BALASORE COLLEGE

OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR
ON

GREEN MANUFACTURING

Submitted By :Name : Tapas Kumar Parida

Roll No. : 11-ME/117

Regd. No. : 1221225112

Semester : 8

th

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that Tapas Kumar Parida bearing
Registration

Number: 1221225112,

student of

8th

Semester, Branch - Mechanical Engineering, Balasore

College Of Engineering And Technology have submitted
the seminar report on GREEN MANUFACTURING .
This is required for the fulfilment for bachelors
degree in mechanical engineering under Biju Pattnaik
University Of Technology.

MS. DEBASHREE MOHANTY

[ASST. PROFESSOR]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep regards and sincere thanks to Mr.

Sumit Kumar Chatterjee for his excellent guidance and
inspiration throughout this report preparation. His
knowledge and experience helped in completion of this
report in due time.
Last, but not least, I would like to take this opportunity
to thank my friends for the way they co-operated to achieve
this success.

Deposited By:
Tapas Kumar Parida

Abstract
The paper covers a survey of literature and cases on Green Manufacturing : the
methods of manufacturing that minimize waste & pollution and conserve resources. The
review of literature on Green manufacturing gives different Green designs based on
environment management system, energy conservation, development of cleaner products,
waste and pollution reduction. The literature is also available that advocate green
manufacturing as an instrument for sustainable infrastructure. New concepts like green
accounting are emerging that reflect the true welfare by incorporating the cost of
ecological damages and resource depletion.
The cases of Indian and foreign industries covered under the paper, unveil some
new aspects like green supply chain and value chain transition as in corrugated cardboard
industry, role of public policy in commercialization of green technology as observed in
US wind and gas turbine projects. The cases of varied approaches to green manufacturing
with conventional objectives

of cost reduction, resource conservation and pollution

control have been covered from different chemical and automobile

sectors. The

extension of green manufacturing to buildings and architecture opens new avenues where
green manufacturing can foray.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Literature Survey
2.1. Green Design Research Area I: Environmental Management
2.2. Green Design Research Area II: Energy & Environment
2.3. Green Design Research Area III: Sustainable Infrastructure
2.4. Green Design Research Area IV: Cleaner Products through Life Cycle Design
(Milk and Juice Packaging)
2.5. Green Design Research Area V : Waste Reduction/Pollution Prevention
2.6. Green Accounting: Setting scales that measure resource conservation
3. Case Studies and Findings
3.1. List of cases analyzed
3.2. Case summaries and findings
4. Conclusion
5. Reference

Introduction
In recent years, with more and more requirement on energy sources saving and
environmental protection, green manufacturing has become an important approach in
production. In green manufacturing, product disassembly process is a key step, by which
the parts can be recycled from the outdated or discarded products for reuse,
remanufacturing or disposing, thus can save the energy sources and protect the
environment efficiently. To find an effective disassembly process, disassembly planning
is usually carried out, which aims at a feasible and optimal disassembly sequence with
minimal cost or time. An effective disassembly planning approach can not only provide a
solution to disassemble the product successfully and economically, it can also help the
designer to consider the product life cycle issues by focusing on the product disassembly
cost or time in the early design stage. In recent years, with the requirement for green
manufacturing technology, investigation on effective disassembly planning approach has
attracted much research attention and a variety of approaches have been proposed. Guo et
al. Proposed a modularization based disassembly sequence planning approach to resolve
the problem resulted from a large number of parts in the product, where the Hierarchy
Network Graph of product is created, and the precedence constraints related to the
hierarchy network graph is used to generate the disassembly sequence. Chung and Peng
proposed an integrated approach to selective-disassembly sequence planning, to get a
partial disassembly sequence where the parts or components are selected for recycling or
reuse. This approach can generate a feasible and practical sequence for selective
disassembly by two matrix- subassembly division precedence matrix and part
disassembly route matrix, to ensure both batch disassembly of components and tool
accessibility to fasteners. Torres et al. proposed a method to represent the hierarchical
relationships among components and/or assemblies of the product. Based on this
representation, an algorithm is established to generate a partial non-destructive
disassembly sequence of a product. Das and Naik proposed a descriptive model with a
structured format for creating, documenting, and evaluating a disassembly process plan.
And the model can transmit the product knowledge from the original product
manufacturer to the consumer and the end-of-life disassembler via the disassembly bill of
materials. Dong et al. proposed an approach to generate the disassembly sequence from a
hierarchical attributed liaison graph representation of an assembly automatically, by
decomposing the assembly into subassemblies recursively. The graph is built according to
the knowledge in engineering, design and demanufacturing, for each layer of the graph,

