CIE 119

Principles of Steel Design

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education
 SYLLABUS

PEN Code: CIE 119 Credit: 4 units (1 lab)

PEN Subject Title: Principles of Steel Design Prerequisite: CIE136

I. Subject Description:
A professional course common to all civil engineering students designed to provide fundamental concepts,
principles, and theories in the structural strength analysis and design of steel elements in a structure. It involves topics
such as Familiarization of Various Structural Shapes, Connections, Analysis and Design of Members for Bending, Axial
Compression, Axial Tension, Shear, and Combine Axial and Flexural Loading.

II. Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the stress-strain characteristics of steel in both elastic and plastic stages of deformation;
2. Be able to determine the strength of structural steel members in axial loading, bending, shear, and torsion for
various cross-sectional shapes in both elastic and plastic conditions
3. Be able to apply allowable strength and load-and-resistance factor design methods of steel design
4. Be able to determine the strength of bolted/riveted and welded connections

III. Subject Outline and Time Allotment:

Lesson
Topics Week
No.
Introduction to Principles of Steel Design
• Identification of civil engineering structures for which the use of
structural steel is applicable for use
• Typical stress-strain characteristics of steel in simple tension
1-2 and the evaluation of its mechanical properties 1
Familiarization of Various Structural Shapes
• Rolled sections, built-up sections
• Determination of the cross-sectional properties of structural
shapes
Analysis and Design of Members for Bending
• Factors affecting the allowable bending stress
• Compact, non-compact, slender sections in bending
3-4 • Lateral unbraced length of flexural members 2
• Moment-resisting capacity of beams
• Nominal bending, plastic bending strength
• ASD and LRFD for bending
Analysis and Design for Axial Compression
• Euler’s critical load, critical stress
• End conditions and slenderness ratio
• Factors affecting the allowable compressive stress
5-7 3-4
• Code provisions for allowable compressive stress
• Evaluation of allowable axial compressive load for any structural
shape and slenderness
• Use of available tables in manuals for allowable concentric loads

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 SYLLABUS

• Column built-up sections, evaluation of allowable concentric

load
• ASD and LRFD of axially-loaded compression members
FIRST PERIODICAL EXAM 5
Shear Strength of Structural Members
• Allowable shear stress, allowable shear strength
8-9 6
• Nominal shear strength
• ASD and LRFD of structural elements for shear
Combined Axial and Flexural Loading
• Investigation of column adequacy under combined loading
10-12 7=8
• Conversion of moments to equivalent axial loads
• Design of columns under combined loading
SECOND PERIODICAL EXAM 9
Analysis and Design for Axial Tension
• Reference codes of practice –AISC, NSCP C101
• Factors affecting the allowable tensile stress
• Gross area, net area, effective net area for bolted/riveted
13 connections 10
• Limiting slenderness of tension members
• Allowable tensile strength, ultimate tensile strength
• Allowable strength design (ASD) and load-and-resistance factor
• design (LRFD) methods
Connections
• Welded connections
• Types of welds
14-17 • Allowable strength of welds 10-12
• Allowable strength of welded connections
• Bolted/riveted connections, allowable strength of bolts/rivets
• Allowable strength of bolts, rivets
THIRD PERIODIC EXAM 13
FINAL EXAMINATION

IV. Textbook/Reference:
1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction, latest edition
2. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), National Structural Code for Buildings and Other
Vertical Structures (NSCP C101. 7th Ed.), 2016
3. Spiegel, Leonard and Limbrunner, George F, Applied Structural Steel Design, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, Inc., 1997

V. Course Requirements
Requirements Due Date
Student’s Activity Sheets/Problem Set
There will be three periodic examinations and a quiz for every periodic and passing score
for all activities/evaluations is 60%.

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 SYLLABUS

VI. Grading System:

The Final Grade is computed as follows:
FG=(0.17×P1) + (0.17×P2) + (0.16×P3) + (0.50×FE)
The 1st Periodical Grade is computed as follows:
P1 = (0.60xEXAM) + (0.20xQAVE) + (0.20xPS)
The 2nd Periodical Grade is computed as follows:
P2 = (0.60xEXAM) + (0.20xQAVE) + (0.20xPS)
The 3rd Periodical Grade is computed as follows:
P3 = (0.60xEXAM) + (0.20xQAVE) + (0.20xPS)

VII. Contact Information

Name : ___________________________
Contact Number : ___________________________
Email : ___________________________

___ Engr. John T. Zamora, MSCE, EdD Date:_______________

Dean, Engineering & Architecture

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Introduction to Principles of Steel Design Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define Steel Design William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Enumerate the different type of loads being considered in a Ed.,
steel structure. American Institute of Steel
3) Apply the principles of load factors or Ultimate Stress Design Construction (AISC), Manual of
Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“ Learn by heart the basic principles of

every lesson. Don’t skip the
fundamentals just because it’s basic. “
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (5 mins)

v The structural design of buildings, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete, requires the
determination of the overall proportions and dimension of the supporting framework and the selection of
the cross sections of individual members.
v The structural engineer must select and evaluate the overall structural system in order to produce an
efficient and economical design but cannot do so without a thorough understanding of the design of the
components of the structure.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions:: What I Learned

a) What is structural steel?
b) Compared to reinforced
concrete, what are the
advantages and disadvantage
of a steel structure?
c) What are the types of loads
affecting a steel structure?
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

STEEL DESIGN

v Various types of structural members include trusses and frames. The members of a frame are rigidly
connected by welding and can be assumed to form a continuous structure. At the supports, the members
are welded to a rectangular plate that is bolted to a concrete footing. Placing several of these frames in
parallel and connecting them with additional members that are then covered with roofing material and
walls produces a typical building system. The design and analysis of each frame in the system begins
with the idealization of the frame as a two-dimensional structure. Because the frame has a plane of
symmetry parallel to the page, we are able to treat the frame as two-dimensional and represent the frame
members by their centerlines. One assumption made in the usual methods of structural analysis is that
deformations are very small, which means that only a slight rotation of the support is needed to qualify it
as a pinned connection.
v Once the geometry and support conditions of the idealized frame have been established, the loading
must be determined. The determination usually involves apportioning a share of the total load to each
frame. If the hypothetical structure under consideration is subjected to a uniformly distributed roof load,
the portion carried by one frame will be a uniformly distributed line load measured in force per unit length.

v For the loading shown, the frame will deform as indicated by the dashed line (drawn to a greatly
exaggerated scale). The individual members of the frame can be classified according to the type of
behavior represented by this deformed shape. The horizontal members AB and BC are subjected
primarily to bending, or flexure, and are called beams. The vertical member BD is subjected to couples
transferred from each beam, but for the symmetrical frame shown, they are equal and opposite, thereby
cancelling each other. Thus, member BD is subjected only to axial compression arising from the vertical
loads. In buildings, vertical compression members such as these are referred to as columns. The other
two vertical members, AE and CF, must resist not only axial compression arising from the vertical loads
but also a significant amount of bending. Such members are called beam-columns. In reality, all

