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  • Experiment 1 Coagulation and Flocculation

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    This document describes an experiment to determine the optimum dose of alum coagulant for removing suspended solids from water through coagulation and flocculation. The procedure involves performing a jar test on water samples dosed with varying amounts of alum at a constant pH, measuring turbidity, and determining the dose that produces the lowest turbidity. Surface water treatment plants need to perform such jar tests frequently to adjust coagulant dosing for changing source water conditions, whereas groundwater plants may do so less often due to more stable water quality.

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    This document describes an experiment to determine the optimum dose of alum coagulant for removing suspended solids from water through coagulation and flocculation. The procedure involves performing a jar test on water samples dosed with varying amounts of alum at a constant pH, measuring turbidity, and determining the dose that produces the lowest turbidity. Surface water treatment plants need to perform such jar tests frequently to adjust coagulant dosing for changing source water conditions, whereas groundwater plants may do so less often due to more stable water quality.

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    6K views6 pages

    Experiment 1 Coagulation and Flocculation

    Uploaded by

    shahrolhazrien
    This document describes an experiment to determine the optimum dose of alum coagulant for removing suspended solids from water through coagulation and flocculation. The procedure involves performing a jar test on water samples dosed with varying amounts of alum at a constant pH, measuring turbidity, and determining the dose that produces the lowest turbidity. Surface water treatment plants need to perform such jar tests frequently to adjust coagulant dosing for changing source water conditions, whereas groundwater plants may do so less often due to more stable water quality.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

    EXPERIMENT 1 : COAGULATION AND FLOACCULATION

    1.1

    i.
    ii.
    iii.

    1.2

    Objective

    To determine the optimum alum dose


    pH for suspended solids removal from water using jar test.
    To determine the optimum concentration of coagulant to be added to the source water.

    Coagulation and Flocculation

    Suspended solids (particularly colloids) are often removed from water by chemical
    coagulation and flocculation. Colloidal particles carry a small electrostatic charge that keeps
    them in suspension. Coagulation is the addition of chemicals to neutralize the effect of colloidal
    charges and allow aggregation of particles. Following coagulation the suspension is stirred gently
    to promote particle collision and agglomeration in a process termed flocculation.

    The type of source water will have a large impact on how often jar tests are performed.
    Plants which treat groundwater may have very little turbidity to remove are unlikely to be
    affected by weather-related changes in water conditions. As a result, groundwater plants may
    perform jar tests seldom, if at all, although they can have problems with removing the more
    difficult small suspended particles typically found in groundwater. Surface water plants, in
    contrast, tend to treat water with a high turbidity which is susceptible to sudden changes in water
    quality. Operators at these plants will perform jar tests frequently, especially after rains, to adjust
    the coagulant dosage and deal with the changing source water turbidity
    1.3

    Procedure

    Note :
    Prior to the jar test procedure each 500ml sample must be corrected to the required pH using
    H2SO4 or NaOH .In order to obtain the correct amount of acid or alkali for each sample a
    separate titration must be carried out for each alum dose-pH combination. Use 100ml water
    samples for your titration.
    Determine the pH and turbidity of the raw water.
    Test for optimum dose (pH constant

    i) Fill six 1 liter beakers with 500ml the


    given kaolin (clay) suspension (SS about
    50 mg/l).

    ii) Fill a burrete with 50ml alum solution of


    concentration 2.0 g/L.

    iii) Add to the beakers the amount of


    H2SO4 or NaOH that would yield a final
    pH of 7.0 (Fill the amount of H2SO4 or
    NaOH used in Table 2.

    iv) Add to the beakers alum solution


    corresponding to doses of 0 (control),
    20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/l.

    v) Mix the samples at high speed (80 rpm)


    for 1 minute.

    vi) Reduce mixing speed to 30 rpm and


    continue mixing for 15 minutes.

    vii) Stop the stirrer and let the flocs settle


    for 20 minutes.

    viii) Determine turbidity of supernatant.

    ix) Plot turbidity vs. alum dose

    RESULTS :
    EXPERIMENT : Optimum dose (pH constant)
    Sample volume =

    ml

    Alum concentration =
    Beaker

    g/liter

    Volume of Alum

    Alum dose (mg/L)

    (ml)

    Turbidity (NTU) (from


    100ml supernatant)

    20

    124

    10

    40

    76.7
    96.6

    15

    60

    20

    80

    89.6

    25

    100

    140

    DISCUSSION :

    CONCLUSION :

    QUESTIONS

    1. Name some other chemicals that may be used as coagulants.


    2. In a jar test experiment, why does the turbidity increase again after reaching a minimum
    value?
    3. Briefly discuss the effect of alkalinity on coagulation.

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