the preferred subassembly is selected in terms of mobility, stability, and parallelism. With
the graph, the proposed approach can find the feasible and practical sequence.
Veerakamolmal and Gupta proposed a case-based reasoning approach to disassembly
process planning, with a method to initialize a case memory and to operate a CBR
system. The approach can derive a feasible disassembly process quickly by retrieve,
reuse, and revise the product disassembly process plan.
The above works present the different disassembly planning approaches that can
provide the feasible and practical disassembly plans with different focus. However, these
approaches do not adopt the optimization search algorithm, so they can not easily find the
optimal or near optimal solutions.
Besides the above works, the other disassembly planning approaches with some
optimization algorithm are discussed as follows. Andres et al. proposed a two-phase
approach to determine the optimal disassembly sequence with the goal of minimizing
machine acquisition costs. A metaheuristic algorithm named GRASP is used to search for
the disassembly sequence for each product that leads to the minimum number of
intercellular movements. Rai et al. presented a Petri net model to search a partial
reachability graph, with the heuristic function, the proposed approach can generate a
feasible and optimal disassembly sequence based on the firing sequence of transitions of
the Petri net model. In the above two approaches, only one objective such as the machine
acquisition costs was considered, and the other objectives in disassembly process were
ignored. Because disassembly planning is a typical multi-objective optimization problem,
so the above approaches are not suitable to find the optimal or near optimal solutions
considering different objectives in disassembly process.
As an important method, the genetic algorithm (GA) has been widely used in
assembly planning , in the mean time, it is also used in disassembly planning to find the
optimal disassembly sequence. Kongar and Gupta proposed a GA approach to
disassembly sequence planning, with the objective to minimize the number of direction
changes, disassembly method changes, and the group of the identical material
components. Because assembly planning or disassembly planning are highly constrained
problem, using GAbased approach, sometimes the solution can not be converged to a
global optimal or near global optimal solution, or even a feasible solution cannot be found
in an evolution trial due to the precedence constraints when a product is complex and
composed of many parts.

Recently, a new probabilistic evolutionary optimization algorithm- ant colony

optimization (ACO) which simulates the cooperative work of ant colony for searching the
shortest path from the nest to the food source, has been given attention and has been used
in some engineering optimization problems, such as JIT sequencing problem, job-shop
scheduling, etc. Also, some new research works applying ACO in assembly and
disassembly planning have been reported. Wang et al. proposed an ACO approach in
assembly sequence planning, in this work, only one objective, the number of orientations
during disassembly process is considered as the heuristic information to guide the ants
moving to the next node, how the other objectives in assembly planning affect the route
selection of the ants was not investigated. For the ACO approach used in assembly or
disassembly planning with multiple objectives, Failli and Dini proposed using ACO in
assembly planning, in this approach, two heuristic information -number of gripper
changes and number of orientation changes which are two objectives considered in
assembly planning are used to guide the moving of the ants. The above two heuristic
information are given the constant value in ACO according to gripper change and
orientation change, thus the directions for guiding the ants moving are fixed. McGovern
and Gupta proposed an approach using ACO for disassembly line balancing problem, in
this approach, several objectives are considered, but only one objective- the measure of
balance is used as the heuristic information for ACO calculations and trail selection, the
other objectives are only considered at the end of each cycle to update the best overall
solution. In the above mentioned ACO approaches for assembly or disassembly planning
with multiple objectives, the ants select the route by evaluating the heuristic value
according to the objectives. Although the above ACO approaches have made some
success in assembly or disassembly planning, however, these approaches fixed search
directions that are used to guide the ants moving, so more trade off solutions for multiple
objectives could not be easily found. As disassembly planning is a typical multi-objective
optimization problem, how ACO approach can be used in disassembly planning to
effectively guide the ants to search and find more trade-off solutions, to provide the
decision maker more choice to achieve green manufacturing needs to be further
investigated.

