Chapter 9

CHAPTER 9
PLANE STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Derive equations for
transforming stress
components between
coordinate systems of
different orientation
Use derived equations to
obtain the maximum normal
and maximum shear stress
at a pt
Determine the orientation of elements upon which the maximum
normal and maximum shear stress acts
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Discuss a method for
determining the absolute
maximum shear stress at a
point when material is
subjected to plane and
3-dimensional states of stress
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Plane-Stress Transformation
2. General Equations of Plane Stress
Transformation
3. Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane
Shear Stress
4. Mohrs Circle Plane Stress
5. Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load and
Torsion
6. Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic
Beam
7. Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
4
9.1 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
General state of stress at a pt is

characterized by six independent normal
and shear stress components.
In practice, approximations and
simplifications are done to reduce the
stress components to a single plane.
5
The material is then said to be

subjected to plane stress.
For general state of plane stress at a
pt, we represent it via normal-stress
components, x, y and shear-stress
component xy.
Thus, state of plane stress at the pt is
uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element
that has a specific orientation at
that pt.
6
Transforming stress components from one

orientation to the other is similar in
concept to how we transform force
components from one system of axes to
the other.
Note that for stress-component
transformation, we need to account for
the magnitude and direction of each stress
component, and
the orientation of the area upon which each
component acts.
7
Procedure for Analysis

If state of stress at a pt is known for a
given orientation of an element of

material, then state of stress for another
orientation can be determined
8

1. Section element as shown.
2. Assume that the sectioned area is A,

then adjacent areas of the segment will
be A sin and A cos.
3. Draw free-body diagram of segment,
showing the forces that act on the
element. (Tip: Multiply stress
components on each face by the
area upon which they act)
9

4. Apply equations of force equilibrium in the x
and y directions to obtain the two unknown
stress components x, and xy.
. To determine y (that acts on the +y face of
the element), consider a segment of element
shown below.
1. Follow the same procedure as
described previously.
2. Shear stress xy need not be
determined as it is complementary.
10
EXAMPLE 9.1
State of plane stress at a pt on surface of

airplane fuselage is represented on the element
oriented as shown. Represent the state of stress
at the pt that is oriented 30 clockwise from the
position shown.
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
CASE A (a-a section)

Section element by line a-a and
remove bottom segment.

Assume sectioned (inclined)
plane has an area of A,

horizontal and vertical planes
have area as shown.
Free-body diagram of
segment is also shown.

EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
Apply equations of force equilibrium
in the x and y directions (to avoid
simultaneous solution for the two
unknowns)
+ Fx = 0;
x 'A 50A cos 30 cos 30

25A cos 30 sin 30 80A sin 30 sin 30
25A sin 30 sin 30 0
x ' 4.15 MPa
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fy = 0;
x ' y 'A 50A cos 30 sin 30
25A cos 30 cos 30 80A sin 30 cos 30
25A sin 30 sin 30 0
x ' y ' 68.8 MPa
Since x is negative, it acts

in the opposite direction
we initially assumed.
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
CASE B (b-b section)

Repeat the procedure to obtain
the stress on the perpendicular

plane b-b.
Section element as shown
on the upper right.

Orientate the +x axis
outward, perpendicular to
the sectioned face, with
the free-body diagram
as shown.
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fx = 0;
x 'A 25A cos 30 sin 30
80A cos 30 cos 30 25A sin 30 cos 30
50A sin 30 sin 30 0
x ' 25.8 MPa
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
+ Fy = 0;
x ' y 'A 25A cos 30 cos 30
80A cos 30 sin 30 25A sin 30 sin 30
50A sin 30 cos 30 0
x ' y ' 68.8 MPa
Since x is negative, it
acts opposite to its
direction shown.
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
The transformed stress

components are as shown.
From this analysis, we conclude
that the state of stress at the pt can
be represented by choosing an
element oriented as shown in the
Case A or by choosing a different
orientation in the Case B.
Stated simply, states of stress are equivalent.
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention
We will adopt the same sign convention as
discussed in chapter 1.3.

Positive normal stresses, and , acts
x y
outward from all faces
Positive shear stress acts
xy
upward on the right-hand
face of the element.
TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention
The orientation of the inclined plane is
determined using the angle .