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

members, even those classified as beams or columns, will be subjected to both bending and axial load,
but in many cases, the effects are minor and can be neglected.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

v In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural
members and their connections. They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer
to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code. They are periodically revised and updated by the
issuance of supplements or completely new editions. The specifications of most interest to the structural
steel designer are those published by the following organizations:
o National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)
§ American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
§ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

LOADS

v The forces that act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad categories: dead
load and live load. Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself,
which sometimes called the self-weight. In addition to the weight of the structure, dead loads in a building
include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, partitions, and suspended
ceilings (with light fixtures, mechanical equipment, and plumbing). All of the loads mentioned thus far are
forces resulting from gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. Live loads, which can also be gravity
loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. They may or may not be acting on the structure
at any given time, and the location may not be fixed. Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment,
and occupants of buildings.
v Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building, and because of its transient
nature, it properly belongs in the category of live loads. Because of the relative complexity of determining
wind loads, however, wind is usually considered a separate category of loading. Because lateral loads
are most detrimental to tall structures, wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but for
uplift on light roof systems can be critical.
v Earthquake loads are another special category and need to be considered only in those geographic
locations where there is a reasonable probability of occurrence. A structural analysis of the effects of an
earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the
earthquake.
v Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories, such as hydrostatic pressure and soil
pressure, but the cases we have enumerated are the ones ordinarily encountered in the design of
structural steel building frames and their members.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

LOAD FACTORS

Factored Loads
(Strength Design Method formerly Ultimate Stress Design)

NSCP 2010 Provisions

409.3 – Required Strength
409.3.1 – Required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in Eq. (409-1) through
Eq. (409-7). The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated.

(409-1) U = 1.4 ( D + F )
(409-2) U = 1.2 ( D + F + T ) + 1.6 ( L + H ) + 0.5 ( Lr or R )
(409-3) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or R ) + ( 1.0 E or 0.8 W )
(409-4) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 ( Lr or R )
(409-5) U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.8 L
(409-6) U = 0.9 D + 1.6 W + 1.6 H
(409-7) U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 H

NSCP 2015 Provisions

(405.31a) U = 1.4 D
(405.31b) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 ( Lr or R )
(405.31c) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or R ) + ( 1.0 L or 0.5 W )
(405.31d) U = 1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 ( Lr or R )
(405.31e) U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0 L
(405.31f) U = 0.9 D + 1.0 W
(405.31g) U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E

Where:

D = Dead Load Lr = Roof Live Load

E = Earthquake Load R = Rain Load
F = Load due to Fluids W = Wind Load
T = Load due to Temperature Change H = Load due to Lateral Pressure of soil
L = Live Loads except Roof Live Loads and water in soil

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

In order to identify the critical load from these load combinations, substitute the given
loads to their respective factors in order to obtain the factored loads. The critical factored
load is the load with the largest value among the computed factored loads.

Sample Problem 1
Section 409.3.1 of the 2010 NSCP provides the calculation of the required strength U as follows:

(409-1) U = 1.4 ( D + F ) (409-4) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 ( Lr

(409-2) U = 1.2 ( D + F + T ) + 1.6 ( L + H ) + or R )
0.5 ( Lr or R ) (409-5) U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 0.8 L
(409-3) U = 1.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or R ) + ( 1.0 E (409-6) U = 0.9 D + 1.6 W + 1.6 H
or 0.8 W ) (409-7) U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 H

A frame analysis of a given structure gives the following values of loads for one critical member:
Gravity Loads: Dead Load (D) = 200 kN, Roof Live Load (Lr) = 50 kN, Floor Live Load (L) = 250 kN
Wind Load: W = 40 kN (Compression) , W = 20 kN (Tension)
Earthquake Load: E = 50 kN (Compression), E = 25 kN (Tension)

a) Determine the factored load in kN, if dead load and live load combination governs.
b) Determine the factored load in kN, if wind load governs.
c) Determine the factored load in kN, if seismic load governs.
d) Determine the critical factored load in kN.

Solution
1a) Since the required factored load is composed of dead load and live load, choose the load combination
in which both are present. Use Eq. 409-2. If other loads are not given, assume the value of these loads
as 0. In this case, the value of F, T, H, and R is zero.

(Eq. 409-2) U = 1.2 D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr

U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 250 kN ) + 0.5 ( 50 kN )
U = 665 kN

1b) In this case, there are multiple load combinations that contain wind load, which are Eq. 409-3, 409-
4, and 409-6. The given wind load has also two cases, compression and tension. In this scenario,
compression is assumed to be positive while tension is assumed to be negative. Substitute the given
values in the following formulas then choose the largest value among the computed factored loads.

Compression:
(Eq. 409-3) U = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 50 kN ) + 0.8 ( 40 kN )
U = 352 kN
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

(Eq. 409-4) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0 L + 0.5Lr

U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 40 kN ) + 1.0 ( 250 kN ) + 0.5 ( 50 kN )
U = 579 kN
(Eq. 409-6) U = 0.9D + 1.6W
U= 0.9 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 40 kN )
U = 244 kN

Tension:
(Eq. 409-3) U = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 50 kN ) + 0.8 ( - 20 kN )
U = 304 kN
(Eq. 409-4) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0 L + 0.5Lr
U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( - 20 kN ) + 1.0 ( 250 kN ) + 0.5 ( 50 kN )
U = 483 kN
(Eq. 409-6) U = 0.9D + 1.6W
U= 0.9 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( -20 kN )
U = 148 kN
Use U = 579 kN

1c) As you may have observed from the previous scenario (1b), considering tension forces will yield a
smaller value compared to compression forces. This time, the solution will only include compression
forces. Try to use the tension forces if it will yield a similar result to the previous situation. This time,
earthquake loads are the one to be considered so let us use Eq. 409-3, 409-5, and 409-7, similarly the
value of F, T, H, and R is also zero.

Compression:
(Eq. 409-3) U = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 1.0E
U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.6 ( 50 kN ) + 0.8 ( 50 kN )
U = 360 kN
(Eq. 409-5) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.8L
U = 1.2 ( 200 kN ) + 1.0 ( 50 kN ) + 0.8 ( 250 kN )
U = 490 kN
(Eq. 409-7) U = 0.9D + 1.0E
U= 0.9 ( 200 kN ) + 1.0 ( 50 kN )
U = 230 kN
Use U = 490 kN

1d) As stated above, the critical load is the one with the greatest value among the load combinations.
Since Eq. 409-2 up to 409-7 has already been computed, let’s check if Eq. 409-1 will yield a larger value.

