9/29/2014

1
GAS FIELD ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS
1
CONTENTS
- Introduction
- Composition of Natural Gas
- Ideal Gas Law
- Properties of Gaseous Mixtures
- Real Gas Equation of State
- Determination of Compressibility Factor
- Gas Conversion Equations
2
9/29/2014
2
Lesson Learning Outcome
At the end of the session, students should be able to:
Explain the governing laws of gas behavior.
Calculate basic parameters for determination of Gas flow
performance, volume measurement and Gas reserves .
3
2.1 Introduction
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and impurities.
Hydrocarbon gases normally found in natural gas are methane,
ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and small amounts of
hexanes, heptanes, octane, and the heavier gases.
The impurities found in natural gas include carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, water vapor, and heavier
hydrocarbons.
Usually, the propane and heavier hydrocarbon fractions are
removed for additional processing because of their high market
value as gasoline-blending stock and chemical-plant raw
feedstock.
What usually reaches the transmission line for sale as natural
gas is mostly a mixture of methane and ethane with some small
percentage of propane.
4
9/29/2014
3
2.1 Introduction
Physical properties of natural gases are important in solving
gas well performance, gas production, and gas transmission
problems.
The properties of a natural gas may be determined either
directly from laboratory tests or predictions from known
chemical composition of the gas.
In latter case, the calculations are based on the physical
properties of individual components of the gas and on physical
laws, often referred to as mixing rules, relating the properties of
the components to those of the mixture.
5
Composition of Natural Gas
There is no one composition or mixture that can be referred to
as the natural gas.
Each gas stream produced has its own composition.
Same reservoir may have different compositions.
Each gas stream produced from a natural gas reservoir can
change composition as the reservoir is depleted.
Samples of the well stream should be analyzed periodically,
since it may be necessary to change the production equipment
to satisfy the new gas composition.
Table 2.1 shows some typical natural gas streams.
Well stream 1 is typical of an associated gas, that is, gas
produced with crude oil.
6
9/29/2014
4
Composition of Natural Gas
Well stream 2 and 3 are typical non-associated low-pressure
and high-pressure gases, respectively.
Figure 2.1 shows the structures of some.
7
Composition of Natural Gas
Table 2.1 Typical Natural Gas Analyses
8
9/29/2014
5
Composition of Natural Gas
Paraffin Compounds (saturated straight chain)
Fig (2.1) Hydrocarbon Gas Molecule Structures
9
The Ideal Gas
If the temperature of a given gas is constant, volume of gas
varies inversely with the absolute pressure.
This relation is
Boyles Law
OR
OR
( 2.1 )
10
9/29/2014
6
Example (1)
A quantity of gas at a pressure of 50 psig has a volume of 1000 cu
ft. If the gas is compressed to 100 psig, what volume would it
occupy? Assume the barometric pressure is 14.73 psia and the
temperature of the gas remains constant.
Solution
Substituting in Eqn 2.1 would give
11
The Ideal Gas
1. If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant,
the volume will vary directly as the absolute temperature.
Charles Law
OR OR
12
9/29/2014
7
The Ideal Gas
2. If the volume of a particular quantity of gas is held constant, the
absolute pressure will vary directly as the absolute temperature:
OR OR
13
Boyles and Charles Laws
Separate relations of Boyles and Charles laws may be combined
to give
It is one of the most widely used relations in gas measurement
work.
( 2.2 )
14
9/29/2014
8
Example(2)
(a) How many cubic feet of an ideal gas, measured at standard
conditions of 60
o
F and 14.73 psia, are required to fill a 100-cu
ft tank to a pressure of 40 psia when the temperature of the
gas in the tank is 90
o
F? Atmospheric pressure is 14.4 psia.
(b) What would be the reading on the pressure gauge if the tank in
the above example is cooled to 60
o
F after being filled with the
ideal gas?
Solution
(a)
15
Using Eqn 2.2
(b)
Using Eq. 2.2 again
16
9/29/2014
9
Avogadros Law
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure,
equal volumes of all ideal gases contain the same number of
molecules.
It has been shown that there are 2.733 x 10
26
molecules in 1
pound-mole of any gas.
A pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6 cu ft at 60
o
F
and 14.73 psia.
17
The Ideal Gas Law
Eqn 2.3 is only applicable at pressures close to atmospheric.
(2.3)
18
9/29/2014
10
The Ideal Gas Law
Since the number of pound-moles of a gas is equal to the mass
of the gas divided by the molecular weight of the gas, ideal gas
law can be expressed as
(2.4)
Eqn 2.4 may be rearranged to give the mass and density, , of
the gas:
19
n=m/M,
Example (3)
Using the fact that 1 pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6
scf, calculate the value of the universal gas constant, R.
