Structuralanalysismechanics

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
&
MECHANICS
for
Civil Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Structural Analysis/Mechanics
Syllabus for
Structural Analysis
Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams cables & frames,
displacement in statically determinate structure and analysis of statically
indeterminate structures by force/energy methods, analysis by displacement
methods (slope deflection & moment distribution method) influence lines for
determinate & indeterminate structure. Basic concept of matrix method of structural
analysis.
Mechanics
Bending Moment & shear Force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress &
strain relationship; stress & Strain in two dimensions, principal stress, stress
transformations, Mohrs cycle simple bending theory. Flexural & shear stresses, un
symmetrically bending, shear center, Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion,
buckling of column, combined & Direct bending tresses.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Mechanics & Structural Analysis)
Year
Percentage of marks
2013
19
2012
10
2011
19
2010
12
2009
14
2008
15.33
2007
14
2006
18
2005
12.3
2004
14.6
2003
16
Overall Percentage
14.93%
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
: 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
CONTENTS
Chapters
#1.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Trusses and Arches
1-16
12
28
9 14
15
16
Trusses
Arches
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Answer Keys&Explanations
#2.
#3.
Influence Line Diagram and Rolling loads

Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations
17 - 27
17 20
21
22 25
26 27
28 41
28 31
Various Methods for Determining Slope and Deflection at

any Section of a Beam
Macaulays Method
Conjugate Beam Method
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
32 33
33
34 35
36 38
39 41
Degree of Static Indeterminacy
42 - 51
42
42
#5.
Influence Line Diagram and Rolling Loads
Slope and Deflection Method
#4.
Page No.
Degree of Static Indeterminacy

Alternative Approach to find Degree of Static
Indeterminacy
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
43 44
45
46 48
49 51
Displacement Method
52-74
52 53
53 56
57 60
60 66
67 68
Displacement Methods
Carry Over Factor
Solved Examples
Slope Deflection Method
Assignment 1
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, KeshavaKrupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
Contents
#6.
#7.
69 71
72 74
Assignment 2
Force / Energy Methods
75 - 91
75
75 76
76 77
77 78
79 82
82 83
84
84 87
88 91
Introduction
Maxwells Reciprocal Theorem
Bettis Theorem or Generalized Reciprocal Theorem
Castiglianos Theorem
Unit Load Method
Conjugate Beam Method
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis
92 105
92 93
93 94
95 97
98 100
100 101
102 105
Matrix Concept & Algebra

Flexibility & Stiffness
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
MECHANICS
#8. Simple Stress and Strain Relationship
Simple Stress
Compound Bars
Mohrs Circle
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
#9. Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram
Terminology
Bending Moment Diagram
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
106 134
106 109
109 114
115 116
117 128
129 130
130 132
133 134
135 -165
135 136
136 - 141
142 156
157 158
158 162
163 165
ii
Contents
#10. Thin Walled Pressure Vessel
Thin Walled Pressure Vessels

Tension of Circular Bars or Shafts
Limitations of Eulers Formula
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
#11. Simple Bending Theory
Simple Bending Theory

Bending of Built up Section
Shear Stresses in Beams
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
166181
166 168
168 173
173 174
175 178
179 180
180
181
182-202
182 183
183 184
184 189
190 195
196
197 199
200 202
Module Test
203 - 217
Reference Books
218
iii
Chapter 1
Structural Analysis
CHAPTER 1
Trusses and Arches
Trusses
Classification of trusses
Trusses
Plane Trusses (2D)
Determinate trusses
(
)
Where
Space Trusses (3D)
Indeterminate trusses
( > 0)
- Degree of static indeterminacy
Assumption involved in analysis of trusses

1.
2.
3.
4.
All the joints are pin connected and free from friction.
Members will be subjected to only axial forces
Self wt of members is negligible
The loading is such that force in the member are within elastic limit.
Procedure Of Analysis
1. Find degree of static indeterminacy using
m = No. of members
r = No. of external reasons
j = No. of joints
if = 0, Truss is determinate and stable.
= m + r 2j
Determinate truss can be analyzed by methods

