Altium Designer Guide

Beginning & Intermediate Version

Glenn Mercier
mercierg@unlv.nevada.edu
Research Engineer, TBE-B311
University of Las Vegas, Nevada

Part 1: Beginning Guide

This

guide is a beginners guide to

PCB design using Altium Designer
and is geared towards the following
individuals:
Possess ample theoretical electronics
knowledge
Has little or no PCB design experience
Has little or no Altium Designer
experience

Beginning Guide
Before

proceeding to the actual

software tutorial, It is important to
understand when it is absolutely
necessary to use a PCB rather than
design with a breadboard
Most students have a reluctance to
learning new software and
spending money for something
they could possibly build on a
breadboard.

Breadboard vs. PCB

For

many electronic designs, one has a

choice to build a circuit on either a
breadboard or on a printed circuit
board.
Most students have a certain comfort
zone working with breadboards, but
there comes a time when the
complexity of the project or the
physical requirements requires
electronic design through CAD
(computer aided design).

Breadboard Advantages
Very

quick to prototype using

standard components
Can easily make changes to
schematic or the functional
working of the circuit
Easy to connect to electronic
equipment such as function
generator, oscilloscope, power
supplies, etc.

Breadboard
Disadvantages
Unprofessional

appearance
Difficult to troubleshoot due to
human error and poor connections
Works very poorly for high speed
design
Difficult to modify complex SMD
components for prototyping
Excessive capacitance
Difficult to replicate

Printed Circuit Board

Advantages
Professional

appearance
Repeatable and controllable stray
inductance and capacitance
Can handle most power
requirements
Can make very compact
Excellent high speed capabilities
Easy to assemble and replicate

Printed Circuit Board

Disadvantages
Increased

design time
Drastically increased schematic-to-finished
product timeframe
Development Cost
Difficult to modify once board is fabricated
Must learn at least a basic form of CAD
software
Quality of PCB can be affected by limited
knowledge of software package
Capabilities vary greatly with different
software packages.
High end CAD software is very expensive

Required PCB Design

Small

Packages, such
as a BGA, MLF,
QFP are
practically
impossible to
prototype on a
breadboard due
to their small
size and MUST
be designed on
a PCB.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/CDE/_MCR
OBGA.GIF

Required PCB Design

Just

dealing with the sheer

number of pins on modern
practical designs required a PCB.
It is common to see single
components containing up to
1,500 pins
High speed design cannot be
performed using traditional
prototyping methods

Altium Designer

This is based off the current version of Altium

Designer, 6.9.0.12759
The Altium Designer Suite contains many unified
features such as:

FPGA schematic design

VHDL/Verilog compilers
C/ASM compilers
Scripting
Simulation
2D Field Solver
Simulation Engine
Library Management
Database and advanced query language
CAM display management
Schematic Capture
PCB Layout

System Requirements

Getting Started
Start

the software by
clicking

START
PROGRAMS
ALTIUM DESIGNER
Altium Designer 6

Create

a start bar
shortcut if you plan on
using the software a
lot. (shown on right)

Project File
Project

files are like a container for your

project. There are many different things you
will need for even a basic project, such as:

PCB Footprint libraries

Schematic libraries
Schematic documents
PCB documents
Scripts
CAM files
Settings
Generated reports
Generated files
Version Control features
Etc.

Creating a Project

When the
software
starts, follow
the menu
sequence in
the image to
create a new
PCB Project

Many people
skip this step
and just
create a
schematic
file. This a
huge mistake!
Absolutely
everything in
Altium
Designer is
based on
project files

Project Name

We need to save our project and rename the project to

something more meaningful.
Right click on PCB_Project.prjPCB and save the project as
PROJECT- EE495 to a new folder (preferably on a flash drive)
called EE495 Project inside a root folder called EE495
Altium
EX:
F:\EE495 Altium\EE495 Project\PROJECT-EE495.prjPCB
Inside this folder, we will place all relevant project data

Organization

It is useful to place all project information inside this folder.

Inside this root folder, create subfolders called CODE and
DATASHEETS
Organization and centralization is also important for
backing up all your data properly, version control, and
copying project data to a CD for all finished projects (which
you should do for future reference)

(Group) Quiz Project #1

For

the first quiz project, we are going to

create a schematic that will contain:

Atmega8 - Atmel Microcontroller , 16 MHz, QFP

USB-B Connector
FT232 USB- UART interface chip , TSSOP28
2x5 Programming Input Header (0.1 Pitch)
SMD (Surface Mount Device) LEDs , 0805 Size
This project contains all the necessary parts to
create a PCB that can communicate directly
with a computer through a USB (Male B- Male A)
Cable.
You are encouraged to actually build this PCB
as an inexpensive, functional development
board.
This project is to be finished by next Wednesday
(5/28) with a possible in-class portion

Adding a Schematic
Drawing
Follow

the menu sequence shown

to create a new schematic. This
will automatically be added to the
project tree we created.

Schematic Entry
The

sheet1 schematic document is now

added to the project tree as shown below.
Rename this file to something with a more
meaningful name such as Main. There are
many times when you will have multiple
schematic entries and it helps to have a
descriptive name
Any open project files will appear in the
menu area above where the blank schematic
page appears.

Libraries
Similar

to a real laboratory, to build a

design from a schematic you must first
add real parts to the project.

For

this, we must add what are called

libraries to our project. Libraries
contain vital information about the
parts we are going to add.

Once

libraries are added to the project,

any component inside that library can
be freely inserted into your design.

