Diagnosticare PDF
Diagnosticare PDF
Diagnosticare PDF
AUTOMOBILULUI
1. DIAGNOSTICAREA TRANSMISIEI
UXWHODDXWRYHKLFXOHvQWLPSXOH[SORDW
ULLVXQW
datorate transmisiei.
'HDVHPHQHDGLQFKHOWXLHOLOHJHQHUDOHGHPHQWHQDQ
UXWHvQWUDQVPLVLHDXXUP
WRDUHDVWUXFWXU
60% ambreiajul,
16% cutia de viteze,
14% transmisia central
GLIHUHQ LDOXOLDUERULLSODQHWDUL
5RO3UHLDPLFDUHDGHODPRWRULRGLVWULEXLHVSUHUR LWHPRWR
are.
&RPSRQHQ
DPEUHLDMFXWLHGHYLWH]HFXWLHGHGLVWULEX LHWUDQVPLVLD
1.1.Diagnosticarea general
Parametrii de diagnosticare general
1. drumul parcurs liber;
2. puterea pierdut prin frec ri;
3. jocul unghiular global;
4. ]JRPRWHOHLYLEUD LLOH
XWLOL]D LVXQW
GDWRULW
LQIOXHQ HLXQRUIDFWRUL
care nu au leg tur direct cu starea tehnic a transmisiei cum sunt: presiunea
GLQSQHXULLVWDUHDDFHVWRUDIUHF ULOHGLQPHFDQLVPXOGHIUkQDre, reglajele
UXOPHQ LORUUR LORUUHJLPXOWHUPLFDODJUHJDWHORUWUDQVPLVLHLFRQGL LLOHGHWUDILF
5H]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHVHFRPSDU
FXGDWHOHLQGLFDWHGHSURGXF
WRU
JUDGXOGHX]XU
L
ULOH
&RQVWUXF LDGLVSR]LWLYXOXLFDUHSHUPLWH
HVWHSUH]HQWDWXQDVWIHOGH
reglabil 2 se m on t eaz
SHWURPSDSXQ LL
suspensie, caroserie) .
Cu cheia dinamometric VHDF LRQHD] DVXSUD
WDPEXUXOXLUR LLvQWU-XQVHQVSkQ VHSUHLDXWRDWH
MRFXULOH)RU DGHDF LRQDUHHVWHGHGD1
1.1.4.Diagnosticarea dup
]JRPRWHLYLEUD LL
&UHWHUHDMRFXULORUGLQWUDQVPLVLHFDXUPDUHDSURFHVHORUGHX]DUHSUHFXPL
ULFDQHODWHSkUJKLL
i alte organe.
=JRPRWHOHLYLEUD LLOHVHWUDQVPLWFDUFDVHORULGHDFRORSULQ intermediul
VXSRU LORUHODVWLFLODDVLXLFDURVHULHLVHDPSOLILF
GLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFX
parcursul efectuat.
Metoda vibroacustic de m surare se bazeaz SHGHSHQGHQ DFDUHH[LVW vQWUH
gradul de uzur VDXGHGHWHULRUDUHDVXSUDIH HORUGHDQJUHQDUHLYLEUD LD
carterelor. Prin m VXUDUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLLLQWHQVLW LLYLEUD LLORUSHUH LORUFDUWHrelor
se poate stabili gradul de uzare, prin comparare cu valorile etalon. n acest
scop se utilizeaz RLQVWDOD LHFDUHFXSULQGHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LVHQ]RUL
piezoelectrici care se plaseaz (magnetic sau prin alte metode) pe carcasa
VXEDQVDPEOXOXLFXWLHGHYLWH]HFXWLHGHGLVWULEX LHUHGXFWRUcentral ). De la
VHQ]RULVHPQDOXOHOHFWULFHVWHDPSOLILFDWLWUDQVPLVVSUHFDOFXlator sau
vQUHJLVWUDWRU'LDJUDPDUH]XOWDW LQGLF SULQFRPSDUDUHFDUHVXnt elementele
X]DWHLJUDGXOGHX]XU
DODFHVWRUD
eaz
ULL
patinarea ambreiajului;
decuplarea total a
ambreiajului.
XQ
MRFvQWUHUXOPHQWXOGHSUHVLXQHL
Patinarea ambreiajului
8QDPEUHLDMvQVWDUHWHKQLF
EXQ
WUHEXLHV
ILHFDSDELOV
WUDQ
LFXDXWRYHKLFXOXORSULWFXIUkQDGH
6HSRUQHWHPRWRUXOLVHDGXFHWXUD LDOD
00 2000
PRWRUXOVHRSUHWH
10
Decuplarea total
cardanic
Pentru diagnosticarea cutiei de
YLWH]HUHGXFWRUXOXLFHQWUDOL
temperatura carterelor
11
PRWRDUH6HDF LRQHD]
FHDPDLDSURSLDW
MRFXULORUGLQSXQWHDPRWRDUH6HURWHWHGLVFXOJUDGDWSkQ
GHS
untea
ODpreluarea
FkQGPDUFDMXO]HUR
ajunge la nivelul orizontal, adic la nivelul lichidului din tubul transparent. Se
URWHWHSkUJKLDGLQDPRPHWULF
vQVHQVLQYHUVSkQ
ODSUHOXDUHDMRFXOXLLVH
it reprezint jocul
vQILa de diagnoz .
FLWHWHODQLYHOXOOLFKLGXOXLYDORDUHDDFHVWXLMRF9DORDUHDFLW
XQJKLXODUJOREDODOSXQ LLPRWRDUHLHOVHLQUHJLVWUHD]
VXSRU LLUHJODELOLSHUDFXO
RSHUD LLOHGHVFULVH
anterior selectnd
vQILDGHGLDJQR]
13
Valorile limit ale jocurilor din cutia de viteze sunt: treapta I 2,5o , treapta a
II- a 3,5o, treapta a III-a 4o, treptele IV- V -6o.
Jocul unghiular global admisibil al reductorului central la autocamioane este
35... 45o.
Valoarea limit a jocului din transmisia cardanic este 5o6o.
Jocurile la limit vQFXWLDGHYLWH]HVHRE LQDPSOLILFkQGGHGRX
jocurilor admisibile.
Diagnosticarea termic
RULYDORULOH
DFXWLHLGHYLWH]HL
UHGXFWRUXOXLFHQWUDODUHFDSDUDPHWUXYDULD LD
calitatea drumului.1- drum de categoria VI-a, 2drum de categoria a IV-a, 3- drum de categoria
a II-a.Temperatura uleiului din cutia de viteze n
IXQF LHGHWLPSLFDOLWDWHDGUXPXOXLVHSUH]LQW
vQGLDJUDPDDO
WXUDW
3HQWUXILHFDUHYHKLFXOLDJUHJDWYDORULOHWLPSXOXLGHvQF
O]LUHVHVWDELOHVF
X]XULLVXSUDIH HORUGHOXFUX
a m ririi jocurilor
IXQF LRQDOHOXEULILDQWXOXL
necorespunz tor.
Comparnd graficul
determinat experimental,
curba admisibil sau limit
se poate stabili starea
tehnic a obiectului
diganostic rii.
15
XQLYRF
GHPRGLILF
ULOH
WXULORUFDUGDQLFHL
DLDUERULORUGHODJHRPHWULDLQL LDO
L
17
YHULILFDUHDQLYHOXOXLLVW
LL
ULLIOXLGXOXLGLQWUDQVPLVLHLFRPS
QHHWDQHLW
UHVSHFWDUHDLQGLFD LLORUGDWHGHSURGXF
letarea la nivel.
L9HULILFDUHDQLYHOXOXLVHIDFHFX
WRUGHPXOWHRULPRWRUX
l trebuie s
ILHvQSR]L LD'
UHJODUHDFDEOXOXLFODSHWHLGHDFFHOHUD LH
YHULILFDUHDLUHJODUHDPHFDQLVPXOXLLFLQHPDWLFLLPDQHWHLVHOH
YHULILFDUHDFRPSRQHQWHORULFRQH[LXQLORUHOHFWULFH
YHULILFDUHDLUHJODUHDWXUD LHLGHPHUVvQJRODPRWRUXOXL
HIHFWXDUHDWHVWXOXLWXUD LLORUFULWLFH&XPRWRUXOODWHPSHUDWXUDGHUHJLPL
ctorului ;
HFKLSDWFXXQWXURPHWUXVHDF LRQHD]
IUkQDGHVHUYLFLLIUkQDGHSDUFDUHVH
cupleaz SHUkQGWRDWHJDPHOHGHPHUVvQDLQWHLPHUVXOvQDSRL/DILFDUH
gam se accelereaz SHQWUXRE LQHUHDWXUD LHLPD[LPHWXUD LHFLWLW SH
WXURPHWUXLQRWDW
vQILDGHGLDJQR]
YHULILFDUHDPRGXOXLGHFXSODUHLQL LDO
DFFHOHUD LHHVWHvQFKLV
OLQDVDXGXU
LVHOHFWRUXOVHSR]L LRQHD]
DWXQFLF
nd clapeta de
LQJDPHOH de mers
nainte.
verificarea pornirii de pe loc la cuplarea treptei de mers napoi la ap sarea
XRDU DSHGDOHLGHDFFHOHUD LH6HXUP UHVFYLEUD LLOHLDOXQHc rile.
