverter
at reference or nominal rating conditions, P
dc
is the DC
power at the inverter input and parameters A, B and C
are given by the following equations:
A P
dco
1 C
1
V
DCsim
V
dco
12
B P
so
1 C
2
V
DCsim
V
dco
13
C C
o
1 C
3
V
DCsim
V
dco
14
where V
DCsim
is the DC voltage at the inverter input, V
dco
and P
dco
are respectively the DC voltage and power inputs
at which the AC-power rating is achieved at the reference
rating condition, P
so
is the DC power required at the inver-
ter input to start working properly and C
1
, C
2
and C
3
are
empirical coecients to adjust the P
AC
(P
DC
) characteristic
of the inverter.
The values of main parameters involved in Eq. (11) used
in this work for modelling the inverters are shown in Table 2. Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the solar cell.
340 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
4.3. Grid connected PV system simulation
The main objective of the simulation of grid connected
PV system is to obtain expected evolution of voltages
and currents at the DC side of the system as well as at
the AC side, at the inverter output. So, simulation results
will give the expected behaviour, in a dynamic way, of
the whole system taking into account real conditions of
climate parameters. From simulation results the values of
power (P) and energy, instantaneous (E
inst
) and cumulative
(E
cum
) energies, can be evaluated as follows:
E
inst
PDt 15
E
cum

X
t
0
E
inst
16
The simulation of the whole grid connected PV system is
based on the models presented above for PV modules and
for the inverter and is carried out also in LabVIEW envi-
ronment. The owchart of the simulation process is
depicted in Fig. 6.
The calculation of the power and cumulative and instan-
taneous energies, AC and DC, generated by the photovol-
taic system in dynamic regime is evaluated using another
VI.
Fig. 5. Flowchart for the obtention of the I(V) and P(V) characteristics.
Table 2
Values used in the performance model inverter.
P
aco
(W) P
dco
(W) V
dco
(V) P
so
(W) C
o
(W)
1
C
1
(V)
1
C
2
(V)
1
C
3
(V)
1
2692 2900 275.6 25 6.67 10
5
0.00296 0.00458 0.0255
A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349 341
Finally, the expected values of the system yields: Refer-
ence yield (Y
r
), array yield (Y
a
) and nal yield (Y
f
), as well
as the performance ratio (PR), can be evaluated from the
simulation results using the following expressions (Haber-
lin and Beutler, 1995; Commission of the European Com-
munities, 1997):
Y
r

