Graduate Studies Program, De Salle University - Manila

Gokongwei College of Engineering, Department Of Civil Engineering

MSCE Offshore Program

CIV 605M: ADV. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

A CASE STUDY ON PLANE FRAMES WITH AND

WITHOUT AXIAL DEFORMATIONS

Submitted to:

Dr. Andy Oreta

Engr. Benjie Dimaculangan

Submitted by:

RIZALYN C. ILUMIN

JOHN T. ZAMORA

April 14, 2016

 A CASE STUDY ON PLANE FRAMES WITH AND WITHOUT AXIAL DEFORMATIONS

by

Rizalyn C. Ilumin & John T. Zamora

ABSTRACT

This Case Study presents an analysis of Plane Frames with and without axial
deformations. Specifically, this study presented a model of plane frame when axial deformations
in beams or in columns are neglected. This study investigated a two storey frame structure with
load case involving dead load, live load, and wind load subjected to axial deformations and being
compared to the same frame structure without the axial deformations. Using Excel for matrix
calculations and verifying the results using GRASP, the result of the study showed that axial
deformations have minimal effects on the two storey structure compared to the effects of bending.
This result implies that neglecting axial deformations leads to a conservative design since
attention are focused only on the load cases.

Introduction

Frames, also referred to as rigid frames, are composed of straight members connected by
rigid (moment resisting) and/or flexible connections. Unlike trusses, which are subjected to
external loads only at the joints, loads on frames may be applied on the joints as well as on the
members. If all the members of a frame and the applied loads lie in a single plane, the frame is
called a plane frame.

It has been established that the displacement method, where the joint displacements and
rotations are the unknowns, generates a system of joint equilibrium equations. Both statically
determinate and statically indeterminate structures are solved by the displacement method. The
global stiffness matrix is the sum of the element stiffness matrices and can be formed with respect
to all possible joint displacement degrees of freedom. The minimum number of supports required
for a stable system is that which will prevent rigid body movement of the structure.

In the case of plane frame, all the members lie in the same plane and are interconnected
by rigid joints. The internal stress resultants at a cross-section of a plane frame member consist
of bending moment, shear force and an axial force. The significant deformations in the plane
frame are only flexural and axial. In this study, the analysis of plane frame by direct stiffness matrix
method is presented and verified using GRASP software. Initially, the stiffness matrix of the plane
frame member is derived in its local co-ordinate axes and then it is transformed to global co-
ordinate system. In the case of plane frames, members are oriented in different directions and
hence before forming the global stiffness matrix it is necessary to refer all the member stiffness
matrices to the same set of axes. This is achieved by transformation of forces and displacements
to global co-ordinate system.
General Theory Associated with Constraints

Structural engineers have used displacement constraints in structural analysis for over a
century. For example, the two dimensional portal frame shown in Figure 1 has six degrees of
freedom (DOF). Therefore, six independent joint loads are possible.

Figure 1. Utilization of Displacement Constraints in Portal Analysis

Using hand calculations and the slop-deflection method, is common practice to neglect axial
deformations within the three members of the portal frame. In mathematical notation, those three
constraint equations can be written as:

Uy1 =0

Uy2 = 0 (Equation 1)

Ux2 = Ux1

As a result of these constraints, the following load assumptions must be made:

Ry1 =0

Ry2 = 0 (Equation 2)

Rx1 = Rx1 + Rx2

Note the similarities between the displacement compatibility conditions, Equation 1, and the force
equilibrium requirements, Equation 2.

From this simple example, the following general comments can be made:

1. The application of a constraint equation must be justified by a physical understanding of

structural behavior. In this case, we can say that the axial deformations are small
compared to lateral deformation Ux1. Also, the axial deformations in the columns do not
cause significant bending forces within the other members of the structure. In addition,
vertical loads cannot be applied that can cause horizontal displacements in the real
structure.
2. In general, for each application of a constraint equation, one global joint displacement
degree of freedom is eliminated.

3. The force association with each axial deformation, which has been set to zero, cannot
be calculated directly. Because the axial deformation has been set to zero, a computer
program based on a displacement method will produce a zero axial force. This
approximation can have serious consequences if “automatic code design checks” are
conducted by the computer program.

