1

dx

Chapter 5 Applications of Definite Integral

5-1 Area between Curves:

Let ) (x f y = and ) (x g y = are continuous functions such that ) ( ) ( x g x f for all x in the interval
] , [ b a . Then the area A bounded by the two curves ) (x f , ) (x g and the two lines a x = , b x = is given
by
) (x f y
top
=

= = =
b
a
bot top
b
a
dx y y dx x g x f dA A ] [ )] ( ) ( [ dA

where

= dA The area element dx y y
bot top
] [ =

The last formula can be interpreted as a sum of area ) (x g y
bot
=
Elements dA of vertical strips of height )] ( ) ( [ x g x f dx
and width dx from a x = to b x = , i.e.

= dA A
where (

) for sum.

Example: Find the area bounded by the graph of x y = 3 and 9
2
= x y .

Solution:

[ ] [ ]

= = =
b
a
bot top
b
a
dx y y dx x g x f A ) ( ) (

b a & are the intersection points.
x y = 3 , 9
2
= x y , then
9 3
2
= x x 0 12
2
= + x x , then
0 ) 3 )( 4 ( = + x x 4 = x , 3 = x


[ ] [ ]dx x x dx x x A


+ = =
3
4
2
3
4
2
) 12 ( ) 9 ( ) 3 (

6
343
)] 4 )( 12 (
2
) 4 (
3
) 4 (
[ )] 3 )( 12 (
2
3
3
3
[ ) 12
2 3
(
2 3 2 3
3
4
2 3
= +

+ =
(

x
x x

2
1
A
2
A
L
x
R
x
dy
dA
L
x
R
x
Example: Find the area bounded by the parabolas
2
x y =
2
2 x y = for 2 0 x .
Solution:

The Intersection points y
2
x y = ,
2
2 x y = , then

2 2
2 x x = 2 2
2
= x 1
2
= x 1 = x

Then

2 1
A A A + =
[ ] [ ]

= + =
2
1
2 2
1
0
2 2
4 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( dx x x dx x x A



Determine the area by integrating with respect to y :

Some region are best treated by regarding x as a function of y .

If the region is bounded by the two continuous curves ) ( y f x = , ) ( y g x = and the two lines c y = ,
d y = and ) ( ) ( y g y f for all y in the interval ] , [ d c , then the area is given by




= = =
d
c
L R
d
c
dy x x dy y g y f dA A ] [ )] ( ) ( [

where

= dA The area element dy x x
L R
] [ =












3
dA
dy
Example: Find the area bounded by the parabola
2
x y = , the line x y = 2 and 0 = y .
Solution:

Intersection points

2
x y = , x y = 2 , then
x x = 2
2
0 2
2
= + x x , then
0 ) 1 )( 2 ( = + x x 2 = x , 1 = x

Then


6
5
3
2
2
2 ] ) 2 [(
1
0
2 / 3
2 1
0
=
(

= = =

y
y
y dy y y dA A


If we need to integrate with respect to x , then the area will be given by


2 1
A A A + =
[ ] [ ]

+ =
2
1
1
0
2
0 ) 2 ( 0 dx x dx x A

6
5
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
3
=
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
x
x
x





















4
5-2 Volume: Slicing Disks and Washers

Volume by Slicing (method of cross sections)

Assume a solid S of variable cross section ) (x A (the area varies with x ) from a x = to b x = .








) (x A ) (a A ) (x A ) (b A ) (x A



x
dx ] ) ( [ dx x A dV = dx



We slice the solid perpendicular to x axis. Each slice will be approximated by a cylinder of cross
section ) (x A and height dx . The volume of the slice element dV is

= = dx x A dV ) ( The volume element

The total volume can be obtained by summing the volume of all slices (

for sum), i.e.

] y

= =
b
a
dx x A dV V ) ( ) (d A
d
If the cross section ) ( y A varies with y axis from
c y = to d y = , then the volume element dV becomes
) ( [ y A
= = dy y A dV ) ( The volume element
and the total volume will be dy [
] ) ( [ dy y A dV =

= =
d
c
dy y A dV V ) ( c ) (c A

5
Example: Find the Volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with side ft h 600 = and a height is
ft w 320 = .
Solution:

The cross section area is variable of y , then the volume element becomes

dy y A dV ) ( =
where ) ( y A is a square of length x 2 at any distance y .
ft h 320 =
2 / w
x
h
y h
=

, then ) ( y A
dy x
y
y
h
y h w
x
16
15
300 )
320
320
)(
2
600
( ) )(
2
( =

= , then
y
2 2
)
16
15
300 ( 4 4 ) 2 )( 2 ( ) ( y x x x y A = = =
Then the total volume
ft w 600 =

= = =
= =
=
320
0
2
320
0
)
16
15
300 ( 4 ) ( dy y dy y A dV V
h y
y


3
320
0
3
000 , 400 , 38 )
16
15
300 ( )
3
1
)(
15
16
)( 4 ( ft y = =


















6
) (x A

) (x f r =
dx
The Method of Disks (Volume of Solid of Revolution):

Solids of revolution are solids whose shapes can be generated by revolving plane region about
axis.