Types of Libraries
There

are three main types of libraries for

PCB design:
Schematic Library- Contains schematic drawings
of parts, when we look at a schematic, we are
looking at a collection of schematic parts
PCB Footprint Library- This contains the physical
dimensions of a real component. This information
is readily available in datasheets.
Integrated Library- These are the most useful
libraries because they combine a physical part
(footprint) with a schematic drawing.

Libraries
Libraries

are located in the folder:

C:\Program Files\Altium Designer 6\Library

Updated

libraries are available online

at
http://www.altium.com/Community/support/Libraries/Designer6libraries/

Altium

has since changed some of

their library files, I have included a ZIP
file on the course website with library
files well be using.
Download and unzip the file into the
library folder in your project directory

Libraries

Copy the following Libraries to a folder called Libraries in your Custom

Altium folder:
Integrated Libraries (*.IntLib)

Atmel Microcontroller 8-bit AVR

Miscellaneous Connectors
Miscellaneous Devices
NSC Operational Amplifier
ON Semi Operational Amplifier

Schematic Libraries (*.SchLib)

<none>

Footprint Libraries (*.PcbLib)

Chip Capacitor 2 Contacts

Chip Diode 2 Contacts
Chip Inductor 2 Contacts
Chip Resistor 2 Contacts
Crystal Oscillator
Miscellaneous Connector PCB
Miscellaneous Devices PCB
Miscellaneous Devices
Miscellaneous

NOTE: When you create your own schematic and footprint libraries, you
should place them in the same library directory in your project folder

Adding Libraries To A
Project

We have organized all the libraries

in a folder, now we need to add
these to the project
Follow the following prompt to add
libraries to the project

Adding Libraries

There are two methods of adding libraries

Project Libraries- Libraries available only for the scope of this project
Installed libraries Libraries available to ALL projects by default.
These do not show up in the project tree.

The Search Path modifies the search location when searching for parts.

Adding Libraries
We

want to make these libraries project-specific only

instead of global availability with the Installed tab
Make sure the Project tab is selected, and add all
libraries from your project library folder

Project Hierarchy
By

expanding the
+ next to
libraries, you
should see a list of
all the project
libraries. Make sure
you have all these
libraries installed
before continuing.

Notice

how the
project tree
separates source
documents and
libraries
automatically

Open, Saved, Unsaved

Files

Open files are

indicated with a
white paper

Open modified and

unsaved files are
indicated with a red
paper

Example: The Project

file itself has been
modified.

Closed files have

nothing in the
column

Example: Main.SchDoc

Example: The Atmel

Microcontroller library

All open files are

accessible by
clicking on them in
the project tree, or in
the top bar in a
windows- taskbar
type window

Project Documentation

We cant create
a schematic
without
knowing more
details about
the parts well
be using.

Obtain the FTDI

FT232R UART
IC Datasheet

Rename the file

something less
cryptic such as
FT232 USB.pdf

Project Documentation

Specifications are often given or required for components, You should

check and double check each meets the project specifications.

Atmega8 Microcontroller, QFP Package, 16 MHz, ROHS Compliant

Mouser P/N:

556-ATMEGA8-16AU

Save as Atmega8 QFP Atmel Microcontroller.pdf

USB-B (Female/Socket) , ROHS Compliant, Right Angle Mount

Mouser P/N:

806-KUSBX-BS1N-B30

Save datasheet as USB-B Connector

SMD LEDs (0805), ROHS Compliant

Mouser P/N:

638-172BHC-AN1P23T

2x5 Box Header (Prog. Connector), Gold Plated, ROHS Compliant,

Pitch=0.1
Mouser P/N:

649-66506-066LF

Save datasheet as 2x5 Box Header.pdf

Chip Sizing Information

Chip components are devices that come in small rectangles

The 0805 specification for the LED are actually dimensions of the
chip component itself (Size Code).

Split up the numbers to 08

inches

The Length of the chip diode is 0.08 = 80 mils

The Width of the chip diode is 0.05 = 50 mils

Therefore, the larger the numbers, the larger the chip device:

Larger chip sizes can handle more power

Smaller chip size can handle higher frequencies (ideally)

05, These are the dimensions in

Chip Sizing Information

1) Tantalum Capacitor (A-Case)

2) Tantalum Capacitor (D-Case)

3 & 4) Electrolytic Capacitor

5) 0805 Ceramic Capacitor

6) 1206 Ceramic Capacitor

7) 1210 Ceramic (Same length, but

wider)

Watt through-hole resistor

given as size reference
(Same as in our lab)
http://www.geocities.com/vk3em/smtguide/pics/caps.jpg

Chip Sizing Information

1) 1218 (1 Watt)

2) 1206 (1/4 Watt)

3) 0805 (1/8 Watt)

4) Potentiometer (Bottom & Top)

Watt through-hole resistor

given as size reference
(Same as in our lab)

http://www.geocities.com/vk3em/smtguide/pics/resistor.jpg

Chip Sizing Information

1) 20 Pin DIP Package

2) SOIC20, Wide

3) SOIC8, W/Power Tab

4) SOIC8, Standard

5) SSOP20

Watt through-hole resistor

given as size reference
(Same as in our lab)

http://www.geocities.com/vk3em/smtguide/pics/ic.jpg

Placing Parts
We

have now added all the

necessary libraries for the
project, now we need to draw the
schematic.
Follow the menu sequence below
to place a part

Placing Parts
After

clicking place
part from the
previous screen,
you will have an
option to place
from standard
libraries or
database libraries.
Keep this on
standard libraries

Click

the button to
the right of the
History button to
bring up a list of
available libraries.