4. The constraint equations should be applied at the element stiffness level before addition
of element stiffness matrices to the global joint equilibrium equations.

The main objective of this case study is to model the plane frame if axial deformations in beams are
neglected or columns are neglected. Two story plane frame is used to model for the purpose of this tudy.

Drift Index is a simple estimate of the lateral stiffness of the building and is used almost exclusively
to limit damage to nonstructural components.

Load cases for frames analysis

A load case is a combination of different types of loads with safety factors applied to them.
A structure is checked for strength and serviceability against all the load cases it is like to
experience during its lifetime.

Wind Load

Lateral deflection or drift of structures and deformation of horizontal diaphragms and

bracing systems due to wind effects shall not impair the serviceability of the structure
(ASCE 7-05 App. B.1.2).

Earthquake Load

All structural framing elements and connections, not required by design to be part of the
lateral-force-resisting system, shall designed and/or detailed to be adequate to maintain
support of deal load plus live loads when subjected to the expected deformations caused
by seismic forces (ASEP, 2003).
AXIAL DEFORMATION IN FRAMES

Generally, axial deformations, as well as shear deformations are neglected when solving
frame problems using slope-deflection and moment distribution methods. The neglect of these
deformations can be justified by including them in some typical frames by using a solution
technique such as virtual work, and then comparing their contributions to the total displacements
with those of only the flexural terms. For large majority of frame geometries the contributions are
very small in comparison to those of bending.

SAMPLE PROBLEM INVOLVING FRAMES WITH AXIAL DEFORMATIONS:

A. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

A frame is loaded as shown.

Subjected to the following properties:

Element E(N/mm2) I (mm4) L(mm) Area(mm2)

1 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000
2 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000
3 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000
4 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000
5 30,000 480,000,000 4,573.17 75000
6 30,000 480,000,000 4,573.17 75000
Load combinations
Case No. 1= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Case No.No.2= 1.05DL + 1.275LL +1.1.275W
Required:

1. Nodal Displacements

2. Reaction and Member Forces

3. Consider Axial Deformations

A. EXCEL COMPUTATIONS

1. Properties of each element:

Element Node E(N/mm2) I (mm4) L(mm) Area(mm2) angle

1 1-6 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000 90
2 2-3 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000 90
3 6-5 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000 90
4 3-4 30,000 480,000,000 3,658.54 75000 90
5 3-6 30,000 480,000,000 4,573.17 75000 180
6 4-5 30,000 480,000,000 4,573.17 75000 180

Load combinations
Case No. 1= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Case No. 2= 1.05DL + 1.275LL +1.1.275W

Second Floor
Case No. 1= 1.4 (25) + 1.7(10) = 52 kn/m
Case No. 2= 1.05(25)+1.275(10) + 1.275(30)= 77.25 kn/m
Total = (52+77.25)=129.25 kN/m

First Floor
Case No. 1= 1.4 (25) + 1.7(10) = 52 kn/m
Case No. 2= 1.05(25)+1.275(10) + 1.275(10)= 51.75 kn/m
Total = (52 + 51.75)=103.75 kN/m

Uniformly Distributed Load

Moment WL2/12
Shear WL/2

Second Floor
Moment (129.25 x 52)/12 = 269.27 kN.m
Shear (129.25 x 5)/2 =323.125 kN

Fisrt Floor
Moment (103.75 x 52)/12=216.15 kN.m
Shear (103.75 x 5)/2=259.375 kN
Summary of Equations used
1.) [P] = [K] [X] - [Po]
where : [P] = Nodal Forces Column Matrix
[K] = Structure Stiffness
[X] = Nodal Displacement
Matrix
[Po] = Equivalent Nodal Forces
2.) [k]n = [A] [S] [A]T (for each element)
where : [A] = Transformation Matrix relating Nodal Forces and Local Forces [F]
[S] = Element Stiffness Matrix
[A]T = Transpose of [A]
[k]n = element stiffness of membe matrix n
3.) [F] = [S] [A]T [X] - [Fo] (for each element)

where : [F] = Local Forces

[Fo] = Equivalent Nodal Forces Per Element

4.) [D] = [A]T [X] (for each element)

where : [D] = Element Displacement Matrix in Local Coordinates
5.)
cosθ -sinθ 0 0 0 0
sinθ cosθ 0 0 0 0
[A] = 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 cosθ -sinθ 0
0 0 0 sinθ cosθ 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