YHULILFDUHDYLWH]HLDXWRYHKLFXOXOXLvQPRPHQWXOVFKLPE
ULLDXWRP
LPD[LP
ate a
DSHGDOHLGH
DFFHOHUD LH
LQSR]L LD/2
YHULILFDUHD]JRPRWHORUvQGLIHULWHWUHSWHLJDPHGHYLWH]H
19
20
6LVWHPXOGHUXODUHHVWHXQXOGLQDQVDPEOHOHFDUHLQIOXHQ HD]
VLJXUDQ DFLUFXOD LHLLvQPDUHP
VXU
KR
t rtor
LFRQVXPXOGHFRPEXVWLE
il. Circa
GLQDFFLGHQWHOHGHFLUFXOD LHFDX]DWHGLQPRWLYHWHKQLFHDX
ca factor
SRQGHUHvQSULYLQ DFRVWXOXLDXWRPRELOXOXLLDOFRVWXOXLH[SORD
t rii. Astfel,
UR LOHFRPSOHWHFKLSDWHUHSUH]LQW
GLQFRVWXOXQXLDXWRWXULVPL
2.1.Diagnosticarea pneurilor
2.1.1. Diagnosticarea gradului de uzur a pneului
Se apreciaz SHED]DDGkQFLPLLSURILOXOXLGHDGHUHQ LDDEDWHULORUGHOD
forma geometric normal
Cercet rile experimentale au demonstrat c pentru pneurile de serie, n ipoteza
unei exploat ri corecte, intensitatea uzurii este situat ntre 0,25 0,39
mm/1000 km ( 0,2.0,4 mm/1000 km = uzura).
Valoarea limit DDGkQFLPLLSURILOXOXLGHDGHUHQ HVWHGHPPSHQWUX
anvelope de autoturisme, autobuze, remorci , 2 mm pentru anvelopele de
tractoare.
$FHVWHYDORULVXQWVWDELOLWHSULQOHJLVOD LDUXWLHU 'HWHUPLQDUea parametrului se
realizeaz prin m VXUDUHDFXXEOHUGHDGkQFLPHVDXDYHUWL]RDUHGHX]XU
aplicate de fabricantul pneului n interiorul canalelor benzilorGHUXODUH.
Uzura neuniform a pneurilor, ca urmare a patin rilor ndelungate n timpul
bloc rilor cauzate de frn ri intense, neomogenitatea materialului benzii de
rulare, dezechilibrare, uzuri ale amortizoarelor, etc. provoac abateri ale
FLUFXPIHULQ HLSQHXOXLDYkQGFDHIHFWDSDUL LDE
JUDGXOGHFRQIRUWLVXSUDVROLFLW
LORUUDGLDOHFDUHvQU
DPRUWL]RDUHOHLDUFXULOHVLV
XW
HVF
temului de
suspensie
22
UR LOHGLQVSDWHGHPP
HVWHGHPPLDUSHQWUX
23
'HWHUPLQDUHDSUHVLXQLLvQSQHXULLJUDGXOGHvQF
O]LUH
de
combustibil.
Pentru m surarea presiunii se utilizeaz manometre speciale portabile sau
fixe.
M surarea prin acest procedeu are o serie de dezavantaje:
timpul relativ ridicat pentru efectuarea m sur torii;
dificult LGHDFFHVODSQHXULOHLQWHULRDUHDOHUR LORUGXEOH
deteriorarea ventilelor prin manipul ri repetate.
Pe de alt parte, conservarea formei balonului impune cercet ri repetate a
presiunii, pe m sura modific rii caracteristicilor elastice ale materialului
pneurilor.
LQkQGVHDPDGHDFHVWHFRQVLGHUHQWHVHDSOLF PDLDOHVODDXWRYehiculele
grele, metoda de control a pneului pe baza m sur
ULLGHIRUPD LHLVDOHVXE
HIHFWXOXQHLIRU HGDWH
24
U LLODWHUDOHD
VDU
VDUH)RU DGHDS
e p
GHGLDJQRVWLFDUHSULYLQGIRU D
p LGHIRUPD LDd.
25
3HQWUXGLDJQRVWLFDUHDSQHXULORUXQXLDXWRYHKLFXOFXUR LMXPHODW
vQILJXUDDO
WXUDW
VFKHPDGHSULQFLSLXDLQVWDOD LHL
&HLSDWUXFLOLQGULvQFDGUHD]
lichid de frn
e, se prezint
at
e cilindri.
26
VXUDUHDGHSODV
DIRU HLGHDS
m VXUDUHDLVHVWDELOHWHODDWLQJHUHDYDORULLOLPLW
contact (c) comand UHYHQLUHDODVLWXD LDLQL LDO
ULLLVH
VDUH&RQWDFWXOERSUHWH
GHDS
VDUHLDUXOWLPXO
27
Diagnosticarea termic
DSQHXULORUIRORVLQGFDSDUDPHWUL
temperatura, se bazeaz
UXODMLVWDUHDWPRVIHULF
SHREVHUYD LDF
vQDFHOHDLFRQGL LLGH
WHPSHUDWXUDXQHLDQYHORSHFXXQJUDG
&UHWHUHDWHUPSHUDWXULLSQHXOXLFRQGXFHODPLFRUDUHDUH]LVWHQ H
VWUXFWXULLSULQGLVWUXJHUHDSOLXULORUGHFRUGLGH]OLSLUHDVWUD
tului
LHWXULUXS
eri,
m VXUDUHDWHPSHUDWXULLVHIRORVHVFWHUPRPHWUHGHFRQVWUXF LH
special cu termistoare. Cu ajutorul acestor termometre se
m soar temperatura pneului dup parcurgerea unei anumite
GLVWDQ HGHUXODMFXRDQXPLW
YLWH]
SHXQGUXPDYkQGFDWHJRUL
28
(FKLOLEUDUHDUR LORU
'H]HFKLOLEDUHDUR LORUSRDWHSURYHQLFDXUPDUHDSURFHVXOXLGH
IDEULFD LHQHRPRJHQLWDWHDUHSDUWL]
ULLPDWHULDOXOXLSQHXOXL
DVXSUDSQHXOXLVDXFDPHUHLUHFRQGL LRQDUHDMDQWHORUHWF
'H]HFKLOLEUDUHDUR LORUDUHFDHIHFWvQSURFHVXOGHH[SORWDUHD
DXWRPRELOHORUvQU
XW
LUHDVWDELOLW
LLODUXODUHFDXUPDUHD
n jurul
LL
29
ULL
C = mr
Unde:
m -PDVDQHHFKLOLEUDW a
UR LL
r -
GLVWDQ DGHODSXQFWXO
GHDSOLFD LHDODFHVWHL
PDVHODFHQWUXOUR LL
-YLWH]DXQJKLXODU
DUR LL
30
Dac
FHQWUXOGHJUHXWDWHDOUR LLHVWHGHSODVDWLODWHUDODGLF
vQ
afara
SODQXOXLGHVLPHWULHFXGLVWDQ DDDSDUHvQSOXVLXQFXSOXn raport cu
FHQWUXOGHURWD LH2FDUHDQWUHQHD]
M = amr
6HQVXODF LXQLLPRPHQWXOXL0F[
se schimb
SHULRGLFFXRIUHFYHQ
SURSRU LRQDO FXYLWH]DGHURWD LHDUR ii, iar m rimea lui
31
GHSLQGHLGHSR]L LDLQVWDQWDQHHDFHQWUXOXLGHJUHXWDWHDUR Li
LHOHvQGLUHF LLRSXVHGHWHUPLQ
UHVF
consumul de combustibil.