Literature Survey
This account gives an account of what has been published on Green Manufacturing by
accredited scholars and researchers. The readings have been taken from the Internet as
well as from books published on the subject.

Green Manufacturing The concept and its applications in the current

manufacturing scenario at the global level.
On an almost daily basis, we hear evidence of large-scale energy-glut
manufacturing, careless disposal of waste, and newly identified toxins all around us. We
tend to think it's a "Big Company problem"...right? But even the smallest of us impacts
each other and the environment. Toxic hazards walk hand-in-hand with everyday
household products & foods that we have grown accustomed to choosing and using, often
out-of-habit. We don't always have time, or take time, to learn more, read fine print,
decipher complex ingredients, and seek alternatives. The word "natural" has become an
over-used and inaccurately-used BUZZWORD in today's marketing; it's practically lost

all value.The implementation of Green Manufacturing may not only be good for the
environment it is often good business, as well. The same is often true of other efforts
to reduce the energy- and material-intensiveness of manufacturing processes; what is
good for the environment is typically good for the balance sheet as well.
The Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland has
specialists in the following areas where researchers are working on industry problems to
accelerate the process of innovation within the manufacturing sector, for its Green
Manufacturing Initiative (GMI).
Industrial Ecology

Micro system Packaging

Reducing Energy Consumption

Design and Optimization of Heat

Increasing Reuse of Tooling

Exchangers

Environmental

Impact

Data Environmental Air Standards

Collection

Particulate Matter

Design & Control of Manufacturing Alternative Refrigerants

Systems

Energy-based Evaluation Processes

Integration-Product & Manufacturing

Decision-Making Systems

Green Design Research Area I: Environmental Management

Environmental management encompasses such issues as product end-of-life
options, full cost accounting, corporate environmental responsibility, and assessment of
environmental performance.
Environmental Management Systems
They have approached examination of environmental management systems by
creating management tools. These tools provide companies with knowledge of
environmental impacts that are typically overlooked in traditional business accounting
and information frameworks.
Mass balance exercises consider inputs and outputs of a process and determine
effectiveness of utilization and wastages in time and money.

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Full cost accounting assigns the costs of materials, energy, labor, waste disposal, and
other costs to specific products or processes instead of lumping them in an overhead
account, to recognize the true burden of their environmental impacts.
A new focus for their research is benchmarking activities on determining how
environmental management systems influence environmental discharges and impacts
when regulatory requirements are different, to show changes in environmental impacts
over time in a single facility while accounting for product and process technology
changes, on how the organizational structure of a firm is influenced by an environmental
management system and how the information from the environmental management
system is used for better business decision making, etc.
Environmental Implications of Construction and Infrastructure
Life cycle assessment based on economic input output analysis and publicly available
environmental data (EIO-LCA) is used to quantify the environmental implications of
construction alternatives and infrastructure. Life cycle assessment traces out
environmental implications throughout a products life, from supply chain effects through
use and disposal.
Environnemental affects quantified:
Resource inputs: electricity, fuels, ores, fertilizers
Environmental outputs: toxic chemical releases, toxicity-weighted chemical emissions
(CMU-ET), ozone depletion potential, conventional air pollutant emissions, global
warming potential, RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste generation and management.
Where possible, the social costs of these outputs are also quantified.
Case studies:

Asphalt vs. reinforced concrete pavements

Steel vs. reinforced concrete bridges

Wood vs. steel residential framing

Insulation materials

Infrastructure for alternative fuels

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Green Design Research Area II: Energy and the Environment

Of growing concern to business and government is the efficient use of resources for
energy generation and use. Research examines the broader impacts of various energy
choices such as indirect impacts of alternative automotive fuels, and costs of air pollution
from electricity generation.
Alternative Fuels from Biomass
This study considers the production of alcohol fuels and bio-diesel from biomass.
Biomass fuels offer several advantages, including the production of oxygen from
growing biomass crops, the capture of carbon dioxide by growing plants, and
geographical flexibility. Biomass can be continuously produced as a renewable resource.
The total cost of production is an important factor in the ability of biomass fuels to
compete with petroleum fuels. Fuel taxes and credits can help to make biomass fuels
economically viable options. To determine the actual environmental benefits of these
fuels, a lifecycle assessment of the associated energy use and emissions through all stages
of production and use is necessary. This work uses conventional life-cycle assessment to
assess resource flows and environmental impacts through the various stages of a fuels
life, including production of biomass, conversion of the biomass to the liquid fuels,
transportation and infrastructure, and fuel combustion.
Environmental Implications of E-Commerce, the Internet and the New Economy
The project is analyzing specific case studies of logistics networks, inventory and
manufacturing changes and estimates the overhead cost of the Internet. Some specific
issues of interest include:
Internet Infrastructure: Estimates of the electricity cost of operating the internet
routers, switches and computers in 1998 range from 1% of US energy use to an unlikely
8%.
Travel Mode Shifts: Air transport speeds up delivery times and shortens supply chain
delays, but at significant environmental impact per ton-mile of transport.
Scale Economy Effects: E-commerce has encouraged smaller shipment sizes and shorter
manufacturing production runs.

12

Environmental Information: E-commerce and the Internet can encourage socially

conscious purchasing and consumer awareness.
Reduced Private Travel: Reduction in shopping costs is a widely anticipated impact of
E-commerce. Private travel and retail store requirements can be affected.
Reduce Waste: By better matching production and consumer demands, E-commerce and
the Internet can have substantial environmental benefit.
New Manufacturing Possibilities: In the long term, E-commerce and the Internet may
spawn new manufacturing approaches with substantial environmental benefit.

Green Design Research Area III: Sustainable Infrastructure

Our built environment contributes significantly to environmental damages yet has
not been the focus of concern or regulation. We need to consider how infrastructure
systems, such as water delivery, electricity grids, telecommunications networks, or
roadways, influence materials and energy consumption, waste generation, and product
development.
The External Air Pollution Costs of Industrial Production
To reduce environmental damage, analysis tools such as Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) have been developed to better understand the total impacts of products and
processes. These tools consider the effects associated with every stage in the life of a
product, including raw materials extraction, component fabrication, assembly, delivery,
use, and disposition.
EIO-LCA is a Leontief input-output (IO) model augmented by environmental
impact information to determine the direct and total supply chain effects. The result is
an assessment, rather than simply an inventory, of environmental effects. The total air
pollution releases found for each commodity are combined with a range of environmental
damage valuation studies to estimate the external costs of these activities. These values
could be incorporated into an accounting or pricing system to show corporate decision
makers or policymakers the full costs of materials, product, and process choices. Such a
method could be followed by governmental agencies to adjust for environmental damage
in the publication of such indices. Market-based initiatives are projected to save billions
of dollars in expenditures if enacted for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile

13

organic compounds. In addition, if new regulations were set to reduce external costs,
significant improvements over current levels would result with savings in the billions of
dollars.

