Operation Technology, Inc. 24-1 ETAP 5.

0 User Guide


Chapter 24

Dynamic Models


Motor dynamic models are required for dynamic motor starting, transient stability, and generator starting
studies. Generator dynamic models and some control units (exciters, governors, and Power System
Stabilizier [PSS]) are only needed for transient stability studies. In addition, load torque characteristics for
different types of models are required for both motor starting and transient stability studies. ETAP
provides a variety of induction and synchronous machine models, plus extensive libraries for exciters,
governors, and PSS for you to select from to perform your studies.

For dynamic motor acceleration studies, only the motors that are accelerated need to have a dynamic
model, i.e., generators, exciters, and governors are not dynamically modeled. For transient stability
studies, all generators, exciters, and governors are dynamically modeled. Motors, which have dynamic
models and are designated to be dynamically modeled from the study case, will be dynamically modeled.
For generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies, all generators, exciters,
governors, and motors have to use frequency dependent models.

This chapter describes different types of machine models, machine control unit models, load models, and
explains their applications in motor starting and transient stability studies. It also describes tools that
assist you to select those models and specify model parameters.

The induction machine models section describes five different types of induction machine models and the
frequency dependent forms of these models. Those are Circuit Models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2)
and Characteristic Curve Models. In the synchronous machine models section, descriptions of five
different types of synchronous machine models and the frequency dependent forms of these models are
given. Those are Equivalent Model, Transient Model for round-rotor machines, Sub-transient Model for
round-rotor machines, Transient Model for salient-pole machines, and Sub-transient Model for salient-
pole machines. Motor starting and transient stability studies also require the utility tie system to be
modeled as an equivalent machine. A description of the modeling of power grid systems is found in the
section Power Grid. Different types of exciter and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) models, including
standard IEEE models and vendor special models, are defined in the Exciter and AVR Models section.
Governor-turbine models that are also based on both IEEE standards and vendors product manuals are
listed in the Governor-turbine Models section. PSS models that are also based on both IEEE standards
and vendors product manuals are listed in the PSS Models section. Finally, different types of load
models are described in the Mechanical Load section.
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-2 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1 Induction Machine
ETAP provides five different types of induction machine models, which cover all commonly, used
induction machine designs. These models are:
Single1 CKT Model
Single2 CKT Model
DBL1 CKT Model
DBL2 CKT Model
Characteristic Curve Model
Frequency Dependent Model

In general, Single1, Single2, DBL1, and DBL2 are referred to as CKT (circuit) models, because they all
use equivalent circuits to represent an induction machine stator and rotor windings. These models can be
used for both dynamic motor starting and transient stability studies. Characteristic models use machine
performance curves specified at some discrete points to represent an induction machine. It can be used for
dynamic motor starting studies, but is not suitable for transient stability studies.

Note that the models described in this section are also employed by synchronous motors for motor
starting studies since, during starting, synchronous motors behave similarly to induction motors. This
modeling procedure is approved by the industrial standards.
Notations and Symbols
The following notations are used in defining various parameters for induction machine models:

R
s
= Stator resistance
X
s
= Stator reactance
X
m
= Magnetizing reactance
R
r
= Rotor resistance
X
r
= Rotor reactance
X
lr
= Locked-rotor reactance ( = X
s
+ X
m
X
r
/(X
m
+ X
r
) )
X
oc
= Open-circuit reactance ( = X
s
+ X
m
)
T
do
= Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (X
m
+ X
r
)/(2fR
r
) )
X/R = Machine X/R ratio

Plus the notations used in the machine electrical and mechanical equations:

E = Machine internal voltage
It = Machine terminal current

s
= Machine synchronous speed

m
= Machine mechanical speed
s = Machine slip ( = (
s
-
m
)/
s
)
f = Synchronous frequency
H = Machine shaft inertia
D = Damping factor (this value is negligible)
P
m
= Mechanical output power
P
e
= Electrical input power
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-3 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.1 Single1 Model
This is the least complex model for a single-cage induction machine, with no deep-bars. It is essentially
using a Thevenin equivalent circuit to represent the machine. The rotor circuit resistance and reactance
are assumed constants; but the internal voltage will change depending on the machine speed.



Parameters for this model are:

E Machine internal voltage
X Transient reactance ( = Xlr = X
s
+ X
m
X
r
/(X
m
+ X
r
))
Xoc Open-circuit reactance ( = X
s
+ X
m
)
Tdo Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (X
m
+ X
r
)/(2fR
r
) )
X/R Machine X/R ratio ( = X/R)

Note that the X/R value is obtained from the library and is not the same X/R used for short-circuit
calculations.
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-4 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.2 Single2 Model
This is the standard model for induction machines, representing the magnetizing branch, stator, and rotor
circuits, and accounts for the deep-bar effect. The rotor resistance and reactance linearly change with the
machine speed.




Parameters for this model are:

Rs Stator resistance
Xs Stator reactance
Xm Magnetizing reactance
Rrfl Rotor resistance at full load
Rrlr Rotor resistance at locked-rotor
Xrfl Rotor reactance at full load
Xrlr Rotor reactance at locked-rotor

Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-5 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
The actual rotor resistance and reactance are calculated based on the full load and locked-rotor values and
machine operating slip. The relationships of rotor impedance with slip are shown below:



Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-6 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.3 DBL1 Model
This CKT model represents double cage induction machines with integrated bars. The rotor resistance and
reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds; however, the equivalent impedance of the two
rotor circuits becomes a non-linear function of the machine speed.



Parameters for this model are:

Rs Stator resistance
Xs Stator reactance
Xm Magnetizing reactance
Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Xr1 Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Xr2 Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-7 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.4 DBL2 Model
This is another representation of double cage induction machines with independent rotor bars. The same
as the DBL1 model, the rotor resistance and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds,
and the equivalent impedance of the two rotor circuits is a non-linear function of the machine speed. The
DBL2 model has a different characteristic than the DBL1 model.




Parameters for this model are:

Rs Stator resistance
Xs Stator reactance
Xm Magnetizing reactance
Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Xr1 Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Xr2 Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-8 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.5 Characteristic Curve Model
This model provides the capability to model induction machines directly based on machine performance
curves provided by the manufacturer. Although only a discrete set of points is required to specify each
curve, ETAP uses advanced curve fitting techniques to generate continuous curves for calculation
purposes.



Curves specified in this model include:

Torque vs. Slip
Current (I) vs. Slip
Power Factor (PF) vs. Slip

Note that this model is only used for motor starting studies. For transient stability studies you can use the
Machine Parameter Estimation program to convert this model into one of the CKT models.
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-9 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.6 Frequency Dependent Model
In transient stability studies, the frequency dependent models of induction machines are used. ETAP
provides the frequency dependent forms for the four types of circuit models (Single1, Single2, DBL1,
DBL2). In these models, the stator and rotor reactance and slip of machine are functions of system
frequency. The following is the equivalent circuit for a double cage induction machine model with
independent rotor bars (DBL2).













Parameters for this model are:

Rs Stator resistance
Ls Stator inductance
Lm Magnetizing inductance
Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Lr1 Rotor inductance for the first rotor circuit
Lr2 Rotor inductance for the second rotor circuit

s
System speed
s Motor slip

The data interface and library for the frequency dependent forms of the four types of induction machine
models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2) are the same as the corresponding regular induction machine
models. ETAP internally converts the reactance in machine interface to inductance.

The model also can be expressed as the following equivalent circuit in terms of transient inductance and
transient internal electromagnetic-force.