32
(FKLOLEUDUHDUR LORUVHHIHFWXHD]
FXFRQWUDJUHXW
LSULQVHFX
ajutorul unor
neechilibrat
ULLHVWHSUHFL]DW
PLPDVDDGL LRQDO
GHHJDOLWDWHDGLQWU
e masa
PD
unghiular
33
VHSXQHL
ULLFXSOXOXLDGLF
C . a = C . b ( C IRU DFHQWULIXJ
generat GHPDVDDGL LRQDO
Echilibrarea cu o singur contragreutate
DGL LRQDO
HVWHRRSHUD LHFDUHVDWLVIDFH
QXPDLvQSX LQHFD]XULQVSHFLDOOD
LDGL LRQDOHDOHF
URU
SR]L LLGHSLQGGHUHSDUWL]DUHDPDVHORU
UHVSHFWDUHDDGRX
FRQGL LLIXQGDPHQWDOH
34
FRQGL LDGHHFKLOLEUXVWDWLF
C1 + C4 = C2 + C3
C = C1 + C2
FRQGL LDGHHFKLOLEUXGLQDPLF
a C1 + b C2 = (C3 + C4) .
a . C = b (C1 &
Pentru realizarea echilibr ULLUR LL
este necesar FXQRDWHUHDPDVHL
QHHFKLOLEUDWHLGLVSXQHUHD
35
0HWRGHLPDLQLGHHFKLOLEUDW
0DLQLOHGHHFKLOLEUDWVHFODVLILF
vQVSHFLDOSHED]DSURFHGHHO
or de echilibrare.
ODRWXUD LHLQIHULRDU
WXUD LHLGHUH]RQDQ
(cu arbore
ULJLGLFXWXUD LHsuperioar WXUD LHL
GHUH]RQDQ
(cu arbore elastic).
5HJLPXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOFHORUWUHL
WLSXULGHPDLQLVHSRDWHVLQWHWL]DSH
ED]DGLDJUDPHORUGHYDULD LHD
DPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORUJHQHUDWHGH
PDVHOHQHHFKLOLEUDWHvQIXQF LHGH
suspensie
-YLWH]DXQJKLXODU de
echilibrare.
38
0DLQLOHGHHFKLOLEUDWFX
IXQF LRQDUHODUH]RQDQ
0DLQLOHGHDFHVWWLSHUDX
39
0DLQLGHHFKLOLEUDWFXDUERUHHODVWLF
(FKLOLEUDUHDFXPDLQLOHFXDUERUHHODVWLF
DUHORFODXQUHJLPGHSXOVD LLVXSHULRDUH
UHJLPXOXLGHUH]RQDQ
DDQVDPEOXOXLURDW
L
VXQWVHVL]DWHGHWUDGXFWRUXO5RDWDD[XOL
cuprind
FHQWUXOGHRVFLOD LHDODUERUHOXL
QDFHVWIHOGHPRQWDMRVFLOD LLOHDUERUHOXLQX
n plan orizontal.
40
vQSR]L LDvQ
al contragreut
QDGRXDID]
LL
VHURWHWHURDWDOHQWSH
DUERUHOHPDLQLLSkQ
ODRSULUHDVDvQDFHDVW
VLWXD LHSHSDUWHDGLQLQWHULRUXOMDQWHLVH
41
5H]XOWDWHVXSHULRDUHVHSRWRE LQHFX
LQVWDOD LLODFDUHODJ
UXOGHRVFLOD LHHVWH
arborele oscileaz
vQSR]L LLOH,
-I sub
DF LXQHDIRU HLFHQWULIXJHFUHDWHGHPDVD
A.
Dup echilibrarea acestei mase se trece la
a doua faz vQFDUHSXQFWXOGHRVFLOD LHVH
deplaseaz vQSR]L LDI FkQGFDDUERUHOH
s RVFLOH]HvQSR]L LLOH,,-,,VXEDF LXQHD
IRU HLFHQWULIXJHFUHDWHGHPDVD%
'HWHUPLQDUHDSR]L LLORUvQFDUHWUHEXLHV
ILHSODVDWHPDVHOHDGL LRQDOHVHIDFHFX
0DLQLOHGHHFKLOLEUDWFXDUERUHULJLG
$FHVWHPDLQLIXQF LRQHD]
= (0,2 0,3) 0
ODUHJLPXULVXEUH]RQDQWH
LSR]L LD
xprim
PDVHLQHHFKLOLEUDWHvQDQWLID]
DFHVWHPDLQLDF
FXFDUHWUHEXLHSODVDW
URUFRQVWUXF LHHVWHDVHP
PDVDDGL LRQDO
/D
WRDUHFXFHOHSUH
zentate
GHSXOVD LDGHOXFUXLDU
ansamblul este practic rigid. Ca urmare, deplas rile laterale ale arborelui fiind
IRDUWHPLFLIRU HOHGHLQHU LHSHUSHQGLFXODUHSHD[DGHURWD LHDUR LLVXQW
QHLPSRUWDQWHLQXvPSLHGLF
GHVI
XUDUHDP
VXU
ULLDFHVWRUDFX
ajutorul unor
GLVSR]LWLYHHOHFWULFHFDUHGDXGLUHFWLSUHFLVYDORDUHDPDVHLQeechilibrate,
corespunz tor dimensiunilor jantei.
43
ULLSXQ LORU
*HRPHWULDGHDH]DUHDUR LORU
44
(OHPHQWHFDUDFWHULVWLFHGHDH]DUHDOHUR LORU
8QJKLXULOHGHDH]DUHDOHUR LORUYDODELOHSHQWUXPHFDQLVPXOGHUXODUH
garanteaz XQFRPSRUWDPHQWRSWLPODPHUVUHFWLOLQLXLVXQWGDWHGH
produc tori pentru fiecare tip de autovehicul n parte.
Acestea sunt:
Pentru SXQWHDGLQID UHVSHFWLYUR LOHGLQID
XQJKLGHFRQYHUJHQ - GLYHUJHQ
XQJKLXOGLIHUHQ LDODOEUDF ULL
unghiul de c GHUHDOUR LORU
XQJKLXOGHvQFOLQDUHWUDQVYHUVDO DSLYRWXOXL
EUD XOGHUXODUH
XQJKLXOGHvQFOLQDUHORQJLWXGLQDO DSLYRWXOXLXQJKLGHIXJ
Pentru puntea din spate:
XQJKLGHFRQYHUJHQ - GLYHUJHQ
unghiul de c GHUHDOUR LORU
45
8QJKLXOGHFRQYHUJHQ
GLYHUJHQ
'LIHUHQ DGHHFDUWDPHQWGLQWUH
SDUWHDGLQID
DMHQ LLDL
SDUWHDGLQVSDWHDMHQ LLD[
VSUHLQWHULRUFRQYHUJHQ D
UR LORUGLQID
UHVSHFWLY
XQJKLGHFRQYHUJHQ
SR]LWLYILJXUDSR]L LD
a;7UDF
LXQHVSDWH
DOUR LORU
QWLPSXOGHSODV
ULLUR LOHWUHEXLHV
ILHSDUDOHOH
47
8QJKLXOGLIHUHQ LDODOEUDF
8QJKLXOGLIHUHQ LDODOEUDF
ULL
ULLHVWHXQJKLXOODFDUHODREUDFD
UR LLGLQLQWHULRUXOFXUEHLURDWDGLQH[WHULRUXOHLEUDFKHD]
re de 200 a
PDLSX LQGHFkW
48
La GHSODVDUHDvQFXUE
WRDWHUR LOH
UR LOH
derapeze.
49
2.3.3.3. Unghiul de c
GHUHDOUR LORU
QJHQHUDOSULQXQJKLGHF
GHUH
GHSHUSHQGLFXODUDSH
calea de rulare.
Tehnic este unghiul pe care l
formeaz
SODQXOPHGLDQDOUR LL
cu planul longitudinal al
autovehiculului.
50
GHUHQHJDWLYVHDVHDP
VXFLUHVHURVWRJROHWHvQMXUXOYkUIXOXLV
WHQGLQ DGHDVHvQGHS
b F
X2URDW
FXF
GHUHSR]LWLY
FXXQF
on, care la
GHUHpozitiv , are
UWDGHDXWRYHKLFXOFRQWUDHIHFWXOHVWHF
URDWDWLQGHV
51
Rolul unghiului de c
GHUHSR]LWLYHVWHGHDGLPLQXDHIRUWXOSHSLXOL D
EXWXFXOXLUR LL
DUR LLP
ULPHDEUD XOXLGHUXODUHVHUHGXFHDGLF
FHUFXOGHURWD LHSHFDUHVHGHVI
RDU
URDWDODEUDFDUHVHUHGXFHLSULQ
DFHDVWDGLUHF LDHVWHXRUGHPDQHYUDW
IRU HOHODWHUDOHLSULQDFHDVWD
HWHVWDELOLWDWHDvQYLUDMH'HDFHHDUR LOHGLQVSDWH
deseori un unghi de c
formeaz
GHUHQHJDWLYLDUODPDLQLOHVSRUWLODUR LOHGLQID
8QGH]DYDQWDMvOFRQVWLWXLHX]XUDPDLDFFHQWXDW
DDQYHORSHORUO
a partea din
LQWHULRUDEHQ]LLGHUXODUHFkWLFUHWHUHDHIRUWXOXLODYRODQn cazul unghiului
de c GHUHQHJDWLYODUR LOHGLQID 9DORDUHDXQJKLXOXLGHF GHUHQHgativ nu
trebuie s fie prea mare.
