Introduction to Groundwater Modelling

C. P. Kumar
Scientist F
National Institute of Hydrology
Roorkee 247667 (Uttaranchal)
India

Email: cpkumar@yahoo.com
Webpage: http://www.angelfire.com/nh/cpkumar/

Presentation Outline
Groundwater in Hydrologic Cycle
Why Groundwater Modelling is needed?
Mathematical Models
Modelling Protocol
Model Design
Calibration and Validation
Groundwater Flow Models
Groundwater Modelling Resources

Groundwater in Hydrologic Cycle

Types of Terrestrial Water

Surface
Water

Soil
Moisture

Ground water

Pores Full of Combination of Air and Water

Unsaturated Zone / Zone of Aeration / Vadose
(Soil Water)

Zone of Saturation (Ground water)

Pores Full Completely with Water

Groundwater

Important source of clean water

More abundant than SW

Baseflow

Linked to SW systems
Sustains flows
in streams

Groundwater Concerns?

pollution

groundwater mining
subsidence

Problems with groundwater

Groundwater overdraft / mining / subsidence
Waterlogging
Seawater intrusion
Groundwater pollution

Why Groundwater Modelling is needed?

Groundwater

An important component of water resource systems.

Extracted from aquifers through pumping wells and

supplied for domestic use, industry and agriculture.

With increased withdrawal of groundwater, the quality

of groundwater has been continuously deteriorating.

Water can be injected into aquifers for storage and/or

quality control purposes.

Management of a groundwater system, means

making such decisions as:

The total volume that may be withdrawn annually from the aquifer.

The location of pumping and artificial recharge wells, and their

rates.

Decisions related to groundwater quality.

Groundwater contamination by:

Hazardous industrial wastes

Leachate from landfills

Agricultural activities such as the use of fertilizers and pesticides

 MANAGEMENT means making decisions to achieve goals without

violating specified constraints.
Good management requires information on the response of the
managed system to the proposed activities.
This information enables the decision-maker, to compare alternative
actions and to ensure that constraints are not violated.
Any planning of mitigation or control measures, once contamination
has been detected in the saturated or unsaturated zones, requires
the prediction of the path and the fate of the contaminants, in
response to the planned activities.
Any monitoring or observation network must be based on the
anticipated behavior of the system.

 A tool is needed that will provide this information.

The tool for understanding the system and its behavior
and for predicting this response is the model.
Usually, the model takes the form of a set of
mathematical equations, involving one or more partial
differential equations. We refer to such model as a
mathematical model.
The preferred method of solution of the mathematical
model of a given problem is the analytical solution.

 The advantage of the analytical solution is that the

same solution can be applied to various numerical
values of model coefficients and parameters.
Unfortunately, for most practical problems, because of
the heterogeneity of the considered domain, the
irregular shape of its boundaries, and the non-analytic
form of the various functions, solving the mathematical
models analytically is not possible.
Instead, we transform the mathematical model into a
numerical one, solving it by means of computer
programs.

Prior to determining the management scheme for any aquifer:

We should have a CALIBRATED MODEL of the aquifer, especially,
we should know the aquifers natural replenishment (from
precipitation and through aquifer boundaries).
The model will provide the response of the aquifer (water levels,
concentrations, etc.) to the implementation of any management
alternative.
We should have a POLICY that dictates management objectives
and constraints.
Obviously, we also need information about the water demand
(quantity and quality, current and future), interaction with other
parts of the water resources system, economic information, sources
of pollution, effect of changes on the environment---springs, rivers,...

GROUND WATER MODELING

WHY MODEL?
To make predictions about a ground-water
systems response to a stress
To understand the system
To design field studies
Use as a thinking tool

Use of Groundwater models

Can be used for three general purposes:

To predict or forecast expected artificial
or natural changes in the system.
Predictive is more applied to deterministic
models since it carries higher degree of
certainty, while forecasting is used with
probabilistic (stochastic) models.

Use of Groundwater models

To describe the system in order to analyse

various assumptions
To generate a hypothetical system that
will be used to study principles of
groundwater flow associated with various
general or specific problems.

ALL GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY WORK IS MODELING

A Model is a representation of a system.
Modeling begins when one formulates a concept of a
hydrologic system,
continues with application of, for example,
Darcy's Law to the problem,
and may
culminate in a complex numerical simulation.