(Eq. 409-1) U = 1.4D

U = 1.4 ( 200 kN )
U = 280 kN < 665 kN
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Use U = 665 kN

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins + 5 mins checking)

Practice Problem 1
Based on the structural analysis performed in a simply-supported reinforced concrete beam, it yields the
following values of un-factored (service) loads. Floor Dead Load = 80 kN, Floor Live Load = 10 kN/m,
Wind Load = 60 kN, and Earthquake Load = 50 kN. The 10m beam has a dimension of 500 mm x 500
mm and the unit weight of concrete used is 24 kN/m^3. Use the provisions stated in NSCP 2015.

a) Determine the critical factored load in kN.

b) Determine the critical factored moment in kN-m.

Practice Problem 2
A 5m reinforced concrete beam, with dimensions 300 mm x 500 mm, has a superimposed dead load of
20kN/m and a live load of 10kN/m. If the unit weight of concrete used in the beam is 24 kN/m^3, what
would be the total service load carried by the beam?

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Using the internet or other books as a reference, look for the advantages and disadvantages of
using structural steel over reinforced concrete as a building material.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #1

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

FAQs
1) Are the given factors only applicable to concentrated loads?
a. No, you can use the factors to turn service moments into ultimate moments. You can also use it
for uniform loads and varying loads, before or after turning them into concentrated loads, and it
will only yield the same answer.
2) Do you have to memorize the provisions stated in the NSCP?
a. Most of the time, no. Certain provisions are given during Board Exams, for example the provisions
included in this module are commonly stated in a given problem.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

1.
a) Determine the critical factored load in kN. Answer: 328 kN
b) Determine the critical factored moment in kN-m. Answer: 530 kN-m
2.
a) What would be the total service load carried by the beam? Answer 33.6 kN/m

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Introduction to Principles of Steel Design Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define Structural Steel and determine its components. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Enumerate the cross sections of commonly used hot-rolled Ed.,
steel and built-up sections. American Institute of Steel
3) Calculate the centroidal moment of inertia of built-up Construction (AISC), Manual of
sections. Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“ Relate new information to existing memories. “

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (5 mins)

v Most often, the selection of the appropriate cross sections for the individual members of the structure will
entail choosing a standard cross-sectional shape that is widely available rather than requiring the
fabrication of a shape with unique dimensions and properties. The selection of an “off-the-shelf” item will
almost always be the most economical choice, even if it means using slightly more material.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins) Review

What I Know Questions:: What I Learned

a) What are the components of
Steel?
b) Enumerate the cross-sections
of commonly used hot-rolled
shapes of structural steel.
c) How do you obtain the
centroidal moment of inertia of
a rectangle on both its axes?

1
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

STRUCTURAL STEEL

v The various properties of structural steel, including strength and ductility, are determined by its chemical
composition. Steel is an alloy, its principal component being iron. Another component of all structural
steels, although in much smaller amounts, is carbon, which contributes to strength but reduces ductility.
Structural steels can be grouped according to their composition as follows:
o Plain Carbon Steel
o Low Alloy Steel
o High Alloy or Specialty Steel
v Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned them by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This organization develops standards for defining materials in
terms of their composition, properties, and performance, and it prescribes specific tests for measuring
these attributes. The usual grades of structural steel used in steel design include:
o A36 Steel – Fy = 36 ksi
o A50 Steel – Fy = 50 ksi
v The largest category of standard shapes includes those produced by hot-rolling. During the rolling
process, the member increases in length and is cut to standard lengths, usually a maximum of 65 to 75
feet, which are subsequently cut to the lengths required for a particular structure. Cross sections of some
of the more commonly used hot-rolled shapes are the following:
o W-shape, also called a wide-flange shape, consists of two parallel flanges separated by a single
web
§ Typical designation would be “W 18 x 50” where W indicates the type of shape, 18 is the
nominal depth parallel to the web, and 50 is the weight in pounds per foot of length.
o S-shape, also called American Standard and formerly called an I-beam, is similar to the W-shape,
the differences lies in the proportions, the flanges of the W are wider in relation to the web than
are the flanges of the S
§ Typical designation would be “S 18 x 70” where S indicates the type of shape, 18 is the
nominal depth parallel to the web, and 70 is the weight in pounds per foot of length.
o L-shape, also called Angle Shapes, which are available in either equal-leg or unequal-leg versions
§ Typical designation would be “L 6 x 6 x ¾” or “L 6 x 4 x ¾” where the three numbers are
the lengths of each of the two legs, and the thickness.
o T-shape, also called Structural Tee, is produced by splitting an I-shaped member at middepth.
§ Typical designation would be “WT 18 x 105”, where the prefix is either WT, ST, or MT,
depending on which shape it came from, 18 is the nominal depth parallel to the web, and
105 is the weight in pounds per foot of length.
o Other frequently used cross-sectional shapes include:
§ Bars, can be circular, square, or rectangular cross section, and width should be 8 inches
or less
§ Plate, if the width is more than 8 inches
§ Steel Pipe
§ Hollow Structural Sections (HSS), can either be round, square, or rectangular
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

v Other shapes are available, but those just described are the ones most frequently used. In most cases,
one of these standard shapes will satisfy design requirements. If the requirements are especially severe,
then a built-up section. Sometimes a standard shape is augmented by additional cross-section elements,
as when a cover plate is welded to one or both flanges of a W-shape.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

v Frequently, standard structural members are welded together to form a built-up section. The moments of
inertia of each section are easily found in a handbook. However, we cannot algebraically add moments
of inertia. We have to consider the changes in the centroid of the built-up section; therefore, we have to
use the same principle that we use in getting the moment of inertia of a composite section, which is the
Parallel Axes Theorem.
v Finding any centroidal moment of inertia requires the location of the centroid. Finding the centroid of a
built up section is no different from finding the centroid of a composite geometric section. First impose an
x-y coordinate axis at a location of your choice. In doing so, one should note it is appropriate to recognize
if symmetry exists and to use it to your advantage. Once the areas and locations of centroids are
obtained, we can calculate the location of the centroid of the whole built-up section. Then we can find the
moment of inertia by applying the parallel axis theorem.

Sample Problem 1
Obtain the Moment of Inertia along x and y axes of the given built up section. The moment of inertia of
W section is 1070 in^4 along x axis and 54.8 in^4 along y-axis.

Solution
Step 1: Obtain the distance of the centroids of the individual sections from the principal axes. Since the
built up section is symmetrical horizontally, the vertical axis of symmetry will be designated as one of
the principal axes, and its location need not be computed. The horizontal principal axis will be found by
application of the principle of moments: The sum of component areas about any axis (in this example, a
horizontal axis along the top of the plate will be used) must equal the moment of the total area. Since
the distance of the centroids of the W-section and Plate from the top of the plate is already given, we
can skip this step.
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Step 2: Obtain the centroid of the entire built up section using:

Step 3: With the location of the horizontal centroidal axis known, the moment of inertia to this axis can
be found by using the parallel-axis theorem.