52
ODUR LOHGLQID
unghiuri de c GHUHSR]LWLYHFXSULQVHvQWUHL
unghiuri de c dere negative pn la maximum 10.
ODUR LOHGLQVSDWH:
unghiuri de c dere pozitive pn la max. +0020
unghiuri de c dere negative cuprinse ntre L-20
&DWROHUDQ
VHDGPLWHPDLUDU
QFOLQDUHDWUDQVYHUVDO
QFOLQDUHDWUDQVYHUVDO
DD[HLSLYRWXOXL
D
SLYRWXOXLHVWHvQFOLQD LDD[HL
SLYRWXOXLID
GHYHUWLFDODOD
FDOHDGHUXODUHLDQXPHVSUH
D
DXWRPRELOHORUVXVSHQVLDUR LLVH
realizeaz
SULQDUWLFXOD LLVIHULFH
54
5ROXOXQJKLXOXLGHvQFOLQDUHWUDQVYHUVDO
DSLYRWXOXLHVWHGHD
asigura
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Tipul dispozitivului
Domeniu de utilizare
Pl ci de m surare a ecartamentului
Controlul ecartamentului
Dispozitiv cu raportor
Platou glisant
63
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a celei individuale cu dispozit ivul cu
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valoarea;
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indic DFHHDLYDORDUHFDSHFHD
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gradat SR]L LRQDW vQID DHLL
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m surare: cu oglind , cu dispozit iv de
m surare la roat , cu m icroscop, cu
nivele cu bul ... ( vezi bibliografia) .
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care va deplasa plat oul, punndu- se
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5.1. Generalit
Dat orit
rolului hot
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realizarea
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asigurarea st abilit
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drum ;
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rezervorului.
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de
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param et rii de cont rol ai sist em ului de frnare sunt XUP t oarele:
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95
Clasa de vehicule
Autoturisme i motociclete
M1
M2
Vehicule comerciale
M3
N1
N2
N3
Frna de serviciu
Remorci
O1
O2
Nr.
frn ri
sau
idem
O2
Frn
iner ial
sau
idem O3
O3
O4
+[2]
+[3]
+[4]
+[5]
+[6]
60
60
60
Km/h
80
60
60
80
60
60
Distan a de
frnare
50,7
36,7
36,7
61,2
36,7
36,7
m/s2
N
0,1
v 2
+ 5,8
150
0,15
5,0
500
v
130
Z 0,50
Semiremorci
Z 0,45
La 6,5 bari
700
Viteza de testare
V = 80% vmax,
dar
km/h
160
100
90
120
100
90
Distan a de
frnare
212,9
111,6
91,8
157,1
111,6
91,8
96
Formula pentru
calculul distan ei
de frnare
Decelera ia
medie
dezvoltat
For e
dezvoltate
v2
130
m/s2
d
v2
0,15 v +
103,5
5,0
4,0
500
700
Test tip I
V1 = 80 %
vmax, dar
0,1 v +
Fr n a r e
con t in u ,
vQF
km/
h
120
100
60
120
60
60
45
55
60
55
60
60
UFDW
km / h, 7 %
in clin a r e , 1 ,7
km
V2 = v1
Durata
ciclului de
frnare
Eficacitatea sist.
conform testului I
Z t 0,36 i
Z t 60% la 40 km/h
97
Testul tip II
Pe pante nclinate
Eficacitatea frn rii
conforn testului tip
II
Formula pentru
calculul distan ei de
frnare
Distan a de
frnare
Decelera ia
medie
dezvoltat
1,033 v 2
N 3 : 0,15 v +
115
m/s2
45,8
m
t
La
40
km/
h
3,75
50,6
Zt
0,33
3,3
98
Km/h
Diastan a de
frnare
(nc rcat)
Diastan a de
frnare (gol)
Decelera ia
medie
dezvoltat
(nc rcat)
gol
For e
dezvoltate
80
60
60
70
50
40
150,2
101,3
101,3
152,5
80,0
52,4
6HPHQ LRQHD]
doa r fr n a r e
t ot a l
m
t
178,7
119,8
101,3
180,9
94,5
52,4
1,5
1,5
1,3
1,3
1,3
m/s2
1,5
1,3
1,5
1,1
1,1
1,3
700
700
700
700
700
700
sa u
SDU LDO
D
r e m or ciii
1,7
m/s2
99
Sistem de frnare
secundar
(Realizat ca n cazul
testului tip O,
motorul oprit)
Viteza de
testare
Diastan a de
frnare
Km/h
m
Formula pentru
calculul distan ei de
frnare
Decelera ia
medie
dezvoltat
m/s2
80
60
60
70
50
40
93,3
64,4
64,4
95,7
54,0
38,3
0,1 v +
2 v2
150
0,15 v +
2 v
130
2
0,15 v +
2 v
115
2,9
2,5
2,2
Fr n a r e t r e pt a t
r e m or cii
For a de
ac ionare
Manual
Pedal
400
600
600
500
700
700
100
Frna de parcare
testul se face cu
autovehiculul
nc rcat)
Men inere
sta ionar n
pant
18
18
18
mpreun
f r a se
frna (clasa
de vehicule
O)
12
12
Manual
400
600
600
600
Pedal
500
700
700
For a de
ac ionare
101
Km/
h
m/s2
80
60
1,5
60
70
50
1,5
40
Km/
h
40
13,5
H
102
ULLWHKQLFHDLQVWDOD LHLGHIUkQDUHvQSURFHVXOGH
urm t orii pa r a m e t r i de st a r e :
1.
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frn ;
2.
3.
4.
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104
global ) a HILFDFLW
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frnare sunt :
1.
GHFHOHUD LD
2.
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3.
frnare,
4.
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n .
FXUVDOLEHU
la:
a pedalei de frn ,
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105
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Se m soar
prin probe de
la oprire, de la
elect ronice.
106
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pn
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m axim .
108
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LQHU LDO
ILLQGvQFDVWUDW
vQVRFOXO
elast ic . La
IUkQDUHSR]L LDJULOHLVHPRGLIF
ce produce m odularea
corespunz t oare a curent ului care
WUHFHvQWUHDQRGXOLHOHFWURGXO
109
ULFRPSOHWHLDIRU HLGH
al t urat se prezint
BVS 1 Mot om et er.
decelerograful
3ULQVGHDUFXOODPHODUvQFDVWUDW
0LFDUHDPDVHLLQHU LDOHHVWH
am ort izat
%UD XOGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDUHOD
ULWXOSURFHVXOXLGHIUkQDUHHVWHPDUFDWGH
JUDGXOXLGHX]XU
DOVLVWHPXOXLGHIUkQDUH
i st area
ODVLVWHPHOHFXDF LRQDUHKLGUDXOLF
7LPSXOWRWDOGHDF LRQDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHIUkQDUHSkQ
tb = ta + t s + t v
ODRSULUH
a
111
'HFHOHUD LDPHGLH
a m VH
det erm in
FXUHOD LD
'HFHOHUD LDPHGLH
tb ta + s
2
am = a v
t
tb + t a + s
2
a m VHFRPSDU FXYDORDUHDGDW
vigoare, n raport de t ipul respect iv de aut om obil.
[m/s ]
2
vQQRUPHOHvQ
Diagram a ridicat
SHDFHHDL
SRU LXQHGHGUXPGDUvQVWDUH
um ed .
112
6SD LXOGHIUkQDUH
ULOHGHGUXPDOHVLVWHPXOXLGHIUkQDUHGHLRIHU
ULORUWLSXULORUQRL
GHGHWHUPLQDUHDIRU HORUGH
VWDQGXULVSHFLDOL]DWH
113
sist e m u lu i de fr na r e
Acest e m rim i se det erm in
cu aj ut orul st andurilor.