Solution
Using Eqn 2.4,
20
9/29/2014
11
Properties of Gaseous Mixtures
Physical properties that are most useful in natural gas
processing are molecular weight, boiling point, freezing point,
density, critical temperature, critical pressure, heat of
vaporization and specific heat.
Table 2.2 is a tabulation of physical constants of a number of
hydrocarbon compounds, other chemicals, and some common
gases.
21
Table 2.2 Physical Properties of Gases at Standard Pressure and Temperature
22
9/29/2014
12
Composition
Composition of a natural gas mixture may be expressed as
either the mole fraction, volume fraction, or weight fraction
of its components.
Mole fraction, y
i
, is defined as:
23
Volume fraction, is defined as
Weight fraction, w
i
, is defined as
It is easy to convert from mole fraction (or volume fraction) to
weight fraction and vice versa. These are illustrated in Eg. 2.6
and 2.7.
24
9/29/2014
13
Example ( 2.6)
25
Example (2.7)
26
9/29/2014
14
Apparent Molecular Weight
Apparent molecular weight of a gas mixture is a pseudo
property of the mixture and is defined as
The gas laws can be applied to gas mixtures by simply using
apparent molecular weight instead of the single-component
molecular weight in the formulas.
27
Example (2.8)
Therefore, the apparent molecular weight of the mixture is
17.08 lbm/lb-mol.
28
9/29/2014
15
Behavior of Real Gas
The gas deviation factor is defined as:
29
Real Gas Equation of State
Real gas equation is
z is dimensionless gas deviation factor.
z-factor can be interpreted as a term by which the pressure
must be corrected to account for the departure from the ideal
gas equation
(2.17)
(2.18)
30
9/29/2014
16
For a certain quantity of gas,
(2.19)
Real Gas Equation of State
31
Eqn. 2.17
may be written in terms of specific volume v or density Rho,
and gas gravity Gamma g ,
Real Gas Equation of State
32
(2.20)
g
9/29/2014
17
Real Gas Equation of State
33
(2.22)
At standard conditions
Real Gas Equation of State
34
(2.23)
9/29/2014
18
Assignment(1)
(1) Find and tabulate boiling point, freezing point, density,
critical temperature, critical pressure, heat of vaporization and
specific heat of different hydrocarbons and some of the
common gases.
(2) Define the followings in your ownwords:
Boiling point
Freezing Point
Density
Critical Temperature
Critical Pressure
Heat of Vaporization
Specific heat
To be submitted individually by 12 February 2013 not later
than 5:00 pm into pigeon hole.
Assignment (1)
35
Theorem of Corresponding States
Reduced temperature, reduced pressure and reduced volume
are the ratios of the actual temperature, pressure and specific
volume to the critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical
volume.
By the theorem of corresponding states, z-factor for any gas
mixture is defined solely by reduced temperature and reduced
pressure:
36
9/29/2014
19
Determination of z-factor
z-factor Correlation of Standing and Katz
Pseudo-properties are given by Kays mixing rules as
37
Fig. 2.4 Gas
Deviation Factor
for Natural
Gases
38
9/29/2014
20
In cases where the composition of a natural gas is not
available, pseudo-critical pressure and pseudo-critical
temperature may be approximated from
Pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature:
where p and T are the absolute pressure and absolute
temperature at which z-factor is required.
39
Example 2.9 (Sweet Natural Gas)
Note: No Hydrogen Sulphide
40
9/29/2014
21
At a pressure of 2000 psia and temperature of 150
o
F.
Using the z-factor chart, Fig. 2.4
41
QUIZZ (1
)
QUIZZ(1)
Calculate compressibility factor for the following gas
composition at operating pressure 2300 psia and temperature
130F.
Component mole fraction
CH4 0.6136
C2H6 0.1828
C3H8 0.1414
C4H10 0.0253
C5H12 0.0029
C6H14 0.0024
C7H16 0.0021
N2 0.0140
CO2 0.0155
42
9/29/2014
22
Direct Calculation of z-factors
1. The Hall Yarborough Method
2. Dranchuk, Purvis and Robinson Method
3. Gopal Method
All of these methods have their own Equations. Useful in
developing computer programs. Standing-Katz
correlation chart is handy to put in a program.
Be referred to Equations 2.40,2.41,2.42,2.43, and 2.44 for
above three methods.