Ground Water Flow Modelling

A Powerful Tool
for furthering our understanding
of hydrogeological systems

Importance of understanding ground water flow models

Construct accurate representations of hydrogeological systems
Understand the interrelationships between elements of systems
Efficiently develop a sound mathematical representation
Make reasonable assumptions and simplifications
Understand the limitations of the mathematical representation
Understand the limitations of the interpretation of the results

Introduction to Ground Water Flow Modelling

Predicting heads (and flows) and
Approximating parameters
Solutions to the flow equations
Most ground water flow models are
solutions of some form of the ground
water flow equation
The partial differential equation needs
to be solved to calculate head as a
function of position and time,
i.e., h=f(x,y,z,t)
e.g., unidirectional, steady-state flow
within a confined aquifer
Darcys Law

dh
q
=

dx
K

Integrated

q
h0 dh = K
h

Poten
tiome
tri
Surfa c
ce

q
K

ho x
0

h(x,y,z,t)?

qx
dx h h0 =
K

x h(x)

x
h( x ) = h0

qx
K

Groundwater Modeling
The only effective way to test effects of

groundwater management strategies

Takes time, money to make model
Conceptual model
Steady state model
Transient model
The model is only as good as its calibration

Processes we might want to model

Groundwater flow
calculate both heads and flow

Solute transport requires information

on flow (velocities)
calculate concentrations

MODELING PROCESS

ALL IMPORTANT MECHANISMS & PROCESSES MUST BE INCLUDED IN

THE MODEL, OR RESULTS WILL BE INVALID.

TYPES OF MODELS
CONCEPTUAL MODEL QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
"a cartoon of the system in your mind"
MATHEMATICAL MODEL MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF
SYSTEM
SIMPLE - ANALYTICAL (provides a continuous solution over the
model domain)
COMPLEX - NUMERICAL (provides a discrete solution - i.e. values are
calculated at only a few points)
ANALOG MODEL e.g. ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOW through a
circuit board with resistors to represent hydraulic conductivity and
capacitors to represent storage coefficient
PHYSICAL MODEL e.g. SAND TANK which poses scaling problems

Mathematical Models

Mathematical model:
simulates ground-water flow and/or
solute fate and transport indirectly by
means of a set of governing equations
thought to represent the physical
processes that occur in the system.
(Anderson and Woessner, 1992)

Components of a Mathematical Model

Governing Equation
(Darcys law + water balance equation)
with head (h) as the dependent variable
Boundary Conditions
Initial conditions (for transient problems)

Derivation of the Governing Equation

R x y

z
x
y
1. Consider flux (q) through REV
2. OUT IN = - Storage
3. Combine with: q = -K grad h

Law of Mass Balance + Darcys Law =

Governing Equation for Groundwater Flow
--------------------------------------------------------------div

q = - Ss (h t)

q = - K grad h

(Law of Mass Balance)

(Darcys Law)

div (K grad h) = Ss (h t)
(Ss = S / z)

General governing equation

for steady-state, heterogeneous, anisotropic
conditions, without a source/sink term

h
( Kx ) +
( Ky ) +
( Kz ) = 0
x
x
y
z
y
z
with a source/sink term

h
( Kx ) +
( Ky ) +
( Kz ) = R *
x
x
y
y
z
z

General governing equation for transient,

heterogeneous, and anisotropic conditions

h
h

h
( Kx ) +
( Ky ) +
( K z ) = Ss
R*
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

Specific Storage
Ss = V / (x y z h)

h
b

S=V/Ah
S = Ss b
Confined aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Storativity
Specific yield
Figures taken from Hornberger et al. (1998)

General 3D equation

h
h
( Kx ) +
( Ky ) +
( K z ) = Ss
R*
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

2D confined:

2D unconfined:

h
h
(T x ) +
(T y ) = S
R
x
x
y
y
t
h

h
( hK x ) +
( hK y ) = S
R
x
x
y
y
t

Storage coefficient (S) is either storativity or specific yield.

S = Ss b & T = K b

Types of Solutions of Mathematical Models

Analytical Solutions: h= f(x,y,z,t)
(example: Theis equation)
Numerical Solutions
Finite difference methods
Finite element methods
Analytic Element Methods (AEM)

Limitations of Analytical Models

The flexibility of analytical modeling is
limited due to simplifying assumptions:
Homogeneity, Isotropy, simple geometry,
simple initial conditions

Geology is inherently complex:

Heterogeneous, anisotropic, complex
geometry, complex conditions

This complexity calls for a more

powerful solution to the flow equation Numerical modeling

Numerical Methods
hAll numerical methods involve
representing the flow domain by a
limited number of discrete points called
nodes.
hA set of equations are then derived to
relate the nodal values of the
dependent variable such that they
satisfy the governing PDE, either
approximately or exactly.

