ECE1311 Ch1 - FarahIsa

ECE 1311
Electric Circuits
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
1
Adapted from The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright . All rights reserved.
Basic Concepts - Chapter 1
1.1 Systems of Units
1.2 Electric Charge
1.3 Current
1.4 Voltage
1.5 Power and Energy
1.6 Circuit Elements
2
1.1 System of Units (1)
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic
temperature
kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
3
Six basic units
1.1 System of Units (2)
4
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory
Decimal multiples and
submultiples of SI units
5
1.2 Electric Charges

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602 10
-19
C which is called as electronic
charge. The charges that occur in nature are integral
multiples of the electronic charge.
6
1.3 Current (1)

Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere
can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse direction)
7

8
1.3 Current (2)
The direction of current flow
9
Positive ions
Negative ions
10
1.3 Current (3) - Example
Example

A conductor has a constant current of 5 A.

How many electrons pass a fixed point on the
conductor in one minute?
11
1.3 Current (4)
Solution

Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min

Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
12
min electrons/ 10 87 . 1
C/electron 10 602 . 1
C/min 300
21
19
x
x

1.3 Current (5) More examples

13
Determine the current flowing through en element if
the charge flow is:

Find the charge q(t) flowing through a device if:

The charge entering an element is shown in Figure 1.
Determine current at:
t=1 ms
t=6 ms
t=10 ms

C t t t q ) 2 4 8 ( ) (
2

mA t t i ) 5 2 ( ) (
1.3 Current (6) More examples
14
Plot the corresponding current
for the graph in Figure 2.

The current through an
element is shown in Figure 3.
Calculate total charge that pass
through an element at:
t = 1s
t = 3s
t = 5s

Figure 2
Figure 3
1.4 Voltage (1)
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts
(V).

Mathematically, (volt)

w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

Electric voltage, v
ab,
is always across the circuit element or
between two points in a circuit.
v
ab
> 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
v
ab
< 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.

15
dq dw v
ab
/
16
1.5 Power and Energy (1)
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).

Mathematical expression:

17
vi
dt
dq
dq
dw
dt
dw
p
Passive sign convention:
(a) Positive power:
-If current enters through the
positive terminal.
-Element absorbs power.
(b) Negative power:
-If current enters through the
negative terminal.
-Element supplies power.
1.5 Power and Energy (2)
The law of conservation of energy
18

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).

Mathematical expression

t
t
t
t
vidt pdt w
0 0
0
sup

absorbed plied
p p
1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
19
An element is the basic building block of a circuit.

Electric circuit is interconnection of the elements.

Two types of elements:
Active elements:
Capable of generating energy (i.e. batteries, and generators).
Passive elements:
Absorbs energy (i.e. resistors, capacitors and inductors).

Voltage and current sources are the most important
active elements.
They can be dependent or independent.

.

20
Active Elements Passive Elements
Independent
sources
Dependant
sources
A dependent source is an active
element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

They have four different types: VCVS,
CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
signs of dependent sources.

21
Example

Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i
2
= 1A.

Figure 2.1.1P
22
Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent
10-V source and the current-dependent voltage
source v
x
.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control
current carries the units .

Therefore, v = 10 + v
x
= 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
Example
Find the power absorbed by each of the element
in the figure.

23
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ECE 1311

1.3 Current (5) More examples

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