Parameters in the circuit are:

i
s
R
s

s
L
m V
s

s
L
r2

s
L
r1
R
r1
/s

s
L
s
R
r2
/s
i
s
R
s
V
s

s
L

s
E
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-10 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Ls Transient inductance
E Transient internal electromagnetic-force
Dynamic Models Induction Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-11 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.1.7 Shaft Torsion Model
If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in
ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows:



Couping Gear Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1
2

= K D K D
dt
d
H
L C M C
C
C


Load Swing Equation:

( ) ( )
2 3 2 2
2

= K D T
dt
d
H
C L L
L
L



Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are:


M
Motor speed

C
Couping gear speed

L
Load speed

1
Motor angle displacement

2
Couping gear angle displacement

3
Load angle displacement
H
C
Inertia constant of coupling gear
H
L
Inertia constant of load
D
1
Damping coefficient between motor and coupling gear
D
2
Damping coefficient between coupling gear and load
K
1
Spring coefficient between motor and coupling gear
K
2
Spring coefficient between coupling gear and load
T
L
Load torque



Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-12 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2 Synchronous Machine
ETAP provides five different types of synchronous machine models to choose for transient stability
studies and frequency dependent models for generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability
studies. The complexity of these models ranges from the simple Equivalent Model to the model that
includes the machine saliency, damper winding, and variable field voltage. These models are:

Equivalent Model
Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Frequency Dependent Model

Synchronous generators and synchronous motors share the same models. In the following discussion, the
generator case is taken as an example.
Notations and Symbols
The following notations are used in defining various parameters for synchronous machine models:

Xd = Direct-axis subtransient synchronous reactance
Xd = Direct-axis transient synchronous reactance
Xd = Direct-axis synchronous reactance
Xq = Quadrature-axis subtransient synchronous reactance
Xq = Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
Xq = Quadrature-axis transient synchronous reactance
Xl = Armature leakage reactance
Ra = Armature resistance
X/R = Machine X/R ration (= Xd/Ra)
Tdo = Direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Tdo = Direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant
Tqo = Quadrature -axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Tqo = Quadrature -axis transient open-circuit time constant
S100 = Saturation factor corresponding to 100 percent terminal voltage
S120 = Saturation factor corresponding to 120 percent terminal voltage
H = Total inertia of the shaft
D = Shaft damping factor

Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-13 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
General Concept of Modeling Synchronous Machines
A synchronous machine is, in general, modeled by an equivalent internal voltage source and its equivalent
resistance and reactance. The equivalent internal voltage source is connected to the machine internal bus
behind the equivalent resistance and reactance, as shown in the diagram.

Depending on the structure (round-rotor or salient-pole) and design (with or without damper windings),
the equivalent internal voltage and equivalent impedance are calculated differently. These differences are
reflected in differential equations describing different types of synchronous machine models.

Parks transformation is adopted and the following notations and symbols are employed in the differential
equations for synchronous machine models:

Efd = Term representing the field voltage acting along the quadrature-axis. It is
calculated from the machine excitation system
f() = Function to account machine saturation effect
Eq = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
subtransient reactance
Ed = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine subtransient
reactance
Eq = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
transient reactance
Ed = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine transient
reactance
Eq = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
reactance
Ed = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine reactance
Ei = Voltage proportional to field current
It = Machine terminal current
Id = Direct-axis component of machine terminal current
Iq = Quadrature-axis component of machine terminal current
Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-14 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Saturation
The synchronous machine saturation effect needs to be considered in the modeling. This effect is
represented by two parameters S100 and S120 as defined in the following figure and equations:





f
f
f
f
I
I
S
I
I
S
2 . 1
120
120
100
100
=
=

where

I
f
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the air gap line (no saturation)

I
f100
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation
curve
I
f120
= Field current corresponding to 120% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation
curve

For generator starting studies, another factor, S
break
, is required to correct machine inductance as shown in
the above generator saturation curve. The factor S
break
is defined as %V
t
at the saturation break point.

Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-15 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.1 Equivalent Model
The screen below shows the equivalent model, its parameters, and the typical data.



This model uses an internal voltage source behind the armature resistance and quadrature-axis reactance
to model a synchronous machine. The voltage source is proportional to the machine field flux linkages.
The model includes the effect of variable field voltage and the effect of saliency in the case of Salient-
Pole machines.

For this model, Req and Xeq are defined as:

Req = Ra
Xeq = Xq

Differential equations to describe this model are:


Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-16 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.2 Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
The screen below shows the transient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.



This model uses an internal voltage source behind a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh. Rh and reactance Xh
are used to replace Req and Xeq to achieve a faster calculation convergence, i.e.:

Req = Rh
Xeq = Xh
where

2 / ) X j(X - Ra
X X Ra
jX R
'
q
'
d
'
q
'
d
2
h h
+
= +


This model is more comprehensive than the equivalent model because it includes more parameters to
account for the machines saliency. The following differential equations are involved to describe this
model:

Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-17 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.3 Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
The screen below shows the subtransient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.


This model also consists of an equivalent internal voltage source and a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh.
This model is a more comprehensive representation of general type synchronous machines. In addition to
the machines transient parameters, the subtransient parameters are included to model the machines
subtransient characteristics. This model is particularly useful for machines with damper windings.

The models differential equations are shown below:



Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-18 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.4 Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
The screen below shows the transient model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.


This model essentially has the same complexity as a transient model for round-rotor machines, but
considers special features of salient-pole machines which are:

Xq = X q and the time constant T qo is meaningless and omitted

For this model, the fictitious resistance R
h
and reactance X
h
are set to:
R
h
= R a
X
h
= X a

The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:




Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-19 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.5 Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
The screen below shows the Subtransient Model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.


This model includes the damper winding effect for a salient-pole machine. The same conditions are held
true as with the transient model for salient-pole machines:

X
q
= X
q
and the time constant Tqo is meaningless.

The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:



Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-20 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.2.6 Frequency Dependent Model
A subtransient synchronous machine model with frequency dependency in ETAP is developed based on a
standard IEEE 2.1 synchronous generator model. An equivalent circuit diagram of the model is shown
here:













Direct-axis Equivalent Circuit













Quadrature-axis Equivalent Circuit


Parameters in the circuits are:

R
s
Stator resistance
L
l
Stator leakage inductance
L
ad
Direct-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
L
aq
Quadrature-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
L
f1d
Field to direct-axis rotor mutual inductance
L
1d
Direct-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
R
1d
Direct-axis rotor equivalent resistance
i
d
R
a
L
ad
L
1d
V
fd
V
d
L
ffd
R
fd
R
1d
L
l
L
f1d
- L
ad
+ -
+
-

q
i
q
R
a
L
aq

d
L
1q
V
q
R
1q
L
l
+ -
Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-21 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

L
ffd
Field leakage inductance
R
fd
Field resistance
L
1q
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
R
1q
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent resistance
V
fd
Field voltage

d
Direct-axis flux linkages

q
Quadrature-axis flux linkages

s
System speed

The data interface for the frequency dependent subtransient synchronous machine model is the same as
the regular subtransient model with a salient-pole. ETAP internally calculates the required parameters for
the frequency dependent model from the data in generator interface.