Green Design Research Area IV: Cleaner Products through

Life Cycle Design (Milk and Juice Packaging)
Life cycle inventory and cost analysis tools applied to milk packaging offer
important guidelines for achieving better environmental design and management of these
systems. Life cycle solid waste, energy, and costs were analyzed for seven alternative
systems including single use and refillable glass bottles, single use and refillable HDPE
bottles, paperboard gable-top cartons, LLDPE flexible pouches, and polycarbonate bottles
on a basis of 1000 gallons of milk delivered. In addition, key performance requirements
were also

investigated that highlighted potential barriers

and

tradeoffs for

environmentally preferable alternatives. Sensitivity analyses, using a life cycle inventory

and cost model, indicated that material production energy, post-consumer solid waste, and
empty container costs were key parameters for predicting life cycle burdens and costs.
Inventory model results for life cycle solid waste and energy indicated the same rank
order as results from previously published life cycle inventory studies of container
systems. Refillable HDPE and polycarbonate, and the flexible pouch were identified as
the most environmentally preferable with respect to life cycle energy and solid waste. The
greater market penetration of these containers may be limited by performance issues such
as empty container storage and handling requirements, reseal ability, and puncture
resistance and deposit fees for refillables.

Green Design Research Area V: Waste Reduction/Pollution

Prevention
Industrial ecosystem - Using the material and energy flow model of an
ecosystem in an industrial system
Industrial Ecology (IE) is a concept for understanding and management of the
interaction between industrial systems and natural ecosystems. The concept arises from
the metaphor of the material and energy flow model of an ecosystem, in which organisms
use each others waste material and waste energy flows through cooperation. The only

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external input to the system as a whole is the (infinite) solar energy. In an industrial
ecosystem, the environmental burden of the system as a whole is reduced. This industrial
system would develop material cycles and employ energy cascades through cooperation
between the companies in the system. When successful, an industrial ecosystem
substitutes raw materials and energy that industry takes from nature with wastes and
hence reduces the virgin input of the system and the waste and emission output from the
system. Economic gains arise in the reduction of raw material and energy costs and waste
management costs. In this study, the basic industrial ecosystem principle is understood as
round put for describing recycling of matter and cascading of energy in an industrial
system. The ecosystem material and energy flow model including the flows of matter,
nutrients, energy and carbon is used for constructing an industrial ecosystem.
Green Accounting, Setting scales that measure resource conservation
Green Auditing /Accounting can be defined as: Identifying and measuring the costs of
environmental materials and activities and using this information for environmental
management decisions. The purpose is to recognize and seek to mitigate the negative
environmental effects of activities and systems.

In this Green Auditing process, certain difficulties were faced:

Distinguishing between environmental and health/safety issues

Certain costs may be hidden and not attributed directly to environmental activity,
such as production shutdowns caused by responding to emergency spills or
retooling for environmental impact reduction.

ABC/ABM

accounting was

applied to

Green Auditing, after incorporating

environmental models in to the cost tracking and planning process as follows:

Where Activity Based Costing (ABC) captures cost elements in processes -- need
to add the environmental elements.

Where Activity Based Management (ABM) uses data to make decisions -- need to
add environmental criteria to the decision models.

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1. From the start, the Green Accounting Team aligned its approach with ABC/ABM
principles.
2. Toward this goal, the Team designed an Activities/Resources matrix, which lists over
two dozen environmental activities.
3. This matrix, along with other information was used by the Team to relate different,
general environmental activities to the three segments of the COQ model as follows:
4. Specific objectives for future applications of Green Accounting include the following:
1. Bring environmental cost considerations into the business case for any future
plant start-ups and divestitures.
2. Inject environmental considerations into standard business case process models
used by AT&T organizations for business planning and management.

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Case Studies and Findings

Study of a number of cases on green manufacturing gives an insight into the various
underlying issues which the analysis and findings try to bring about.

List of Cases analyzed:

1.

Cleaner Production In The Automotive Industry: Ford Australia Pty. Ltd.

2.

GP Implementation in the Edible Oil Industry in India : J. M. Bohra M/S.Rama

Phosphates Ltd., (Oil Division)

3.

Cleaner Production Demonstration Project At Nowra Chemical Manufacturers

4.

The Use of Recycled Materials in Manufacturing: Implications for Supply Chain

Management and

Operations Strategy

5.