Establish a positive x and y axes using the
right-hand rule.
Angle is positive if it
moves counterclockwise
from the +x axis to
the +x axis.
TRANSFORMATION
Normal and shear stress components
Section element as shown.
Assume sectioned area is A.
Free-body diagram of element
is shown.
TRANSFORMATION
Apply equations of force
equilibrium to determine
unknown stress components:
+ Fx = 0;
x 'A xy A sin cos
y A sin sin xy A cos sin
x A cos cos 0
x ' x cos 2 y sin 2 xy 2 sin cos
TRANSFORMATION
+ Fy = 0;
x ' y 'A xy A sin sin

y A sin cos xy A cos cos
x A cos sin 0

x ' y ' x y sin cos xy cos 2 sin 2
Simplify the above two equations using
trigonometric identities sin2 = 2 sin cos,
sin2 = (1 cos2)/2, and cos2
=(1+cos2)/2.
TRANSFORMATION
x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
x y
x' y ' sin 2 xy cos 2 9 - 2
2
If is needed, substitute ( = + 90) for
y
into Eqn 9-1.
x y x y
y' cos 2 xy sin 2 9 - 3
2 2
TRANSFORMATION
To apply equations 9-1 and 9-2, just
substitute the known data for x, y, xy, and

according to established sign convention.
If and xy are calculated as positive
x
quantities, then these stresses act in the
positive direction of the x and y axes.
Tip: For your convenience, equations 9-1 to
9-3 can be programmed on your pocket

calculator.
9.4 MOHRS CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS
Eqns 9-1 and 9-2 are rewritten as
x y x y
x ' cos 2 xy sin 2 9 - 9
2 2
x y
x ' y ' sin 2 xy cos 2 9 - 10
2
Parameter can be eliminated by squaring

each eqn and adding them together.
2 2
x y 2 x y 2
x ' 2
x' y '
2
xy

If x, y, xy are known constants, thus we
compact the Eqn as,
x' avg 2 2 x' y ' R 2 9 - 11

where
x y
avg
2
2
x y
R 2 xy 9 - 12
2
Establish coordinate axes; positive to the
right and positive downward, Eqn 9-11
represents a circle having radius R and
center on the axis at pt C (avg, 0). This is
called the Mohrs Circle.
Case 1 (x axis coincident with x axis)

1. = 0
2. x = x
3. xy = xy.
Consider this as reference pt A, and
plot its coordinates A (x, xy).
Apply Pythagoras theorem to shaded
triangle to determine radius R.
Using pts C and A,
the circle can now
be drawn.
Case 2 (x axis rotated 90 counterclockwise)

1. = 90
2. x = y
3. xy = xy.
Its coordinates are G (y, xy).
Hence radial line CG
is 180
counterclockwise
from reference
line CA.

Construction of the circle
1. Establish coordinate
system where abscissa
represents the normal
stress , (+ve to the
right), and the ordinate
represents shear
stress , (+ve downward).
2. Use positive sign convention for x, y, xy,
plot the center of the circle C, located on the

axis at a distance avg = (x + y)/2 from the
9.4 MOHRS CIRCLE: PLANE
STRESS
3. Plot reference pt A (x, xy). This pt represents
the normal and shear stress components on

the elements right-hand vertical face. Since
x axis coincides with x axis, = 0.
STRESS
4. Connect pt A with center C of the circle and
determine CA by trigonometry. The distance
represents the radius R of the circle.
5. Once R has been
determined, sketch
the circle.
STRESS
Principal stress
Principal stresses 1 and 2 (1 2) are
represented by two pts B and D where the
circle intersects the -axis.
STRESS
Principal stress
These stresses act on planes
defined by angles p1 and p2.
They are represented on the
circle by angles 2p1 and 2p2
and measured from radial
reference line CA to lines CB and CD
respectively.
STRESS
Principal stress
Using trigonometry, only one of
these angles needs to be
calculated from the circle,
since p1 and p2 are 90 apart.
Remember that direction of
rotation 2p on the circle represents the same
direction of rotation p from reference axis
(+x) to principal plane (+x).
STRESS
Maximum in-plane shear stress
The average normal stress
and maximum in-plane shear
stress components are
determined from the circle as
the coordinates of either pt E
or F.
STRESS
Maximum in-plane shear stress
The angles s1 and s2 give
the orientation of the planes
that contain these
components. The angle 2s
can be determined using
trigonometry. Here rotation is
clockwise, and so s1 must be
clockwise on the element.
STRESS
Stresses on arbitrary plane
Normal and shear stress
components x and xy
acting on a specified plane
defined by the angle , can
be obtained from the circle
by using trigonometry to
determine the coordinates
of pt P.
STRESS
Stresses on arbitrary plane
To locate pt P, known angle
for the plane (in this case
counterclockwise) must be
measured on the circle in
the same direction 2
(counterclockwise), from the
radial reference line CA to the
radial line CP.
EXAMPLE 9.9
Due to applied loading, element at pt A on solid
cylinder as shown is subjected to the state of
stress. Determine the principal stresses acting
at this pt.
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
avg 12 MPa y 0 xy 6 MPa
Center of the circle is at
12 0
avg 6 MPa
2
Initial pt A (2, 6) and the
center C (6, 0) are plotted
as shown. The circle having
a radius of
R 12 6 2 6 2 8.49 MPa
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
Principal stresses indicated at
pts B and D. For 1 > 2,

