Esc201 - L1

ESC201A
Introduction to Electronics
Rohit Budhiraja
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Acknowledgements
• Prof. Baquer Mazhari, EE department
• Prof. A. R. Harish, EE department
• Prof. S.S.K. Iyer, EE Department
• Prof. Yogesh Singh Chauhan, EE Department
• Prof. A. Banerjee, EE department
• Prof. K. V. Srivastava, EE Department
• Prof. Pradeep Kumar, EE Department
• Prof. Shilpi Gupta, EE Department
• Prof. Ketan Rajawat, EE Department
2
Classes and Schedule
• Regular classes will be held on-line in synchronous mode
• Schedule for the online classes
– Monday, Wednesday, Thursday – 5 to 6 pm
• Recorded lecture and slides will be posted on mooKIT after

each class
• Notices for the course will be emailed to course email list
3
Tutorial Plan (1)
• Homework Assignment sheets will be given every week
• For proper learning it is expected that you would attempt to
solve all the problems prior to tutorial
• You are not required to submit homework solutions
• Solutions to homework assignments will be discussed in
tutorials
• Solutions will also be posted on mookIT after tutorial
discussion
4
Tutorial Plan (2)
• Will not conduct any quiz in the tutorial
– Used only for tutorial discussion
• Will conduct online joint tutorial for the whole class
• Tutorial time: Tuesday 5 to 6 pm
– Zoom link: Same as that of the online class
5
Grading Scheme
• Lab component 15%
• Quiz (best two of three) 30%
• Midsem Exam 20%
• Final Exam 35%
• Quizzes/Exams will be held online in proctored mode using
Zoom
– Detailed instructions will be mailed before the exam
6
Modern world has been and is being rapidly transformed by ELECTRONICS
Essential Ingredient is …
Electronics offers capabilities that can be exploited by almost all engineering

branches
Why has Electronics Revolutionized
our lives?
• Every action requires energy and Electricity is
one of the most useful forms of energy
• It is easy to generate, easy to transport, can be

easily converted into other forms of energy
• It can be precisely Controlled
8
9
Revolution?
• Add an electrical sub-system
Mechanical/Chemical System
Electrical System
Example
wikipedia wikipedia asme.org
Pre-industrial era 1853 Now!
System: Mechanical
Lift/elevator used by us Source of Energy: Electrical
Controlling System: Electronics
11
12
Performance Enhancement?
14
15
Circuit Fundamentals
16
Concepts
• Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy
• Ohm’s Law
• KCL
• KVL
17
Charge
• Charge is a fundamental property of matter and is said to be
conserved
– Can neither be created nor be destroyed
• Two types of charge
– Same charge attract and opposite repel
• Charge is designated by symbol q has unit coulombs
• Negative charge carried by a single electron is -1.602×10-19 C
– Smallest unit of charge that exists
• Charge is the substance of which electric current is made
18
Electrical Current
• Current is simply a measure of how much charge is moved

per unit of time
– Units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to coulombs per
second (C/s)
André-Marie Ampère
1775-1836
19
Flow of electrons through a wire or other electrical conductor
gives rise to current
• Electrons are negatively charged particles
The charge per electron is -1.602×10-19 C
1016 electrons flow per second
How much current flows?

-19
Q -1.6 ´10 ´10 16
-3
I= = = - 1.6 ´10 A 20
t 1
Current has a magnitude and a direction
I
1016 electrons flow per second
Direction of current flow is opposite to direction of electron

flow
Large number of electrons have to flow for appreciable current
Exercise 1: For q(t) = 2 - 2e-100t, t > 0 and q(t) = 0 for t < 0,

find i(t)
21
Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)
When current is constant with time, we say that we have
direct current, abbreviated as DC.
On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction
periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC
22
Voltage
Voltage difference is a Source of current flow
Units of Voltage: Volts (V)
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Anastasio Volta 1745-1827
12V
12V
0V
12V
23
Voltage Sources
24
DC and AC voltages
V+ - V- =12V
25
Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a
variety of electrical elements
Resistor Capacitor Inductor
Diode
Transistor
26
Transformer
Current flows in a loop
Electrical systems are called electrical circuits
27
Electrical Circuit
Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by

conductors
Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must

become familiar with some basic circuit elements.
28
Resistance
v(t ) = R ´ i (t )
Ohm’s law
The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and

is measured in units of Ohm (Ω)
R
Resistor Symbol:
29
Conductance
v(t ) = R ´ i (t )
v(t )
i (t ) = = G ´ v(t )
R
Ernst Werner von Siemens
G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit 1816-1892
is Siemens (S)
30
v
R=
i
i
G=
v
31
Resistance Related to Physical Parameters
L
R=r´
A
Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of

the resistor as well as the particular material used
ρ is the resistivity of the material in ohm meters [Ω-m]

– Conductors (Aluminum, Carbon, Copper, Gold)
– Insulators (Glass, Teflon)
– Semiconductors (Silicon)
32
Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be modeled
as a resistor
Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

33
Electrical Bulb
Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor
34

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ESC201A

• Schedule for the online classes

– Monday, Wednesday, Thursday – 5 to 6 pm

• Recorded lecture and slides will be posted on mooKIT after

• Notices for the course will be emailed to course email list

Electronics offers capabilities that can be exploited by almost all engineering

• It is easy to generate, easy to transport, can be

• It can be precisely Controlled

wikipedia wikipedia asme.org

Pre-industrial era 1853 Now!

• Current is simply a measure of how much charge is moved

• Electrons are negatively charged particles

The charge per electron is -1.602×10-19 C

1016 electrons flow per second

How much current flows?

1016 electrons flow per second

Direction of current flow is opposite to direction of electron

Large number of electrons have to flow for appreciable current

Exercise 1: For q(t) = 2 - 2e-100t, t > 0 and q(t) = 0 for t < 0,

Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Resistor Capacitor Inductor

Electrical systems are called electrical circuits

Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must

The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and

Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of

ρ is the resistivity of the material in ohm meters [Ω-m]

Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

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