Calculus Early Trascendentals 34-38
Calculus Early Trascendentals 34-38
Calculus Early Trascendentals 34-38
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around its elliptical orbit. Suppose that the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipse
are 2a and 2b.
(a) Use part (d) of Problem 1 to show that T 2 abh.
(b) Show that
b2
h2
.
ed
GM
a
4 2 3
a .
GM
This proves Keplers Third Law. [Notice that the proportionality constant 4 2GM is
independent of the planet.]
3. The period of the earths orbit is approximately 365.25 days. Use this fact and Keplers
Third Law to nd the length of the major axis of the earths orbit. You will need the mass of
the sun, M 1.99 10 30 kg, and the gravitational constant, G 6.67 10 11 Nm 2kg 2 .
4. Its possible to place a satellite into orbit about the earth so that it remains xed above a
given location on the equator. Compute the altitude that is needed for such a satellite. The
earths mass is 5.98 10 24 kg; its radius is 6.37 10 6 m. (This orbit is called the Clarke
Geosynchronous Orbit after Arthur C. Clarke, who rst proposed the idea in 1945. The rst
such satellite, Syncom 2, was launched in July 1963.)
13
REVIEW
CONCEPT CHECK
1. What is a vector function? How do you nd its derivative and
its integral?
2. What is the connection between vector functions and space
curves?
3. How do you nd the tangent vector to a smooth curve at a
function rt?
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T R U E - FA L S E Q U I Z
Determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true, explain why.
If it is false, explain why or give an example that disproves the statement.
a line.
curvature is dTdt .
10.
d
ut vt ut vt
dt
If rt 1 for all t, then rt is orthogonal to rt for all t.
d
rt rt
dt
EXERCISES
1. (a) Sketch the curve with vector function
rt t i cos t j sin t k
t0
13 t 3, 12 t 2, t , nd
points 3, 0 and 0, 4.
y x 4 x 2 at the origin. Graph both the curve and its osculating circle.
0 t 1.
C
1
r(3)
r(3.2)
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
rt et cos t i et sin t j
rt t i 2t j t 2 k
at a constant angular speed . A particle starts at the center of
the disk and moves toward the edge along a xed radius so that
its position at time t, t 0, is given by rt t Rt, where
Rt cos t i sin t j
if x 0
if 0 x 1s2
if x 1s2
1
Fx s1 x 2
s2 x
v cos t i sin t j t vd
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y
1
y=0
0
y=x
y=F(x)
transfer curve
1
P R O B L E M S P LU S
1. A particle P moves with constant angular speed around a circle whose center is at the origin
and whose radius is R. The particle is said to be in uniform circular motion. Assume that the
motion is counterclockwise and that the particle is at the point R, 0 when t 0. The position
vector at time t 0 is rt R cos t i R sin t j.
(a) Find the velocity vector v and show that v r 0. Conclude that v is tangent to the circle
and points in the direction of the motion.
(b) Show that the speed v of the particle is the constant R. The period T of the particle is
the time required for one complete revolution. Conclude that
vt
T
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 1
2
2 R
(c) Find the acceleration vector a. Show that it is proportional to r and that it points toward
the origin. An acceleration with this property is called a centripetal acceleration. Show
that the magnitude of the acceleration vector is a R 2.
(d) Suppose that the particle has mass m. Show that the magnitude of the force F that is
required to produce this motion, called a centripetal force, is
m v
F R
2. A circular curve of radius R on a highway is banked at an angle so that a car can safely
traverse the curve without skidding when there is no friction between the road and the tires.
The loss of friction could occur, for example, if the road is covered with a lm of water or ice.
The rated speed vR of the curve is the maximum speed that a car can attain without skidding.
Suppose a car of mass m is traversing the curve at the rated speed vR. Two forces are acting on
the car: the vertical force, mt, due to the weight of the car, and a force F exerted by, and
normal to, the road. (See the gure.)
The vertical component of F balances the weight of the car, so that F cos mt. The
horizontal component of F produces a centripetal force on the car so that, by Newtons Second Law and part (d) of Problem 1,
mg
F sin
mvR2
R
3. A projectile is red from the origin with angle of elevation and initial speed v0. Assuming
that air resistance is negligible and that the only force acting on the projectile is gravity, t, we
showed in Example 5 in Section 13.4 that the position vector of the projectile is
rt v0 cos t i [v0 sin t 2 tt 2 ] j
1
_R
R x
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We also showed that the maximum horizontal distance of the projectile is achieved when
45 and in this case the range is R v02t.
(a) At what angle should the projectile be red to achieve maximum height and what is the
maximum height?
(b) Fix the initial speed v0 and consider the parabola x 2 2Ry R 2 0, whose graph is
shown in the gure. Show that the projectile can hit any target inside or on the boundary
of the region bounded by the parabola and the x-axis, and that it cant hit any target outside this region.
(c) Suppose that the gun is elevated to an angle of inclination in order to aim at a target that
is suspended at a height h directly over a point D units downrange. The target is released
at the instant the gun is red. Show that the projectile always hits the target, regardless of
the value v0, provided the projectile does not hit the ground before D.
P R O B L E M S P LU S
y
4. (a) A projectile is red from the origin down an inclined plane that makes an angle with the
v
a
horizontal. The angle of elevation of the gun and the initial speed of the projectile are
and v0 , respectively. Find the position vector of the projectile and the parametric equations
of the path of the projectile as functions of the time t. (Ignore air resistance.)
(b) Show that the angle of elevation that will maximize the downhill range is the angle
halfway between the plane and the vertical.
(c) Suppose the projectile is red up an inclined plane whose angle of inclination is . Show
that, in order to maximize the (uphill) range, the projectile should be red in the direction
halfway between the plane and the vertical.
(d) In a paper presented in 1686, Edmond Halley summarized the laws of gravity and projectile
motion and applied them to gunnery. One problem he posed involved ring a projectile to
hit a target a distance R up an inclined plane. Show that the angle at which the projectile
should be red to hit the target but use the least amount of energy is the same as the angle
in part (c). (Use the fact that the energy needed to re the projectile is proportional to the
square of the initial speed, so minimizing the energy is equivalent to minimizing the initial
speed.)
5. A ball rolls off a table with a speed of 2 fts. The table is 3.5 ft high.
3.5 ft
(a) Determine the point at which the ball hits the oor and nd its speed at the instant of
impact.
(b) Find the angle between the path of the ball and the vertical line drawn through the point
of impact. (See the gure.)
(c) Suppose the ball rebounds from the oor at the same angle with which it hits the oor, but
loses 20% of its speed due to energy absorbed by the ball on impact. Where does the ball
strike the oor on the second bounce?
6. Find the curvature of the curve with parametric equations
x y sin ( 12 2) d
t
y y cos ( 12 2) d
t
; 7. If a projectile is red with angle of elevation and initial speed v, then parametric equations
for its trajectory are
x v cos t
y v sin t 2 tt 2
1
(See Example 5 in Section 13.4.) We know that the range (horizontal distance traveled)
is maximized when 45. What value of maximizes the total distance traveled by the
projectile? (State your answer correct to the nearest degree.)
8. A cable has radius r and length L and is wound around a spool with radius R without over-
lapping. What is the shortest length along the spool that is covered by the cable?
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