 Numerical Solutions
Discrete solution of head at selected nodal points.
Involves numerical solution of a set of algebraic
equations.
Finite difference models (e.g., MODFLOW)
Finite element models (e.g., SUTRA)

Finite Difference Modelling

3-D Finite Difference Models

Requires vertical discretization (or layering) of model

K1
K2
K3
K4

Finite difference models

may be solved using:
a computer program
(e.g., a FORTRAN program)
a spreadsheet (e.g., EXCEL)

Finite Elements: basis functions, variational principle,

Galerkins method, weighted residuals
Nodes plus elements; elements defined by nodes
Properties (K, S) assigned to elements
Nodes located on flux boundaries
Able to simulate point sources/sinks at nodes
Flexibility in grid design:
elements shaped to boundaries
elements fitted to capture detail
Easier to accommodate anisotropy that occurs at an
angle to the coordinate axis

Hybrid
Analytic Element Method (AEM)
Involves superposition of analytic solutions. Heads are
calculated in continuous space using a computer to do
the mathematics involved in superposition.
The AE Method was introduced by Otto Strack.
A general purpose code, GFLOW, was developed by
Stracks student Henk Haitjema, who also wrote a
textbook on the AE Method: Analytic Element Modeling
of Groundwater Flow, Academic Press, 1995.
Currently the method is limited to steady-state,
two-dimensional, horizontal flow.

Modelling Protocol

What is a model?

Any device that represents approximation

to field system
Physical Models
Mathematical Models

Analytical
Numerical

Modelling Protocol

Establish the Purpose of the Model

Develop Conceptual Model of the System
Select Governing Equations and Computer Code
Model Design
Calibration
Calibration Sensitivity Analysis
Model Verification
Prediction
Predictive Sensitivity Analysis
Presentation of Modeling Design and Results
Post Audit
Model Redesign

Purpose - What questions do you want the

model to answer?

Prediction; System Interpretation; Generic

Modeling
What do you want to learn from the model?
Is a modeling exercise the best way to
answer the question? Historical data?
Can an analytical model provide the answer?
System
SystemInterpretation:
Interpretation: Inverse
InverseModeling:
Modeling: Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Analysis
Analysis
Generic:
Generic: Used
Usedin
inaahypothetical
hypotheticalsense,
sense,not
notnecessarily
necessarily
for
a
real
site
for a real site

Model Overkill?

Is the vast labor of characterizing the system,

combined with the vast labor of analyzing it,
disproportionate to the benefits that follow?

ETHICS

There may be a cheaper, more effective

approach
Warn of limitations

Conceptual
Model
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. Albert
Einstein

Pictorial representation of the groundwater

flow system
Will set the dimensions of the model and
the design of the grid
Parsimony.conceptual model has been
simplified as much as possible yet retains
enough complexity so that it adequately
reproduces system behavior.

Select Computer Code

Select Computer Model

Code Verification

Comparison to Analytical Solutions; Other

Numerical Models

Model Design

Design of Grid, selecting time steps,

boundary and initial conditions, parameter
data set

Steady/Unsteady..1,
Steady/Unsteady..1,2,2,or
or3-D;
3-D;
Heterogeneous/Isotropic..Instantaneous/Continuous
Heterogeneous/Isotropic..Instantaneous/Continuous

Calibration

Show that Model can reproduce fieldmeasured heads and flow (concentrations if
contaminant transport)
Results in parameter data set that best
represents field-measured conditions.

Calibration Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty in Input Conditions

Determine Effect of Uncertainty on
Calibrated Model

Model Verification

Use Model to Reproduce a Second Set of

Field Data

Prediction

Desired Set of Conditions

Sensitivity Analysis

Effect of uncertainty in parameter values and

future stresses on the predicted solution

Presentation of Modelling
Design and Results

Effective Communication of
Modeling Effort

Graphs, Tables, Text etc.