6WDQGXULOHVXQWGLIHUHQ LDWHGHGRX
PRGXULGHUHDOL]DUHD
VWDQGXULGHIRU
VWDQGXULGHLQHU LH
6WDQGXULOHGHIRU
XWLOL]HD]
PRWRDUHHOHFWULFHSHQWUXDF LRQDU
ea
UXORXULORULLPSOLFLWDUR LORUODvQFHUFDUHDGHIUkQDUH
/DVWDQGXULOHLQHU LDOHVROLFLWDUHDIUkQHORUDQWUHQDUHDUXORXULORUL
UR LORUVHUHDOL]HD]
o anum it
vit ez
GHF
WUHPDVHLQHU LDOHDGXVHvQSUHDODEL
l la
GHURWD LH
114
FXUXORXUL
)RU DGHIUkQDUH)
com ponent
est e o
DIRU HLWRWDOHGH
frnare Ff - ( Ff
vQVXPHD]
L
UH]LVWHQ DODUXODUHUH]LVWHQ D
DHUXOXLIRU HOHFRUHVSXQ]
WRDUH
pant
DDFXPVHYHGHvQILJXUD
al t urat
egal
)RU DGHIUkQDUH)
est e
GHIUkQDUHDUR LLDVXSUDXQXL
role pe care se
URDWDUROHOHILLQGvQDFHODL
WLPSLVXUVDGHDQWUHQDUHDUR LL
116
12 VHVSULMLQ
VDUHSHSHGDODGHIUkQ
5RDWDDXWRYHKLFXOXO
ui
SHURODLURODGHDQWUHQDUH5RODGHFRQWDct 2
VHUYHWHSHQWUXVHVL]DUHDPRPHQWXOXLEORF
ULLUR LLODIUkQDUH
VDUH
0RPHQWXOUHDFWLYFDUHLDQDWHUHvQWLPSXOIUkQ
UHGXFWRUXOXLDF LRQHD]
ULLvQFDUFDVD
SULQEUD XOVROLGDUFXFDUFDVDFDSVXOD
k Ffmax v
Pn =
3.6
)RU DGHIUkQDUHPD[LP
unde: k FRHILFLHQWGHVXSUDVDUFLQ
Ff m ax YDORDUHDPD[LP DIRU
GHIUkQDUHDXQHLUR L
v vit eza ( km / h)
)
SRDWHH[SULPDFXUHOD LD
m ax se
unde: - FRHILFLHQWGHDGHUHQ
Gr m ax VDUFLQDPD[LP
Ffmax = r Grmax
DOUR LLSHURO
SHURDW
0,7)
118
HL
Ffmax
Gr
= 0
2
ider
roat .
k
Pm =
r
7,2
Gv
&RQVLGHUkQGvQFD]XODXWRPRELOHORUFXJUHXWDWHSkQ
1,1,
= 0,7,
OD1
k =
Pm = 7,6 kW.
QFD]XODXWRYHKLFXOHORUJUHOHSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDDGHUHQ HLUR L
lor la
VXSUDID DUROHORULHYLWDUHDOHVW
prev
ULLDFHVWRUDVWDQGXULOHVXQW
]XWHFXXQVLVWHPKLGUDXOLFGHvQF
UFDUHDSXQ LL
119
&RQGL LLOHLGHVI
QVFRSXOHYLW
XUDUHDGLDJQRVWLF
ULL
ULLHURULORUGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHvQSUHDODELOVHLP
vQGHSOLQLUHDXUP
WRDUHORURSHUD LL
pune
O]LUHDIUkQHORU
GXUDWDSUREHORU
120
2SHUD LLOHGHGLDJQRVWLFDUH
0HQ LQkQGUXORXULOHVWDQGXOXLvQPLFDUHVHODV
LVHFLWHWHSHFHOHGRX
UR LOHV
FDGUDQHDOHVWDQGXOXLP
UXOH
ze liber
ULPHDIRU HOR
indicat e.
Dac se dep
HVFYDORULOHLQGLFDWHGHIDEULFDQWvQVHDPQ
GHIHF LXQLODODJ
F
H[LVW
UHOHUR LORUvQWUDQVPLVLHVDXIUkQHEORFDWH
at iv) sunt :
ODUR LOHPRWRDUH
200 N
ODFHOHODOWHUR L
100 N
DXWRFDPLRDQHLDXWREX]H
ODUR LOHPRWRDUH
500 N
ODFHOHODOWHUR L
200 N
121
or
PD[LPHGHIUkQDUHLDGH]HFKLOLEUXOXLUHODWLYvQWUHIRU HOHGH
Ffst Ffdr
D=
100%
0,5 (Ffst + Ffdr )
HORUGHIUkQDUHODFHOH
Norm ele din Rom nia indic lim it a VXSHULRDU adm isibil a
dezechilibrului de 20 % .
6HSR]L LRQHD]
repet
DXWRPRELOXOFXSXQWHDXUP
RSHUD LD
WRDUHSHUROHLVH
122
E=
FXUHOD LD
VXPDIRU HORUGHIUkQDUHD
WXWXURUUR LORU
100%
QVWDUHWHKQLF
G greut at ea proprie a
aut om obilului ( sau greut at ea n t im pul
t est rilor) .
UHGXV
LIRU DGHUH]LVWHQ
OD
m at iv,
YDORDUHDGHFHOHUD LHLPD[LPH
dmax = g
6WDQGXULOHGLQJHQHUD LLOHUHFHQWHDXRLQWHUID
FDOFXODWRUvQYHGHUHDPRQLWRUL]
g = 9.81
SHQWUXFXSODUH
m/s 2
a la un
ULLDFHVWHLIRUPHGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHL
123
6WDQGXULFXUXORXULLQHU LDOH
9HULILFDUHDVLVWHPOHRUGHIUkQDUHvQFRQGL LLOHYLWH]HORUULGLFD
t e de
deplasare, au avant aj ul elim in rii erorilor dat orat e alunec rii relat ive
DUR LLSHUXORXULLGHYDULD LDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHUH]LVWHQ
Oa rulare.
QFD]XOXWLOL] ULLDFHVWRUWLSXULGHVWDQGXULVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQa
VSD LXOGHIUkQDUHGHFHOHUD LDIRU DGHIUkQDUHIRU DGHDS Vare pe
pedala de frn WLPSXOGHLQWUDUHvQIXQF LRQDUHDIUkQHORU
3HQWUXDRE LQHVSD LXOUHDOLIRU DGHIUkQDUHHJDO
realit at e, t rebuie s
FXFHDGL
H[LVWHRFRUHOD LHvQWUHPDVDDXWRPRELOXOXLL
dului,
vQFD]XOXQXLDQXPLWWLSGHDXWRYHKLFXO$FHDVW
FRQGL LHVHUHD
lizeaz
SULQDGDSWDUHDPRPHQWXOXLGHLQHU LHDYRODQWXOXLXWLOL]kQG
FRPELQD LLGHGLIHUL LYRODQ LvQUDSRUWFXFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHFR
vQJHQHUDOVH
ODWRDWH
ULOHHIHFWXDWHFXDFHVWH
GHGHSODV
ULOHODWH
rale,
HWFVWDQGXULOHLQHU LDOHDXXQFRVWPDLULGLFDWLGXUDWDSURbelor
est e m ai m are, ceea ce a lim it at ut ilizarea lor la nivelul t est elor de
vQFHUF
UL
125
'LDJQRVWLFDUHDLQVWDOD LHLGHIUkQDUHFXVLVWHPHGH
a n t ibloca r e ( ABS)
QILJXUDDO
prezint
WXUDW
VH
YDULD LD
FRHILFLHQ LORUGHDGHUHQ
( ) , de frnare ( )
GHFHOHUD LH
LGH
vQIXQF LHGH
alunecarea relat iv ( a rf ) n
cazul frn rii cu sau f r
VLVWHPDQWLEORFDUHDUR LL
QFD]XOUR LLIUkQDWHI
GLVSR]LWLYDQWLEORFDUHFRHILFLHQWXO
de frnare
YDULD] dup curba OXX. Cu aj ut orul dispozit ivului ant iblocare se
det ect eaz punct ul X de la care, dac frnarea se cont inu vQDFHODL
m od, roat a se blocheaz .
126
vQPRPHQWXO
vQFDUHDSDUHRUHDFFHOHUDUHDUR LLQ
denum it
fa z
de a dm isie vQWLPSXOF
GHVFULHFXUED=1;QSXQFWXO;GDF
SUHVLXQHDGHIUkQDUH]RQ
UHLDFRHILFLHQWXOGHIUkQDUH
QDWXUDF
LLQXV DPRGLILFDWL
127
QFD]XOXWLOL]
ULLGLVSR]LWLYXOXLDQWLEORFDUHHVWHQHFHVDUV
WRDUHvQFHSXWXOXLILHF
V
UHLID]HD
ULPHDIL]LF
F
com and dispozit ivul ant iblocare. Valorile sale n puct ele
caract erist ice X, Y, Z com and m odific rile presiunii de frnare.