6.)
AE/L -AE/L
12EI/L3 6EI/L2 -12EI/L3 6EI/L2
[S] = 6EI/L2 4EI/L -6EI/L2 2EI/L
-AE/L AE/L
-
-12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 12EI/L3 6EI/L2
6EI/L2 2EI/L -6EI/L2 4EI/L
7.)
AE/L c2+12EI/L3 AE/L cs - -(AE/L -(AE/L cs -
s2 12EI/L3 cs -6EI/L2 s c2+12EI/L3 s2) 12EI/L3 cs) -6EI/L2 s
AE/L cs - AE/L s2 + -(AE/L cs - -(AE/L s2 +
12EI/L3 cs 12EI/L3 c2 -6EI/L2 c 12EI/L3 cs) 12EI/L3 c2) -6EI/L2 c
[k]n = -6EI/L2 s -6EI/L2 c 4EI/L 6EI/L2 s 6EI/L2 c 2EI/L
-(AE/L -(AE/L cs - AE/L c2+12EI/L3 AE/L cs -
c2+12EI/L3 s2) 12EI/L3 cs) 6EI/L2 s s2 12EI/L3 cs 6EI/L2 s
-(AE/L cs - -(AE/L s2 + AE/L cs - AE/L s2 +
12EI/L3 cs) 12EI/L3 c2) 6EI/L2 c 12EI/L3 cs 12EI/L3 c2 6EI/L2 c
-6EI/L2 s -6EI/L2 c 2EI/L 6EI/L2 s 6EI/L2 c 4EI/L

note: c = cosθ c2 = cos2θ

s = sinθ s2 = sin2θ

Consider Member 1
Assemble [S]
562,500.00 0.00 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2,700.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 -2,700.00 5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00
-562,500.00 0.00 0.00 562,500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -2,700.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 2,700.00 -5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00
Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]1 = [A][S][A]T

1 2 3 16 17 18
2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 1
0.00 562,500.00 0.00 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 2
-5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 3
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 16
0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00 562,500.00 0.00 17
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 18

Consider Member 2
Assemble [S]
562,500.00 0.00 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2,700.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 -2,700.00 5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00
-562,500.00 0.00 0.00 562,500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -2,700.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 2,700.00 -5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00

Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]2 = [A][S][A]T

4 5 6 7 8 9
2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 4
0.00 562,500.00 0.00 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 5
-5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 6
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 7
0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00 562,500.00 0.00 8
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 9

Consider Member 3
Assemble [S]
9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2,700.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 -2,700.00 5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00
-9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -2,700.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 2,700.00 -5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00

Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]3 = [A][S][A]T

16 17 18 13 14 15
2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 16
0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 17
-5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 18
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 13
0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 14
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 15
Consider Member 4

Assemble [S]
9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2,700.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 -2,700.00 5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00
-9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -2,700.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 2,700.00 -5,400,000.00
0.00 5,400,000.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 14,400,000,000.00

Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]4 = [A][S][A]T

7 8 9 10 11 12
2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 7
0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 8
-5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 9
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 10
0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,000,000.00 0.00 11
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 12

Consider Member 5

Assemble [S]
450,000.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00
0.00 3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 450,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 1,382.40 -3,456,000.00
0.00 3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00

Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]5 = [A][S][A]T

7 8 9 16 17 18
450,000.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00 7
0.00 1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 -1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 8
0.00 -3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 0.00 3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 9
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 450,000.00 0.00 0.00 16
0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 1,382.40 3,456,000.00 17
0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 18

Consider Member 6

Assemble [S]
450,000.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00
0.00 3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 450,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 1,382.40 -3,456,000.00
0.00 3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00
Assemble Element Global Stiffness [k]6 = [A][S][A]T