Postaudit

New field data collected to

determine if prediction was correct
Site-specific data needed to
validate model for specific site
application

Model Redesign

Include new insights into system

behavior

NUMERICAL MODELING
DISCRETIZE
Write equations of GW Flow between each node
Darcy's Law
Conservation of Mass
Define

Material Properties
Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions
Stresses

At each node either H or Q is known, the other is unknown

n equations & n unknowns
solve simultaneously with matrix algebra
Result

H at each known Q node

Q at each known H node

Calibrate

Steady State
Transient

Validate
Sensitivity
Predictions
Similar Process for Transport Modeling only Concentration and Flux is unknown

NUMERICAL MODELING

Model Design

MODELs NEED
Geometry
Material Properties (K, S, T, e, R, etc.)
Boundary Conditions (Head, Flux, Concentration etc.)
Stress - changing boundary condition

Model Design

Conceptual Model
Selection of Computer Code
Model Geometry
Grid
Boundary array
Model Parameters
Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions
Stresses

Concept Development
Developing a conceptual model is the initial
and most important part of every modelling
effort. It requires thorough understanding
of hydrogeology, hydrology and dynamics
of groundwater flow.

Conceptual Model
A descriptive representation
of a groundwater system that
incorporates an interpretation of the
geological & hydrological conditions.
Generally includes information about
the water budget. May include
information on water chemistry.

Selection of Computer Code

Which method will be used depends largely
on the type of problem and the knowledge of
the model design.
Flow, solute, heat, density dependent etc.
1D, 2D, 3D

Model Geometry
Model geometry defines the size and the
shape of the model. It consists of model
boundaries, both external and internal, and
model grid.

Boundaries
Physical boundaries are well defined
geologic and hydrologic features that
permanently influence the pattern of
groundwater flow (faults, geologic units,
contact with surface water etc.)

Boundaries
Hydraulic boundaries are derived from the
groundwater flow net and therefore
artificial boundaries set by the model
designer. They can be no flow boundaries
represented by chosen stream lines, or
boundaries with known hydraulic head
represented by equipotential lines.

HYDRAULIC BOUNDARIES
A streamline (flowline) is also a
hydraulic boundary because by
definition, flow is ALWAYS
parallel to a streamflow. It can
also be said that flow NEVER
crosses a streamline; therefore it
is similar to an IMPERMEABLE
(no flow) boundary
BUT
Stress can change the flow
pattern and shift the position of
streamlines; therefore care must
be taken when using a
streamline as the outer boundary
of a model.

TYPES OF MODEL BOUNDARY

NO-FLOW BOUNDARY
Neither HEAD nor FLUX is
Specified. Can represent a
Physical boundary or a flow
Line (Groundwater Divide)

SPECIFIED HEAD OR
CONSTANT HEAD BOUNDARY
h = constant
q is determined by the model.
And may be +ve or ve according
to the hydraulic gradient developed

TYPES OF MODEL BOUNDARY (contd)

SPECIFIED FLUX BOUNDARY
q = constant
h is determined by the model
(The common method of simulation
is to use one injection well for each
boundary cell)

HEAD DEPENDANT BOUNDARY

hb = constant
q = c (hb hm)
and c = f (K,L) and is called
CONDUCTANCE
hm is determined by the model and
its interaction with hb

Boundary Types
Specified Head/Concentration: a special case of constant head (ABC, EFG)
Constant Head /Concentration: could replace (ABC, EFG)
Specified Flux: could be recharge across (CD)
No Flow (Streamline): a special case of specified flux (HI)
Head Dependent Flux: could replace (ABC, EFG)
Free Surface: water-table, phreatic surface (CD)
Seepage Face: pressure = atmospheric at ground surface (DE)

Boundary conditions in Modflow

Constant head boundary
Head dependent flux
River Package
Drain Package
General-head Boundary Package

Known Flux

Recharge
Evapotranspiration
Wells
Stream

No Flow boundaries

Initial Conditions
Values of the hydraulic head for each active
and constant-head cell in the model. They
must be higher than the elevation of the cell
bottom.
For transient simulation, heads to resemble
closely actual heads (realistic).
For steady state, only hydraulic heads in
constant head-cell must be realistic.

Model Parameters
Time
Space (layer top and bottom)
Hydrogeologic characteristics
(hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity,
storage parameters and effective porosity)

Time
Time parameters are specified when
modelling transient (time dependent)
conditions. They include time unit, length
and number of time steps.
Length of stress periods is not relevant for
steady state simulations

Grid
In Finite Difference model, the grid is
formed by two sets of parallel lines that are
orthogonal. The blocks formed by these
lines are called cells. In the centre of each
cell is the node the point at which the
model calculates hydraulic head. This type
of grid is called block-centered grid.