∴ 𝑰𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝟒
Step 4: For the vertical axis, since there no changes in the location of its centroid, you can easily add
both the individual moments of inertia algebraically.

𝟏 𝟑
𝑰𝒚 = % ( (𝟒)𝟑 + 𝟓𝟒. 𝟖
𝟏𝟐 𝟖
∴ 𝑰𝒚 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟒

5
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins + 5 mins checking)

Practice Problem 1
Find the distance of the centroid of the built-up section from the bottom and its centroidal moment of
inertia along the x-axis.

Practice Problem 2
A built-up section fabricated by attaching a C180x15 to a W250x18 shape with 15 mm rivets as shown.
Determine the moment of inertia at the centroid of the built-up section.

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

6
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #2

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Question: In Practice Problem 1 and 2, what will happen if another channel, of the same properties, is attached
to the bottom of the wide flange? What will happen to the centroid of the built-up section? Can you just
algebraically add the individual moments of inertia of the channels and the wide flange?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs
1) How does the moment of inertia of a steel section affect its structural capabilities?
a. Higher moments of inertia indicate that more force has to be applied in order to cause a rotation
whereas lower moments of inertia means that only low forces are necessary. Masses that are
further away from the axis of rotation have the greatest moment of inertia.
2) Do you have to memorize the formula used in obtaining the moment of inertia of different shapes?
a. Commonly, the moments of inertia of the cross section are already given but it is highly
encouraged to master the principles of centroids and moments of inertia since it can be used in
various subjects, not only in design, but for all the components of the board exam. As basic as it
may seem, not memorizing the formulas for centroid or moment of inertia, or not knowing how to
use them, can greatly affect your chances of passing the board exam.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

1.
a) Determine its centroid. Answer: 293.27 mm
b) Determine its centroidal moment of inertia along x-axis. Answer: 970.63x10^6 mm^4
2.
a) Determine its centroidal moment of inertia along x-axis. Answer: 48.857x10^6 mm^4

7
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #3

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Flexural Members Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define what flexural members are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Determine the different conditions and notations used in Ed.,
solving for the flexural stress of a beam. American Institute of Steel
3) Calculate for the ultimate flexural stress that a beam could Construction (AISC), Manual of
carry. Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“Do Not Just Study Hard. Study Smart. “

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (5 mins)

1
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #3

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) Steel Members under flexural
stress are commonly known
as?
b) What does lateral support
prevent?
c) Differentiate the strong axis
and weak axis of a given steel
section

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

v Flexural members/beams are defined as members acted upon primarily by transverse loading,
often gravity dead and live load effects. Thus, flexural members in a structure may also be
referred to as:
o Girders – usually the most important beams, which are frequently at wide spacing.
o Joists – usually less important beams which are closely spaced, frequently with truss-type
webs.
o Purlins – roof beams spanning between trusses. Stringers – longitudinal bridge beams
spanning between floor beams.
o Girts – horizontal wall beams serving principally to resist bending due to wind on the side
of an industrial building, frequently supporting corrugated siding.
o Lintels – members supporting a wall over window or door openings.

LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

v Consider the beam section below, if the beam undergoes bending about x-x axis, then this kind
of bending is called lateral torsional buckling. This is one of the many modes of failure in steel
beams. Concrete beams being restrained by the rc slab don't usually exhibit this mode of failure.
v Now, to prevent this kind of failure a beam can be provided a support in the x-x direction. And if
this support is stiff enough to prevent movement in the x-x direction the beam is said to be
“Laterally Supported Beam”.

2
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Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

STRONG AND WEAK AXIS

v A beam's flexural capacities are broken into two main categories: strong axis bending and weak
axis bending. Weak axis bending is about the axis that has the lower moment of inertial (normally
considered the y-y axis).

3
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Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

ALLOWABLE FLEXURAL OR BENDING STRESS

Symbols and Notations

b! = base of compression flange

t ! = thickness of compression flange
t " = thickness of the web
d = depth of the section
A! = area of compression flange
F# = yield strength of steel
𝑳𝒃 − unsupported or unbraced length

𝒓𝒕 = radius of gyration of compression flange plus 1⁄3 of the compression web area about y − axis.

Procedure

STEP 1: Check if the flexural member is a compact section using the following criteria:
!! $%& ) $*+&
a) ≤ b) ##
≤
"#! '(" '("
If both statements are true, then the steel member is a compact section, proceed to step
2. If not, it is a non-compact section, use
𝐹! = 0.6𝑓,
STEP 2: Check if it is laterally supported
200𝑏( 137900𝑏( 𝑡(
𝐿$ = 𝐿" =
+𝑓, 𝑓, 𝑑
Whichever is smaller between the two is 𝐿- .Whichever is greater between the two is 𝐿. .
If the unbraced length is less than or equal to 𝐿- , the flexural member is laterally
supported. If the unbraced length is greater than 𝐿- but less than 𝐿. , it is partially
supported. If it is greater than both, it is laterally unsupported. Simply,
𝐿! ≤ 𝐿- , 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐿- < 𝐿! ≤ 𝐿. , 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐿. < 𝐿! , 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑
STEP 3: Obtain the value of the allowable bending stress for the flexural member.
a) For Laterally Supported and Compact Section, Bending About the Strong Axis
𝐹! = 0.66𝑓,
b) For Partially Laterally Supported
𝐹! = 0.6𝑓,
c) For Laterally Unsupported, the Bending Stress will be based from the following
formulas, choose the least value from the following:

4
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Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________
"
𝐿 Intermediate Beam, Use both 𝑭𝒃𝟏 and 𝑭𝒃𝟑 if
2 𝑓, E !F𝑟# G
𝐹!$ =C − K𝑓 703270𝐶! 𝐿! 3516330𝐶!
3 10.55𝑥10* 𝐶! , O < <O
𝑓, 𝑟# 𝑓,
1172100𝐶! Long Beam, Use both 𝑭𝒃𝟐 and 𝑭𝒃𝟑 if
𝐹!" = "
𝐿
E !F𝑟# G 𝐿! 3516330𝐶!
>O
82740𝐶! 𝑏( 𝑡( 𝑟# 𝑓,
𝐹!/ =
𝐿! 𝑑
4$ 4$ "
Where 𝑟# = +𝐼⁄𝐴 and 𝐶! = 1.75 + 1.05 E4"G + 0.3 E4"G
But not greater than 2.3
M& − smaller end moment
M' − bigger end moment
𝑴𝟏
𝑴𝟐
is positive when moments are of the same sign or bending in curvature.