R
Dt
0
G
G
ref
17
Y
a

R
Dt
0
E
dc
Po
18
Y
f

R
Dt
0
E
ac
P
o
19
PR
Y
r
Y
f
20
where Gref is the irradiance at STC, G is the measured irra-
diance and Po is the nominal PV system power.
Fig. 7 shows the evolution of Yr along a day and its
value for this day obtained from LabVIEW simulations.
5. Results and discussion
5.1. PV module model validation
In order to validate the PV module model used to pre-
dict the whole PV system performance, a procedure based
on outdoor measurement and analytic derivation of the
expected ve main parameters (I
ph
, I
sat
, n, R
s
, R
sh
) (Chou-
der and Silvestre, 2012) has been integrated in LabVIEW
environment as a separated module. The developed proce-
dure nds out the ve parameters at STC (1000 W/m
2
and
25 C) and then calculates them for any other real operat-
ing condition. The eect of variation of the parameter val-
ues of a single PV module aects the entire PV system
performance (DAlessandro et al., 2011).Our method
includes parameter extraction techniques for the whole sys-
tem that allow a good estimation of the system output. If
some parameter of a PV module changes and important
dierences between simulation results and monitored data
are observed, is necessary to run again the parameter
extraction algorithm and check again if simulation results
show a good agreement with monitored data.
Main results obtained, applying the parameters extrac-
tion procedure, are summarized in Table 3. The visualiza-
tion panel performing this task is shown in Fig. 8. The
validation of the procedure is carried out by comparing
real measurement of IV characteristics measured at out-
door conditions and the simulated one generated by intro-
ducing the expected ve model parameters. The result of
this comparison is consolidated by plotting the error curve
between simulated and measured IV characteristics and
quantifying the main error indicator as seen in Fig. 9 and
reported in Table 4. These values are below previous
reported values for errors obtained in simulations of PV
modules (Mahmoud et al., 2012; Villalva et al., 2009).
The resolution of Eq. (6) shows an increasing error
between simulation and measurement near the open circuit
voltage, as can be seen in Fig. 9. It is essentially due to
numerical stability, because the number of points generated
by the simulation is less than the number of points given by
the IV tracer PVPM2516, so the calculation of the error is
also aected at high voltage.
5.2. Analysis of PV system simulation Results
The variable climates used in the simulations carried out
to analyze and validate the simulation procedure of the PV
system, presented before in Section 4.2, are temperatures
and irradiances obtained from the monitoring system
shown in Fig. 10. The samples have been measured with
a time step of 1 min.
The simulation of the PV system behaviour, following
the ow chart shown in Fig. 6, was done in real time. Main
results obtained for DC voltage and current at the output
of the PV array are shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen, a good
agreement is obtained between simulation results and mon-
itored data. Main dierences observed between 15.00 h and
18.00 h for the current are due to inverter disconnection
forced by grid disturbances at the end of the day.
The results obtained for the generated power at the DC
and AC sides of the system are shown in Fig. 12, where the
eect of the inverter disconnection is present again.
Table 5 summarizes the errors observed between moni-
tored values and simulation results for power and energy
Fig. 6. Flowchart of the simulation process.
342 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
generated by the PV system, giving a good approach to the
accuracy of the simulation procedure.
Root mean square errors (RMSEs) below 4% are
obtained for power and energy delivered by the PV array,
these values are below previous RMSE values reported in
the literature in simulations of PV systems (Chouder and
Silvestre, 2009) and in the same order of magnitude than
MSE errors obtained using neural networks algorithms
(Yu and Chang, 2011).
The whole system has been monitored along the months
of June, August and September 2012 using the presented
procedure. Simulations of the dynamic system behaviour
Fig. 7. Reference yield.
Table 3
Extracted parameters for Isofoton 106-12 PV module at 762 W/m
2
of irradiance and 26.2 C of temperature.
Parameter I
ph
(A) I
o
(A) n R
s
(X) R
sh
(X) I
sc
(A) V
oc
(V) I
m
(A) V
m
(V)
Value 5.1 1.9 10
8
1.14 0.33 144 5.07 20.4 4.53 16.31
Fig. 8. Visualization panel of parameters extraction of PV module.
A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349 343
have been carried out in the same period of time. Fig. 13
shows the values obtained for the reference yield, Y
r
, for
the second and third weeks of June and Fig. 14 shows
the same information for dierent days corresponding to
these 3 months.
The comparison between monitoring (meas) and simula-
tion results (sim) for the array and nal yields are given in
Figs. 15 and 16 for the same weeks of June. This informa-
tion is enlarged in Figs. 17 and 18 for several days for these
3 months.
Fig. 9. Plot of the error between measured and simulated IV characteristic (G = 762 W/m
2
, T = 26.2 C).
Table 4
Main error values between measured and simulated parameters.
Relative error E
Isc
% E
V oc
% E
Im
% E
V m
% RMSEA RMSE%
Value 0.97 1.07 1.63 0 0.13 2.66
Fig. 10. Monitored irradiance and temperature proles.
344 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
On June 19 we removed intentionally one string from
the whole PV array to show the eectiveness of the model
to detect malfunctions. So in this day the simulation results
gave the result of a healthy system, while the monitored
data gives lower output power. As can be seen in Figs.
15 and 16, the comparison of monitored data and simula-
tion results gives the opportunity to detect a malfunction in
the system.
Finally the values obtained for the performance ratio
are given in Figs. 19 and 20. As can be seen a good agree-
ment is found between simulation results and monitored
data.
6. Conclusion
This works presents an integral LabVIEW platform of
monitoring, modelling and simulation of grid connected
PV systems. In the same platform, we propose the model-
ling of the PV module identied with outdoor measure-
ments of IV curves in order to extract the main PV
module parameters. The PV module modelling and extrac-
tion parameters procedure has been successfully validated
experimentally.
For the dynamic behaviour modelling of the PV system,
an accurate model of the Inverter is included. The inverter
model allows to predict AC output power as a function of
DC input voltage and DC input power. The simulation
methodology of the PV system in real dynamic conditions
of work has also been been validated successfully in a grid
connected PV system located in Argelia.
The developed platform allows the acquisition and con-
trol of all necessary data from the PV system, the simula-
tion in real time of the whole PV system working in
Fig. 11. Evolution of voltage and current at the output of the PV array, measured (meas) and simulation results (sim).
Fig. 12. Evolution of the power generated by the PV system, measured (meas) and simulation results (sim).
Table 5
Indicators of the accuracy of the simulation procedure.
P
DC
P
AC
E
DC
E
AC
Mean error 61.13 W 80.97 W 0.17 Wh 0.22 Wh
RMSE 6826 W 95.17 W 0.19 Wh 0.26 Wh
RMSE% 2.73 3.81 2.73 3.81
A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349 345
dynamic behaviour, calculates the performance ratio, PR
and Yields of the system, create HTML and XLS report
les and visualize all these data and the dynamic system
behaviour in real time. This toolbox results in robust mod-
elling, advanced simulation incorporating predictions of
system output with respect to solar resource, local weather
Fig. 13. Reference yield June 2012.
Fig. 14. Reference yield along summer 2012.
Fig. 15. Array yield June 2012.
346 A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349
Fig. 16. Final yield June 2012.
Fig. 17. Array yield along summer 2012.
Fig. 18. Final yield along summer 2012.
A. Chouder et al. / Solar Energy 91 (2013) 337349 347
and system behaviour. The output results obtained from
this toolbox could allow the inclusion in the same platform
an algorithm for automatic supervision and fault detection
of the PV system.
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