Grid
Grid mesh can be uniform or custom, a
uniform grid is better choice when
Evenly distributed aquifer characteristics data
The entire flow field is equally important
Number of cells and size is not an issue

Grid
Grid mesh can be custom when
There is less or no data for certain areas
There is specific interest in one or more smaller
areas

Grid orientation is not an issue in isotropic

aquifers. When the aquifer is anisotropic,
the model coordinate axes must be aligned
with the main axes of the hydraulic
conductivity.

Regular vs irregular grid spacing

Irregular spacing may be used to obtain
detailed head distributions in selected areas
of the grid.
Finite difference equations that use irregular
grid spacing have a higher associated error
than FD equations that use regular grid spacing.

Considerations in selecting the size of

the grid spacing
Variability of aquifer characteristics (K,T,S)
Variability of hydraulic parameters (R, Q)
Curvature of the water table
Vertical change in head
Desired detail around sources and sinks (e.g., rivers)

MODEL GRIDS

Grids
h It is generally agreed that from a practical
point-of-view the differences between grid
types are minor and unimportant.
h USGS MODFLOW employs a body-centred grid.

Boundary array (cell type)

Three types of cells
Inactive cells through which no flow into or out
of the cells occurs during the entire time of
simulation.
Active, or variable-head cells are free to vary
in time.
Constant-head cell, model boundaries with
known constant head.

Hydraulic conductivity and

transmissivity
Hydraulic conductivity is the most critical
and sensitive modelling parameter.
Realistic values of storage coefficient and
transmissivity, preferably from pumping test,
should be used.

Effective porosity
Required to calculate velocity, used mainly
in solute transport models

Calibration and Validation

Calibration parameters are uncertain parameters

whose values are adjusted during model calibration.

Identify calibration parameters and their reasonable

ranges.

Typical calibration parameters include hydraulic

conductivity and recharge rate.

In a real-world problem, we need to establish model

specific calibration criteria and define targets including
associated error.

Calibration Targets
associated error

calibration
value
+/0.80 m
20.24 m

Target with smaller

associated error.
Target with relatively
large associated error.

Targets used in Model Calibration

Head measured in an observation well is known
as a target.
The simulated head at the node representing the
observation well is compared with the measured head.
During model calibration, parameter values are
adjusted until the simulated head matches the observed
value.
Model calibration solves the inverse problem.

Calibration to Fluxes
When recharge rate (R) is a calibration
parameter, calibrating to fluxes can help in
estimating K and/or R.

In this example, flux information

helps calibrate K.

q = KI
H1
H2

In this example, discharge

information helps calibrate R.

Calibration - Remarks
Calibrations are non-unique.
A good calibration does not ensure that
the model will make good predictions.
You can never have enough field data.
Modelers need to maintain a healthy skepticism
about their results.
Need for an uncertainty analysis to accompany
calibration results and predictions.

Uncertainty in the Calibration

Involves uncertainty in:
9 Targets
9 Parameter values
9 Conceptual model including boundary conditions,
zonation, geometry etc.

Ways to analyze uncertainty

in the calibration
Sensitivity analysis is used as an uncertainty
analysis after calibration.
Use an inverse model (automated calibration)
to quantify uncertainties and optimize the
calibration.

Uncertainty in the Prediction

9 Reflects uncertainty in the calibration.

9 Involves uncertainty in how parameter values

(e.g., recharge) will vary in the future.

Ways to quantify uncertainty

in the prediction

Sensitivity analysis
Stochastic simulation

How do we validate a model so that

we have confidence that it will make
accurate predictions?

Modeling Chronology
1960s Flow models are great!
1970s Contaminant transport models are great!
1975

What about uncertainty of flow models?

1980s Contaminant transport models dont work.

(because of failure to account for heterogeneity)

1990s Are models reliable?

The objective of model validation is to

determine how well the mathematical
representation of the processes describes
the actual system behavior in terms of the
degree of correlation between model
calculations and actual measured data.

How to build confidence in a model

Calibration (history matching)
Verification
requires an independent set of field data
Post-Audit: requires waiting for prediction to occur
Models as interactive management tools

KEEPING AN OPEN MIND

Consider all dimensions of the problem before coming
to a conclusion.
Considering all the stresses that might be imposed and
all the possible processes that might be involved in a
situation before reaching a conclusion.
KEEPING AN OPEN MIND is spending 95% of your
TIME DETERMINING WHAT YOU THINK IS HAPPENING
and only 5% of your TIME DEFENDING YOUR OPINION.
AVOID the common human TRAP of REVERSING
THOSE PERCENTAGES.