24.2.7 Shaft Torsion Model
If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in
ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows:

Synchronous Generator




Turbine Swing Equation:

( ) ( )
2 1 1 1
2

= K D T
dt
d
H
C T T
T
T


Couping Gear Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1
2

= K D K D
dt
d
H
G C G C
C
C


Generator Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 2 Re
2

= K D D T
dt
d
H
C G f G G
G
G


Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-22 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Synchronous Motor




Motor Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1 Re
2

= K D D T
dt
d
H
C M f M M
M
M



Couping Gear Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1
2

= K D K D
dt
d
H
L C M C
C
C


Load Swing Equation:

( ) ( )
2 3 2 2
2

= K D T
dt
d
H
C L L
L
L



Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are:


G
Generator speed

Ref
Reference machine speed

M
Motor speed

C
Couping gear speed

T
Turbine speed

L
Load speed

1
Motor angle displacement

2
Couping gear angle displacement

3
Load angle displacement
H
G
Inertia constant of Generator
H
M
Inertia constant of motor
H
C
Inertia constant of coupling gear
H
L
Inertia constant of load
D Damping coefficient of generator
D
1
Damping coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear
D
2
Damping coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load)
Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-23 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
K
1
Spring coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear
K
2
Spring coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load)
T
G
generator torque
T
M
Motor torque
T
L
Load torque



Dynamic Models Power Grid
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-24 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.3 Power Grid
For motor starting and transient stability studies, it is required to model a power grid (utility system) with
an equivalent machine. Due to the fact that a power grid is generally considered as an interfacing point to
the power grid whose voltage and frequency are supported by a larger system and unlikely to change, it is
valid to assume this equivalent machine has a constant internal voltage source and an infinite inertia. Thus
the power grid is modeled in ETAP with the following Thevenin equivalent:



where Ei is calculated from the initial terminal bus voltage and Req and Xeq are from positive sequence R
and X of the Power Grid Editor, as shown below:




Dynamic Models Excitation System
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-25 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4 Excitation System
To accurately account for dynamics from exciter and AVR systems in power system transient responses,
complete modeling of these systems is usually necessary.

ETAP provides the following exciter and AVR models:

IEEE Type 1
IEEE Type 2
IEEE Type 3
IEEE Type 1S
IEEE Type DC1
IEEE Type DC2
IEEE Type DC3
IEEE Type ST1
IEEE Type ST2
IEEE Type ST3
IEEE Type AC1
IEEE Type AC2
IEEE Type AC3
IEEE Type AC4
IEEE Type AC5A
Basler SR8F & SR125A
HPC 840
JEUMONT Industrie
IEEE Type ST1D
IEEE Type AC8B
IEEE Type AC1A
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)

For IEEE type exciter and AVR systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following references:

IEEE Committee Report, Computer Representation of Excitation System, IEEE Trans. on PAS,
Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968, pp 1460-1464.
IEEE Committee Report, Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE
Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, February 1981, pp 494-509.
IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992
Excitation System Saturation
Following is a typical block diagram for exciters:

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-26 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
This diagram shows the output of the AVR is applied to the exciter after a saturation function SE is
subtracted from it. The exciter parameter KE represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat when a self-
excited shunt field is used.

It should be noted that there is a dependency between exciter ceiling Efdmax, AVR ceiling VRmax,
exciter saturation SE and exciter constant KE. These parameters are related by the following equation (the
sign of KE is negative for a self-excited shunt field):

V
R
( K
E
+ S
E
) E
fd
= 0 for E
fdmin
< E
fd
< E
fdmax


At excitation ceiling ( E
fd
= E
fdmax
) the above equation becomes:

V
Rmax
= (K
E
+S
Emax
) - E
fdmax


Therefore, it is important that the exciter parameters entered satisfy the above equation, when applicable.
ETAP will check this condition at run time and flag any violations.

The exciter saturation function (SE) represents the increase in exciter excitation due to saturation. It is
defined as:


where the quantities A and B are defined as the exciter field currents which produce the exciter output
voltage on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve and air gap line, respective, as shown in the
exciter saturation curve below


ETAP assumes that S
E
is specified at the following exciter voltages:

Saturation Factor Exciter Voltage
S
Emax
E
fdmax

S
E.75max
0.75E
fdmax

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-27 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.1 IEEE Type 1



IEEE Type 1 - Continuously Acting Regulator and Exciter (1)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents a continuously acting regulator with rotating exciter
system. Some vendors' units represented by this model include:

Westinghouse brushless systems with TRA, Mag-A-Stat, Silverstat, or Rotoroal regulator
Allis Chalmers systems with Regulex regulator
General Electric systems with Amplidyne or GDA regulator
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-28 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-29 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.2 IEEE Type 2

IEEE Type 2 - Rotating Rectifier System (2)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents a rotating rectifier exciter with static regulator system. Its
characteristics are similar to IEEE Type 1 exciter, except for the feedback-damping loop. This system
applies to units where the main input to the damping loop is provided from the regulator output rather
than the exciter output. To compensate for the exciter damping which is not included in the damping loop,
the feedback transfer function contains one additional time-constant.

An example of such a system is the Westinghouse brushless system, which was in service up to 1966.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-30 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF1 Regulator stabilizing circuit first time constant Sec.
TF2 Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-31 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.3 IEEE Type 3
R
sT + 1
1
A
A
sT
K
+ 1 E E
sT K +
1
V
ref
V
t
VR
max
Efd

+
-
-

F
F
sT
sK
+ 1
VR
min
+
t I t P thev
I jK V K V + =

( ) A 1 I
fd
+
VB
max
0.0
( )
8 . 1 0
/ 78 . 0
2
1
> =
=
A for V
V I X A
B
thev fd
I
t


IEEE Type 3 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents static excitation systems with compound terminal voltage
and current feedback. The regulator transfer function for this model is similar to IEEE Type 1. In this
model, the regulator output is combined with a signal, which represents the self-excitation from the
generator terminals.

An example of such a system is the General Electric SCPT system.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-32 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VBmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
KI Current circuit gain coefficient
KP Potential circuit gain coefficient
XL Reactance associated with potential source
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-33 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.4 IEEE Type 1S



IEEE Type 1S - Controlled Rectifier System with Terminal Voltage (1S)

In this type of exciter and AVR system, excitation is obtained through terminal voltage rectification. In
this model the maximum regulated voltage (VRmax) is proportional to terminal voltage Vt.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-34 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
Efdmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KF Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KP Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-35 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.5 IEEE Type DC1

IEEE Type DC1 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to model field-controlled DC-Commutator exciters with
continuous voltage regulators. Examples of this model are:

Allis Chalmers Regulex regulator
General Electric Amplidyne and GDA regulator
Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat, Rototrol, Silverstat, and TRA regulators
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-36 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TC Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-37 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.6 IEEE Type DC2

IEEE Type DC2 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation and Supplies from
Terminal Voltage (DC2)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuous
voltage regulators supplied from the generator or auxiliaries bus voltage. Its only difference from IEEE
Type DC1 is the regulator output limits, which are now proportional to terminal voltage Vt.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-38 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TC Voltage regulator time constant Sec
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-39 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.7 IEEE Type DC3

I
EEE Type DC3 - DC Commutator Exciter with Non-Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC3)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for the older DC commutator exciters with non-continuously
acting regulators.

Examples of this model are:

General Electric exciter with GFA4 regulator
Westinghouse exciter with BJ30 regulator
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-40 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KV Fast raise/Lower contact setting p.u.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
TRH Rheostat travel time Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-41 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.8 IEEE Type ST1


IEEE Type ST1 - Potential-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter (ST1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent potential-source, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. This is intended for all systems supplied through a transformer from the generator terminals.

Examples of this model include:

Canadian General Electric Silcomatic exciters
Westinghouse Canada Solid State Thyristor exciters
Westinghouse type PS static excitation systems with type WTA or WHS regulators
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-42 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:

Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VImax Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u.
VImin Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Regulator gain p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TC Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-43 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.9 IEEE Type ST2


IEEE Type ST2 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST2)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems. These
systems use both current and voltage sources.