10 11 12 13 14 15
450,000.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00 10
0.00 1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 -1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 11
0.00 -3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 0.00 3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 12
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 450,000.00 0.00 0.00 13
0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 1,382.40 3,456,000.00 14
0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 3,456,000.00 11,520,000,000.00 15

Global Stiffness Matrix:

Fp 1 2 3 4 5 6
F1 2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F2 0.00 562,500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F3 -5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F4 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00
F5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 562,500.00 0.00
F6 0.00 0.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 14,400,000,000.00
F7 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00
F8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00
F9 0.00 0.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00
K=
F10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F16 -2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F17 0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
F18 -5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

continues…

7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
455,400.00 0.00 0.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00
0.00 9,000,563,882.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -3,456,000.00 40,320,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 452,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 -450,000.00
0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,001,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 -3,456,000.00 25,920,000,000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00 452,700.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 5,400,000.00
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2,700.00
0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5,400,000.00
continues…

14 15 16 17 18
0.00 0.00 -2700 0 -5400000 U1 1
0.00 0.00 0 -562500 0 U2 2
0.00 0.00 5400000 0 7200000000 U3 3
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U4 4
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U5 5
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U6 6
0.00 0.00 -450000 5.49623E-11 -4.23411E-10 U7 7
0.00 0.00 5.49623E-11 -1382.4 -3456000 U8 8
0.00 0.00 4.23411E-10 3456000 5760000000 U9 9
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U10 10
-1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0 0 0 U11 11
3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0 0 0 U12 12
0.00 5,400,000.00 -2700 -5.51317E-07 5400000 U13 13
9,000,001,382.40 3,456,000.00 -5.51317E-07 -9000000000 -3.3079E-10 U14 14
3,456,000.00 25,920,000,000.00 -5400000 3.3079E-10 7200000000 U15 15
0.00 -5,400,000.00 455400 5.51262E-07 4.23411E-10 U16 16
-9,000,000,000.00 0.00 5.51262E-07 9000563882 3456000 U17 17
0.00 7,200,000,000.00 4.23411E-10 3456000 40320000000 U18 18

Strcuture Formula:

Fp = Kpp*Up + Kps*Us
Fs = Ksp*Up + Kss*Up
Nodal Displacements:

Up = Kpp(inverse)*Fp
U7 43.348 mm
U8 -1.208 rad
U9 -0.005 mm
U10 84.431 mm
U11 -1.208 rad
U12 0.007 mm
=
U13 84.698 mm
U14 -0.863 rad
U15 -0.017 mm
U16 43.277 mm
U17 -0.863 rad
U18 -0.013 mm

Support Reactions

F1 -47.0831 kN
F2 485.6851 kN
F3 140.6761 kN.m
F4 -87.9169 kN
F5 679.3149 kN
F6 195.2495 kN.m
MEMBER FORCES:

Determine Member End Forces using [F] = [S][A]T [X] - [F]o

Consider Member 1
[S]
562500.00 0.00 0.00 -562500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2700.00 5400000.00 0.00 -2700.00 5400000.00
[F] = 0.00 5400000.00 1.44000E+10 0.00 -5400000.00 7.20000E+09
-562500.00 0.00 0.00 562500.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -2700.00 -5400000.00 0.00 2700.00 -5400000.00
0.00 5400000.00 7.20000E+09 0.00 -5400000.00 1.44000E+10

[A]T
0 1 0 0 0 0
-1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

[X] [Fo]
0.0000 0 1
0.0000 0 2
0.0000 - 0 3
43.2770 0 16
-0.8634 0 17
-0.0129 0 18

F1= 485,685.12 N = 485.69 KN

F2= 47,083.08 N = 47.08 KN
F3= 140,676,104.52 N-m = 140.68 KN-m
F4= -485,685.12 N = -485.69 KN
F5= -47,083.08 N = -47.08 KN
F6= 47,656,196.38 N-m = 47.66 KN-m
Consider Member 2
[S]
5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09
-5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10

[A]T [X] [Fo]

0 1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
-1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0.0000 - 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 43.3483 0
0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1.2077 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0054 0