Assume a region bounded by the curve 0 ) ( = x f y and x axis for b x a and revolve it
about x axis. We can find the volume of this solid by slicing it perpendicular to x axis with
cross section is a circular disk of radius ) (x f y r = = .




) (x f y r = =





dx


Revolve about x axis
dx r dx x A dV
2
) ( = =
Solid of revolution
Then, the volume of slice circular disk is

dx y dx r dx x A dV
2 2
) ( = = =

The total volume of solid of revolution can be obtained by summing the volume of all slices
(

for sum), i.e.

dx x f dx r dV V
b
a
b
a

= = =
2 2
)] ( [










7
) ( y A
In a similar way, let the region is bounded by the curve 0 ) ( = y g x and y axis, for
d y c and revolve it about y axis, then









) (x g r =
r
dy dy








Revolve about the y axis Solid of revolution


Then, the volume of slice circular disk is

dy x dy r dy y A dV
2 2
) ( = = =

The total volume of solid of revolution can be obtained by summing the volume of all slices
(

for sum), i.e.

dy y g dy r dV V
d
c
d
c

= = =
2 2
)] ( [









8
dx
r
dx
dy dy
Example: Revolve the region under the curve x y = on the interval ] 4 , 0 [ about x axis and find the
volume of the resulting solid of revolution.
Solution:
















= = = = =
4
0
4
0
2
4
0
2
8 ) ( dx x dx x dx r dV V

Example: Find the volume of the solid resulting from revolving the region bounded by the curve
2
4 x y = and 1 = y , 0 = x , 3 = x about y -axis.

Solution: If 0 = x , then 4 = y
y y


4


r


y x r = = 4
1


x



= = = = =
4
1
4
1
2
4
1
2
2
9
) 4 ( ) 4 (

dy y dy y dy r dV V

9
) (x f r
in
=
) (x f r
out
=
) (x g r
in
=
) (x f
) (x g
) (x f r
out
=
dx
r
dy
The Method of Washers:

If the region we revolve to generate a solid does not border on or cross the axis of rotation, the
solid has a hole in it. The cross sections perpendicular to the axis of revolution are washers instead
of disks.














If the rotation about x axis, so ) (x f r
out
= , ) (x g r
in
= , and

dx r r dV
in out
) (
2 2
= , then



= =
b
a
in out
dx r r dV V ) (
2 2


Example: Let R be the region bounded by
2
4 x y = and 0 = y . Find the volume of the solids
obtained by revolving R about each of the following: (a) the y axis, (b) the line 3 = y , (c)
the line 7 = y , (d) the line 3 = x .

Solution:

(a) The radius of the disk is y x r = = 4 , then


= = =
4
0
4
0
2 2
dy x dy r dV V
8 ) 4 ( ) 4 (
4
0
4
0
2
= = =

dy y dy y





10
dx
3
2
4 x y =
2
4 x y =
dx
y
(b) 3 =
I
r ,
2 2
7 3 ) 4 ( x x r
O
= + =



= = =
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
] 3 ) 7 ([( ) ( dx x dx r r dV V
I O


15
1472
=


















(c) 7 =
O
r ,
2 2
3 ) 4 ( 7 x x r
I
+ = =




+ = = =
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
] ) 3 ( ) 7 [( ) ( dx x dx r r dV V
I O


5
576
=













11
y x = 4 y x + = 4
x r
O
=
3
x r
I
=
dx
3 / 1
y r
O
=
dy
2
y r
I
=
dy
(d) y r
O
+ = 4 3 , y r
I
= 4 3



= = =
4
0
2 2
) ( dy r r dV V
I O

= + =
4
0
2 2
64 ] ) 4 3 ( ) 4 3 [( dy y y





Example: Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the plane region bounded by the two curves
2
y x = ,
3
x y = around: (a) the x axis, (b) the y axis, (c) the line 1 = x , (d) the
line 2 = y .
Solution:

(a) x r
O
= ,
3
x r
I
=


= =
1
0
2 2
) ( dx r r dV V
I O


14
5
] ) ( ) [(
1
0
2 3 2
=

dx x x







(b)
3 / 1
y r
O
= ,
2
y r
I
=


= =
1
0
2 2
) ( dy r r dV V
I O


5
2
] ) ( ) [(
1
0
2 2 2 3 / 1
= =

dy y y






12
1 = x
1
3 / 1
+ = y r
O
dy
1
2
+ = y r
I
2 = y
3
2 x r
O
= x r
I
= 2

(c) 1
3 / 1
+ = y r
O
, 1
2
+ = y r
I



= =
1
0
2 2
) ( dy r r dV V
I O


30
37
] ) 1 ( ) 1 [(
1
0
2 2 2 3 / 1
= + + =

dy y y














(d)
3
2 x r
O
= , x r
I
= 2


= =
1
0
2 2
) ( dx r r dV V
I O


21
4
] ) 2 ( ) 2 [(
1
0
2 2 3
= =

dx x x

















13
1
r
2
r
t
r
x r =
= h
= t
h =
r =
= t
5.3 Volume by Cylindrical Shells:

Let a cylindrical shell of inner radius
1
r and outer radius
2
r and height h. The volume of the cylinder
is given by

h r r r r h r r V ) )( ( ) (
1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
+ = =
let = = t r r ) (
1 2
The thickness shell
= =
+
r
r r
2
) (
1 2
The average radius
Then

) )( )( 2 ( ) 2 )( ( t h r h r t V = =
) 2 ( = x (the average radius) x (height) x (thickness)
=(Perimeter) x (height) x (thickness)

So, suppose that the plane region R bounded by ) (x f y = , x axis, a x = , b x = rotated about
y axis.














Cylindrical Shell of infinitesimal Thickness

The volume of a thin cylindrical shell dV of radius x r = , height ) (x f h = , and thickness dx t = is
given by

) ( ) ( ) 2 ( dx x f x dV =
=(Perimeter) x (height) x (thickness)
Then the total volume is the sum of such volumes (

for sum), i.e.

= =
b
a
dx x f x dV V ) ( ) 2 (
14
Revolving between two curves:

The region revolved about y axis.

If the plane region bounded by ) (x f y = , ) (x g y = ,
) ( ) ( x g x f , a x = , b x = revolved about y axis,
then

) )]( ( ) ( )[ 2 ( ) )( )( 2 ( dx x g x f x dx h r dV = =
=(Perimeter) x (height) x (thickness)

and the total volume becomes


= = =
b
a
b
a
dx x g x f x dx h r dV V )] ( ) ( [ ) 2 ( ) )( 2 (






The region revolved about x axis.

If the plane region bounded by ) ( y f x = , ) ( y g x = ,
) ( ) ( y g y f , c y = , d y = revolved about x axis,
then

) )]( ( ) ( )[ 2 ( ) )( )( 2 ( dy y g y f y dy h r dV = =
=(Perimeter) x (height) x (thickness)


and the total volume becomes


= = =
d
c
d
c
dy y g y f y dy h r dV V )] ( ) ( [ ) 2 ( ) )( 2 (







15
dx
y y h = ) 2 (
Example: Using the cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the
region bounded by the graph of
2
4 x y = and the x axis about 3 = x .

Solution:




= =
2
2
) ( ) 2 ( dx h r dV V
64 ) 4 ( ) 3 ( 2
2
2
2
= =

dx x x












Example: Let R be a region bounded by the graphs x y = , x y = 2 , and 0 = y . Compute the volume
of the solid by revolving R about the lines: (a) 2 = y , (b) 1 = y , (c) 3 = x .

Solution:
Using cylindrical method


(a) Revolve about 2 = y



= =
1
0
) ( ) 2 ( dy h r dV V
3
10
] ) 2 [( ) 2 ( 2
1
0

= =

dy y y y









16
y y h = ) 2 (
1 + = y r
dx dx
1
r
2
r
2
h
1
h
dy
(b) Revolve about 1 = y



= =
1
0
) ( ) 2 ( dy h r dV V

3
8
] ) 2 [( ) 1 ( 2
1
0

= + =

dy y y y








(c) Revolve about 3 = x 3 = x
To use cylindrical shell, we would need to break
the region Rinto two pieces, since the height of
the cylindrical shells would be different for
] 1 , 0 [ x than for ] 2 , 1 [ x .



+ =
1
0
2 2
2
1
1 1
) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( dx h r dx h r V
4 ) ( ) 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) 3 ( 2
1
0
2
1
= + =

dx x x dx x x






Using the method of washers


= =
1
0
2 2
) ( dy r r dV V
I O

4 ] )) 2 ( 3 ( ) 3 [(
1
0
2 2
= =

dy y y






17
x
dx
h
Example: Using the cylindrical shells method to find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region between x y = ,
2
x y = about the y axis.