Northland College Ashland, Wisconsin

6.

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

7.

Oberlin College- Oberlin, Ohio

8.

Broadway of Green Bay: Replacing Acetone Solvent with an Aqueous Parts Cleaner

9.

Century Pulp and Paper

10. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

11. VAM Organic Chemicals Limited
12. Technology Commercialization and Environmental Regulation : US Wind and Gas
turbine power generation
13. European case of ELV (end of life vehicle sector ) : Environment Regulations and
Innovations

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Case Summaries and Findings:

Case 1: Cleaner Production In The Automotive Industry: Ford Australia Pty. Ltd.
Ford Australia Ltd is one of three Australian manufacturers of passenger vehicles
and is a recognized Australian icon. This project focused on the cleaning of the skids used
for transporting car bodies through the paint shop at the Broadmeadows plant. The hot
caustic cleaning process was replaced by an eco friendly high pressure water jet cleaning.
Findings: Stimulation for the process change was demonstration of eco friendly
production process that resulted in a consequent cost saving.
Case 2: GP Implementation in the Edible Oil Industry in India : J. M. Bohra
M/S.Rama Phosphates Ltd., (Oil Division)
In view of low productivity and environmental pollution in edible soy oil section,
urgent steps were required to ensure its sustainability and growth in an era of economic
liberalization. Against this background, green productivity (GP) is the only way out to
ensure sustainability of edible soy oil industries in India. In built in the GP process is the
practice of continuous improvement which would enable the industry to be continuously
competitive. The object of GP is to minimize waste and to convert wastes into asset;
hence improving productivity and environmental performance.GP was successfully
implemented at Rama Phosphates Ltd (Oil Division), in Indore, India.
Findings: The objective was a sustainable economic growth based on green productivity
that was achieved by adopting green productivity options after technical and
environmental feasibility analysis.
Case 3: Cleaner Production Demonstration Project at Nowra Chemical
Manufacturers
Nowra Chemical Manufacturers in Nowra, Australia specialize in the production
of a wide range of chemicals, including cleaning chemicals, flocculants and other
specialized chemicals. The main focus of the project was the reduction of the volume of
sludge produced. The possibility of separating the effluent streams to avoid mixing of the
products was determined by analysis of products. The results of the product mixing trial
indicated that stream separation was feasible, and would reduce solid waste. Based on this
outcome, new pipe work was installed to allow effluent streams into three separate tanks.

18

Three lines of pipe work were commissioned, taking the effluent directly from the tank to
individual holding tanks, avoiding any dumping of effluent within the bund walls (unless
in an emergency).
Findings: The focus of process change was to reduce waste and increase operational
efficiency and environmental benefits were a byproduct.
Case 4: The Use Of Recycled Materials In Manufacturing: Implications For Supply
Chain Management And Operations Strategy
In this study we explore the implications of using recycled versus virgin materials
for the supply chain structure and supplier relationships as well as the broader effects on
operations strategy. We focus our study on the corrugated cardboard industry, where
vertical integration is common, and non-integrated firms are both customers and
competitors of integrated firms.
Findings : Unlike conventional cases on looking at cost or environmental benefits of
green manufacturing , the case extends to Green supply chain with a in depth analysis of
the possible .The Case Are Aimed At Developing A Better Understanding Of The NonEnvironmental Benefits Of Green Manufacturing For Supply Chain Management And
Operations Strategy Will Further Increase The Attractiveness And Use Of
Environmentally Friendly Practices.
Case 5: Northland College Ashland, Wisconsin & Case 7: Oberlin College- Oberlin,
Ohio
Optimize Placement and Configuration for Energy Performance.
Case 6: University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Usage of recycled material like rubber, or eco friendly material wood and cork
flooring.
Case 8: Broadway of Green Bay: Replacing Acetone Solvent with an Aqueous Parts
Cleaner
Replacement of Acetone with water & soap for automobile parts cleaning for Cost
efficiency with hazardous waste reduction