Creating a Schematic

At the top of the screen, there is a dropdown box which lists available
schematic and integrated libraries (but not PCB footprint libraries). For the
highlighted library, in this case Miscellaneous Devices, there will be a list of
the parts inside that library in the bottom left.

Creating a Schematic

Select the Atmel

Library and
navigate down to
Atmega8. Notice
there are many
options for the
same chip. This is
because although
the device is the
same, there are
many different
packages that
this chip comes
in.

NOTE: The
Atmega8 costs
about $3.50

Creating a Schematic

Add the ATmega8-16AC

Looking at the datasheet for the ATmega8, we can see exactly what the
-16AI stands for.

Supports up to a 16 Mhz clock

Commercial grade fabrication (Temperature ranges from 0C to 70C

Creating a Schematic

Here are the three

common packages
for the ATmega8
microcontroller.

These are scaled

relative to each other
with the close to the
same functionality
with each package.

NOTE: Why does the

QFP package have 4
more pins than the
DIP package?

Creating a Schematic
We

were given constraints with the assignment of

this project. Sometimes constraints are based
on:
Economics, Size, Power handling, ability to assemble the
part , etc..

For

the microcontroller, we were told it must

function with a clock rate of 16 MHz, and must
have a QFP Package

It

is crucial to take note of all constraints BEFORE

entering the schematic and/or pcb layout. It is a
HUGE waste of time to design around a part that
doesnt meet the specifications.

Creating a Schematic

Looking again at the ordering information available in the datasheet, we know that:

The Chip must be able to work with a 16 MHz clock, we can eliminate all 8MHz rated microcontrollers

The DIP package is 28 pins, we can eliminate any package that has a 28 in the package information
The 32M1 refer to the MLF packaging, we can eliminate all those items
This leaves us with a decision to choose between commercial rated or industrial rated temperature
ranges, Either the ending in -16AC, -16AI, -16AU are acceptable

Creating a Schematic

Usually the industrial rated components are more costly than

the commercial rated components, so we will choose the
Atmega8-16AC

QUESTION: A temperature rating doesnt affect the footprint or

simulation of the device, is there a reason we cant/shouldnt
just choose any of the three possible options ???

Creating a Schematic

Notice to the right, there is the schematic drawing and

associated pinout of the device, beneath that is a drawing of
the PCB Footprint (this should match what you expect from the
datasheet)

The bottom shows all footprints associated with the part

Why do you think there are three different footprints for a QFP32 ?

Creating a Schematic

Many vendor supplied integrated libraries contain much more

than just a schematic drawing and PCB footprint

Shown below is a rendering of a 3D Image of the chip. Altium

has an option to view the PCB in 3D, and this image will
represent the Atmega8 in the 3D rendering

Also included are SPICE files and/or IBIS files (more on this
later)

Creating a Schematic

Place the Atmega8 into the schematic drawing

You can always move the location later

What function does pin 20 perform ?

Zooming In and Out

You cant see the function of pin 20 because the image

is zoomed out. To Zoom In/Out

Wheel Mouse and Control Key

Page Up/Page Down Key

To Pan Left/Right/Up/Down

Wheel Mouse and Shift Key

Left/Right/Up/Down Arrow (Small Pan)

Shift Key and Left/Right/Up/Down Arrow (Larger Pan)

Pin Functions

Pins can be setup for the following functions:

Input, Output, I/O

Open Collector, Passive, HiZ, Emitter,

Power

Depending on how the pin is set, will determine how the DRC
(Design Rule Check) Interprets the Pin and what connections are
allowed

Add the USB-B Connector

It seemed obvious which library contained the Atmel

Atmega8, but now we need to add a USB-B connector.

An easier method than searching each component and

each library is to search the libraries.

Click the Find button to the right of the library

selection
(It doesnt matter which library is selected/active)

Add the USB-B Connector

Type in the
keyword you are
looking for

We are looking for

a USB-B
connector, For
now lets just
search for USB
and narrow down
the search after
that.

NOTE: Using
wildcards * before
and after allow for
words such as
xxxUSBxxx to be
recognized.

Add the USB-B Connector

The search can take

a while depending on
how many libraries
you are searching
through.

We are searching
through only the
libraries we added to
the project, so it
should happen very
quickly.

The result of this

search came back
negative, That
means there are no
USB items in any of
our project libraries.

Click the Search tab

in the top right
corner

Add the USB-B Connector

Change the scope

of the search from
available libraries
(available to the
project) to ALL
libraries in the
path.

The path will

automatically be
entered for the
default library
location in Altium

* make sure
include
subdirectories is
ticked.

Click the search

button

Add the USB-B Connector

USB is a very common term, so very quickly the list fills up

Expanding the box to read the description helps with

identifying what each part is (in case names such as 1353576-1 mean nothing to you)

We are looking for a SINGLE Through Hole, Right Angle,

USB-B Receptacle socket, which is located at the 8th row
down

Add the USB-B Connector

Select the 11470156-1 and click

OK

You will get a

message stating that
the library is not
available to the
project, but Altium is
willing to install it for
you, click yes

Click OK again to
add the part

Add the USB-B Connector

The library AMP Serial Bus is added automatically to the

Installed libraries, NOT the project libraries

This action DOES NOT MOVE ANY LIBRARIES PHYSICAL

LOCATION

For ease of future design, it is a good idea to move libraries

added by this method to your ever-growing list of libraries

You can do this by copying the AMP Serial Bus USB from the
path given in the available libraries below
C:\Program Files\Altium Designer 6\Library\Amp

to your custom library in your flash drive

X:\EE495 Altium\EE495 Project\Altium Libraries

Add the USB-B Connector

AMP makes several different libraries, so be sure to copy the

correct one!