F1= 679,314.88 N = 679.31 KN

F2= 87,916.92 N = 87.92 KN
F3= 195,249,479.40 N-mm = 195.25 KN-m
F4= -679,314.88 N = -679.31 KN
F5= -87,916.92 N = -87.92 KN
F6= 156,418,219.71 N-mm = 156.42 KN-m

Consider Member 3
[S]
9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09
-9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10

[A]T [X] [Fo]

0 1 0 0 0 0 43.2770 0.00000E+00
-1 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8634 0.00000E+00
0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0129 - 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 1 0 84.6979 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 -1 0 0 -0.8635 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0170 0.00000E+00

F1= 289,122.81 - 0.00 = 289.12 KN

F2= -49,977.46 - 0.00 = -49.98 KN
F3= -85,098,996.89 - 0.00 = -85.10 KN.m
F4= -289,122.81 - 0.00 = -289.12 KN
F5= 49,977.46 - 0.00 = 49.98 KN
F6= -114,810,845.28 - 0.00 = -114.81 KN.m
Consider Member 4
[S]
9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09
-9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10

[A]T [X] [Fo]

0 1 0 0 0 0 43.3483 0.00000E+00
-1 0 0 0 0 0 -1.2077 0.00000E+00
0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0054 - 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 1 0 84.4313 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1.2077 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0071 0.00000E+00

F1= 357,127.19 - 0.00 = 357.13 KN

F2= 119,977.46 - 0.00 = 119.98 KN
F3= 195,088,061.02 - 0.00 = 195.09 KN.m
F4= -357,127.19 - 0.00 = -357.13 KN
F5= -119,977.46 - 0.00 = -119.98 KN
F6= 284,821,781.14 - 0.00 = 284.82 KN.m

Consider Member 5
[S]
4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06
[F] = 0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09
-4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06
0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10

[A]T [X] [Fo]

-1 0 0 0 0 0 43.3483 0.00000E+00
0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1.2077 2.59375E+05
0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0054 - -2.16146E+08
0 0 0 -1 0 0 43.2770 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -0.8634 2.59375E+05
0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0129 2.16146E+08

F1= -32,060.54 - 0.00 = -32.06 KN

F2= -62,812.70 - 259,375.00 = -322.19 KN
F3= -135,356,280.73 - -216,145,833.30 = 80.79 KN.m
F4= 32,060.54 - 0.00 = 32.06 KN
F5= 62,812.70 - 259,375.00 = -196.56 KN
F6= -178,707,199.49 - 216,145,833.30 = -394.85 KN.m
Consider Member 6
[S]
4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06
[F] = 0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09
-4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06
0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10

[A]T [X] [Fo]

-1 0 0 0 0 0 84.4313 0.00000E+00
0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1.2077 3.23125E+05
0 0 1 0 0 0 0.0071 - -2.69271E+08
0 0 0 -1 0 0 84.6979 0.00000E+00
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -0.8635 3.23125E+05
0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0170 -2.69271E+08

F1= 119,977.46 - 0.00 = 119.98 KN

F2= -34,002.19 - 323,125.00 = -357.13 KN
F3= -15,551,781.14 - -269,270,833.00 = 253.72 KN.m
F4= -119,977.46 - 0.00 = -119.98 KN
F5= 34,002.19 - 323,125.00 = -289.12 KN
F6= -154,459,154.72 - -269,270,833.00 = 114.81 KN.m

B. GRASP VERIFICATIONS
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS

SUPPORT REACTIONS
BENDING AND SHEAR
AXIAL FORCES:
NEGLECTING AXIAL DEFORMATION IN BEAM AND COLUMNS

Global Stiffness Matrix:

continues…

7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -562,500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
455,400.00 0.00 0.00 -2,700.00 0.00 -5,400,000.00 0.00
0.00 9,000,563,882.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -3,456,000.00 40,320,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 0.00
-2,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 452,700.00 0.00 5,400,000.00 -450,000.00
0.00 -9,000,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 9,000,001,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0.00
-5,400,000.00 0.00 7,200,000,000.00 5,400,000.00 -3,456,000.00 25,920,000,000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 -450,000.00 0.00 0.00 452,700.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 5,400,000.00
-450,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2,700.00
0.00 -1,382.40 3,456,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 -3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5,400,000.00
continues…