a) Method of joints
b) Method of sections
c) Graphical method or Williot Mohr diagram
2.
If
> 0, then truss is indeterminate.
In terminate truss can be analyzed by methods
a) Unit load method
b) Maxwells method
Page 1
Chapter 1
Structural Analysis
c) Graphical method
Analysis of Determinate Trusses.
Methods of joints
1. Every joints there are two equation of equilibrium i.e.
and = 0,
This method is not applicable for numbers of unknowns at any point are more than 2
2. In order to find internal reactions, following equations equilibrium may be used
,
, M = 0
3. Not more than three equilibrium in general cannot be obtained until and unless additional
equations of equilibrium are provided.
4. After finding the external equations, apply joint equilibrium at each joint one by one
5. Tensile force are assumed to be (+) and compressive force are assumed to be (-).
Notes
1. If truss is externally indeterminate by degree 1 but internally, determinate by -1, then = 0.
In such case in order to find external reactions, there must be conditions such that a part of
truss may be rotated about a practical joint.
Example
C
= m + r -2j =
x
= 4-3 = 1
= -1
No. of equilibrium conditions
=0
3 condition obtained through rotation at C i.e. M = 0
2. If at a joint three members meet and two of them are collinear and there is no external force
at that joint, then the third members carries zero force always.
3. If at a joint only two members meet and there is no external force at that joint and if
members are not collinearly then both member will carry zero forces.
Arches
Arches are a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning great amount of open space.
All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses.
Page 2
Chapter 1
Structural Analysis
Types of arches based on number of hinges

1) Single hinged arch
2) Two hinged arch
3) Third hinged arch
4) Fixed arch or hinge less arch
(a)
(c)
Single Hinged arch
(b)
Two hinged arch
Two hinged arch
(d)
Fixed arch
A three hinged arch is a statically determinate structure whre the rest three aches are
statically indeterminate
In bridge construction, especially is railroad bridges, the more frequently used aches the
two hinged and the fixed end ones.
Three Hinged Arches
A three hinged arch is a statically determinate structure, having a hinged at each
abutment or springing, and also at the crown.
In three hinged arch three equations are available from static equilibrium and one
additional equation is available from the fact that B.M at the hinge at the crown is zero.
Standard cases
Case1: A three hinged parabolic arch of span L rise h carries a udl of w over the whole span
W unit per run
h
H
L
(a) The horizontal reaction at each support is H =
(b) The net bending moment and shear force at any section on the parabolic three hinged
arch is zero
M = Beam moment H moment = 0
Case2: A three hinged semicircular arch of radius R carries a udl of w even the whole span.
Page 3
Chapter 1
Structural Analysis
W unit per run

X
C
R
y
WR
WR
(a) The horizontal thrust at each end; H =

(b) The maximum bending moment for the arch is Mmax =
( ogging) which occurs at
= 3 from the horizontal and the distance of point of maximum bending moment from
the crown is,
R cos 3
Case3: A three hinged arch consisting of two quadrant parts AC and CB of radii R and R . The
arch carries a concentrated load of W on the crown
W
C
=H=
Case4: A symmetrical three- hinged parabolic arch of span land rise carries a point load w, which
may be placed anywhere on the span
W
K
y
x
L
Page 4
Chapter 1
Structural Analysis
H=
The absolute maximum bending moment occurs at a distance of
on either side of the crown
Case5: A three hinged parabolic arch of span l has its abutments at depth h and h below the
crown the arch carries a ude of w per unit length over the whole span
h
H A
h
L
B
L
The horizontal thrust at each support is give by H =
Case6: A three hinged parabolic arch of span l has its abutments A and B at depth h and h
below the crown C. The arch carries a concentrated load W at the crown.
The horizontal thrust at each support is given by
H=
Hinged Arches:
Two hinged arch is an indeterminate structure. and
can be determined by taking moment
about either end. The horizontal thrust at each support may be determined from the condition
that the horizontal displacement of the either hinge with respect to other is zero
C
y
H=
Where, M is beam moment
Page 5

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Analysis of GATE Papers

Trusses and Arches

Influence Line Diagram and Rolling loads

Various Methods for Determining Slope and Deflection at

Degree of Static Indeterminacy

Influence Line Diagram and Rolling Loads

Slope and Deflection Method

Degree of Static Indeterminacy

Force / Energy Methods

Matrix Method of Structural Analysis

Matrix Concept & Algebra

#9. Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram

#10. Thin Walled Pressure Vessel

Thin Walled Pressure Vessels

#11. Simple Bending Theory

Simple Bending Theory

Plane Trusses (2D)

Space Trusses (3D)

- Degree of static indeterminacy

Assumption involved in analysis of trusses

Determinate truss can be analyzed by methods

Types of arches based on number of hinges

Single Hinged arch

Two hinged arch

Two hinged arch

W unit per run

(a) The horizontal thrust at each end; H =

on either side of the crown

Where, M is beam moment

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