Rotating Parts

The easiest way to rotate

parts is to select the item
and hold the left mouse
button down, and tap the
space button, this will rotate
90 degrees each tap.

Another method is to double

click the component to open
up the component properties
window, and in the bottom
left corner you can set the
orientation

NOTE: the mirrored tab will

flip the component about its
axis

Component Properties

In the top left corner of the

component properties, you can
set comments, descriptions,
designator values and library link
information

NOTE: Unique ID is a unique

value which links the schematic
part with the PCB document.

In the bottom left corner, you can

set graphical properties such as
orientation, mirrored, locked
(stuck in schematic)

The Edit Pins button will allow

you to reassign pins, pin
functions, and pin numbers. This
should only be used if you are
absolutely positive you know
what you are doing!!

Component Properties

In the top right corner of

component properties of a
standard component will
contain information such as
publishing date, termination
length, URLs, drill sizes, etc.

NOTE: You can add your

own custom fields (such as
ordering information,
ordering part numbers, etc.)

NOTE: You can also add a

custom PCB rule to the
component while you are
still in schematic capture
mode

The bottom right corner

contains model information
for the component, such as
footprint model information
and signal integrity models.

Component Properties
Mirror

the

USB-B
connector
and orient
the parts
so they
match the
diagram
to the
right.

Programming Header

Add a part from the Miscellaneous Connectors library

called Header 5x2

Make sure to use caution when selecting parts. If you

accidentally add Header 5x2a they make look the same,
but look at the numbering system of the pins. Always
make sure the numbering method is the same as you
expect it to be.

FTDI Chip- FT232

A quick search
(TSSOP28)
for the FT232
chip we will be
using gives the
following result

Although there
are three
matches for the
FT232, We are
actually looking
for the FT232RL
as we will see
on the next
slide

FTDI Chip- FT232

Like all aspects
(TSSOP28)
of PCB layout,
you must pay
attention to
every detail on
everything.

The datasheet
states that the
FT232RL is a 28pin SSOP
package.

Since this
footprint is not
available, we
must create the
part in a custom
library

FTDI Chip- FT232

Follow the
(TSSOP28)
menu sequence
shown to the
right to create a
new PCB library.

This library will

house ALL of
your
components

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)
The new library is
automatically added
to the project.

Right

click and click

save as and
rename the library
to a more
appropriate name:
EE495 and save it in
the directory with
the rest of your
libraries

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)
Notice the small
tabs in the bottom
left corner.

Double

click the
new PCB library
you created to
open it, and click
on the one titled
PCB Library to
work inside that
library.

FTDI Chip- FT232

With the PCB
(TSSOP28)
Library tab
selected, we can
see that there is
only one
component inside
our library called
PCBCOMPONENT_1

FTDI Chip- FT232

From inside your PCB library, click TOOLS > IPC
(TSSOP28)

Footprint Wizard to open the IPC Footprint Wizard.

This will help you easily create the footprint for the
device

You will see why it is so important and helpful to have

standards when it comes to documentation, naming
conventions, etc

FTDI Chip- FT232

The first step is selecting what type of part it is. They
(TSSOP28)
dont specifically have SSOP, but SSOP is just a
modified version of the SOP so select that

There is a diagram of what the chip looks like to the

right

NOTE: check the note on the bottom of the wizard: All

wizard measurements must be entered as metric (mm)
units

FTDI Chip- FT232

At first this might seem a bit daunting and
(TSSOP28)

intimidating, but when you pull up the datasheet to

find the values, you will see that the graphics and
naming convention matches what we must entered

FTDI Chip- FT232

The first entry is for width range. The datasheet gives
(TSSOP28)
a width range of 7.80 +/- 0.40mm (Min width =
7.4mm, Max = 8.2mm)

FTDI Chip- FT232

The max height of the chip
(TSSOP28)
(A) is 2.00mm

Enter this in for maximum

height

Question: Why would the

height of the chip
matter ??

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)

Fill out the rest of the values, you should get the numbers below
NOTE: Watch as you enter values, the graphic on the right will
dynamically change

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)

Accept the automatically entered values for the next few slides until you get to the slide below
Uncheck the use suggested values and change the name to FT232RL
Click Finish and the part will be added to your library

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)

Your library will automatically open with your new

part included.

Notice how there are two yellow dots , those are pin
1 indicators so the board is assembled properly
You can now be confident that the FT232RL chip will
fit on this footprint

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)
Click the Projects tab on
the bottom left to return
back to the project file
hierarchy
Since

a PCB footprint is
useless as far as a
schematic is concerned, we
must create a schematic
drawing and link the
drawing with the footprint
we created

FTDI Chip- FT232

(TSSOP28)
Keep in mind that
we cannot keep
the schematic
drawing of the
FT232 and
change only the
footprint because
sometimes pins
are added,
removed, or are
different.

Shown to the
right is the pinout
of the device
obtained from
the datasheet

Creating a Schematic Part

Create a Schematic
library like we
created a PCB
footprint library

Rename the library

to EE495, and
save in the same
directory as the
rest of your
libraries.