&RQGL LLLPSXVHGLVSR]LWLYHORUDQWLEORFDUH
3ULQFLSDOHOHFRQGL LLLPSXVHGLVSR]LWLYHORUDQWLEORFDUHVXQW
V DVLJXUHVWDELOLWDWHDLPDQLDELOLWDWDDXWRYHKLFXOXOXLvQWLPSXO
frn ULLDWkWODPHUVXOUHFWLOLQLXFkWLODYLUDM
UHJODUHDIUn rii s se adapt eze rapid la schim b ULOHGHDGHUHQ
ale c ii de rulare,
V QXILHSHUWXUEDWvQIXQF LRQDUHGHLQWHUIHUHQ HOHFkPSXULORU
m agnet ice ext erioare,
V QXSURYRDFHYLEUD LLvQSXQ LVXVSHQVLHHWF
FUHWHUHDPRPHQWXOXLGHVWDELOL]DWRUV ILHOHQW DVWIHOvQFkWV
poat fi com pensat SULQPDQHYUHGHGLUHF LH
ILDELOLWDWHULGLFDW LPHQWHQDQ GLDJQRVWLFDUHvQWUH LQHUH
XRUUHDOL]DELO
128
FDGHH[HPSOXVF
LXQL
GHUHDQLYHOXOXL
nt r- un segm ent al
ODXQUH]LVWRUFDUHIDFLOLWHD]
HVWRPSDU
ea
vQVLVWHPXO$%6vQVLVWHPXOKLGUDXOLF
3UREHOHvQFRQGL LLGHGUXP
Exist
DSDUHRYLEUD LHDSHGDOHLGHIUkQ
ODDS
VDUHVDX]JRPRWHFDXU
m are
DSXQHULLvQIXQF LHDSRPSHLVLVWHPXOXL$%6LPHGLDWGXS SXQHUHa n
PLFDUHDDXWRPRELOXOXL$FHVWHIHQRPHQHQXWUHEXLHV DODUPH]Hpe
conduc WRULLQLFLV GXF ODVXVSHFWDUHDDSDUL LHLXQRUGHIHF LXQLvQ
t ransm isie sau la sist em ul de rulare.
3HQWUXHYLGHQ LHUHDGHIHF LXQLORUVH
ULL
130
&LWLUHDFRGXULORUGHIHF LXQLORUSRDWHIL
efect uat
dup
OHJDUHDERUQHORU$L+
DOHSUL]HLGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHDDFXPVH
arat
vQILJXUDDO
WXUDW
2SHUD LXQLOHFDUHVHSRWHIHFWXDFX
TECH1:
DILDUHDLQIRUPD LLORU$%6
DILDUHDLWHUJHUHDFRGXULORU
GHIHF LXQLORU$%6
FRQWUROXOXQRUFRPSRQHQWHDOH$%6
( bobine, relee, leg t uri) ,
GLDJQRVWLFDUHDH[WHQVLY a ABS,
HIHFWXDUHDWHVW rii ABS n vederea
depist ULLGHIHF LXQLORULQWHUPLWHQWH
131
Aut ovehiculele grele, aut ocam ioane, aut ot renuri, aut obuze, ut ilizeaz
VLVWHPHGHIUkQDUHFXDF LRQDUHSQHXPDWLF
FHHDFHDQHFHVLWDW
GLVSR]LWLYH$%6DGDSWDWHDFHVWRUFRQVWUXF LL
M
- split VHLDSHQWUXUHJODUHFRHILFLHQWXOGHDGHUHQ
m ai m ic pent ru com anda circuit ului de reglare com un celor dou
URDWDFDUHDUHSULPDWHQGLQ
presiunea la cealalt
roat
GHEORFDUHG
( I R) .
UR L
FRPDQGDLSHQWUX
DSXQ LL
6LVWHPXO6/5DUHRFRQVWUXF LHPDLLHIWLQ
IUkQDUHVSRULWFXID
FHO
vQV
FXXQVSD LXGH
GHUHJODUHDUR LORUFXFLUFXLWHLQGLY
6ROX LD6/5VHDSOLF
ODUHPRUFL
iduale
132
ULLSH M
PRGLILFDW
care se
GLIHUHQ DGHSUHVLXQHG
QXGHS
DGLF
HDVF
in
XQ
DQXPLWSUDJSHQWUXDQXFUHDPRPHQWHGHJLUD LH
133
GH
diagnost icare.
Com ponent e:
1. SUL]DGHGLDJQR] SHQWUXOHJ WXUDvQWUHWHVWHULSUL]DGH
diagnost icare I SO9141 ( sau de pe adapt orul de leg t ur , cnd
aut om obilul nu est e dot at cu aceast priz )
2. fant a pent ru int roducerea cart elei program cart ela program
VWDELOHWHFHVLVWHPHOHFWURQLFYDILWHVWDW$%6(&$6$7&
et c.)
3. t ast e de lucru cu aj ut orul acest or t rei t ast e, personalul
VSHFLDOL]DWvQGLDJQRVWLFDUHGHUXOHD]
SURJUDPXOGHWHVWDUHvQ
UHLDDQXPL LSDLVDXFKLDUV
LJQRUH
134
QSURJUDPXOGHWHVWDUHVHLQGLF
XWLOL]DWRUXOXLSULQWU RV
JHDW ,
care t ast t rebuie s fie ap sat pent ru a se execut a urm t oarele
com enzi:
DOHJHUHDSDLORUGHWHVWDUHGLQFDGUXOPHQLXOXLSULQFLSDO
DOHJHUHDXQRUVHFYHQ HGHWHVWDUH
FHUHUHDGHH[SOLFD LL
LHLUHGLQSURJUDP
ILHSHQWUXPXOWLPHWUX
vQDFHVWHILHVHLQWURGXF
FRQWUDILHOHGLQFDSHWHOHFHORUGRX
la m ult im et ru
ILDSHQWUXOHJ
FDEOXULGHOHJ
WXU
WXUDODWDVWDWXUDH[WHUQ
Dup conect area aparat ului la com put erul sist em ului de frnare al
aut ovehiculului, se int roduce cart ela SURJUDPLVHGHUXOHD] SDLL
GHGLDJQRVWLFDUHVSHFLILFD LvQLQVWUXF LXQL
icare a
135
VHFXQG
WHVWHUXOvQFHDUF
V
VHPQDOL]H]H'DF
Afiaj
Explica ie
411
862
H59
Prin ap VDUHDvQFRQWLQXDUHDWDVWHL(5525VHYRUDILDLGHIHFWHOH
urm t oare. Oricare alt t ast vQWUHUXSHF XWDUHDQSULPXOUkQGVH
DILHD] GHIHFWHOHDFWXDOH5$0'DF WRDWHGHIHFWHOHDFWXDOHDu fost
HSXL]DWHDSDUH2OGQFRQWLQXDUHVHDILHD] GHIHFWHOHQHDFWXale
exist ent e ( EEPROM) . 'XS DILDUHDXOWLPHLGHIHF LXQLYDDSDUHSH
DILDM$%6
137
QXPDLH[LVWH
6- - FHHDFHvQVHDPQ $%6FXFDQDOH
WHVWXOGHIXQF LRQDUH DSHODUHDDFHVWXLFDSLWROGLQPHQLXHVWH
ut il at unci cnd nu H[LVW XQGHIHFWDFWXDO7HVWXOGHIXQF LRQDUH
va fi act ivat ast fel:
VHDSDV t ast a SYSTEM VHDILHD] VLVWHPXOGH
exem plu 4 2)
VHDF LRQHD] WDVWD&/($5PDLPXOWGHGRX VHFXQGH
dup FDUHYDDSDUHSHDILDM6<6
Se realizeaz ast fel cont rolul Ret arder- ului prin ap s ri succesive de
VHFXQGHDWDVWHL&/($5FRQIRUPLQVWUXF LXQLORUGHYHULILFDre a
138
UHWDUGHUXOXLUHVSHFWLYFDUHFRQ LQHWRDWHLQIRUPD LLOHQHFHVDUH.
rot it
se d
9LWH]DVHDILHD]
5,6 km / h
WXUDW
GHH[HPSOXSHQWUXURDWD$
DILDM$'DF
DSDUDWXO
UHFXQRDWHRYLWH]
ODPDLPXOWGHRURDW
DWXQFLVHDILHD]
- - - LDVWIHOWHVWXOGH
IXQF LRQDUHQXSRDWHSRUQLGHRDUHFH&RPSDFW
t est er XOQXWLHSHFDUHPRGXODWRUGHSUHVLXQH
( care est e aferent fiec UHLUR LV - l specifice.
Trebuie s se m soare o vit ez m ai m are de 4
km / h pent ru ca pornirea m odulat oului s poat
avea loc.
Dup RSULUHDUR LLFDUHDIRVWPDLvQDLQWHURWLW
va porni m odulat orul respect iv, corespunz t or
urm t oarelor program e de im pulsuri:
139
GUHDSWD%'L(I
SUHVLXQH
de frnare
program de im pulsuri 2: ciclul de
SUHVLXQHGH
frnare.