1 8.49 6 2.49 MPa
2 6 8.49 14.5 MPa
Obtain orientation of element by
calculating counterclockwise angle 2p2,
which defines the direction of p2 and 2 and
its associated principal plane.
1 6
2 p 2 tan 45.0
12 6
p 2 22.5
9.7 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
A pt in a body subjected to a general
3-D state of stress will have a normal
stress and 2 shear-stress components
acting on each of its faces.
We can develop stress-transformation
equations to determine the
normal and shear stress
components acting on
ANY skewed plane of
the element.
These principal stresses are assumed
to have maximum, intermediate and
minimum intensity: max int min.
Assume that orientation of the element
and principal stress are known, thus
we have a condition known as triaxial
stress.
Viewing the element in 2D (y-z, x-z,x-y) we
then use Mohrs circle to determine the
maximum
in-plane shear stress for each case.
As shown, the element have a
45 orientation and is subjected
to maximum in-plane shear
and average normal stress
components.
Comparing the 3 circles,

we see that the absolute
maximum shear stress abs
max
is defined by the circle
having the largest radius.
This condition can also
be determined directly by choosing the
maximum and minimum principal stresses:
max min
abs 9 - 13
max 2
Associated average normal stress
max min
avg 9 - 14
2
We can show that regardless of the
orientation of the plane, specific values of
shear stress on the plane is always less
than absolute maximum shear stress found
from Eqn 9-13.
The normal stress acting on any plane will
have a value lying between maximum and
minimum principal stresses, max min.
9.7 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
Plane stress
SHEAR STRESS
If one of the principal stresses has
an opposite sign of the other, then
these stresses are represented as
max and min, and out-of-plane
principal stress int = 0.
By Mohrs circle and Eqn. 9-13,
abs x ' y '
max
max
max min
9 - 16
2
IMPORTANT
SHEAR STRESS
The general 3-D state of stress at a pt can be
represented by an element oriented so that
only three principal stresses act on it.
From this orientation, orientation of element
representing the absolute maximum shear
stress can be obtained by rotating element
45 about the axis defining the direction of
int.
If in-plane principal stresses both have the
same sign, the absolute maximum abs shear
max 2
stress occurs out of the plane, and max has a
value of
IMPORTANT
SHEAR STRESS
If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite
signs, the absolute maximum shear stress
equals the maximum in-plane shear stress;
that max min 2
abs is
max

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What are the main steps involved in plane stress transformation?

What are the main steps involved in plane stress transformation?

How can the maximum normal and shear stresses acting on an element be determined?

How can the maximum normal and shear stresses acting on an element be determined?

CHAPTER 9

General state of stress at a pt is

The material is then said to be

Transforming stress components from one

Procedure for Analysis

given orientation of an element of

Procedure for Analysis

2. Assume that the sectioned area is A,

Procedure for Analysis

State of plane stress at a pt on surface of

CASE A (a-a section)

remove bottom segment.

plane has an area of A,

segment is also shown.

x 'A 50A cos 30 cos 30

Since x is negative, it acts

CASE B (b-b section)

the stress on the perpendicular

on the upper right.

The transformed stress

discussed in chapter 1.3.

determined using the angle .

Assume sectioned area is A.

Free-body diagram of element

x ' y 'A xy A sin sin

substitute the known data for x, y, xy, and

9-3 can be programmed on your pocket

Parameter can be eliminated by squaring

x' avg 2 2 x' y ' R 2 9 - 11

Case 1 (x axis coincident with x axis)

Case 2 (x axis rotated 90 counterclockwise)

Procedure for Analysis

plot the center of the circle C, located on the

the normal and shear stress components on

pts B and D. For 1 > 2,

Comparing the 3 circles,

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