𝑴𝟏
𝑴𝟐
is negative when moments are of the opposite sign or bending in curvature.

d) For partially compact and laterally supported

𝑏(
𝐹! = 𝑓, U0.79 − 0.00076 V𝑓 W
2𝑡( ,
a) For Compact Section, Bending About the Weak Axis
𝐹! = 0.75𝑓,

5
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Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1

A composite beam has a simple span of 6 m.This consists of a Wide Flange steel section and a 12 mm concrete
slab whose width is 1.5 m. Assume shoring was provided.

Concrete Wide Flange

𝑓′) =20.7 MPa 𝐴 = 9480 𝑚𝑚'
n=10 D= 400 mm
Unit Wt. = 23KN/m 𝐼* = 270𝑥10+ 𝑚𝑚,
- w= 0.74 KN/m
- 𝐹- =138 MPa

1. Determine the moment of inertia (transformed steel section)

2. Compute the moment capacity of the composite beam.
3. Compute the allowable live load moment of the composite beam.

Solution
Transformed moment of inertia

Remember that the steel beam and the concrete slab are not the same material. In finding for the moment of
inertia, all materials should be the same. In this problem, to find for the moment of inertia, we must first transform
our concrete slab into its equivalent steel section by using the given modular ratio.

To solve for the transformed section of the concrete slab we will use the formula 𝒏𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒄 .Where 𝑨𝒔 is the area
of the steel section and 𝑨𝒄 is the area of the concrete.

(n) A0 = (width of concrete slab) (thickness of slab)

(10) (width of transformed concrete slab) (thickness of slab) = (width of concrete slab) (thickness of slab)

10(width of transformed concrete slab) (120) = (1500) (120)

width of transformed concrete slab= 150 mm

6
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 CIE 119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Locate the N.A.

9480(200) + 150(120)(460) = [9480 + 150(120)]𝑦Y

𝑦Y = 370.31 𝑚𝑚

+
150(120)4
'
𝐼1.3. = 270𝑥16 + 9480( 370.81 − 200 ) +
12
'
+ 150(120)(460 − 370.31)

𝐈𝐍.𝐀.𝐗 = 𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝒎𝟒

Moment capacity of the section:

𝑴𝒄
𝒇𝒃 = 𝑰 Allowable moment live load
%('().'+)
Wide flange: 138 = (++.'(-+):

M= 265x10^6
Concrete: 𝐹. =N-mm
0.45𝑓′=. 265.10KN-m
%(/))0+1)2'().'+)
0.45(20.7)(10 )= (++.'( - +):

M=442.68x10^6 N-mm = 442.68 KN-m

w! = w" + w#
NOTE: The permissible value will w! = 0.74 + (23)(1.5x0.12)
always be least value so that all can
resist that value. Because if we choose w! = 4.589 KN/m
the bigger value the one that has the
least value can’t resist the bigger value 4.89(6)'
M$%& = 265.10 = + M(
8
⸫ M=265.10 KN- m
M( = 243.10 KN − m

7
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 CIE 119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2

Given:

S= 3m L= 9m

Superimposed dead load = 6.0 KPa

Live Load= 4.8 KPa

Properties of beam CG (wide flange)

d= 350 mm Sx= 2340x10^3 mm^3
tw= 12 mm rt= 50 mm
tf= 18 mm wb= 97 kg/m
bf= 360 mm Fy= 345 MPa

1. What is the maximum bending stress (MPa) in Beam CG?

2. What is the permissible flexural stress (MPa) if the compression flange of the beam is laterally supported
at every 3m? Cb= 1.0
3. What is the permissible flexural stress (MPa) if the compression flange of the beam is laterally supported
only at midspan? Cb= 1.0, L= 10 m

8
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Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Solution

Maximum bending stress in CG 3m 3m 3m

w= (6+4.8)(3) + 97(9.81)/1000

w= 33.35 KN/m

44.4;(=)#
𝑀= ?
= 337.67 KN-m

@ 44B.+BC&D%
𝑓- = =
A$ '4,D*&D&

𝑓- = 144.30 𝑀𝑃𝑎

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Allowable bending stress Unbraced

'DD-'
=
'DD(4+D)
= 3.88 m 3m span3m 3m
EF( √4,;

&4B=DD &4B=DD
= &+, = 7.40 m
)
F( H I 4,;J K
&%,(./)
*'

𝐿) = 3.88 𝑚

Check if Laterally supported:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 9
𝐿- = =
3 3
𝐿- = 3 m

Note: we do not divide the length by 3m. We

divide the length by the number of unbraced
spans. 9
Location of lateral supports at every
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3m
𝐿! < 𝐿-
 CIE 119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Check if partially compact section:

170 < 185.74 < 250 ✔

#
"

𝒅 𝟑𝟓𝟎
𝒕𝒘
+𝑭𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐
√𝟑𝟒𝟓 = 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎 ✔
#
"
⸫ Beam is partially compact section.

𝑏(
𝐹! = (0.79 − 0.000762 +𝐹 )𝐹
2𝑡( , ,
𝐹! = (0.79 − 0.000762185.74)(345)

𝐹! = 223.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
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Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Allowable bending stress if it is laterally supported at

midheight.
Check ifUse L=10m
Laterally supported:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 10
𝐿! = = 5m 5m
2 2
𝐿! = 5 m

𝐿- = 3.88 𝑚
𝐿. = 7.4 𝑚
𝐿! > 𝐿-

⸫ Beam is laterally unsupported

From review materials 𝐿. > 𝐿! > 𝐿-

𝑼𝒔𝒆: 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
0.6(345) = 207 MPa

Let’s try Case II (if same answer)

Check if intermediate beam: Note: use the bigger value but not greater
703270𝐶- 𝐿- 3516330𝐶- than 0.6Fy=0.6(345)=207 MPa
l ≤ ≤l
𝐹L 𝑟M 𝐹L
⸫𝐹! = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎

703270(1.0) 5000 3516330(1.0) We have noticed that we have arrived in the

l ≤ ≤l
345 50 345 same answer. Originally, we have only two
cases, Case I and Case II, but as time goes
45.15 ≤ 100 ≤ 100.96 ✔
#
" by, designers realized that every time our
unbraced length is in between 𝐿- and 𝐿. ,
% * 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
" :" < & = " /B? ($&&)*
𝐹! = l/ − $&.??@$&
( '
m 𝐹, = n/ − $&.??@$&+ ($.&)o (345) will govern.
+A
&

𝐹! = 117.18 𝑀𝑃𝑎

*'+,-.! *'+,-(2.-)
𝐹) = " = &'(
/! (# ) 4---(&)(*+,)
$
𝐹! = 306.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎
11
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 CIE 119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins + 5 mins checking)

Practice Problem 1
A steel beam having a simple span of 8 m is subjected to a moment M at the left end (Clockwise) and
25% of M at the right end (Counter clockwise). It has no lateral support and has the following properties:
bf = 210 mm rt = 53 mm
d = 533 mm Sx = 2.06 x 20^6 mm^3
tf = 16 mm Fy = 248 MPa

a) Determine the allowable bending stress.