Double click the

schematic library
to open the library,
and then view the
library by clicking
the SCH Library
tab in the bottom
left of the screen

Creating a Schematic Part

The large portion of the screen is for creating your schematic

drawing, the top left part contains all the parts in the library, the
towards the bottom left is the pins and associated function/name

Creating a Schematic Part

Double click the component and enter the values as shown

below

Creating a Schematic Part

Your component should have a descriptive component name and description such as the one below

Click the ruler tab to see the dropdown list

as shown in the right. This is the main icon well

Be using in creating the schematic drawing

Creating a Schematic Part

Place a rectangle and draw it so it looks like below

(Size doesnt matter)

Creating a Schematic Part

Click the place pin and place 28 pins around

the rectangle like below

Click and drag the rectangle to the proper size

Creating a Schematic Part

Double click Pin 1 and change

display name to TXD,

Change electrical type to

OUTPUT

Creating a Schematic Part

Sometimes the datasheet will explicitly give the function of

the pin, this is an added bonus and not usually given

You must usually define the pin type from reading the
description of what the pin does

Defining pin types is not a necessity, and things may work

fine without defining them properly, but you should usually
add the pin function to allow the DRC to catch your errors.

Creating a Schematic Part

There are usually typical applications schematics which will help you properly use the
device.

You should always read each and every pin description to see if you need to add
functionality, but it is always a good starting point to use the typical application sheet

Creating a Schematic Part

Usually these typical application notes have corresponding notes associated with it that you should
consider.

The following rules for this device are a combination of rules for the USB standard, and for the FT232
These notes should be regarded as bible, written by people who understand and have tested their
product to death.

Creating a Schematic Part

Now that we have verified that the pins all match the ones in the datasheet (with the
correct pin numbers!) we can move pins around and make it look more like the application
schematic given

This usually allows for a cleaner looking schematic drawing and much easier to reference
the datasheet.

Creating a Schematic Part

Now that we have verified

that the pins all match the
ones in the datasheet (with
the correct pin numbers!)
we can move pins around
and make it look more like
the application schematic
given

This usually allows for a

cleaner looking schematic
drawing and much easier to
reference the datasheet.

NOTE: You can also hide

pins from the schematic
document. Double click on
the pin and check hide

Creating a Schematic Part

Now we need
to associate
the PCB
Footprint we
created with
the schematic
drawing

Click the add

footprint at
the bottom of
the page

Click browse
in the
footprint
model
section

Creating a Schematic Part

Select your EE495 Library from the dropdown list

There is only one part inside your custom EE495

library, so the choice is easy. Select your part and
click OK

Creating a Schematic Part

In your schematic library, you should now see

the footprint you created along with the
schematic drawing you made

Finally the part is complete!!

NOTE: This gets much faster as you do it more,

but you can see the value of the large list of
integrated libraries included with Altium

Creating a Schematic Part

One last check is to look at the left side of the

screen. The first three columns in this case all refer
to data you entered when creating the schematic
document
The last column (FT232RL) is the name that you
gave the PCB Footprint
Check and compare that pin 1 on the schematic is
linked to pin 1 on the PCB footprint
Repeat for the rest. If something doesnt match,
something went wrong!!

Save the Project

Now is a good time to

save the project and all
the changes you made.

Follow the menu

sequence to the right
to save the project

Insert The FTDI Chip

Select your EE495 library, and place the only

component in your library (so far). You should see the
schematic drawing and also the PCB footprint. If not
something is wrong

Insert The FTDI Chip

Notice how the rotated and mirrored USB-B connector

matches up perfectly with the FT232 chip. (D- goes to
USBDM, D+ goes to USBD+) This did not happen by
chance

Current Schematic

Programming Interface

We need a
device that
will send our
compiled HEX
code to the
microcontrolle
r.

This type of
device is
called a
programmer

Sparkfun sells
many decent
programmers
that are cheap
($13)

Programming Interface

If you want,
you can see
the schematic
of the
programmer,
and integrate
it onto your
development
board

As you can
see, this is a
simple device
which would
only add a few
components
to your project

Programming Interface
The

specification for
the 2x5 header,
spaced 0.1 apart
perfectly matches
the connection for
the programmer.

Although

you may
not know what these
pins are, we will
assign them to the
programmer header

Placing a Connective Wire

Find

the icon that looks like the one

above, and click it to place a wire, it will
be blue in appearance

WARNING!!: Make sure not to use the

place line from the drawing box. This
will draw a line that LOOKS like a
connective wire, but a connection
wont be made

Placing a Connective Wire

Draw

wires on the 2x5 header as

shown on the right
Click the GND and VCC icons from the
wiring menu (shown below) and make
it look like the diagram to the right

Net Labels
A

net label is a method of electrically connecting nets of the same name

This allows a method to make a connection without requiring placing a wire
So whats wrong with running wires ?? It is far more difficult and more
confusing to run wires, especially when routing a large bus.

Net Labels
Here is a schematic which is very confusing and would

benefit from using net labels

Net Labels

This is a design
that uses direct
wires for short
connections,
and net labels
for long
connections.

Notice how the

schematic looks
more clean and
professional.

NOTE: Even if
direct wire
connections are
used, its still a
good idea to
give the net a
name for PCB
reasons

Net Labels
Another example

Using Net Labels

Click

on the net label icon and place

the net label on each of the wires.
Double click the rename the net. You
can type in a new net, or select one
from the drop down list.

Using Net Labels

Rename

the nets to match the diagram

on the right
WARNING: When placing netlabels,
make sure there is a red X at the
connection point. If it is a gray X, there
is no electrical connection

Good

Bad

Using Net Labels

Our

programming connector
now exactly matches the
pinout of the programmer
we selected to buy

Using Net Labels

Make the same net labels on the microcontroller as you did on the
programming connector

Connect the Power and Ground nets as shown below.

The programmer is now electrically connected to the microcontroller

Using Net Labels

Make the same net labels on the microcontroller as you did on the
programming connector

Connect the Power and Ground nets as shown below.