Solution:




= =
1
0
) ( ) 2 ( dx h r dV V

6
] [ 2
1
0
2

= =

dx x x x





Example: Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the
region bounded by the curves x y =
2
,
3
x y = about 1 = x

Solution:





= =
1
0
) ( ) 2 ( dx h r dV V

30
37
] [ ) 1 ( 2
1
0
3

= + =

dx x x x
















18
s
x
y
i
s
5-4 Arc Length and Surface Area

Arc Length:

By calculating the differential length element ds for the smooth curve ) (x f y = from a x = to b x = ,
then the total length will be given by

= ds s .

We first approximate the curve with several line segments ) ( s joining together as shown in the figure.















2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( y x s + =
2
2
2
2
) (
) (
1
) (
) (
x
y
x
s

+ =

2
2
) (
) (
1
) (
) (
x
y
x
s

+ =

By taking the limit 0 x we will have


2
2
0 0
) (
) (
1 lim
) (
) (
lim
x
y
x
s
x x

+ =

,
2
) ( 1
dx
dy
dx
ds
+ = ,

Then differential of length element dx
dx
ds
ds = is given by

dx
dx
dy
ds
(

+ =
2
) ( 1 , then dx
dx
dy
ds s
b
a
(

+ = =

2
) ( 1

Similarly,
2
) ( 1
dy
dx
dy
ds
+ = , dy
dy
dx
dy
dy
ds
ds
(

+ = =
2
) ( 1 , then
dy
dy
dx
ds s
b f
a f
(

+ = =

2
) (
) (
) ( 1

19
ds
ds
dx
y
Example: Find the arc length of the curve
2 / 3
x y = on ] 5 , 0 [ .

Solution:
2 / 3
x y = Q , then
2 / 1
2
3
x
dx
dy
= , then

5
0
2 / 3
5
0
5
0
2
2 / 1
4
9
1 )
3
2
( )
9
4
(
4
9
1
2
3
1
|

\
|
+ = + =
|

\
|
+ =

x dx x dx x s


27
335
1 ) 5 (
4
9
1
27
8
2 / 3
=
(
(

\
|
+ =

Example: Find the arc length of the curve
y
y x
2
1
6
1
3
+ = for 2 1 y .

Solution:
y
y x
2
1
6
1
3
+ = Q , then
2
2
2
1
2
1
y
y
dy
dx
= , then
dy
y
y dy
y
y s

+ + =
|
|

\
|
+ + =
2
1
4
4
2
1
2
2
2
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1

12
17
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ =

dy
y
y dy
y
y

Surface Area:

The surface area of revolution that generated by revolving an arc around an axis can be obtained by
calculating the sum of the surface element area dA due to revolve the arc element length ds around the
axis, i.e.

= dA S

Let the arc graph ) (x f y = revolved about x axis from a x = to b x = to generate the surface of
revolution S shown in the figure.









Portion of a right circular cone
20
We decompose the surface S into small sections whose areas dA can be approximated by the surface
areas of frustum of a cone (portion of a right circular cone).

Since the surface area of the right cone with base radius r and
slant height L is given by

L r A =

Then the surface area of the frustum cone with slant height l
and upper and lower radii
1
r and
2
r can be obtained by
subtracting the two areas of the right cones shown in the figure.
i.e.

1 1 1 2 1 2
) ( l r l l r A A A + = =
l r l r r
2 1 1 2
) ( + =

Since
l l
l
r
r
+
=
1
1
2
1
, l r r l r ) (
1 2 1
= , then

l r r A ) (
2 1
+ = , ) 2 ( 2 = = l r A x (average radius) x (slant height)

where
2
2 1
r r
r
+
= is the average radius. If l is the differential ds then
1
r and
2
r would be y r = . Then
the surface area element dA will be given by

ds y dA 2 =
Then the total surface area will be given by


(

+ = = =
b
a
dx
dx
dy
x f ds y dA S
2
1 ) ( 2 2 , about x axis
Or,
(

+ =
) (
) (
2
1 2
b f
a f
dy
dy
dx
y , about x axis


If the curve revolved about y axis then the surface area becomes


= = ds x dA S 2 , about y axis

21
y
3
x y =
ds
)
`

y
x
0 2
y
2
x y =
ds
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 1
x
x
Example: Find the surface area of the surface that generated by revolving the curve
3
x y = for
2 0 x about x axis.

Solution:

ds y dA 2 = , dx x dx
dx
dy
ds
2 2
2
) 3 ( 1 1 + =
|

\
|
+ =

Then

dx x x dx
dx
dy
y S

+ =
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
2
0
4 3
2
9 1 ) ( 2 1 2

( ) 04 . 203 ) 2 ( 9 1
108
4 2 / 3
4
= + =




Example: Find the surface area of the surface that generated by revolving the curve
2
x y = about y
axis for 2 0 x .

Solution:



= + =
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
2
2
0
2
3
13
) 2 ( 1 2 1 2 dx x x dx
dx
dy
x S