Practice Problem 2
A W 530x92 supports a uniformly distributed load of 12 KN/m and equal concentrated load P at the
quarter points of the beam. The compression flange is laterally supported at the point loads and the
reactions. bf = 210 mm

Properties of W 530x92
d= 533 mm 𝑆𝑥 = 2070𝑥104 𝑚𝑚4
𝑏N = 209 mm Es= 200000MPa
𝑡N = 15.6 mm 𝐼𝑥 = 552𝑥10+ 𝑚𝑚4
𝑡O = 10.2 mm

a) Find the maximum allowable load P, so that it will not exceed its allowable flexural stress.

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: Why do you need to apply the modular ratio when the beam is made up of two materials, normally,
steel and concrete?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

12
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 CIE 119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheets Module #3

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

FAQs
1) What’s the difference between Lc and Lu
a. Lc is the maximum unbraced length of the compression flange at which the allowable bending
stress may be taken as 0.60Fy.
b. Lu is the maximum unbraced length of the compression flange at which the allowable bending
stress may be taken as 0.66Fy.
2) In flexural members, what area will be considered in solving for rt?
a. First, rt is the radius of gyration of the compression flange including 1/3 of the compression web
area about the y-axis. For easier analysis, you could use the following formulas for I-Beams.

𝐼M
𝑟M = l
𝐴M

& PQ'M'
𝐼M = &' (𝑡N 𝑏N4 − r +
4
s 𝑡O )

𝑑 − 2𝑡N
𝐴M = 𝑡N 𝑏N − t v 𝑡O
6

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

1.
a) Determine the allowable bending stress.
a. Answer: 98.45 MPa
2.
a) Find the maximum allowable load P, so that it will not exceed its allowable flexural stress.
a. Answer: 15.33 kN

13
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #4

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Lesson title: Problem Set #1: Flexural Members Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define what flexural members are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Determine the different conditions and notations used in Ed.,
solving for the flexural stress of a beam. American Institute of Steel
3) Calculate for the ultimate flexural stress that a beam could Construction (AISC), Manual of
carry. Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“Do Not Just Study Hard. Study Smart. “

PROBLEM SET

Instructions:

1. Use a short coupon bond. Draw a border 2 cm from the edge of the paper.
2. Write a title block at the top part of the coupon which would follow this format.

3. Use a highlighter, color of which should be specified by your instructor for the whole section, to fill
the color section of the title block
4. The title block would only be located on the first page. For the succeeding pages, a border would
suffice.
5. Write the given problem, then your solution. BOX your final answers.

1
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #4

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Practice Problem 1
A steel beam having a simple span of 8 m is subjected to a moment M at the left end (Clockwise) and
25% of M at the right end (Counter clockwise). It has no lateral support and has the following properties:
bf = 210 mm rt = 53 mm
d = 533 mm Sx = 2.06 x 20^6 mm^3
tf = 16 mm Fy = 248 MPa
a) Determine the allowable bending stress.

Practice Problem 2
A W 530x92 supports a uniformly distributed load of 12 KN/m and equal concentrated load P at the
quarter points of the beam. The compression flange is laterally supported at the point loads and the
reactions. bf = 210 mm

Properties of W 530x92
d= 533 mm 𝑆𝑥 = 2070𝑥10! 𝑚𝑚!
𝑏" = 209 mm Es= 200000MPa
𝑡" = 15.6 mm 𝐼𝑥 = 552𝑥10# 𝑚𝑚!
𝑡$ = 10.2 mm

a) Find the maximum allowable load P, so that it will not exceed its allowable flexural stress.

Practice Problem 3
A W 24 x 103 is used as a beam that is simply supported at its ends. The properties of the section is as
follows:
d = 623.10 mm Ix = 1,248,694,000,000 mm4
tw = 14.00 mm Sx = 4,008,005 mm3
bf = 228.60 mm rx = 252.74 mm
tf = 24.90 mm Iy = 49,532,000,000 mm4
A = 19,548.00 mm2 Sy = 433,350.83 mm4
W = 153.76 kg/m ry = 50.34 mm
rt = 59.18 mm
The beam is laterally supported at supports only. Use Fy = 248 MPa.
a) Determine the allowable bending stress for a length of 2 m.
b) Determine the allowable bending stress for a length of 4 m.
c) Determine the allowable bending stress for a length of 9 m.

Practice Problem 4
A36 steel beam having a simple span of 7m is laterally unsupported and the section has the following
properties:
bf = 210 mm tf = 16 mm
d = 530 mm tw = 18 mm
The beam is restrained against lateral buckling only at the supports.
a) Find rt.
b) Find the allowable bending stress.

2
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #5

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Compression Members Part 1 Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define what compression members are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Determine what Euler’s Critical Buckling Load is. Ed.,
3) Calculate for the effective slenderness ratio of compression American Institute of Steel
members. Construction (AISC), Manual of
Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“ Forgetting isn’t bad, it’s necessary. “

To forget information to some degree before
remembering will help reinforce that memory.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (5 mins)

v Compression members are structural elements that are subjected to axial compressive forces;
that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross
section, and the stress can be taken as f=P/A, where f is considered to be uniform over the entire
cross section. This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, because some eccentricity
of the load is inevitable. Bending will result, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can
be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. Bending cannot be
neglected if there is a computed bending moment.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) Compression Members are
more commonly known as?
b) What is Euler’s Buckling Load?
c) What does effective
slenderness ratio mean?

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
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Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

COMPRESSION MEMBERS

v The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the
column, a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. In many instances
these members are also call upon to resist bending, and these cases the member is beam-
column. Compression members are also used in trusses and as components of bracing systems.
Smaller compression members no classified as columns are sometimes referred to as struts.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #5

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

EULER BUCKLING LOAD

v Consider the long, slender compression member shown in Figure a. If the

axial load P is slowly applied, it will ultimately become large enough to
cause the members to become unstable and assume the shape indicated
by the dashed line. The member is said to have buckled, and the
corresponding load is called the critical buckling load. If the member is
stockier as shown in Figure b, a larger load will be required to bring the
member to the point of instability. For extremely stocky members, failure
may occur by compressive yielding rather than buckling. Prior to failure, the
compressive stress P/A will be uniform over the cross-section at any point
along the length, whether the failure is by yielding or by buckling. The load
at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness, and for very slender
members this load could be quite small.
v Euler’s theory of column buckling is used to estimate the critical buckling
load of column since the stress in the column remains elastic. The critical
buckling load is the maximum load that a column can withstand when it is
on the verge of buckling. The buckling failure occurs when the length of
the column is greater when compared with its cross-section.
v The Euler’s theory is based on certain assumptions related to the point of
axial load application, column material, cross-section, stress limits, and
column failure. The validity of Euler’s theory is subjected to a condition that
failure occurs due to buckling. This theory does not consider the effect of direct stress in column, the
crookedness in column which is always present, and possible shifts of axial load application point from
the center of the column cross-section. As a result, the theory may overestimate the critical buckling load.
v The maximum axial load that a column can support when it is on the verge of buckling is called the
crippling load or critical buckling load (Pcr). This critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler load
or Euler Bucking load. At this stage, the ultimate stress in the column would less than the yield stress of
the material:
𝜋 # 𝐸𝐼
𝑃!" =
(𝐿)#
v Where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross sectional area
with respect to the minor principal axis, and L is the unbraced length of the member between points of
support.
v If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained:
𝜋#𝐸
𝐹!" =
𝐿 #
*𝑟,
v The Euler equations are based on the following assumptions: a) the column is perfectly straight, with no
initial crookedness, b) the load is axial, with no eccentricity, and c) the column is pinned at both ends.
The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. As
mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most cases, it can be ignored. The