*UDILFDIXQF LRQDO
DSURJUDPXOXLLGHLPSXOVXULSHQWUXR
st are
t ehnic corespunz t oare a m odulat oarelor de presiune se prezint n
figur . Coordonarea senzor PRGXODWRUVHYHULILF SULQ
det erm inarea m odulat orului corespunz WRUWLPSXODF LRQ ULL
m odulat orului, prin ascult are sau prin prindere cu m na ( se sim t
YLEUD LL7HVWXOGHIXQF LRQDUHSRDWHILvQWUHUXSWSULQDF LRQDrea
oric rei alt e t ast e. Test ul se repet SHQWUXWRDWHUR LOH
Dac se const at c WRDWHPRGXODWRDUHOHIXQF LRQHD] VHFRQVLGHU
c $%6HVWHvQEXQ VWDUH
$FHODLWLSGHFRQWUROGHLQYHUVRDUHVHSRDWHUHDOL]DFXSUHVLXQe de
IUkQDUHvQVLVWHP LQkQGFRQWGHVFKHPDH[LVWHQW SHDXWRYHKLFXl, n
140
sensul leg WXULORUvQWUHVHQ]RULLPRGXODWRDUH
141
142
143
144
145
de confort ul oferit
WRUXOXLDXWRGHGXUDELOLWDWHDIXQF LRQ ULi
FXIUHFYHQ HMRDVHSURYRDF
asem n
WRDUHFXU
ODYDORULPD[LPHGH+]2VFLOD LL
WXOEXU
XOGHPDUH
ULQXPLWHLU
XOGHPDLQ
6XVSHQVLLOHGHIHFWHvQSUH]HQ DXQRUFUHWHULDVROLFLW
le
ULORU
VLPSWRPDWRORJLDLGHIHF LXQLOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHVXVSHQVLHLQX
FRPSRQHQWHORUVXVSHQVLHLVHSRWvPS
a)
JHRPHWULFLLGHVWDUH
b)
GHHWDQDUH
U LvQSDWUXJUXSH
c) de elast icit at e;
d)
GHRVFLOD LH
nu necesit
RLQYHVWLJD LHGHRVHELW
$VWIHOvQFHOHFHXUPHD]
L
GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHRUHWLF
VHYRUWUDWDSDUDPHWULLGHGLDJQRVWL
OHJD LGHHODVWLFLWDWHFDUHGHWHUPLQ
RVFLOD LHFDUHVHUHIHU
care
GHIDSWVWDUHDDUFXULORU
i cei de
vQVSHFLDOODDPRUWL]RDUH
148
GHWHUPLQDUHDvQWUHJLLYDULD LLO
se aplic o sarcin
GHGLDJQRVWLFDUH3GLVHP
F
DUFXOHVWHVO
ISSHURDWD
ELW
VRDU
VHWHSHVWHYDORDUHD/
lim
149
LLVXVSHQVLHLVH
IDFHSULQGHWHUPLQDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLJHQHUDOHDDFHVWHLDL
FRPSDUDUHDGHIRUPD LHLDUFXOXLFXGDWHOHOLPLW
vQGRX
VLWXD LL
: ( la
FRPSULPDUHLGHVWLQGHUH
FXvQF
I r
UF
vQF
WXUDQRPLQDO
UF
WXU
QFD]XODUFXULORUFXIRLSURSULHW
LOHGHDPRUWL]DUHSRWILDS
UFDUHLFHDGHUHYHQLUHQ
m area
PDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORUIRU DGHIUHFDUHUHSUH]LQW
vQF
UFDUHDVWDWLF
2DOW
im port ant
SkQ
OD
din
SRVLELOLWDWHGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHDDFHVW
WLSXULGHDUFXUL LQHVHDPDGHIDSWXOF
m sur
reciat e
DFHVWHDSDUWLFLS
or
vQWU
-o
50% ) din
/XkQGvQFRQVLGHUDUHPRGHOXOGLQDPLFDODQVDPEOXOXLURDW
km
mx + (k m + k a )x P =
Hsin t
m
n care:
m
x = xm- xc
NPLND
P
H
t
- m asa nesuspendat
- deplasarea relat iv exprim at
GHSODVDUHDFHQWUXOXLUR LL[
SULQGLIHUHQ DvQWUH
m LFDURVHULHL[c)
- FRHILFLHQWLLGHHODVWLFLWDWHDLSQHXOXLLDUFXOXL
- IRU DGHIUHFDUHvQDUF
- vQ O LPHDPD[LP DGHQLYHO ULLSHUWXUEDWRDUH
- t im pul
- SXOVD LDIRU HLSHUWXUEDWRDUH
151
5H]ROYDUHDHFXD LHLFRQGXFHODGHWHUPLQDUHDGHSODV
ULLUHODWLYH
( x) :
x=
km 2
8P 2
) (
)
m
P
(k m + k a ) 2
2
m2
(H
8P
P
H0 =
= 2,75
Sau at unci cnd denivelarea H = H 0 are valoarea:
N
km
m
Cu alt e cuvint e, dac roat a se aduce pe rulourile unui st and care
SRDWHSXQHvQHYLGHQ
VXSXQHvQFHUF
SURHPLQHQ HSHUXORXULGHvQ
O LPH+ LVH
ULLODXQUHJLPRDUHFDUHGHIRUPDUHDDUFXOXLDUDW
IRU DGHDPRUWL]DUHHIHFWLY
GLQWUHIRLHVWHPDLPLF
F
GHFkWFHD
m et od rapid .
Caract erist ica am ort izorului, ridicat pe st and, reprezint YDULD LD
efort urilor necesare com prim rii respect iv dest inderii, n raport cu
deplasarea t ij ei.
QFHUFDUHDVHED]HD]
SHIDSWXOF
HOHPHQWHORUFRUHVSXQ]
WRDUHD
le
RPLFDUHYLEUDWRULHSULQWU
- un m ecanism
IRU HOHGHUH]LVWHQ
GLQDPRUWL]RUVXQWSUHOXDWH
GHWRUVLXQH
FDUHHVWHIRORVLWFD
0LFDUHDVHWUDQVPLWHGHOD
Cap t ul superior al acest uia est e fixat de prghia 6 a elem ent ului
HODVWLFLDEDUHLGHWRUVLXQH/DRURWD LHFRPSOHW DYRODQWului,
DPRUWL]RUXOHVWHFRPSULPDWLGHVWLQV)RU HOHFDUHDSDUDF LRQHaz
asupra prghiei 6, t orsionnd bara 7. Acul indicat orului 9 se
deplaseaz vQDLQWHLvQDSRLLDUWDPEXUXOURWLQGX- VHODVWkQJDLOD
dreapt a, linia descris GHDPRUWL]RUYDILROLQLHvQFKLV ) U
am ort izor, acul indicat orului t raseaz pe diagram o linie orizont al
OLQLD]HURQSDUWHDVXSHULRDU VHGHWHUPLQ IRU DGHUH]LVWHQ
la
GHVWLQGHUHLDUvQSDUWHDLQIHULRDU IRU DGHUH]LVWHQ
ODFRPSrim are.
154
Cunoscnd curba de et alonare a elem ent ului elast ic se pot det erm ina
FXXXULQ
IRU HOHGLQWLMDDPRUWL]RUXOXLvQRULFHSXQFWDOWUDiect oriei
curbei, deoarece se consider c unghiul de r sucire al barei de
WRUVLXQHHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFXIRU DGLQWLM 2ULFHDEDWHre a
curbei de la form a din figura precedent est e echivalent cu un
anum
it defect al am ort izorului:
Fig. 7.3
Fig.a nerealizarea efort urilor nom inale; cauze;
insuficien a sau lipsa lichidului de am ort izor, fie
dat orit um plerii neglij ent e, fie pierderii
et an eit ii;
defect area supapelor din pist on i din corp,
m ont area lor defect uoas sau p t runderea de
im purit i nt re acest e supape i sediile lor;
det eriorarea sau uzura bucei de et an are a
t ij ei;
det eriorarea inelului de et an are a corpului.
Fig.b am ort izorul nu est e eficace la nceput ul
curselor; cauza:
LQVXILFLHQW cant it at e de lichid;
supape care nu se nchid corect ;
155
cilindrul de lucru nu est e plin cu lichid
LFDX]H
156
QILJXUDDO
WXUDW
VXQWSUH]HQWDWHGLDJUDPHOH
DLE
GHUHJODUHSUHDJURDV
6 .2 .2 .D ia gn ost ica r e a f r
m et od
Aceast
de m on t a r e de pe a u t om obil
SHUPLWHULGLFDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUGHRVFLOD LHD
FDURVHULHLVDXDOHOHPHQWHORUQHVXVSHQGDWH$YkQGvQYHGHUHF
VLWXD LHDPRUWL]RUXOIXQF LRQHD]
aceast
FDUDFWHULVWLFDGHRVFLOD LHYDILLQIOXHQ DW
v
vQSDUDOHOFXDUFXO
vQWU RP
VXU
RDUH
care de
st area arcului.
