Complex Stress Tutorial 3 Complex Stress and Strain: © D.J.Dunn 1
Complex Stress Tutorial 3 Complex Stress and Strain: © D.J.Dunn 1
TUTORIAL 3
COMPLEX STRESS AND STRAIN
This tutorial is not part of the Edexcel unit mechanical Principles
but covers elements of the following syllabi.
o Parts of the Engineering Council exam subject C105
Engineering Science.
o Parts of the Engineering Council exam subject D209
Mechanics of Solids.
You should judge your progress by completing the self assessment
exercises. These may be sent for marking at a cost (see home
page).
On completion of this tutorial you should be able to do the
following.
Explain a complex stress situation.
Derive formulae for complex stress situations.
Analyse and solve stresses in a complex stress situation.
Solve problems using a graphical method (Mohrs Circle)
Explain the use of strain gauge rosettes to determine
principal strains and stresses.
Apply the theory to combined bending and torsion problems.
D.J.DUNN
1.
COMPLEX STRESS
Materials in a stressed component often have direct and shear stresses acting in two or
more directions at the same time. This is a complex stress situation. The engineer must
then find the maximum stress in the material. We will only consider stresses in two
dimensions, x and y. The analysis leads on to a useful tool for solving complex stress
problems called Mohr's' Circle of Stress.
1.1
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS
Consider a rectangular part of the material. Stress x acts on the x plane and y acts on
the y plane. The shear stress acting on the plane on which x acts is x and y act on the
plane on which y acts. The shear stresses are complementary and so must have
opposite rotation. We will take clockwise shear to be positive and anti-clockwise as
negative. Suppose we cut the material in half diagonally at angle as shown and replace
the internal stresses in the material with applied stresses and . In this case we will
do it for the bottom half. The dimensions are x, y and t as shown.
Figure 1
Now turn the stresses into force. If the material is t m
thick normal to the paper then the areas are t x and t y
on the edges and t y/sin or t x/cos on the sloping
plane.
The forces due to the direct stresses and shear stresses
are stress x area and as shown.
Figure 2
Figure 3
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The material is in equilibrium so all the forces and moments on the plane must add up
to zero. We now resolve these forces perpendicular and parallel to the plane. To make it
easier the forces are labelled a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h.
Figure 4
a = t y y sin.
c = t y y cos.
e = t x x sin
g = t x x cos
b = t y y cos
d = t y y sin
f = t x x cos
h = t x x sin
a + c + e + g = (t y/sin)
1 cos 2
sin 2
sin 2
sin cos
y
x
x
2
2
tan
tan
1 cos 2
sin 2
sin 2
1 cos 2
y
y
x
x
2
2
2
2
cos 2
sin 2
sin 2 x
cos 2
y y
y
x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
Perhaps the point should have been made earlier that the shear stress on both planes are
y cos 2
xy sin 2
2
2
Repeating the process for the shear stress we get
x
D.J.DUNN
y sin 2
2
= x = y
............(1.1)
xy cos 2 ...................(1.2)
3
Consider the case where x=125 MPa, y=25 MPa and xy=100 MPa
If the value of and are plotted against the resulting graphs are as shown below.
Figure 5
In this example the maximum value of is about 190 MPa. The plane with this stress
is at an angle of about 32o. The maximum shear stress is about 112 MPa on a plane at
angle 77o.
These general results are the same what ever the values of the applied stresses. The
graphs show that has a maximum and minimum value and a mean value not usually
zero. These are called the PRINCIPAL STRESSES. The principal stresses occur on
planes 90o apart. These planes are called the PRINCIPAL PLANES.
The shear stress has an equal maximum and minimum value with a mean of zero.
The max and min values are on planes 90o apart and 45o from the principal planes.
This is of interest because brittle materials fail on these planes. For example, if a brittle
material is broken in a tensile test, the fracture occurs on a plane at 45o to the direction
of pull indicating that they fail in shear. Further it can be seen that the principal planes
have no shear stress so this is a definition of a principle plane.
= 0 when = on the principal planes where it is maximum or minimum.
There are several theories about why a material fails usually. The principle stresses and
maximum shear stress are used in those theories.