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Case 10: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

A. Water Conservation Measures Reuse of wastewater generated from filter press
operation for other miscellaneous uses and recirculation of cooling water at jiggering
and kiln areas.
B. Energy Conservation Measures Optimise Kiln loading, insulation of ducts, Process
flow improvement by introduction of capacitor bank, use of high efficiency motors
and variable speed drives.
C. Air pollution control measures Introduction of wet scrubber for standardised glazing
Dust Extraction System, reconditioning of Dust Extraction System of Shot blasting
machine at foundry
Findings: Triple objectives of Resource conservation, Pollution reduction and cost saving
were pursued. Similar objectives were also pursued by
Case 9: Century pulp and paper and Case 11: VAM organics.
Case 12: Technology Commercialization and Environmental Regulation
(US Wind and Gas turbine power generation)
Public policy that resulted in investment in R&D activities of energy supply
pushed the commercialization of green technologies of power production like wind
turbine and gas turbine in US. In terms of commercialization the rise of gas turbines has
been tremendous on account of R&D expenses on Jet engines as compared to modest
growth of wind turbine that still depends on subsidies.
Findings: The case brings a new angle of commercialization of green technology and
governments role as a facilitator. It also analytically compares two green technologies
for commercialization.
Case 13: European case of ELV (end of life vehicle sector): Environment
Regulations and Innovations
The significant role of European market of End of Life vehicle in the Automobile
Shredding Residue industry, changing car raw material composition and plastic industry

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threats and role of environmental policies and directives in systematizing innovations are
the areas of research of the case.
Findings: The case signifies the role of environmental policies in innovations like free
take back by producers, development of systems like Fiat Auto Recycling to meet the set
norms.

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Conclusion:
Green manufacturing is a relatively new concept about which there is currently significant
confusion and misunderstanding regarding its components, costs, benefits, and
implementation. Its future trends, therefore, are also uncertain. It is likely; however, that
customers will increasingly demand low-cost, quickly produced and designed, highquality products characterized by extensive variety. They will also demand that such
products be produced by processes that are environmental responsible.
Whether green manufacturing is good business or a bad investment is being argued. On
one hand, eliminating waste has potential for reducing cost and increasing value. On the
other hand, investments can result in negative returns, decreasing dividends for
shareholders. Middle managers are often focused on quality and productivity rather than
environmental or marketing issues. This perspective can hinder development and
implementation of green manufacturing.
To ensure success in green manufacturing, corporate cultures need to be developed in
which the organization clearly defines its vision of green manufacturing and defines its
objectives for implementation, establishes a plan for achieving the objectives, and
recognizes the consequences and costs of not achieving these objectives. Along with
support of top management, a team approach with representation from engineering,
production, purchasing and human resources has been found to be necessary, rather than
reliance on plant-level environmental experts or consultants.
Training of the team in the techniques of total quality management would certainly help.
Green manufacturing is likely to be an increasingly important issue because it is a crucial
component in the international trend towards sustainable development. Sustainable
development has been a long term goal to meet the needs of the current generation by
developing systems and processes that do not compromise the needs of future
generations. Achieving this will require interdisciplinary cooperation between politicians,
economists, scientists and engineers.

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References and Bibliography :

http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GreenDesign/

http://csspub.snre.umich.edu/css_proj/

http://www.enme.umd.edu/greenmfg/links.html

http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/

http://www.indiainfoline.com/bisc/mdigm04.html

Green,inc. by frances cairncross,Publisher: Island Press (September 1, 1995)

Business Transformation Through ISO 14000, By Lt Gen H LalDirector General,

FICCI Quality Forum

www.northland.edu/studentlife/ELLC/index.html

http://www.environmental-center.com/articles/article684/.htm

http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/acctg/pubs/greenac.pdf

http://www.deh.gov.au/industry/corporate/eecp/case-studies/nowra2.html

http://www.apo-kyo.org/gp/manila_conf02/resource_papers/narrative/bohra.pdf

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