The programmer is now electrically connected to the microcontroller

Reset Pin
The

reset pin on the microcontroller is an active low pin,

indicated by the bar above the name
This means the device functions normally as long as the
reset line is held high, and will go into reset mode when
brought low (like rebooting a computer)
Looking at the datasheet, we can see characteristics on
each pin and how it works.

Passive Components

Now we need to add capacitors, resistors, and the LEDs.

Place a part, select the Miscellaneous Devices library, and

scroll down to CAP

Place this part (Dont worry that the footprint isnt SMD
0805)

Passive Components

Change

the comment to =Value, and

uncheck the visible
Change the value to 0.1uF

Passive Components
In

the footprint
section, click the
add button to add
our 0805 footprint to
this capacitor

Passive Components

Click browse and make

sure any PCB library is
selected

Select the Chip

Capacitor library, and
choose CC2012-0805

This is code for:

CC= Chip Cap
2012- metric
0805 - empirical

Passive Components

Place the capacitor down. It should

look something like this:

This is now our template for a

capacitor, just copy & paste
whenever you need capacitors and
they will all have the same
footprint and settings we set for
this capacitor

Do not worry about the C? , we

will deal with labeling the parts at
the end. For now it is a waste of
time.

Passive Components

Repeat the same process with

resistors and LEDs (all in same
miscellaneous devices library)

Modify the settings and change the

footprints
Diodes are from the Chip Diode library
Resistors are from the Chip Resistor
library

Complete the Schematic

Copy and paste the

parts as needed to
finish this
schematic

Highlight, CTRL-C (copy),

CTRL-V (paste)

The parts to the left are

in the miscellaneous
connectors library and
are called HDR1X10

NOTE: I moved the pin

locations on the top
connector, this does not
change functionality at
all, it just allows for a
cleaner schematic. To
do this you must first
unlock the pins. Double
click the part and
uncheck the lock pins
to move the pins around

Complete the Schematic

It is
common
practice
to add a
0.1uF
decouplin
g
capacitor
to EVERY
power pin
per IC

Complete the Schematic

The

reset line must

be held high with
external circuitry.
Using a 10k pull-up
resistor we can
keep this out of
reset
NOTE: Try adding a
switch from the
reset line to ground.
This is a hardware
reset switch

Complete the Schematic

Pins

19 and 22 are INPUT pins on the

microcontroller. These pins are both 10bit analog to digital converters. It is
necessary to pull these pins high with
pull-up resistors if they are going to be
unused (or possibly unused)

Complete the Schematic

Dont forget we cannot apply 5V across the LEDs. We must use current limiting resistors

To ensure maximum functionality of the development board, rather than hardwiring the
LEDs to a specific port, we will make it so a user can connect any of the three 8-bit ports

Complete the Schematic

Notice how RXD on the microcontroller connects to TXD on the FT232 chip, This is because two transmitting
signals cannot appear on the same line. One pin is an OUTPUT and one is an input.

Because these pins are correctly defined with both parts, The DRC would catch that if we made the mistake
of connecting TXD to TXD

The LEDs here are optional and light when data is being sent or received

Complete the Schematic

I have altered the typical application circuit for this in two ways:

I have added terminating resistors on the differential pair

I have not included the ferrite bead , you should include this . You can include a 0805
footprint as a placeholder for the ferrite bead which comes in a chip

Complete the Schematic

Now that all the

parts are added,
we must label all
the components

Follow the menu

sequence to the
right to label all
the parts
automatically

Click Yes when

asking to update
the changes

Complete the Schematic

All

the parts
are now
properly
numbered

NOTE:

This

step is
necessary
before
working with
simulations
or PCB Layout

Finished Schematic

Smart PDF
I

have included a Smart PDF of

the schematic for this
development board in the
downloads section of the website.
In this PDF file you can select and
zoom in to see parts, nets, etc

Compiling the Project

Compiling

the project is fancy

terminology for error checking.

Error

checking, although not

required, is a must before converting
the schematic drawing into a PCB
document.

We

cant error check without setting

up rules, so first we must setup rules

Compiling the Project

Click

Project > Project

Options

Compiling the Project

Under

the Error Reporting tab,

you can set options for which
level of report you will get.
Some errors are serious
Some are not a big deal

Compiling the Project

A

setting of no report is the same as the software ignoring

it
A warning will allow an action, but wont be happy about it
Set the Error level or above to see immediate feedback
Fatal error will not allow compilation of the project

Compiling the Project

If

we set floating net labels to error,

when we compile the document, a red
squiggly line will appear beneath the
floating label and it will appear in the
compilation report

Compiling the Project

If

we set floating net labels to fatal

error, when we compile the document,
a red squiggly line will appear beneath
the floating label and it will appear in
the compilation report.

Compiling the Project

If

you double-click the

error in the messages
box, it will show you
compile errors
From there you can
select the offending
error and it will dim
the schematic except
for the error

Compiling the Project

I

recommend reading through and setting

whatever rules you think will be appropriate.

Keep

in mind it is better to have a compilation

report with a lot of information that you dont
care about than to have an important error slip
past

If

there are no errors, you will not get a popup

screen when the compilation is complete

Connection Matrix

The next
tab over is
connectio
n matrix.
This is a
quick way
to allow
certain
connectio
ns to be
made or
denied.

Usually
this
doesnt
need to be
changed

PROJECT UPDATE

DUE

WED. 06/04/08 !!
Single page report with the following
What have you done for your project- (Be Specific!!) I expect
this to be mostly schematic design and research at this point
What do you have left to complete
Who is responsible for each part of the design

Schematic Entry
PCB Layout
Implementing Technology (Ex: Mike will be in charge of interfacing the transmitter with a
microcontroller)

Exam 1 will be based on this report.

