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    ESC201A Introduction To Electronics: Amit Verma Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

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    Prakhar chhalotre
    This document provides an introduction to basic circuit fundamentals and electronics concepts. It defines key terms like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Current is defined as the flow of electrons in a conductor. Voltage is introduced as the potential difference needed to move a charge between two points. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchhoff's laws are presented as fundamental rules for analyzing circuits. Common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors are also overviewed.

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    ESC201A Introduction To Electronics: Amit Verma Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

    Uploaded by

    Prakhar chhalotre
    18 views21 pages
    This document provides an introduction to basic circuit fundamentals and electronics concepts. It defines key terms like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Current is defined as the flow of electrons in a conductor. Voltage is introduced as the potential difference needed to move a charge between two points. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchhoff's laws are presented as fundamental rules for analyzing circuits. Common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors are also overviewed.

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    This document provides an introduction to basic circuit fundamentals and electronics concepts. It defines key terms like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Current is defined as the flow of electrons in a conductor. Voltage is introduced as the potential difference needed to move a charge between two points. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchhoff's laws are presented as fundamental rules for analyzing circuits. Common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors are also overviewed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views21 pages

    ESC201A Introduction To Electronics: Amit Verma Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

    Uploaded by

    Prakhar chhalotre
    This document provides an introduction to basic circuit fundamentals and electronics concepts. It defines key terms like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Current is defined as the flow of electrons in a conductor. Voltage is introduced as the potential difference needed to move a charge between two points. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchhoff's laws are presented as fundamental rules for analyzing circuits. Common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors are also overviewed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    ESC201A

    Introduction to Electronics

    Amit Verma
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    IIT Kanpur
    Circuit Fundamentals

    2
    Concepts
    • Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy
    • Ohm’s Law
    • Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
    • Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

    3
    Charge
    • Charge is a fundamental property of matter and is said to be
    conserved
    – Can neither be created nor be destroyed
    • Two types of charge
    – Same charge attract and opposite repel
    • Charge is designated by symbol q has unit coulombs
    • Negative charge carried by a single electron is -1.602×10-19 C
    – Smallest unit of charge that exists
    • Charge flow leads to electric current

    4
    Electrical Current

    • Current is simply a measure of how much charge is moved


    per unit of time
    – Units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to coulombs per
    second (C/s)

    André-Marie Ampère
    1775-1836
    5
    Flow of electrons through a wire or other electrical conductor
    gives rise to current

    • Electrons are negatively charged particles

    The charge per electron is -1.602×10-19 C

    1016 electrons flow per second

    How much current flows?

    Q 1.6 1019 1016


    I    1.6 103 A 6
    t 1
    Current has a magnitude and a direction
    I

    1016 electrons flow per second

    Direction of current flow is opposite to direction of electron


    flow

    Large number of electrons have to flow for appreciable current

    7
    Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)
    When current is constant with time, we say that we have
    direct current, abbreviated as DC.

    On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction
    periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC
    8
    Voltage
    •Voltage difference causes current to flow
    •Potential difference for a unit positive charge between two
    points​: Work done to move unit positive charge between two
    points
    •Units of Voltage: volt (V)​

    Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio


    Anastasio Volta 1745-1827

    12V 12V

    0V 12V 9
    Voltage is Relative
    +
    • In practice, it is DV that matters DV
    x

    • In a circuit (system), we choose a


    reference
    – Reference is called “ground”
    V3
    – Rest of the voltages in the circuit are
    w.r.t. ground

    V2 V1

    Reference
    V= 0
    10
    Voltage Sources

    11
    DC and AC voltages

    V  V 12V

    Typically 220 V RMS, 50 Hz

    12
    Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a
    variety of electrical elements

    Resistor Capacitor Inductor

    Diode
    Transistor
    13
    Transformer
    Current flows in a loop

    Electrical systems are called electrical circuits

    14
    Electrical Circuit

    Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by


    conductors

    Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must


    become familiar with some basic circuit elements.
    15
    Resistance

    v(t )  R  i(t )
    Ohm’s law

    The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and


    is measured in units of Ohm (Ω)

    R
    Resistor Symbol:
    16
    Conductance

    v(t )  R  i(t )
    v(t )
    i (t )   G  v(t )
    R
    Ernst Werner von Siemens
    G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit 1816-1892
    is Siemens (S)
    17
    v
    R
    i
    i
    G
    v

    18
    Resistance Related to Physical Parameters

    L
    R
    A

    Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of


    the resistor as well as the particular material used

    ρ is the resistivity of the material in ohm meters [Ω-m]


    – Conductors (Aluminum, Carbon, Copper, Gold)
    – Insulators (Glass, Teflon)
    – Semiconductors (Silicon)
    19
    Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be modeled
    as a resistor

    Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor? 20


    Electrical Bulb

    Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain


    range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor
    21

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