D.J.DUNN
tan 2
2
.............(1.3)
x y
There are two solutions to this equation giving answers less than 360 o and they differ by
90o. From this the angle of the principal plane may be found. If this angle is substituted
into equation (1.1) and algebraic manipulation conducted the stress values are then the
principal stresses and are found to be given as
max 1
min 2
y
2
y 4 2 xy
2
y 4 2 xy
2
2
2
Repeating the process for equation (1.2), we get
max
min
y 4 2 xy
2
y 4 2 xy
2
.............(1.4)
1 2
2
............(1.5)
..(1.6)
2
1
(1.7)
2
Figure 6
D.J.DUNN
SOLUTION
2
2 x 150
tan2
3
x y
200 - 100
2 = -71.6o or 108.4o = -35.8o or 54.2o
Putting this into equations 1.1 and 1.2 we have
y x y cos 2 sin 2
x
xy
2
2
150 sin(71.6o )
2
2
308.1 M Pa 1 308.1 M Pa
Using the other angle.
200 100 (200 100) cos(108.4o ) 150 sin(108.4o )
2
2
-8.1 MPa 2 -8.1 MPa
x y sin 2
xy cos 2
2
100 200sin 71.6 o 150 cos 71.6 o 0 (This is as expected)
2
From equations 1.6 and 1.7 we have
max = (1/2)(1 - 2) = 158.1 MPa
max 1
1
y
2
y 4 2 xy
2
min 2
308.1 M Pa
D.J.DUNN
8.1 MPa
1.3.
Although we can solve these problems easily these days with computer programmes or
calculators, it is still interesting to study this method of solution. Mohr found a way to
represent equations 1.1 and 1.2 graphically. The following rules should be used.
1.
Draw point 'O' at a suitable position (which is possible to see with experience)
2.
Measure x and y along the horizontal axis using a suitable scale and mark A and
B.
3.
Find the centre (M) half way between the marked points.
4.
5.
Draw the circle centre M and radius MC. It should also pass through D.
6.
6.
Figure 7
Consider the triangle. The sides are as shown.
Figure 8
D.J.DUNN
Applying trigonometry we find the same results as before so proving the geometry
represents the equations.
tan 2
2 xy
x y
max 1
min 2
(1.3)
y
2
y
2
y 4 xy2
2
y 4 xy2
.............(1.4)
............(1.5)
Figure 9
D.J.DUNN
Figure 10
D.J.DUNN
a)
Figure 10 shows an element of material with direct stresses on the x and y planes
with no shear stress on those planes. Show by balancing the forces on the triangular
element that the direct and shear stress on the plane at angle anti-clockwise of
the x plane is given by
x y x y cos 2
2
2
x y sin 2
2
Show how Mohrs circle of stress represents this equation.
Figure 11
b) An elastic material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular stresses 80MPa
tensile and 40 MPa compressive. Determine the direct and shear stresses acting on
a plane 30o to the plane on which the 80 MPa stress acts.
(Hint for solution) The derivation is the same as in the notes but with no shear
stress, i.e. the stresses shown on fig.9 are the principal stresses.
(50 MPa and 52 MPa)
D.J.DUNN
10
2.
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11
2.
COMPLEX STRAIN
2.1
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
In any stress system there are 3 mutually perpendicular planes on which only direct
stress acts and there is no shear stress. These are the principal planes and the stresses
are the principal stresses. These are designates 1, 2 and 3 . The corresponding
strains are the principal strains 1, 2 and 3 .
Figure 12
The strain in each direction is given by
1
1
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
E
E
1
1
2 2 1 3 2 1 3
E
E
1
1
3 3 1 3 3 1 2
E
E
Most often we only study 2 dimensional systems in which case 3 = 0 so
1
1 1 2 ..............(2.1)
E
1
2 2 1 ..............(2.2)
E
It is more practical to measure strains and convert them into stresses as follows. From
equation 2.2
E2 + 1= 2
Substituting for 2 in equation 1 we have
1
1 1 E 2 1
E
E 1 1 E 2 2 1
E 1 1 1 2 E 2
E 1 E 2 1 1 2
E
1 2
1 2
Similarly we can show
E
2 1
2
1 2
These formulas should be used for converting principal strains into principal stresses.
D.J.DUNN
12
= 0.32
2. The principal strains acting on a steel component are -100 and 160 . Determine
the principal stresses.
E = 205 GPa
2.2
= 0.32
Two dimensional strains may be analysed in much the same way as two
dimensional stresses and the circle of strain is a graphic construction
very similar to the circle of stress. Strain is measured with electrical
strain gauges (not covered here) and a typical single gauge is shown in
the picture.
First consider how the equations for the strain on any plane are derived.