Do not think that if you have done no work yet that you are not responsible for the project or that
your test will be easy. The more work you have done by the 9 th, the easier the test should be.
Every group member is responsible if someone is trying to get out of doing work. Do not cover for
anyone else. If I find out that the work was not done by an individual, I will hold the entire group
responsible
If there is a problem with someone not working, you have until the 7th to split from the group and
work on the same project by yourself if you let me know.

Creating the PCB

One of the reasons why it is important to define the PCB

footprints while entering in the schematic is to be able to
provide a good estimate of how much board area you will
need.

Generally speaking the following things make production

more expensive
Larger area
More layers
Smaller holes
Closer tolerances
Closer traces and spacing
Thinner or Thicker PCB

Our goal is to keep cost as low as possible while still being

able to transfer a schematic to a functioning PCB.

There are no special characteristics of this design that require

any exotics, and we can use a 2 layer PCB for low cost

Creating the PCB

From the project tab in the

bottom left corner, click the
Files tab and click the
upward facing arrows until
you can see

NEW FROM TEMPLATE

Select PCB Board Wizard

Creating the PCB

You will get a very friendly wizard screen, click next to

continue

Creating the PCB

Choose the board units as Imperial for this since that is what
most of us are most familiar with

NOTE: You are not stuck with the choice of units that you
choose here. The units specified are ONLY used for the PCB
wizard

Creating the PCB

There are many predefined templates for exotic designs or

standard PCB computer interface forms, such as AT Bus, PCI
bus, Eurocard, and many others.

Choose CUSTOM (at the top)

Creating the PCB

Leave the default settings (Rectangular, 5000 mils x 4000 mils

)

The dimensions of the board will be on a generic, information

layer (Mechanical layer) which is used to give information to
the board house.

Creating the PCB

We want to have a two layer board. This is two signal layers

(top of board, bottom of board) and zero internal plane layers,
make this change

Do you remember what a power plane is ? How does it differ

from a signal layer? (HINT: you can have signal layers internal
or external, and you can have power planes internal and
external)

Creating the PCB

Make sure the hole type is set on thruhole vias only

Do you remember what a via is ??

Creating the PCB

Our board contains mostly surface mount components, so

check this option

Choose that both sides of the board can contain components.

NOTE: These settings really dont matter. They exist for the
autorouter which we will not be using

Creating the PCB

Change track size

(10mils) and trace
clearance (8 mils)

What is the metric

length of 8 mils ????

Change the minimum

via hole size to 15
mils, and the min. via
width to 30 mils

NOTE: ALWAYS be
sure your settings
can be fabricated at
a reasonable price
before setting these
values

Creating the PCB

The wizard is now complete and your PCB is created based on

the values you have given.

Creating the PCB

Right click
on the PCB
>

Click
Options

Click Board
Options

Creating the PCB

Uncheck Display Sheet (this has a use, but for now we want
to reduce clutter)

Change the markers from lines to dots and click OK.

NOTE: The snap grid and component grid are very important,
we will get into this later though.

Creating the PCB

The PCB has been added to

the list of documents, but
has NOT been added to the
project (Notice it is listed as
a free document)

Click and drag the PCB to

your project

Right click on the

PCB1.PcbDoc file and save
the file in your project
directory.

Save the file as Dev Board

Creating the PCB

If you get the following warning, just click OK. It is telling you
there may be compatibility issues if you try to open the PCB
document in an older version of Altium.

Creating the PCB

If you select your schematic again, click the Design button up
top and then click on UPDATE PCB DOCUMENT DEV
BOARD.PcbDoc

This will begin the process to turn your schematic into a PCB

Creating the PCB

This will open the ECO (Engineering Change Order)

This is asking which changes to make.

Validate changes will check for errors in the process

Execute will actually perform the change

Creating the PCB

Click Validate at the bottom. This may take a while

depending on the complexity of the project.

Notice the green check boxes to the right. This means that
each step with the green check mark can be performed
sucessfully.

I have deliberately removed the library for the USB connector

to show what will happen if there is an error for a step (red x)
Adding the library will fix this error

Creating the PCB

Because there are usually many different steps to creating the

ECO, it is usually helpful to check the box that says Only show
errors at the bottom.

You are in good shape when no errors occur and this list is
empty

Creating the PCB

When no errors appear during the validation step, you can

click the execute changes to actually import the schematic to
the PCB

You will see a second row of green check boxes when you
execute the changes. Again, check for errors by checking the
Only show errors

Creating the PCB

NOTE: Every time you perform an ECO, the results are saved
in a text file in your project directory

Creating the PCB

Export the NETLIST following the menu sequence below (You

must be on the PCB document, not the schematic document

This will export the Netlist to your project directory

Creating the PCB

The

Netlist contains information such as

parts, footprint, and value (as shown
below)

Creating the PCB

It

also contains connection

information as shown to the
right
Each Netlabel (either assigned
by you or the software, every
net has a netlabel) shows which
component and pin number
connects to that node
Obviously a connection like GND
will have many connections, and
netlabels such as MISO might
only have a few (3 in this case)

Creating the PCB

Netlist Connections for Net MISO:
P3 pin 9
P1 pin 5
U1 pin 16

A quick look at the schematic

shows that this net is properly
connected

Creating the Netlist

Fortunately,

Altium handles the Netlist

transparently to the end user, but it is important
to at least be familiar with the term and how the
schematic is transferred to the PCB and vice
versa

Any

changes that are made must be made to the

Netlist.

The

Netlist is the link between the PCB and the

schematic. It is important that the schematic and
PCB agree on connections, nets, footprints, etc..