An example of this model is General Electric static exciter SCT-PPT or SCPT.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-44 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
KI Current circuit gain coefficient p.u.
KP Potential circuit gain coefficient p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-45 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
R
sT + 1
1
B
C
J
sT
sT
K
+
+
1
1
V
ref
V
t
+

-

VR
max
+

( )
t L P I t P E
I X K K j V K V + + =

( ) IN f F
EX
=
I
fd
A
A
sT
K
+ 1
E
fd

G
K
-

V
E
E
fdmax
E
fd
C
V
I
K IN =
I
t
IN

F
EX
VR
min
VG
max
VI
max
VI
min
24.4.10 IEEE Type ST3


IEEE Type ST3 - Compound Source-Controlled Rectifier Exciter (ST3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents compound-source rectifier excitation systems. These
exciters utilize internal quantities within the generator as the source of power.

Examples of this model are:

General Electric GENERREX exciter
Shunt-Thyristor exciter
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-46 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
VGmax Maximum inner loop voltage feedback p.u.
VImax Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u.
VImin Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating
reactance
p.u.
KG Inner loop feedback constant p.u.
KI Current circuit gain coefficient p.u.
KJ First stage regulation gain p.u.
KPreal Real part of potential circuit gain coefficient p.u.
KPimg Reactive part of potential circuit gain coefficient p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Exciter time constant Sec.
TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
XL Reactance associated with potential source p.u.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-47 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.11 IEEE Type AC1


IEEE Type AC1 - Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System with Non-Controlled Rectifiers and Field
Current Feedback (AC1)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-rectifier excitation systems with non-controlled
rectifiers and exciter field current feedback. There is no self-excitation and the source of voltage regulator
power is not affected by external transients.

Westinghouse Brushless excitation systems fall under this type of exciter model.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-48 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u.
KD Demagnetizing factor p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Exciter time constant Sec.
TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-49 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.12 IEEE Type AC2

IEEE Type AC2 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System (AC2)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents high-initial-response, field-controlled alternator-rectifier
excitation systems. It uses an alternator main exciter and non-controlled rectifiers. It is similar to IEEE
Type AC1 exciter model but has two additional field current feedback loops.

An example of this model is Westinghouse High-Initial-Response Brushless excitation system.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-50 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
VAmax Maximum regulator internal voltage p.u.
VAmin Minimum regulator internal voltage p.u.
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KB Second stage regulator gain p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u.
KD Demagnetizing factor p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-51 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
KH Exciter field current feedback gain p.u.
KL Gain of exciter field current limit p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Exciter time constant Sec.
TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constants Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
VLR Exciter field current limit reference

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-52 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.13 IEEE Type AC3

IEEE Type AC3 - Field-Controlled Alternator-Rectifier Exciter (AC3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents field-controlled, alternator-rectifier excitation systems. It
can model systems that derive voltage regulator power from the exciter output voltage and simulate their
non-linearity.

An example of this model is General Electric ALTERREX excitation system using static voltage
regulators.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-53 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
EFDN Value of Efd at which feedback gain changes p.u.
VAmax Maximum regulator internal voltage p.u.
VAmin Minimum regulator internal voltage p.u.
VLV Exciter low voltage limit reference p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u.
KD Demagnetizing factor p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
KLV Gain of the exciter low voltage limit signal p.u.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-54 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
KN Exciter control system stabilizer gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Exciter time constant Sec.
TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.
KR Constant for regulator and alternator field power supply p.u.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-55 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.14 IEEE Type AC4

IEEE Type AC4 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Supplied Controlled Rectifier Exciter (AC4)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-supplied, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. A high-initial response excitation system, it has a Thyristor bridge at the output circuit.

General Electric ALTHYREX and Rotating Thyristor excitation systems are examples of this type of
exciter.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-56 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VImax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u.
VImin The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Exciter time constant Sec.
TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-57 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.15 IEEE Type AC5A


IEEE Type AC5A - Simplified Rotating Rectifier Excitation System (AC5A)
This type of exciter and AVR system is a simplified model for brushless excitation systems. The regulator
is supplied from a source, such as a permanent magnet generator, which is not affected by system
disturbances.

This model can be used to represent small excitation systems such as those produced by Basler and
Electric Machinery.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-58 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-59 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TA2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TA3 Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF1 Exciter control system time constant Sec.
TF2 Exciter control system time constant Sec.
TF3 Exciter control system time constant Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

24.4.16 Basler SR8F & SR125A

Basler SR8F & SR125A Excitation System (SR8F)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent Basler SR8F and SR125A exciter systems.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-60 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Dynamic Models Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-61 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec.
TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec.
TF1 Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TF2 Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant (Rot. Rec.) Sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.


Dynamic Models Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-62 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.17 HPC 840

HPC 840 Excitation and AVR System (HPC)

This type of exciter and AVR system includes both forward gain and feedback damping loops. There are
three compensation signals to regulate excitation voltages. These signals are terminal voltage magnitude,
real power generation, and reactive power generation.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-63 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Amax Regulator internal maximum limit (Amax = VImax * Ka) p.u.
Amin Regulator internal minimum limit (Amin = VImin * Ka) p.u.
Bmax Integrator upper limit (Bmax = LIMmax * Ka) p.u.
Bmin Integrator lower limit (Bmin = LIMmin * Ka) p.u.
C Combined excitation system (C = Kg * kp * Ka) p.u.
D Combined stabilizing feedback gain (D = Kd * Kf/Kp) p.u.
Efdmax Maximum Exciter output voltage p.u.
Kpow Active power compensation factor p.u.
KQ Reactive power compensation factor p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
SE .75 Value of excitation saturation function at 0.75 Efdmax
SEmax Value of excitation saturation function at Efdmax
TL Integration time constant Sec.
T4 Excitation system total delay Sec.
TD Stabilizing feedback time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-64 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definition Unit
Tdsty Voltage transducer filter time constant Sec.
TE Exciter time constant Sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec.
TP Active power compensation time constant Sec.
TQ Reactive power compensation time constant Sec.
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
Control Bus Voltage feedback bus ID
Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-65 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.18 JEUMONT Industrie


JEUMONT - JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)

This type of exciter and AVR system consists of a voltage block, a current block, a voltage regulator
block, and an excitation block. It uses a rotating rectifier for excitation system.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-66 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
AV1 Gain of voltage control loop
AV2 Constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV3 Constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV4 Gain of voltage control loop
AV5 Gain of reference voltage
AV6 Gain of voltage control loop
AV7 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV8 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV9 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV10 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec.
AV11 Parameter of voltage control loop
Ai1 Gain of current control loop
Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-67 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
Ai2 Gain of supply voltage to current control loop
Ai3 Gain of current control loop
Ai4 Gain of current control loop
Ai5 Gain of current control loop
Ai6 Gain of current control loop
Ai7 Time constant of current control loop Sec.
Ai8 Time constant of current control loop Sec.
Ai9 Time constant of current control loop Sec.
Ai10 Time constant of current control loop Sec.
Ai11 Gain of current control loop
Ai12 Time constant of current control loop Sec.
AR1 Gain of regulator
AR2 Regulator reference
KU1 Gain of terminal voltage feedback V
KU2 Gain of regulator
Vres Supply voltage of thy-bridge V
VSUP Supply voltage of current control loop V
Te Time constant of exciter loop Sec.
Ke Gain of exciter loop
S
Emax
Saturation coefficient at maximum field voltage
S
E.75max
Saturation coefficient at 0.75 maximum field voltage
E
fdmax
Maximum field voltage V
Kae Gain of field current feedback loop
Kif Gain of field current feedback V
Max1 Maximum value 1 of voltage control loop V
Min1 Minimum value 1 of voltage control loop V
Max2 Maximum value 2 of voltage control loop V
Min2 Minimum value 2 of voltage control loop V
Max3 Maximum value 3 of voltage control loop V
Min3 Minimum value 3 of voltage control loop V
Max4 Maximum value 4 of current control loop V
Min4 Minimum value 4 of current control loop V
Max5 Maximum value 5 of current control loop V
Min5 Minimum value 5 of current control loop V
Max6 Maximum value 6 of current control loop V
Min6 Minimum value 6 of current control loop V
Max7 Maximum value 7 of current control loop V
Min7 Minimum value 7 of current control loop V
Control Bus Voltage feedback bus ID

Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-68 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.19 IEEE Type ST1D

IEEE Type ST1D- Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST1D)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems with volts-
per-hertz limiter. These systems use both current and voltage sources.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-69 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
R
C
Resistive part of reactive droop compensation p.u.
X
C
Inductive part of reactive droop compensation p.u.
T
R
Transducer time constant Sec.
T
C
Transient gain reduction lead time constant Sec.
T
B
Transient gain reduction lag time constant Sec.
K
A
Amplifier gain p.u.
T
A
Amplifier time constant Sec.
K
F
Stabilizing feedback signal gain p.u.
T
F
Stabilizing feedback signal time constant Sec.
K
C
Field current gain p.u.
V
VLR
Set point of V/Hz limiter p.u.
K
VL
Over-excitation feedback signal gain p.u.
T
VL
Over-excitation feedback signal time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-70 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
K
VF
Stabilizing feedback signal gain p.u.
T
H
Measurement time constant Sec.
VI
max
Maximum error limit p.u.
VI
min
Minimum error limit p.u.
VR
max
Maximum regular output p.u.
VR
min
Minimum regular output p.u.
Vdc Field flashing battery voltage Volts
Rf Field flashing battery and external circuit resistance Ohms
Vref Voltage reference p.u.
TD Pickup delay time Sec.
VHZ V/Hz pickup value p.u.
Ifb Exciter base current Amps
Vfb Exciter base voltage Volts


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-71 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.20 IEEE Type AC8B


Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-72 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u.
SEmax Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax p.u.
SE.75 Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax p.u.
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage in pu p.u.
KP Proportional control gain in pu p.u.
KI Integral control gain in pu p.u.
KD Derivative control gain in pu p.u.
KA Regulator gain in pu p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field in pu p.u.
TD Derivative control time constant in sec Sec.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant in sec Sec.
TE Exciter time constant in sec Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-73 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.21 IEEE Type AC1A



IEEE Type AC1A Exciter (AC1A)

Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-74 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VAmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u.
VAmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u.
VRmax Maximum regulator internal voltage in pu p.u.
VRmin Minimum regulator internal voltage in pu p.u.
V
UEL
Underexcitation limiter in pu p.u.
V
OEL
Overexcitation limiter in pu p.u.
SEmax Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax in pu p.u.
SE.75 Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax in pu p.u.
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage in pu p.u.
KA Regulate gain in pu p.u.
Dynamic Models Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-75 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
KC Rectifier loading factor in pu p.u.
KD Demagnetizing factor in pu p.u.
KF Regulate stabilizing circuit gain in pu p.u.
KE Exciter gain in pu p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant in sec Sec.
TC Internal signal lead time constant in sec Sec.
TB Internal signal lag time constant in sec Sec.
TE Exciter time constant in sec Sec.
TF Regulate stabilizing time constant in sec Sec.
TR Regulate input filter time in sec Sec.
a
1
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
a
2
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
1
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
2
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
3
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
4
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
5
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
6
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
7
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
8
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
9
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.
b
10
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.


Dynamic Models Excitation System
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-76 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.4.22 User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
From the exciter type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and saved.



Details on how to use UDM models are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-77 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5 Governor-Turbine
Modeling of governor-turbine system in transient stability studies is essential for simulation time frames
of more than a second.

ETAP provides the following governor-turbine models:

Steam-Turbine (ST)
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
Tandem-Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Gas-Turbine (GT)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
General Purpose (GP)
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505
Woodward UG-8
Woodward Governor 2301
GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
GHH BROSIG Steam-Turbine Governor (GHH)
Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
IEEE Gas -Turbine (SGT)
PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST60)
Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST70)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-3)
Combustion Turbine and Governor (CT251)

For IEEE type governor-turbine systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following reference:

IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System
Studies", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973,
pp. 1904-1915.

IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Fossil Fueled Steam Units in Power System Studies",
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. PS-6, No. 2, May 1991, pp. 753-761.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-78 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.1 Steam-Turbine (ST)

ST Governor System Representation (ST)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple steam turbine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-79 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u.
Pmax Maximum shaft power (rated MW) MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power ( > = 0) MW
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tch Steam chest time constant Sec.
Trh Reheater time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-80 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.2 Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)

Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a two-stage steam turbine with reheat and speed
governing system. It consists of a speed relay, a control amplifier, a steam chest, and a reheater.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-81 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u.
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tch Steam time constant Sec.
Tdrp Load sensor time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant in second Sec.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-82 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.3 Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)


Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, single-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is a type ST1 model with a block representing crossover piping to the low-
pressure turbines.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-83 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u.
Fip Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
Flp Low pressure turbine power fraction p.u
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tch Steam chest time constant Sec.
Tco Crossover time constant Sec.
Trh Reheater time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-84 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.4 Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)


Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, double-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is similar to type ST2 model except for the added block representing reheated
steam between the very-high pressure and high-pressure turbines.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-85 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u.
Fip Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
Flp Low pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
Fvhp Very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tch Steam chest time constant Sec.
Tco Crossover time constant Sec.
Trh1 First reheater time constant Sec.
Trh2 Second reheater time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-86 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.5 IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)


IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
This type of governor-turbine system represents an IEEE suggested general steam turbine and speed
governing system. It may be used for modeling the steam systems represented by ST, ST1, ST2, and ST3,
as well as the cross-compound, single-reheat and cross-compound, double-reheat systems.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-87 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop in second %
DB Speed deadband p.u.
K1 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K2 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K3 Partial high pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K4 Partial high pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K5 Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K6 Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K7 Partial low pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
K8 Partial low pressure turbine power fraction p.u.
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-88 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec.
T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec.
T6 Acutator time constant Sec.
T7 Engine dead time constant Sec.
UC Limit of value closing
UO Limit of value opening

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-89 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.6 Gas-Turbine (GT)

Gas-Turbine (GT)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple gas turbine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-90 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop in second %
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.
Tt Turbine relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-91 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.7 Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a steam turbine and speed governing system, with the
inclusion of the fuel system.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-92 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Ff Minimum fuel flow
KD Governor gain
Kf Fuel system feedback gain Kf = 0 or 1
Kr Fuel system transfer function gain
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec.
T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec.
T6 Acutator time constant Sec.
T7 Engine dead time constant Sec.
T8 Fuel value time constant Sec.
T9 Fuel system lead time constant Sec.
VL Lower incremental power limit p.u.
VU Upper incremental power limit p.u.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
General Purpose (GP)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-93 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.8 General Purpose (GP)

General Purpose (GP)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a general-purpose governor-turbine system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
General Purpose (GP)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-94 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
Ta Actuator time constant Sec.
Tc Governor reset time constant Sec.
Tdrp Load sensor time constant Sec.
Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.
Tt Turbine relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-95 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.9 Diesel-Engine (DT)