Figure 13
Consider a rectangle A,B,C,D which is stretched to A',B',C',D under the action of two
principal stresses. The diagonal rotates an angle from the original direction. The plane
under study is this diagonal at angle to the horizontal.
Figure 13
The principal strains are 1 = BE/AB so BE = 1 AB and 2 = EB'/CB so EB' = 2 CB
BH is nearly the same length as FG.
FB' = FG + GB' = BE cos + EB' sin = 1AB cos + 2CB sin
The strain acting on the plane at angle is
= FB'/DB
= 1cos2 + 2sin2
= (1+2) + (1-2) cos2 ....................(2.3)
D.J.DUNN
13
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14
2.3
CONSTRUCTION
Figure 15
1. Draw point 'O' at a suitable position (which is possible to see with experience)
2. Measure 1 and 2 along the horizontal axis using a suitable scale.
3. Find the centre half way between the marked points.
4. Draw the circle.
5. Draw in the required plane at the double angle.
6. Measure x and y and .
D.J.DUNN
15
3.
It is possible to measure strain but not stress. Strain gauges are small surface mounting
devices which, when connected to suitable electronic equipment, enable strain to be
measured directly.
In order to construct a circle of strain without knowing the principal strains, we might
expect to use the strains on two mutually perpendicular plains (x and y) and the
accompanying shear strain. Unfortunately, it is not possible to measure shear strain so
we need three measurements of direct strain in order to construct a circle. The three
strain gauges are conveniently manufactured on one surface mounting strip and this is
called a strain gauge rosette. There are two common forms. One has the gauges at 45 o
to each other and the other has
them at 60o to each other. The
method for drawing the circle of
strain is different for each.
Figure 16
3.1
We shall use a numerical example to explain the construction of the circle. Suppose the
three strains are
A =700 B = 300 C = 200
1. Choose a suitable origin O
2. Scale off horizontal distances from
O for A, B and C and mark them as
A, B and C.
3. Mark the centre of the circle M half
way between A and C.
4. Construct vertical lines through A,
B and C
5. Measure distance BM
6. Draw lines A A' and C C' equal in
length to BM
7. Draw circle centre M and radius
M A' = M C'
8. Draw B B'
Figure 17
Scaling off the values we find 1= 742 , 2=158 and the angle 2 = 30o
The first principal plane is hence 15o clockwise of plane A.
D.J.DUNN
16
D.J.DUNN
17
2 =16 MPa
3.2
Figure 18
1. Select a suitable origin O
2. Scale of A, B and C to represent the three strains A, B and C
3. Calculate OM = (A + B + C)/3
4. Draw the inner circle radius MA
5. Draw the triangle (60o each corner)
6. Draw outer circle passing through B' and C'.
7. Make sure that the planes A, B and C are in an anti clockwise direction because you
can obtain an upside down version for clockwise directions.
8. Scale off principal strains.
D.J.DUNN
18
4.
max 1
x y 2 4 2 xy
x y
x y 2 4 2 xy
max
2
2
2
If there is only one direct stress in the axial direction x and an accompanying shear
stress (assumed positive), then putting y = 0 we have the following.
max
2 4 2
max
2 4 2
2
2
2
If the axial stress is only due to bending, then = B. From the bending and torsion
equations we have formula for B and as follows.
My MD 32M
TR TD 16T
B
and
I
2I
J
2J D 3
D 3
Substituting for and we get the following result.
16
16
2
2
max
M
M
and
T2 M2
max
3
3
D
D
It was shown earlier that the angle of the principal plane could be found from the
2
tan 2
following formula.
. Putting x = and y = 0 this
x y
becomes tan 2
19
Figure 20
D.J.DUNN
20
max
max
2 4 2
2
2 4 2
2
2 2 x 5
tan 2
5
52 4 x 52
8.09 M Pa
2
2
52 4 x 52
5.59 M Pa
2
2 63.43 31.7 o
16
16
2
2
M
(0.1)
D
4.07 M Pa
max
max
max
max
16
3
T 2 M 2 max
D
2.55 M Pa
tan2
D.J.DUNN
16
(0.1)
400 2 300 2
T 400
21
A shaft is subjected to bending and torsion such that the bending stress on the
surface is 80 MPa and the shear stress is 120 MPa. Determine the maximum stress
and the direction of the plane on which it occurs relative to the axis of the shaft.
(166.5 MPa 35.8o clockwise of the axis)
2.
3.
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
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22