14 15 16 17 18
0.00 0.00 -2700 0 -5400000 U1 1
0.00 0.00 0 -562500 0 U2 2
0.00 0.00 5400000 0 7200000000 U3 3
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U4 4
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U5 5
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U6 6
0.00 0.00 -450000 5.49623E-11 -4.23411E-10 U7 7
0.00 0.00 5.49623E-11 -1382.4 -3456000 U8 8
0.00 0.00 4.23411E-10 3456000 5760000000 U9 9
0.00 0.00 0 0 0 U10 10
-1,382.40 -3,456,000.00 0 0 0 U11 11
3,456,000.00 5,760,000,000.00 0 0 0 U12 12
0.00 5,400,000.00 -2700 -5.51317E-07 5400000 U13 13
9,000,001,382.40 3,456,000.00 -5.51317E-07 -9000000000 -3.3079E-10 U14 14
3,456,000.00 25,920,000,000.00 -5400000 3.3079E-10 7200000000 U15 15
0.00 -5,400,000.00 455400 5.51262E-07 4.23411E-10 U16 16
-9,000,000,000.00 0.00 5.51262E-07 9000563882 3456000 U17 17
0.00 7,200,000,000.00 4.23411E-10 3456000 40320000000 U18 18

Strcuture Formula:

Fp = Kpp*Up + Kps*Us
Fs = Ksp*Up + Kss*Up
continues…
Continues..
After neglecting the axial deformation in beams and columns, the above displacements
and rotations were calculated.
PROCESS OF IMPOSING CONSTRAINTS ON CERTAIN DISPLACEMENTS

Ff Kff Kfc Uf
=
Fc Kcf Kcc Uc

Expanding the equation

Ff = Kff*Uf + Kfc*Uc
Fc = Kcf*Uf + Kcc*Uc

Constraint Equation
Uc = [C]Uf

Combining these two equation

Ff = Kff*Uf + Kfc*C*Uf
Fc = Kcf*Uf + Kcc*C*Uf

Uc are the eliminated displacements in neglecting axial deformation

Uf are the remaining displacements after neglecting axial deformation

Uf Uc
U7 U8
U9 U11
U10 U13
U12 U14
U15 U16
U18 U17
Continues..
Continues..

PROCESS OF IMPOSING CONSTRAINTS ON CERTAIN DISPLACEMENTS

Ff Kff Kfc Uf
=
Fc Kcf Kcc Uc

Expanding the equation

Ff = Kff*Uf + Kfc*Uc
Fc = Kcf*Uf + Kcc*Uc

Partitioned matrices
Solving for the member forces using the displacements obtained

After neglecting axial forces in beams and columns

Up = Kpp(inverse)*Fp
U7 0.46424 mm
U9 -0.00709 rad
U10 0.01518 mm
U12 -0.00483 rad
U15 65.89064 rad
U18 0.04582 rad

Determine Member End Forces using [F] = [S][A]T [X] - [F]o

Consider Member 1
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
562500.00 0.00 0.00 -562500.00 0.00 0.00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
0.00 2700.00 5400000.00 0.00 -2700.00 5400000.00 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
[F] = 0.00 5400000.00 1.44000E+10 0.00 -5400000.00 7.20000E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.0000 - 0
-562500.00 0.00 0.00 562500.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0000 0
0.00 -2700.00 -5400000.00 0.00 2700.00 -5400000.00 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.00 5400000.00 7.20000E+09 0.00 -5400000.00 1.44000E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0458 0

[A]
F1= 0.00 N = 0.00 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F2= 247,419.20 N = 247.42 KN 1 0 0 0 0 0
F3= 329,892,267.11 N-m = 329.89 KN-m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 0.00 N = 0.00 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F5= -247,419.20 N = -247.42 KN 0 0 0 1 0 0
F6= 659,784,534.22 N-m = 659.78 KN-m 0 0 0 0 0 1