Diesel-Engine (DT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple diesel engine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-96 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Isoch only
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.
T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec.
T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec.
T6 Acutator time constant Sec.
T7 Engine dead time constant Sec.
T8 Fuel value time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-97 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.10 Woodward Steam-Turbine 505
s
T
e
5 . 1
Speed
Ref
Speed

-
+
Speed Ctrl Loop
1
1
1
1
f
sT
sD
+
+
Pm
L
2
L
1
1
P

+
-
1
1
1
a
sT +
1

+
+
Ratio/
Limiter
1
1
1
m
sT +
EF
L
4
L
3
2
P

-
+
2
1
1
a
sT +
1

+
+
Inverse
Ratio/
Limiter
2
1
1
m
sT +
1 r
D
1
/ 1
1
I s +
2 r
D
2
/ 1
1
I s +
Steam
Map
s
T
e
5 . 1
Ext Pres
Ref
Ext Press

-
+
2
2
1
1
f
sT
sD
+
+
Extraction Ctrl Loop
Extraction Flow
Turbine Shaft HP
LP


Woodward 505 and 505E Steam-Turbine (505)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 505 and 505E PID governor for extraction
steam turbine system.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-98 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop1 Steady-state speed droop %
Droop2 Extraction loop droop %
Efmax Max. extraction flow T/Hr
ExtFlow Turbine extraction flow %
ExtPress Extraction pressure %
Hpa Min. extraction @ max. power T/Hr
HPb Max. extraction @ min. power T/Hr
HPc Min. extraction @ min. power T/Hr
Hpmax Max. HP flow T/Hr
I1 <D> Speed loop integral (Droop mode) %
I1 <I> Speed loop integral gain in (Isoch mode) %
I2 Extraction loop integral gain %
L1 Up limit for speed loop output %
L2 Low limit for speed loop output %
L3 Up limit for extraction loop output %
L4 Low limit for extraction loop output %
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-99 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
P1 <D> Speed loop proportional gain (Droop mode) %
P1 <I> Speed loop proportional gain (Isoch mode) %
P2 Extraction loop proportional gain %
RampRate Speed reference ramp rate %
Sa Max. power @ min. extraction %/Sec.
Sb Min. power @ max. extraction kW
Sc Min. power @ min. extraction kW
SDR1 Speed loop parameter (Droop mode) %
SDR1 <I> Speed loop parameter (Isoch mode) %
SDR2 Extraction loop parameter %
Smax Max. power kW
Ta1 HP valve actuator time constant Sec.
Ta2 LV valve actuator time constant Sec.
Tm1 Turbine time constant (shaft power output) Sec.
Tm2 Turbine time constant (extraction flow) Sec.
TS Controller sample time Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-100 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.11 Woodward UG-8

Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward UG-8 governor, used mainly for diesel
generators. This model includes a representation for a ball head filter, amplifier/compensator, and a diesel
engine.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-101 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
A1 Compensator constant rad/Sec.
A2 Compensator constant rad/Sec.
A3 Compensator constant rad/Sec.
Ad Permanent droop constant rpm/in
B1 Ball head filter constant
B2 Ball head filter constant
C1 Governor drive ratio
K1 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction Deg/in
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
T7 Engine dead time constant Sec.
T8 Fuel value time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-102 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.12 Woodward Governor 2301
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 2301 and 2301A speed governing systems
with a diesel turbine system and load sharing capability.


Woodward Governor 2301A and 2301 (2301)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-103 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Load Sharing (MW Sharing)
To share load (MW) between generators, set LS GP# (Load Sharing Group Number) of 2301 governors to
the same group number. Note that in order to use this capability, load sharing governors must be in
isochronous mode.
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
LS GP# Load sharing group number
Droop Steady-state speed droop in second %
max Min. shaft position in degrees Deg
min Max. shaft position in degrees Deg
Gain setting
Reset setting
Actuator compensation setting
K1 Partially very high pressure power fraction Deg/A

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-104 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
Actuator time constant Sec.
T1 Engine Dead Time constant Sec.
T2 Amplifier/compensator time constant Sec.
Pmax Maximum shaft power MW
Pmin Minimum shaft power MW
k Internal variable ( = MVA/(max-max)) MW/Deg
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-105 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.13 GE Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTH)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE heavy-duty gas turbine speed governing system.


GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-106 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop in second %
Max Fuel upper limit (VCE' upper limit) p.u.
Min Fuel lower limit (VCE' lower limit) p.u.
Term.Ctrl Flag to include temperature control loop p.u.
Acc.Ctrl Flag to include acceleration control loop p.u.
X Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
Y Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
Z Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
a Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
b Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
c Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
Kf Fuel system feedback gain, Kf = 0 or 1 p.u.
KI Gain for Isoch Mode p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-107 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
Tf Fuel system time constant Sec.
Tcr Combustion reaction time delay Sec.
Tcd Compressor discharge volume time constant Sec.
Ttd Turbine & exhaust system transportation delay Sec.
T Transportation delay Sec.
Tt Temperature controller integration rate Sec.
Tr Turbine rated exhaust temperature Deg.F
t
1
Tr - 700 (1 - W
F
) + 550 (1 -N) in English units
Tr - 390 (1 - W
F
) + 306 (1 -N) in Metric units

t
2
1.3 (W
F
- 0.23) + 0.5 (1 -N)
Ta Ambient temperature Deg.F
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-108 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.14 GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTS)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE simplified single shaft gas turbine speed
governing system.


GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-109 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch p.u.
Droop Steady-state speed droop p.u.
Max Fuel upper limit p.u.
Min Fuel lower limit p.u.
X Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
Y Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
Z Governor transfer function coefficient p.u.
A Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
B Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
C Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
D Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u.
R Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u.
S Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u.
T Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-110 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.15 Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Turbine MARS governor set for gas turbine and
speed governing systems.


Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-111 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-112 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode
Droop Speed droop %
MaxGov Governor maximum at no load p.u.
MinGov Governor minimum at no load p.u.
Max2
Maximum mechanical power p.u.
Min2
Minimum mechanical power p.u.
Max3
Maximum gas producer
p.u.
Min3
Minimum gas producer
p.u.
Maxo
Maximum overspeed control
p.u.
Mino
Minimum overspend control
p.u.
Wover Over speed reference p.u.
Tref Temperature reference p.u.
Ks
Speed control gain
p.u.
Kt
Temperature control gain
p.u.
Ko
Overspeed control gain
p.u.
Ku
Loader delta maximum fuel
p.u.
Kl
Loader delta minimum fuel
p.u.
T1
Governor reset time
Sec.
T2
Combustor time constant
Sec.
T3
Gas producer time constant
Sec.
T4 Controller delay time constant Sec.
T5
Speed Lead/Lag lead time constant
Sec.
T6
Speed Lead/Lag lag time constant
Sec.
T7
Thermocouple time constant
Sec.
T8 Controller delay time constant Sec.
Th1 Controller recursion time constant Sec.
Th2 Controller recursion time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-113 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.16 Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Detroit Diesel turbine with DDEC controller and the
Woodward DSLC unit system.


Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-114 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode Droop or Isoch
Droop Steady-state speed droop %
PMmax Maximum shaft power (rated MW) MW
PMmin Minimum shaft power (>=0) MW
K1 PL control gain p.u.
K2 Lead/Lag controller gain p.u.
R1 PL control constant p.u.
Ts Load share system time constant Sec.
T1 PTO filter time constant Sec.
T2 Filter and Delay time constant Sec.
T3 Filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-115 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.17 GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GHH BROSIG steam turbine governor system.


GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor System (GHH)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-116 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
KP1
Generator load control gain

KP2
Extraction 1 control gain

KP3
Extraction 2 control gain

KP4
Speed control gain

GL
Low pressure steam valve control gain

GM
Medium pressure steam valve control gain

GH
High pressure steam valve control gain

Tn1
Time constant of generator load control
Sec.
Tn2
Time constant of extraction 1 control
Sec.
Tn3
Time constant of extraction 2 control
Sec.
Tn5
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control
Sec.
Tn6
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control
Sec.
TL
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control loop
Sec.
TM
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control loop
Sec.
TH
Time constant of high pressure steam valve control loop
Sec.
HP
Extraction 1 pressure
bar
MP
Extraction 2 pressure
bar
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-117 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
VLmax
Maximum value of low pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
VLmin
Minimum value of low pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
VMmax
Maximum value of medium pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
VMmin
Minimum value of medium pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
VHmax
Maximum value of high pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
VHmin
Minimum value of high pressure valve control signal
mm/Sec.
PLmax
Maximum value of low pressure valve position
mm
PLmin
Minimum value of low pressure valve position
mm
PMmax
Maximum value of medium pressure valve position
mm
PMmin
Minimum value of medium pressure valve position
mm
PHmax
Maximum value of high pressure valve position
mm
PHmin
Minimum value of high pressure valve position
mm
Pa
Power output value at point A of steam map
MW
Pb
Power output value at point B of steam map
MW
Pc
Power output value at point C of steam map
MW
Pd
Power output value at point D of steam map
MW
Pe
Power output value at point E of steam map
MW
Pf
Power output value at point F of steam map
MW
LFa
Maximum value of live steam flow
t/h
LFc
Live steam flow value at point C of steam map
t/h
LFd
Minimum value of live steam flow
t/h
EX2f
Extraction 2 steam value at point F of steam map
t/h
LFv1
Valve position value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
mm
LFv2
Valve position value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics
mm
LFv3
Valve position value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics
mm
LF1
Flow value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
t/h
LF2
Flow value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics
t/h
LF3
Flow value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics
t/h
KFM0
Exponential coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
1/mm
FM0
Minimum flow value of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
t/h
FM1
Coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
t/h
KFL0
Exponential coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
1/mm
FL0
Minimum flow value of low pressure steam flow characteristics
t/h
FL1
Coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
t/h
m1
Valve control parameter

m2
Valve control parameter

m3
Valve control parameter

e1
Valve control parameter

e2
Valve control parameter

Esf1
Initial extraction 1 steam flow
t/h
Esf2
Initia2
Initial extraction2 steam flow
t/h
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-118 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Steam Map Diagram


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-119 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.18 Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward hydraulic governing systems.


Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-120 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VO Gate opening speed p.u.
VC1 Gate closing speed inside of the buffer zone p.u.
VC2 Gate closing speed outside of the buffer zone p.u.
GMAX1 Max gate position (RPM>RPM2) p.u.
GMAX2 Max gate position.(RPM<RPM2) p.u
GMIN Min gate position p.u.
Q Servo gain p.u.
RP Permanent droop p.u.
RT Temporary droop p.u.
TP Pilot and servo motor time constant p.u.
TG Main servo time constant p.u.
TR Dashpot time constant p.u.
Zt Surge impedance of tunnel p.u.
Zp1 Surge impedance of penstock p.u.
ft Head loss coefficient of tunnel p.u.
fp1 Head loss coefficient of penstock p.u.
Tt Travel time constant of tunnel in p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-121 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definition Unit
Tp1 Travel time constant of penstock p.u.
At1 Proportionality factor p.u.
QNL No load flow in first unit p.u.
Q2 Flow rate in second unit p.u.
Wref Speed reference p.u.
Href Head reference p.u.
GC Gate conversion factor p.u.
Damp Damping coefficient p.u.
RPM1 Gate limit speed set point 1 p.u.
RPM2 Gate limit speed set point 2 p.u.
RPM3 Gate limit speed set point 3 p.u.
GBUFF Buffer zone gate limit p.u.
m Partial shutdown gate position coefficient p.u.
B Partial shutdown gate position coefficient p.u.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-122 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.19 IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the IEEE gas-turbine governing systems.


IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-123 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Pref Load reference p.u.
Pmax Maximum power limit p.u.
Pmin Minimum power limit p.u.
K1 Gain 1 p.u.
K2 Gain 2 p.u
K3 Gain 3 p.u.
T1 Governor time constant 1 Sec.
T2 Governor time constant 2 Sec
T3 Governor time constant 3 Sec.
T4 Turbine time constant 1 Sec.
T5 Turbine time constant 2 Sec.
T6 Turbine time constant 3 Sec.
TR Load setting time constant Sec.



Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-124 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.20 PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Siemens Westinghouse PowerLogic model A
governing systems.



PowerLogic Turbine/Governor Model A (PL-A)
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-125 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Model Liquid fuel or Gas fuel
Plimit Turbine base load p.u.
TP Load transducer time constant Sec.
TL Filter time constant in sec Sec.
TQ Speed transducer time constant Sec.
TLD Lead time constant Sec.
TLG Leg time constant Sec.
TA Speed/load controller time constant Sec.
TC Speed/load controller time constant Sec.
TD Current to pneumatic pressure transmitter time constant Sec.
TV Valve servo time constant Sec.
TPL Liquid piping time constant Sec.
TPG Gas piping time constant Sec.
TC1 Combustion time constant Sec.
TC2 Combustion time constant Sec.
TX1 Temperature controller time constant Sec.
TX2 Temperature controller time constant Sec.
TX3 Temperature controller time constant Sec.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-126 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definition Unit
TX4 Temperature controller time constant Sec.
TX5 Temperature controller time constant Sec.
KL Speed droop p.u.
KI Speed/load controller gain p.u.
KA Temperature controller gain V/F
KC Temperature controller gain V/V
KT Temperature controller gain V/BTU/Sec
DL Decel limiter p.u.
JRL1 Jump rate limiter1 %/Sec
JRL2 Instantaneous jump rate limiter1 %/Sec
TFLD Loading time from no-load to full load min
Tref Temperature reference p.u./100
GovBase Governor base MW

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-127 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.21 Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST60)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel systems


Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-128 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode
T
1
Controller delay time constant Sec.
T
2
Speed compensator lead time constant Sec.
T
3
Speed compensator lag time constant Sec.
T
4
Governor reset time constant Sec.
T
5
Combustor time constant Sec.
T
6
Controller delay time constant Sec.
T
7
Thermocouple time constant Sec.
T
8
Gas producer time constant Sec.
T
h1
Controller recursion time constant Sec.
T
h2
Controller recursion time constant Sec.
K
S
Speed control gain p.u.
K
T
Temperature control gain p.u.
K
max
Loader delta maximum fuel gain p.u.
K
min
Loader delta minimum fuel gain p.u.
Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-129 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definition Unit
Min
GOV
Governor minimum at no load p.u.
P
max
Maximum mechanical power p.u.
P
min
Minimum mechanical power p.u.
G
max1
Maximum gas producer p.u.
G
min1
Minimum gas producer p.u.
G
max2
Maximum fuel p.u.
G
min2
Minimum fuel p.u.
P
solo
Solonox control threshold p.u.
R Speed droop p.u.
T
ref
Temperature reference p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-130 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.22 Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST70)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel systems


Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-131 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-132 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Mode
T
1
Controller delay time constant Sec.
T
2
Speed compensator lead time constant Sec.
T
3
Speed compensator lag time constant Sec.
T
4
Governor reset time constant Sec.
T
5
Combustor time constant Sec.
T
6
Controller delay time constant Sec.
T
7
Thermocouple time constant Sec.
T
8
Gas producer time constant Sec.
G
p
Gas producer constant Sec.
T
h1
Controller recursion time constant Sec.
T
h2
Controller recursion time constant Sec.
K
S
Speed control gain p.u.
K
T
Temperature control gain p.u.
P
max
Maximum mechanical power p.u.
P
min
Minimum mechanical power p.u.
G
max1
Maximum gas producer p.u.
G
min1
Minimum gas producer p.u.
R Speed droop p.u.
T
ref
Temperature reference p.u.



Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-133 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.23 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)
This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with windup limits.


Gas-Turbine and Governor system (GT-2)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-134 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
Pref Load reference p.u.
Plimt Ambient temperature load limit p.u.
Vmax Maximum fuel valve opening p.u.
Vmin Minimum fuel valve opening p.u.
Base Governor base MW
R Speed droop p.u.
TR Load sensing time constant sec
T1 Governor time constant sec
T2 Combustion-chamber time constant sec
T3 Turbine thermal time constant sec
KT Load limit thermal sensitivity gain p.u.






Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-135 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.24 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT3)
This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with non-windup limits.


Gas-Turbine and Governor-Turbine system (GT3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-136 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Description Unit
Pref Load reference p.u.
Plimt Ambient temperature load limit p.u.
Vmax Maximum fuel valve opening p.u.
Vmin Minimum fuel valve opening p.u.
Base Governor base MW
R Speed droop p.u.
TR Load sensing time constant sec
T1 Governor time constant sec
T2 Combustion-chamber time constant sec
T3 Turbine thermal time constant sec
KT Load limit thermal sensitivity gain p.u.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-137 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.25 Combustion Turbine-Governor (CT251)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a combustion turbine-governor.


Combustion Turbine and Governor system (CT251)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:




Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-138 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
R Speed droop p.u.
TR Load sensing time constant sec
T1 PID Integral time constant sec
TV Throttle valve time constant sec
TE Piping combustion time constant sec
K1 PID input scaling factor sec
K2 PID output scaling factor p.u.
KP PID proportional gain p.u.





Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine
User Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-139 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.5.26 User-Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
From the governor type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and save.



Details on how to use UDM model are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.
Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-140 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.6 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Power system stabilizer (PSS) is an auxiliary device installed on synchronous generator and tuned to help
with system stability.

ETAP provides two standard IEEE type models:

IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)

Reference for these two types of PSS is from:

IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992

Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-141 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.6.1 IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)


IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-142 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VSI PSS input (speed, power or frequency) in pu p.u.
KS PSS gain p.u.
VSTmax Maximum PSS output p.u.
VSTmin Minimum PSS output p.u.
Vtmin Terminal undervoltage comparison level p.u.
TDR Reset time delay for discontinuous controller sec
A1 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant p.u.
A2 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant p.u.
T1 PSS lead compensation time constant sec
T2 PSS leg compensation time constant sec
T3 PSS lead compensation time constant sec
T4 PSS leg compensation time constant sec
T5 PSS washout time constant sec
T6 PSS washout time constant sec



Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-143 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.6.2 IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)


IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)

Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-144 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:


Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-145 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
VSI1 PSS first input (speed, power or frequency) p.u.
VSI2 PSS second input (speed, power or frequency) p.u.
KS1 PSS gain p.u.
KS2 PSS gain p.u.
KS3 PSS gain p.u.
VSTmax Maximum PSS output p.u.
VSTmin Minimum PSS output p.u.
VTmin Terminal undervoltage comparison level p.u.
TDR Reset time delay for discontinuous controller sec
Tw1 PSS washout time constant sec
Tw2 PSS washout time constant sec
Tw3 PSS washout time constant sec
Tw4 PSS washout time constant sec
N Integer filter constant
M Integer filter constant
T1 PSS lead compensation time constant sec
T2 PSS leg compensation time constant sec
T3 PSS lead compensation time constant sec
T4 PSS leg compensation time constant sec
T5 PSS transducer time constant sec
T6 PSS transducer time constant sec
T7 PSS filter time constant sec
T8 PSS filter time constant sec

Dynamic Models Mechanical Load

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-146 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.7 Mechanical Load
For accelerating motors in motor starting studies and dynamically modeled motors in transient stability
studies, the connecting mechanical loads should be modeled for the calculation to determine the motors
acceleration and deceleration characteristics. Mechanical loads are modeled based on load torque curves
either curves based or point based as shown in the following screen capture:



When Polynomial type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the
mechanical load model.



A load curve is expressed by a third order generic polynomial equation:

T=A
0
+A
1
+
2

2
+
3

3

where
Dynamic Models Mechanical Load

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-147 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

T = Load torque in percent of the rated torque of the driving motor
= Per unit speed of the load ( = m/s)
A0, A1, A2, A3 = Coefficients

When Curve type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the mechanical
load model. Curve type can be used to create any custom shaped load torque curve that cannot be
expressed in the form of a polynomial equation.



ETAP provides a number of the most common load models for you to choose from. Load torque curves
can be added to the ETAP Motor Load Library and are then accessible from the Load Model pages in the
Induction Machine and Synchronous Motor Editors.



Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 1

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-148 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.8 Static Var Compensator Models

The Static Var Compesator Control model can be accessed from the SVC Editor, Model Page. It is
imperative to model this control when performing transient stability studies to determine the dynamic
response of the SVC under different conditions.

ETAP contains the following SVC control models:

Type1
Type2
Type3

The SVC control types are in accordance to the following references:
Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 1

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-149 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.8.1 SVC Control Model Type1



Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:

Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 2
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-150 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
K Voltage regulator gain p.u.
A1 Additional control signal gain p.u.
A2 Additional control signal gain p.u.
T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec
Tm Measurement time constant Sec
Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec
Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec
T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u.
TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.


Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 2
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-151 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.8.2 SVC Control Model Type2


Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 2
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-152 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
K Voltage regulator gain p.u.
Ks Synchronizing control gain p.u.
A1 Additional control signal gain p.u
A2 Additional control signal gain p.u.
T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec
Tm Measurement time constant Sec
Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec
Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec
Ts Synchronizing control time constant Sec
T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
Xsl Slope p.u.
TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u.
TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.


Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 1

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-153 ETAP 5.0 User Guide
24.8.3 SVC Control Model Type3



Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:

Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 1

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-154 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Parameter Definitions and Units

Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:

Parameter Definition Unit
K Voltage regulator gain p.u.
Ks Synchronizing control gain p.u.
Ksr Susceptance regulator gain p.u.
A1 Additional control signal gain p.u.
A2 Additional control signal gain p.u.
VSRmax Maximum voltage limit p.u.
VSRmin Minimum voltage limit p.u.
Bset Susceptance set point p.u.
T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec
Tm Measurement time constant Sec
Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec
Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec
Ts Synchronizing control time constant Sec
T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec
Xsl Slope p.u.
TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u.
TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.
Dynamic Models Lumped Motor Load
Operation Technology, Inc. 24-155 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.9 Dynamic Lumped Motor Load Model

The motor load portion of lumped loads for conventional load type and unbalanced load type can be
modeled dynamically with system frequency variations. This dynamic model can be accessed from the
Lumped Load Editor, Dyn Model Page.






Parameters for this model are:

Ta Motor load time constant
Motor load frequency coefficient