Geography of India

India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms

of area which makes it an obvious place to have vast
geographical features. It lies on the Indian Plate, a
northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate. The Indian
subcontinent is surrounded by three different water
bodies and is easily recognisable on the world map.

Runrang La Pass, Fotu (Fatu) La Pass, Marbal

Pass and Zoji La Pass are some of the passes of
this range.
d.

Dhauladhar Range: This range rises

from the plains of India to the north of Mandi and
Kangra. Hanuman ji Ka Tiba or the 'White
Mountain' is the highest peak of this range.

e.

East Karakoram Range: This range

separates India from the Central Asia and is also
one of the laeger ranges of Asia. It is home to
the second highest peak of the world, K2.

Geographical Features
The country covers an area of about 3.28 million sq km.
The mainland of India extends between 84' and 376' N
latitude and 687' and 9725' E longitude. The Tropic of
Cancer 2330' N divides India into almost two halves.
The land frontier of the country is 15,200 km and the
total length of the coastline is 7,517 kilometers. Indian
peninsula tapers southward resulting in the division of
the Indian Ocean into two water bodies - the Bay of
Bengal and the Arabian Sea. In India, there is a great
diversity of landforms such as lofty mountains, deep
valleys, extensive plains, and a number of islands.

The Indo-Gangetic Plain is also known as the

Great Plains and is dominated by three major
rivers - the Ganges, the Indus and the
Brahmaputra. It cover a large area of about
7,00,000 sq km in the Northern and Eastern India.
The plain is divided into four divisions:

Physiographic Regions
On the basis of relief features, tectonic history and
stratigraphy, India can be divided into several physical
units.

1.

a.

The Bhabar Belt: It is a narrow belt

that lies in the foothills of Himalayas and
comprises pebbles and rocks brought down by
the streams.

b.

The Terai Belt: It is located in the

south of the Bhabar region and is made up of
newer alluvium.

c.

The Bangar Belt: It includes older

alluvium and has a low upland in the Gangetic
plains which is covered by the laterite
deposits.

d.

The Khader Belt: It lies on the lower

side of the Bhabar belt and is made up of
newer alluvium which is brought down by the
rivers which flow down to this plain.

The Great Mountains of the North:

India comprises the Himalayas in the North and
Northeastern region, which divides the country
from the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayan range is
further divided into different ranges:

a.

Indo-Gangetic Plain

2.

Pir Panjal Range: This is the largest

range of the lower Himalayas and runs from the
east-southeast to west-northwest. The Pir Panjal
pass lies to the west of Srinagar and comprises
Banihal Pass, Sinthal Pass, Rohtang La,
Munawar Pass and Haji Pir Pass.

b.

Ladakh Range: This range extends

from the northern side of Leh to the Tibetan
border. It comprises Digar La Pass and
Khardung La Pass.

c.

Zanskar Range: This range is spread

over an area that starts from southeastern
boundaries of Kashmir and extends to the
eastern limit of Baltistan. Singge La Pass,

3.

The Peninsular Plateau

The Peninsular Plateau is a tableland its
characteristic features include shallow valleys
and rounded hills. It is broadly divided into three
different plateaus:

a.

4.

The Deccan Plateau: It is a triangular

shaped plateau and is bounded by the
Vindhyas and the Western and Eastern
Ghats. It stretches to eight states of India and
covers a total area of 1.9 million sq km.

b.

The Malwa Plateau: The Malwa

Plateau is spread across the parts of Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Chambal
River and its tributaries find their way in this
plateau and Mahi River also flow through its
Western region.

c.

The Chota Nagpur Plateau: Situated

in the eastern India, Chota Nagpur Plateau
covers the parts of Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha
and Chhattisgarh.

The

Coastal

Plains

The Coastal India spans Arabian Sea in the

West to the Bay of Bengal in the East. The
Eastern Coastal Plains lie between the Eastern
Ghats and the Bay of Bengal; and stretches from
Tamil Nadu to West Bengal. The rivers which
flow through it are Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and
Mahanadi. It is divided into six different areasthe Southern Andhra Pradesh, the Kanyakumari
coast, the Mahanadi delta, the Coromondel
coast
and
sandy
coast.
The Western Coastal Plains is sandwiched
between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea
and extends from Gujarat in the north and covers
the regions of Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala and
Karnataka. There are numerous rivers and
backwaters in this region. It is divided into two
parts - the Malabar Coast and the Konkan.
5.

The

Thar

Desert

The Thar Desert is one of the largest deserts of

the world. It extends across Gujarat, Haryana
and Punjab and covers over 60% of the
geographical area of Rajasthan. It also extends
to Pakistan and is known as Cholistan Desert
there. Luni is the only river in this desert and it
receives very little rainfall. Major portion of this
desert consists of craggy rocks, sand dunes
and compacted salt-lake bottoms. The speedy
winds that flow with force make the nature of

the soil get eroded more often. It has arid

climate and the vegetation is scanty.
6.

The

Islands

There are two major groups of islands in India

which are also classified as the union
territories- the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
and the Lakshadweep Islands. Lakshadweep is
located in the Arabian Sea and covers an area
of 32 sq km. It has a total of about 35 islands
and islets. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is
larger in size and comprises 572 islands.
Andaman is located in the north and Nicobar is
located in the south. Some of the other
important islands in India are Daman and Diu,
Majuli, Salsette Island and Sriharikota.

Major Mountain Ranges in India

a.