43
Direct Calculation of z-factors
44
9/29/2014
23
Direct Calculation of z-factors
45
Direct Calculation of z-factors
46
9/29/2014
24
Direct Calculation of z-factors
47
Other Equations of State
Benedict- Webb- Rubin Equation (B-W-R) Equation of State
Van der Waals Equation of State
Van der Waals equation has limited application in engineering.
It is accurate only at low pressures.
Equation of state describing the behavior of pure, light
hydrocarbons over single and two-phase regions, both
below and above critical pressure.
Redlich-Kwong (R-K) Equation of State
Applicable to mixtures
48
9/29/2014
25
Viscosity of Natural Gases
Coefficient of viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow
exerted by a fluid.
The only accurate way to obtain the viscosity of a gas is to
determine it experimentally.
However, experimental determination is difficult and slow.
Petroleum Engineer must rely on viscosity correlations.
49
Viscosity of Natural Gases
Viscosity of a gas can be calculated from
Composition
Gas Gravity
Stiel and Thodas(1961) equation can be used if
composition is known.
Carr et al(1954) method can be used if gas gravity is
known.
. 50
9/29/2014
26
Gas Formation Volume Factor and
Expansion Factor
In gas reservoir engineering, the main use of the real gas
equation of state is to relate surface volumes to reservoir
volumes of hydrocarbons.
This is accomplished by the use of the gas formation volume
factor B
g
or gas expansion factor E.
Gas formation volume factor is the ratio of the volume of gas
in the reservoir to its volume at standard conditions.
B
g
is usually expressed in units of reservoir cubic feet per
standard cubic feet, sometimes expressed it in barrels per
standard cubic foot.
Gas expansion factor is simply the reciprocal of the gas
formation volume factor.
51
Gas Formation Volume Factor
(2.86)
(2.87)
At standard conditions of 14.73 psia and 60
o
F assuming Zsc=1
(2.88)
(2.89)
52
9/29/2014
27
Dividing reservoir cubic feet by 5.615 to convert to reservoir
barrels obtains
(2.90)
(2.91)
Gas Formation Volume Factor
53
Example 2.13
At a pressure of 2500 psia and reservoir temperature of 180 F,
the gas deviation factor, z for the sour natural gas is 0.850.
(a) Calculate the formation volume factor, Bg and gas
expansion factor, E.
(a) How many standard cubic feet of this gas are contained in
a reservoir with a gas pore volume of 1.0 x 10
9
cu ft?
54
9/29/2014
28
55
Solution
(a) Using Eqn. 2.88, and 2.89,
56
(2.88)
(2.89)
9/29/2014
29
(b) Gas in place
Solution
57
QUIZZ(2)
At a pressure of 3400 psia and reservoir temperature of 160 F,
the gas deviation factor for the sour natural gas is 0.784.
(1) Calculate the formation volume factor and gas expansion
factor.
(2) How many standard cubic feet of this gas are contained in
a reservoir with a gas pore volume of 1.3 x 10
12
cu ft?
58
9/29/2014
30
API Gravity
API gravity is another gravity term that is used with
hydrocarbon liquids.
is the liquids specific gravity at 60
o
F referred to that of water
at 60 deg F, that is, specific gravity of 1.0, will have an API
gravity of 10
o
API.
Gravity of a liquid in
o
API is determined by its density at 60
o
F
and is independent of temperature.
Liquid specific gravity may be obtained by
59
Gas Gravity of Total Well Stream
Total Well stream gas specific gravity differs from surface
gas specific gravity where the gas oil ratio is low.
Many correlations use the specific gravity as an index to
various fluid properties.
This should be the Well Stream Gas Gravity.
Following is the procedure for calculating well stream gas
gravity.
60
9/29/2014
31
Gas Gravity of Total Well Stream
Well stream gas specific gravity (air=1) is given by
61
Gas Gravity of Total Well Stream
is equal to the average molecular weight of all the
hydrocarbons flowing in the well stream divided by the
molecular weight of air.
When the molecular weight of the tank oil is not known, it may
be estimated using the formula:
62
9/29/2014
32
Some Gas Conversion Equations
At standard conditions of 14.7 psia and 60 degree F:
Molecular weight of gas = 28.79 *(sp gr)
Density of gas, (lbm/cu ft)=0.0764 * (sp gr)
=mol wt/379
=28.97 (sp gr)/379
Specific volume of gas (cu ft/lbm)=13.08/sp gr = 379/mol wt
Gas flow (moles/day)=Gas flow rate(cfd)/379
Mass flow rate( lbm/hr)=3185 (MMscfd)(sp gr)
63
At conditions other than 14.7 psia and 60
o
F:
Some Gas Conversion Equations
64
9/29/2014
33
Thank You
65
Q & A
66