Consider Member 2
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.0000 - 0
-5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.6250E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.4642 0
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0071 0

[A]
F1= 0.00 N = 0.00 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F2= -37,035.68 N = -37.04 KN 1 0 0 0 0 0
F3= -48,545,265.92 N-mm = -48.55 KN-m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 0.00 N = 0.00 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F5= 37,035.68 N = 37.04 KN 0 0 0 1 0 0
F6= -99,597,450.11 N-mm = -99.60 KN-m 0 0 0 0 0 1
Consider Member 3
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.0458 - 0
-9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 65.8906 0

[A]
F1= 0.00 - 0.00 = 0.00 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F2= 356,056,890.93 - 0.00 = 356,056.89 KN 1 0 0 0 0 0
F3= 475,072,413,502.94 - 0.00 = 475,072.41 KN.m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 0.00 - 0.00 = 0.00 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F5= -356,056,890.93 - 0.00 = -356,056.89 KN 0 0 0 1 0 0
F6= 949,155,150,204.55 - 0.00 = 949,155.15 KN.m 0 0 0 0 0 1

Consider Member 4
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.4642 0
0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 5.4000E+06 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000 0
[F] = 0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0071 - 0
-9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.0000E+09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0152 0
0.0000E+00 -2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0.0000E+00 2.7000E+03 -5.4000E+06 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 5.4000E+06 7.2000E+09 0.0000E+00 -5.4000E+06 1.4400E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 -0.0048 0

[A]
F1= 0.00 - 0.00 = 0.00 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F2= -65,591.89 - 0.00 = -65.59 KN 1 0 0 0 0 0
F3= -139,316,349.16 - 0.00 = -139.32 KN.m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 0.00 - 0.00 = 0.00 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F5= 65,591.89 - 0.00 = 65.59 KN 0 0 0 1 0 0
F6= -123,051,223.79 - 0.00 = -123.05 KN.m 0 0 0 0 0 1

Consider Member 5
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.4642 0
0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 259375
[F] = 0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0071 - 216145833
-4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0.0000 259375
0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0458 -216145833

[A]
F1= -208,909.86 - 0.00 = -208.91 KN -1 0 0 0 0 0
F2= 133,843.24 - 259,375.00 = -125.53 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F3= 182,230,318.97 - 216,145,833.00 = -33.92 KN.m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 208,909.86 - 0.00 = 208.91 KN 0 0 0 -1 0 0
F5= -133,843.24 - 259,375.00 = -393.22 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F6= 486,985,880.02 - -216,145,833.00 = 703.13 KN.m 0 0 0 0 0 1

Consider Member 6
[S] [A]T [X] [Fo]
4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0152 0
0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 3.4560E+06 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0.0000 323125
[F] = 0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.0048 - 269270833
-4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5000E+05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0.0000 0
0.0000E+00 -1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0.0000E+00 1.3824E+03 -3.4560E+06 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0.0000 323125
0.0000E+00 3.4560E+06 5.7600E+09 0.0000E+00 -3.4560E+06 1.1520E+10 0 0 0 0 0 1 65.8906 -269270833

[A]
F1= -6,833.03 - 0.00 = -6.83 KN -1 0 0 0 0 0
F2= 227,701,364.12 - 323,125.00 = 227,378.24 KN 0 -1 0 0 0 0
F3= 379,474,443,880.84 - 269,270,833.00 = 379,205.17 KN.m 0 0 1 0 0 0
F4= 6,833.03 - 0.00 = 6.83 KN 0 0 0 -1 0 0
F5= -227,701,364.12 - 323,125.00 = -228,024.49 KN 0 0 0 0 -1 0
F6= 759,032,376,702.89 - -269,270,833.00 = 759,301.65 KN.m 0 0 0 0 0 1

Summary:

Traditionally, constraint were used to reduce the number of equations to be solved. At the
present time, however, the high speed of the current generation of inexpensive personal
computers allows for the double-precision solution of several thousand equations within a few
minutes. Hence, constraints should be used to avoid numerical problems and to create a realistic
model that accurately predicts the behavior of the real structure.