The Himalayan Range: This is the world's

highest mountain range and the tallest peak of
the world, Mt. Everest, is also a part of it. It acts
as a barrier against the frigid katabatic winds
which flow down from Central Asia and protects
India from its effects.

b.

Patkai Range: Patkai or Purvanchal lies on the

east of India-Burma border. It comprises three
hill ranges- Garo-Khasi-Jaintia in Meghalaya,
Lushai hills and Patkai-Bum.

c.

Karakoram Range: It lies in the disputed areas

of Jammu and Kashmir and comprises more
than 60 peaks. K2, the second highest peak of
the world, is also a part of this range. Besides,
the Hindu Kush range, Siachen and Biafo
Glacier also a part of this range.

d.

Shivalik Hills: The literal meaning of Shivalik is

'tresses of India'. It extends from Arunachal
Pradesh to West Bengal and from Uttarakhand
to Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Jammu,
Kangra and Vaishno Devi are a part of this
range.

e.

Vindhya Range: This range spreads across

central India and extends across 1,050 km. It is
believed to be formed from the Aravalli

Mountains. Due to its geographical location in

central India, it separates Northern and
Southern India.
f.

Aravalli Range: This is India's oldest mountain

range and spreads across the parts of
Rajasthan, Delhi and Haryana. Guru Shikhar in
Mount Abu is the highest peak of this range,
which rise to 1,722 m.

g.

Satpura Range: This range stretches from

Gujarat and runs to Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

h.

Western and Eastern Ghats: Western Ghats

are also known as Sahyadri Mountains and
runs parallel to Indian peninsula's western
coast. Eastern Ghats or Purva Ghat is a
discontinuous range of mountains which runs
along the eastern coast of India.

States and Union Territories

There are 29 states in India, located in the total area of
3,287,263 sq km. The largest of all Indian states is
Rajasthan, which covers an area of 3,42,239 sq km. It
shares its border with Pakistan on its west, Gujarat on its
southwest, Madhya Pradesh on its southeast and Punjab
on
its
north.
Goa is the smallest state in India, located merely in
3,702 sq km. The state is located to the southwest of
India. Uttar Pradesh lying to the northeast of the country
is the most populous state. Gujarat, lying on the extreme
west of the country, is one of the most prosperous of all
Indian states. The strikingly beautiful Jammu and
Kashmir is the northernmost state in the country. India's
eastern border is bordered by states of Manipur,
Meghalaya, Assam,Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and
Arunachal Pradesh. All these states together are located
in the 7% of the total area of the country. The union
territories in India are seven in numbers. Delhi, the
capital of India, also falls under this category. The other
union territories of the country include Chandigarh, in the
north; Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, in
the west; Lakshadweep, in the southwest; and
Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the
southeast
of
the
country.

Water Resources
India is surrounded by water from three sides - Arabian
Sea in the west, Bay of Bengal in the east and Indian
Ocean in the south. There are many water bodies in
India in the form of rivers, canals, gulfs, backwaters etc.
There are 12 major rivers in the country and they
originate from any one of the three watersheds. There is
a large reserve of rivers - big and small, and all these

rivers are revered in the country other than merely being

the sources of water. The river Brahmaputra is a transboundary river. It originates in Tibet and enters India in
Arunachal Pradesh and passes through Assam before
finally making its way through Bangladesh. The river
Ganga is the longest river in India and is considered to
be the most pious river in the country. It has several
tributaries including river Yamuna, which is the only
water body near the national capital - New Delhi. River
Chambal, a tributary of Yamuna passes through Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The other major
rivers in India include Narmada River, originating at
Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh, river Godavari,
originating at Trayambakeshwar in Maharashtra, river
Krishna originating at Mahabaleshwar, river Kaveri
passing through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Mahanadi
River flowing through Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The
other rivers in the country include Mahi, Betwa, Penner,
Kosi, Tungabhadra and several others. Gulf of Mannar,
Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay are the major gulfs of
the
country. More...

Political Boundaries
India shares its international borders with Pakistan on its
west, and Nepal, China and Bhutan on its northeast. It is
surrounded by Burma and Bangladesh on its east. Sri
Lanka lies to the south of India and the union territory
Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie close to Thailand and
Indonesia. The political boundaries of Pakistan and
Bangladesh with India are traced according to the
Radcliffe Line. The Line of Control (LoC) delineates the
borders of India and Pakistan and serves as a boundary
between the administered areas of Kashmir in both the
countries. The MacMohan Line is a border that divides
India and China and runs along the states of Arunachal
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and
Kashmir and Sikkim. India-Bangladesh border is one of
the longest borders of world and touches Indian states
like Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal
Pradesh.

Climate
India has a variety of climates, varying from tropical
climate in the south to temperate and alpine climate in
the Himalayan north. The climate is altered by the Thar
Desert and the Himalayas. Some areas in the north have
severe summers with extreme winters, with the
temperature reaching to freezing point. The country
encounters four different types of seasons - winter,
summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon. In some states,
the temperature in summers rise up to 45C and
minimum temperature decreases to 15C only. In
winters, the average temperature is about 10-15C. The
highest temperature recorded in India so far is 50.6C in
Alwar, Rajasthan. The lowest temperature was recorded
in
Kashmir
at
-45C.
The map will help you locate all these and more. All the
international boundaries of the country are marked in
pink lines. Grey dotted lines stand for the state
boundaries and will help you be familiar with all the
Indian states and their neighbours. The blue lines
scattered throughout the map represent all the major
rivers in the country.

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