Suspensia aut om obilului se com port
VHPQDOHOHYDULDELOHGHLQWUDUHVXQWWUDQVIRUPDWHvQYDULD LLDOHDOWRU
ULPLQIXQF LHGHUXODMSHXQGUXPRDUHFDUHVDXSHSLVW
denivel
ULRUGRQDWHVDXSHXQUXORXFXSURHPLQHQ HVHPQDOXOGH
form
FX
ordonat
/DLHLUHDGLQVLVWHPXOGLQDPLFVHJ
PDLPXOWHIXQF LLGHU
VSXQV[
i( t )
aib
VHVFXQDVDX
cum sunt :
GHSODVDUHDSHYHUWLFDO a caroseriei
YLWH]DLDFFHOHUD LDFDURVHULHL
GHSODVDUHDUHODWLY
DUR LLvQUDSRUWFXFDURVHULD
158
PDWHPDWLFSULQWU XQLU
/DLHLUHVHYDSURGXFHXQVHPQDOWRWGHQDWXU
DUPRQLF
+ h )
LGHID]DM
( x)
;ILLQGRIXQF LHGH
SXOVD LD
159
reprezint
DPSOLWXG
ini
FDUDFWHULVWLFDGHRVFLOD LHDVXVSHQVLHL
S(
x(
)=
H
3HXQVWDQGFXSURHPLQHQ HGHvQ
GHLHLUH;
UHSUH]LQW
O LPHFRQVWDQW
ODVFDUD+P
ULPHDDPSOLWXGLQLLVDX
DFFHOHUD LHL
LVHVXSXQHXQRUYLEUD LLFUHDWHGHPHFDQLVPXOFXH[FHQWULF
WUDQVPLVHSULQDUFXOLSkUJKLD0HFDQLVPXOHVWHLQL LDODFF
elerat ,
VXU
/DUH]RQDQ
GHFFD+]
UHVFDPSOLWXGLQLOH
DPSOLWXGLQLO
e vor fi
161
Aprecierea calit
LORUIXQF LRQDOHDOHDPRUWL]RDUHORUVHIDFH
4.
vQFD]XODPRUWL]RDUHORUGHRVFLOD LL
DPSOLWXGLQLOHPD[LPHSH
VHFLWHDVF
DPSOLWXGLQHD$v
m m ) , cea m ai m are.
n cazul unui am ort izor defect , am plit udinea A2, est e m ai m are
ca lim it a adm isibil .
/DLQVWDOD LD%RJH$QJOLDGXS
HOHFWULFLVHFXSOHD]
asigur
VVHRSUHWHPRWRUXO
UHOHXOGLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHFD
re
'LDJQRVWLFDUHDSHED]DFDUDFWHULVWLFLLRVFLOD LHLOLEHUH
GHFDOLWDWHDDPRUWL]RUXOXL'DF
LIXQF LRQDOHvQU
XW
LWH
PLFDUHDRVFLODWRULHDPDVHLVXVSHQGDWHHVWHFX
QILJXUDDVHG
FDUDFWHULVWLFDRVFLOD LHLOLEHUHD
FDURVHULHLvQVLWXD LDFkQGDPRUWL]RUXOHVWHEXQQ
ILJXUDEHVWHDFHHDLFDUFDFWHULVWLF
vQFD]XOXQXL
LLVXVSHQVLHLSULQPHWRGD
RVFLOD LLORUOLEHUHVHXWLOL]HD]
diagnost icare:
IUHFYHQ DL
GRLSDUDPHWULGH
163
)UHFYHQ D
60
n=
T
6HPQLILFD LDSDUDPHWULORUHVWHGDW
1 h1
ln
=
2
h2
vQGLDJUDPD
m odalit
L
a) ap sarea caroseriei
b) lansarea caroseriei
164
U
VSkQGLUH8QYLEURJUDISODVDWSHDULSDUR L
UHVSHFWLYHvQUHJLVWUHD]
FDURVHULHLHVWHPDLXRUGHDSOLFDW
RVFLOD LLOHFDURVHULHLSURGXVHGXS
LXQREVWDFROvQIRUP
WDWF
ODGHWHUPLQ
GHSDQ
FH
ULOHGHDFHVWIHOUH]XOWDWHO
e sunt
166
Cuprins
Defini ii
Schema bloc de func ionare
Sistemul OBD
Diagnoza serial
i paralel
Scannere i testere
167
167
Defini ii
UHGXFHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELOFUHWHUHDVLJXUDQ HLLD
confortului.
Senzor (traductor)
Actuator HOHPHQWGHH[HFX LH
168
168
Defini ii
Semnale analogice
Semnale digitale
3RWILIXUQL]DWHGHVHQ]RULGHWXUD LHGHWLSLQGXFWLYGDUFDUH
169
169
Spre actuatori
MICROCALCULATOR
Circuit
de
protec i
e
Circuit
de
protec i
e
Circuit
de
amplificare i
filtrare
Convert.
analogic
digital
Unitate
de
procesare
digital
a
semnalului
BLOC COMAND
ELEMENT DE
EXECU IE
Comutator de
putere
Amplificatoare de
putere
Convert.
digital
analogic
170
170
171
171
172
172
E.C.U
Port analogic
173
173
E.C.U
ULLPRWRUXOXLVH
174
174
E.C.U
175
175
E.C.U
Semnale ieire
176
176
MODIFICAREA AVANSULUI
CONTROL UNGHI DWEL
DETECTAREA DETONA IILOR
INJEC IA DE COMBUSTIBIL
CONTROL AMESTEC AER-COMBUSTIBIL (S.Lambda)
CONTROL RALANTI (MERS NCET N GOL)
CONTROL PRESIUNE SUPRAALIMENTARE
RECIRCULAREA GAZELOR DE EVACUARE
AUTODIAGNOSTICARE, FUNC IONARE N REGIM DE
AVARIE, SECURITATE SISTEM
LIMITAREA TURA IEI I A VITEZEI VEHICULULUI
177
177
Senzori (Traductoare)
178
178
Tipuri de senzori
Senzor de detona ie
(knock sensor)
179
179
Tipuri de senzori
Senzor de oxigen
(Sonda Lambda)
Senzor temperatur
motor
180
180
Tipuri de senzori
Senzor de presiune
absolut
(M.A.P. Sensor)
TIPURI DE SENZORI
181
181
Tipuri de senzori
Senzor pozi ie clapet
de accelera ie
(Throttle Position
Sensor)
Senzor vitez de
deplasare a
autovehiculului
(Speed Sensor)
182
182
Convertorul catalitic
Din punct de vedere chimic catalizatorul este o substan ce permite
ob inerea unei reac ii chimice sau conduce la accelerarea ei.
Convertorul catalitic reprezint elementul
principal de depoluare pentru gazele de
evacuare. El are form eliptic sau rotund ,
iar n interiorul acestuia sa afl un monolit
ceramic sau metalic pe care sunt depuse
metale nobile: platin , rodiu sau
paladiu,care favorizeaz conversia
FRPSXLORU poluDQ L n FRPSXL inofensivi
mediului.
'LQFRQVLGHUHQWHGHHILFLHQ
LPSRUWDQWFDVXSUDID DDFWLY
s ILHFkWPDLPDUHFXSXWLLQ
aceasta monolitul are
RFRQVWUXF LHVSHFLDO
VXSUDID
WRWDO
HVWH
DPRQROLWXOXL
3HQWUX
WLSIDJXUHDF
UXL
DSUR[LPDWLY
-3 terenuri de
fotbal) este acoperit cu unstrat foarte
183
VXE LUHGHFDWDOL]DWRU
183
Convertorul catalitic
n interiorul convertorului
catalitic au loc
reac ii chimice de oxidare i
reducere:
1. Monoxidul de Carbon i
hidrocarburile sunt oxidate
rezultand dioxid de carbon i ap
2. Oxizii de azot sunt
descompui n azot i oxigen
184
184
185
Sonda Lambda
Sonda Lambda
Diagnosticarea sondei
Lambda:
Actuatori
188
188
189
189
Electrovalva
190
190
Electromagne ii
191
191
192
193
Meniu principal
194
Pin data
195
Verificare senzori
196
Verificare senzori
197
Verificare senzori
198
Coduri de eroare
199
Scheme electrice
200
Localizare componente
201