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #5

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious limitation, and provisions must be made for other
support conditions. The pinned-end condition requires the member be restrained from lateral translation,
but not rotation, at the ends. Constructing a frictionless pin connection is virtually impossible, so even
this support condition can only be approximated at best. Obviously, all columns must be free to deform
axially.
v Therefore, proper considerations must be made to the equations. For convenience, the equations for
buckling load can be written as:
𝜋 # 𝐸𝐼 𝜋#𝐸
𝑃!" = 𝐹 !" =
(𝐾𝐿)# 𝐾𝐿 #
*𝑟,
v Where KL is the effective length, and K is the effective length factor.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
A built-up section consisting of W350x90 with 12 mm plates to form a box section as shown. The section is used
as a column 10 m long. The column is fixed at both ends and braced at midheight about the weak axis (y-axis).

Properties of W350x90
𝑏$ = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝐼% = 266𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚'
𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼( = 44.54𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚'
𝑡$ = 16.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 11550 𝑚𝑚#
𝑡) = 9.5 𝑚𝑚

1. Effective slenderness ratio of the column with respect to lateral

buckling about the x- axis.
2. Effective slenderness ratio of the column with respect to lateral
buckling about the y- axis.

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Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Solution

Effective Slenderness Ratio with respect to x-

axis.

𝐾𝐿 0.5(10000)
= = 37.66
𝑟% &
@351.75𝑥10
19950

12(350)* Effective Slenderness Ratio with respect to y-

𝐼% = 266𝑥10& + (2) = 351.75𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚'
12
axis/
350(12)*
𝐼( = 44.54𝑥10& + (2) + 12(350)(131)# (2) 𝐾𝐿 0.7(5000)
12 = = 35.98
𝑟( &
= 351.75𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚' @188.79𝑥10
19950
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
The W350x90 section is used as a column as a column 10 m long. The column is fixed at one end and hinged
at the other end. Braced at midheight about the weak axis(y-axis).

Properties of W350x90
𝑏$ = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝐼% = 266𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚'
𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼( = 44.54𝑥10& 𝑚𝑚'
𝑏$ = 16.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 11550 𝑚𝑚#

1. Determine the effective slenderness ration of the column with respect to lateral buckling about the x-
axis.
2. Determine the effective slenderness ration of the column with respect to lateral buckling about the y-
axis.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #5

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Situation 2

Effective Slenderness Ratio with respect to x-

axis.

𝐾𝐿 0.7(10000)
= = 46.13
𝑟% 266𝑥10 &
@
11550

Effective Slenderness Ratio with respect to y-

axis/ Note: That in y- axis we have 2 “K’s” which is for
“both ends are hinged (K=1.0)“ and “one end is
𝐾𝐿 1.0(5000)
= = 80.52 hinged and one end is fixed (K= 0.7)”.We will
𝑟( 44.54𝑥10 &
@
11550 compute for the slenderness of the 2 and will
choose for the bigger value.
𝐾𝐿 0.7(5000)
= = 56.36 +,
𝑟( 44.54𝑥10 & ⸫ " = 80.52
@ !
11550
Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: At which point above the fixed end should the lateral support be located in sample problem 2 in
order for the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y-axis be equal for both cases?

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #5

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

FAQs
1) Is it always a pinned connection in all lateral bracings?
a. Yes, if a lateral bracing is placed in a column, it would be considered as a pinned connection.
2) How does slenderness ratio affect the load carrying capacity of a column?
a. The slenderness ratio is used extensively for finding out the design load as well as in classifying
various columns in short, intermediate, or long columns. It gives an indication of buckling failure
in the column. The higher the slenderness ratio is, the higher the chance of the column to fail due
to buckling in that direction.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Compression Members Part 2 Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to: References:
1) Differentiate Intermediate Column from Long Column. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th Ed.,
2) Calculate for the Axial Load Capacity using NSCP American Institute of Steel Construction
Specifications. (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“Spreading-out study sessions is more

effective than one marathon session. “
Our brain requires time encoding new information into our memories

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Review (5 mins)

Euler’s Load
𝜋 # 𝐸𝐼
𝑃!" =
(𝑘𝐿$ )#
Euler’s Stress
𝜋#𝐸 𝜋#𝐸
𝐹!" = =
(𝑘𝐿$ /𝑟)# (𝑆𝑅 )#

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (4 mins)

Review

What I Know Questions: What I Learned

a) Which Slenderness Ratio is
more critical? The smaller
value or the larger value?
b) How will you differentiate a
long column from an
intermediate column?
c) Should Factors of Safety be
greater than or less than one?

1
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (60 mins)

COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Procedure

STEP 1: Determine the critical slenderness ratio of the compression member. Consider both
axes. Choose the largest value.
𝑘! 𝐿! 𝑘" 𝐿"
𝑆𝑅! = 𝑆𝑅" =
𝑟! 𝑟"
Where 𝑟# = '𝐼 ⁄𝐴

STEP 2: Obtain the compression index.

2𝜋 % 𝐸
𝐶$ = -
𝑓"

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Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

STEP 3: Classify the column as either intermediate column or long column.

%& %&
𝐼𝑓 ≤ 𝐶' , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛. 𝐼𝑓 " > 𝐶' , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛.
"
a) For Long Columns
12𝜋 % 𝐸
𝐹& =
23(𝑘𝐿𝑢 /𝑟)2
Where 𝑟# = '𝐼 ⁄𝐴
b) For Intermediate Columns
𝑓"
𝐹& = (1 − 0.5𝑧 % ) < = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐹𝑆
5 3 1 𝑆𝑅 𝑘𝐿𝑢
𝐹𝑆 = + 𝑧 − 𝑧 ' 𝑧= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑅 =
3 8 8 𝐶𝑐 𝑟

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 1
A built-up section consisting of W350x90 with 12 mm plates to form a box section as shown. The section is used
as a column 10 m long. The column is fixed at both ends and braced at midheight about the weak axis (y-axis).