Groundwater Flow Models

Groundwater Flow Models

The most widely used numerical groundwater flow model is

MODFLOW which is a three-dimensional model, originally
developed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

It uses finite difference scheme for saturated zone.

The advantages of MODFLOW include numerous facilities

for data preparation, easy exchange of data in standard
form, extended worldwide experience, continuous
development, availability of source code, and relatively low
price.

However, surface runoff and unsaturated flow are not

included, hence in case of transient problems, MODFLOW
can not be applied if the flux at the groundwater table
depends on the calculated head and the function is not
known in advance.

MODFLOW
USGS code
Finite Difference Model
MODFLOW 88
MODFLOW 96
MODFLOW 2000

MODFLOW
(Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow
Model)

When properly applied, MODFLOW is the recognized

standard model.

Ground-water flow within the aquifer is simulated in

MODFLOW using a block-centered finite-difference
approach.

Layers can be simulated as confined, unconfined, or a

combination of both.

Flows from external stresses such as flow to wells, areal

recharge, evapotranspiration, flow to drains, and flow
through riverbeds can also be simulated.

MT3D
(A Modular 3D Solute Transport Model)

MT3D is a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical

model for simulating solute transport in complex
hydrogeologic settings.

MT3D is linked with the USGS groundwater flow simulator,

MODFLOW, and is designed specifically to handle
advectively-dominated transport problems without the need
to construct refined models specifically for solute transport.

FEFLOW
(Finite Element Subsurface Flow System)
FEFLOW is a finite-element package for simulating 3D and 2D
fluid density-coupled flow, contaminant mass (salinity) and
heat transport in the subsurface.

HST3D
(3-D Heat and Solute Transport Model)
The Heat and Solute Transport Model HST3D simulates
ground-water flow and associated heat and solute transport in
three dimensions.

SEAWAT
(Three-Dimensional Variable-Density Ground-Water Flow)

The SEAWAT program was developed to simulate threedimensional, variable- density, transient ground-water flow
in porous media.

The source code for SEAWAT was developed by

combining MODFLOW and MT3D into a single program
that solves the coupled flow and solute-transport equations.

SUTRA
(2-D Saturated/Unsaturated Transport Model)

SUTRA is a 2D groundwater saturated-unsaturated

transport model, a complete saltwater intrusion and energy
transport model.

SUTRA employs a two-dimensional hybrid finite-element

and integrated finite-difference method to approximate the
governing equations that describe the two interdependent
processes.

A 3-D version of SUTRA has also been released.

SWIM
(Soil water infiltration and movement model)

SWIMv1 is a software package for simulating water

infiltration and movement in soils.

SWIMv2 is a mechanistically-based model designed to

address soil water and solute balance issues.

The model deals with a one-dimensional vertical soil

profile which may be vertically inhomogeneous but is
assumed to be horizontally uniform.

It can be used to simulate runoff, infiltration,

redistribution, solute transport and redistribution of
solutes, plant uptake and transpiration, evaporation, deep
drainage and leaching.

VISUAL HELP
(Modeling Environment for Evaluating and Optimizing
Landfill Designs)

Visual HELP is an advanced hydrological modeling

environment available for designing landfills, predicting
leachate mounding and evaluating potential leachate
contamination.

Visual MODFLOW
(Integrated Modeling Environment for MODFLOW and
MT3D)

Visual MODFLOW provides professional 3D groundwater

flow and contaminant transport modeling using
MODFLOW and MT3D.

Groundwater Modelling Resources

Groundwater Modeling Resources

Kumar Links to Hydrology Resources
http://www.angelfire.com/nh/cpkumar/hydrology.html

USGS Water Resources Software Page

water.usgs.gov/software

Richard B. Winstons Home Page

www.mindspring.com/~rbwinston/rbwinsto.htm

Geotech & Geoenviron Software Directory

www.ggsd.com

International Ground Water Modeling Center

www.mines.edu/igwmc

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Visual MODFLOW Users Group

Visual MODFLOW is a proven standard for professional 3D
groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling using
MODFLOW-2000, MODPATH, MT3DMS AND RT3D. Visual
MODFLOW seamlessly combines the standard Visual MODFLOW
package with Win PEST and the Visual MODFLOW 3D-Explorer to give
a complete and powerful graphical modeling environment.
This group aims to provide a forum for exchange of ideas and
experiences regarding use and application of Visual MODFLOW
software.
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THANKS

HAPPY MODELLING