Properties of W350x90
𝑏* = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝐼+ = 266𝑥10, 𝑚𝑚-
𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼. = 44.54𝑥10, 𝑚𝑚-
𝑡* = 16.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 11550 𝑚𝑚#
𝑡/ = 9.5 𝑚𝑚

1. Axial load capacity of the column in KN using NSCP.

Solution

Identify whether if short or long column. Compare the critical slenderness ratio that we obtained from
the last module; the critical slenderness ratio is the bigger value among the solved slenderness ratio.
Compare it to our compression index.

𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿
= 37.66 = 35.98 ∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 37.66
𝑟+ 𝑟. 𝑟

#1! 2 #1! (#55555)

C0 = U 3"
=U #-7
= 126.17

𝐾𝐿
= 37.66 < 126.17 ⸫ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑟
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

𝐾𝐿
37.66
𝑧= 𝑟 = = 0.298
𝐶𝑐 126.17
5 3 1 5 3 1
𝐹𝑆 = + [𝑧] − [𝑧]8 = + [0.298] − [0.298]8 = 1.775
3 8 8 3 8 8

3 #-7
F9 = [1 − 0.5z^2 ] 3:" = [1 − 0.5(0.298# )] ;.==> = 133.49 MPa

P P
f9 = ; 133.49 =
A 19950

P= 2663 KN

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Situation 2
The W350x90 section is used as a column as a column 10 m long. The column is fixed at one end and hinged
at the other end. Braced at midheight about the weak axis(y-axis).

Properties of W350x90
𝑏* = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝐼+ = 266𝑥10, 𝑚𝑚-
𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼. = 44.54𝑥10, 𝑚𝑚-
𝑏* = 16.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 11550 𝑚𝑚#

1. Determine the axial load capacity of the column in kN using NSCP.

Solution

Identify whether if short or long column. Compare the critical slenderness ratio that we obtained from
the last module; the critical slenderness ratio is the bigger value among the solved slenderness ratio.
Compare it to our compression index.

𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿
= 46.13 = 80.52 ∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 80.52
𝑟+ 𝑟. 𝑟

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

#1! 2 #1! (#55555)

C0 = U 3"
=U #-7
= 126.17

𝐾𝐿
= 80.52 < 126.17 ⸫ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑟

𝐾𝐿
80.52
𝑧= 𝑟 = = 0.638
𝐶𝑐 126.17
5 3 1 5 3 1
𝐹𝑆 = + [𝑧] − [𝑧]8 = + [0.638] − [0.638]8 = 1.873
3 8 8 3 8 8

3 #-7
F9 = [1 − 0.5z^2 ] 3:" = [1 − 0.5(0.638# )] ;.7=8 = 105.46 MPa

P P
f9 = ; 105.46 =
A 11550

P=1218.063 kN

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (6 mins)

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Question: If there is a formula for the Factor of Safety for intermediate columns, what will be the value of the
factor of safety used for long columns?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today?
2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about?
3) What topic was difficult for you to understand?

5
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

FAQs
1) What does axial mean?
a. Axial loads are applied along the longitudinal or centroidal axis of a structural member. Therefore,
the formulas aforementioned are only applicable if the load is applied on the centroid. If the load
is eccentrically loaded, or if a moment is present on the compression member, this would fall
under Combined Axial and Flexural Loading which will be discussed on the future modules.

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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #7

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Problem Set #2: Compression Members Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Paper, Pen, Calculator
At the end of the module, you should be able to References:
1) Define what compression members are. William T. Segui, Steel Design, 4th
2) Determine what Euler’s Critical Buckling Load is. Ed.,
3) Calculate for the effective slenderness ratio of compression American Institute of Steel
members. Construction (AISC), Manual of
4) Differentiate Intermediate Column from Long Column. Steel Construction
5) Calculate for the Axial Load Capacity using NSCP National Structural Code of the
Specifications. Philippines, 2010 and 2015

“ Sleep after studying

for better retention. “
PROBLEM SET

Instructions:

1. Use a short coupon bond. Draw a border 2 cm from the edge of the paper.
2. Write a title block at the top part of the coupon which would follow this format.

3. Use a highlighter, color of which should be specified by your instructor for the whole section, to fill
the color section of the title block
4. The title block would only be located on the first page. For the succeeding pages, a border would
suffice.
5. Write the given problem, then your solution. BOX your final answers.
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Student’s Activity Sheet Module #7

Name:______________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Practice Problem 1
A W310x202 column supports beams framing into it as shown. The column supports an axial load of
2676 KN, which includes the beam reactions at its top. Owing to unbalanced floor loading, moments of
110 KN-m each applied in opposite directions at the top and bottom of the column as shown. Sidesways
is prevented by a bracing system Kx= 0.9, Ky= 1.0.

Properties of W310x202
𝐴 = 2580 𝑚𝑚! 𝐼" = 520𝑥10# 𝑚𝑚$
𝑑 = 341 𝑚𝑚 𝑆" = 3050𝑥10% 𝑚𝑚%
𝑏& = 315 𝑚𝑚 𝑆' = 1050𝑥10% 𝑚𝑚%
𝑡& = 31.8 𝑚𝑚 𝑟" = 142 𝑚𝑚
𝑡( = 20.1 𝑚𝑚 𝑟' = 80.2 𝑚𝑚

a) What is the critical effective slenderness ratio?

b) What is the buckling stress of the column?
c) Calculate the critical load in kN.

Practice Problem 2
A steel column carries an axial load of 800 KN, a moment of 70 KN-m at the top and moment 49 KN-m
at the bottom. The two moments are in opposite direction and applied about the x-axis.

A=13000 mm^2 rx=109 mm

Sx=1200x10^3 mm^3 ry=94 mm
L= 3.6 m K= 1.0
Fy=248 MPa E= 200000 MPa

Use NSCP specification for compressive stress and Fbx=Fby= 148 MPa. Determine the following:

a) Compressive stress if axial load only existed.

Practice Problem 3
An 8m long steel column is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom. The column is provided with lateral
support 3m from the top in the weak direction.
The properties of the column section are as follows:

Ix=178.1x10^6 mm^4 A=8129 mm^2

Iy=18.8x10^6 mm^4 Fy=400 MPa

a) What is the critical effective slenderness ratio?

b) What is the buckling stress of the column?
c) Calculate the critical load in kN.

2
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 CIE119: Principles of Steel Design
Student’s Activity Sheet Module #7

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: ______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: _____________

Practice Problem 4
The W350x90 section is used as a column as a column 10 m long. The column is fixed at one end and
hinged at the other end. Braced at mid-height about the weak axis(y-axis).

Properties of W350x90
𝑏& = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝐼" = 266𝑥10# 𝑚𝑚$
𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼' = 44.54𝑥10# 𝑚𝑚$

a) Determine the critical effective slenderness ratio of the column.

b) Determine the axial load capacity of the column using NSCP.

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