Creating the PCB

After

executing changes. If there are errors or

not, whatever the software can import into the
PCB it will do so
Notice how the software just sort of dumps all
your parts (PCB Footprints) off to the side of
the board.
Does anyone know why the software
doesnt place the parts ???

Creating the PCB

You

may have
noticed the words
on the right on
your design.
Leave it where it
is and dont mess
with it.

We

will get to that

later what it does

This

is called a
Special String

Creating the PCB

Notice

how all the parts are placed inside a colored

rectangle box called Main. This is called a ROOM.
Rooms are used to group common circuit types. A
room is created for each schematic page we have
Since we only have one page, called MAIN, there
is only one room

Creating the PCB

Rooms

are like borders for your parts. An item inside a

room cannot escape without an error message.
Since we only have one room, we can delete the room
without affecting our layout at all.
Click anywhere in the room and hit the DEL key
The room will disappear and the components will remain
NOTE: You can disable the use of rooms in project options

Creating the PCB

If

you hit the L key on the PCB page, it will

bring up the following prompt.
Change the option under mechanical layers
that says Used Layers Only

Creating the PCB

Notice the different tabs at the bottom of the screen.

The selected layer will look different than the others (in
this case, top layer)

Unlike a schematic, which is 2D, a PCB is a 3D entity

with a whole bunch of layers on top of each other.
These layers are all combined to form your PCB.

NOTE: These layers are all color coded!!!!

Creating the PCB

If

we zoom in, notice that U2 (The FT232 chip)

has several green pads, and several red pads.
The red pads represent something on the top
layer. But why are some of the pads green ??

Creating the PCB

If we type L again,
it will bring up the
board layer lists.

Since the layers are

color coded, we can
quickly look for the
green one and
notice that this is a
DRC error marker
(Design Rule Check)

For some reason

Altium has a
problem with our
FT232 Chip

Check the boxes for

pad holes and via
holes

Creating the PCB

If we put the mouse over one of the green pads, it will tell us information
about the pad, most importantly it will tell us what the error is

For these pads, there is a clearance constraint error between a pad on the
top layer, and another pad on the top layer

NOTE: It is up to you to decide is this is a real error, or an improperly set

rule

Creating the PCB

Like the schematic, there are rules we need to set.

Click Design > Rules (or) Rules wizard to create/modify

rules

NOTE: The software only creates errors based on your

rules. It is up to you to know if something is OK or not. If
you tell the software that 2 mil traces are OK, the
software will enforce that.

Creating the PCB

The

DRC
expects a
minimum
spacing
between
different
nets of 8
mils.

Creating the PCB

Make

the following rule changes (from top of list down):

Max Trace Width= 200 mils

Minimum Via Size = 15 mils, Min Via diameter = 30 mils
Maximum Via size = 50 mils, Max Via diameter = 80 mils
Minimum hole size = 15 mils, Max hole size = 200

Creating the PCB

Try

using trial and

error and change the
setting to 7 mils and
youll notice the error
markers go away.

NOTE:

There are
many better ways of
determining the
actual spacing, but
we want to keep
things simple for now

Creating the PCB

Notice

the small
lines, these are
collectively referred
to as a Ratsnest.
It is a way of
telling you which
connections need
to be made still
Example: You can
see pin 2 of R12
needs to connect to
Pin 2 of the USB
connector

Creating the PCB

Components

are moved in the PCB the same

way they are moved in the schematic.
Notice how the Ratsnest connections remain
and will dynamically change based on how a
component is rotated.

Creating the PCB

There

is usually a tradeoff when placing components. This USB

connector might be easier to route if it is in the middle of the
board, but will be difficult for a user to use a connector in the
middle of the board.
For this design, do the best you can to make it easier to route,
for your project, it should make physical sense to an end user,
even if it means harder routing

Creating the PCB

EVERYONES

PCB WILL BE DIFFERENT!!!

Do not try to make yours exactly like mine or anyone
elses.
This design I went out of my way to create a more dense
design for clarity and to resize the board. Feel free to use
the entire board area.

Creating the PCB

Usually,

components that are close together in the

schematic are placed close together in the PCB.
NOTE: If you have two monitors, keep the schematic
open on one side, and the PCB on the other side. If you
have one monitor, just write down the components

Creating the PCB

For

the USB circuit, we

will group the following
components

C7- C11
R12 R16
U2
D9, D10

Creating the PCB

Next

group the
components as
they are
arranged in the
schematic.
Prioritize the
placement by
organizing the
high speed or
critical
components first
at closest length

Creating the PCB

Usually

the more time you take in component

placement, the less time you will need for routing
Which placement is better and why ??? (L or R)

Creating the PCB

Which

R)

placement is better and why ??? (L or

Creating the PCB

Which

R)

placement is better and why ??? (L or

PCB Inspector
Start

the PCB
Inspector.

This

is one of the most

useful and time saving
features in Altium

PCB Inspector
Hold

down control and

click both R14 and C10

The

PCB inspector
shows two objects are
displayed/selected.

PCB Inspector
Change

the layer from TOP to

BOTTOM, and all selected objects are
immediately changed to the bottom
layer
This change moved the component
pads from the top of the board to the
bottom of the board and mirrored
them

PCB Inspector
We

can now place R14 and C10 underneath the

USB connector and make the connection from
the bottom of the board.

Notice

the pads are BLUE (color code bottom

layer), This lets you know that these
components are on the bottom of the board

Component Placement
Place

the three
decoupling capacitors on
the bottom layer, and
position them as close to
the power pins as
possible as shown below

Component Placement
The

current limiting resistors can

be place on the bottom of the
board (under the FT232 chip)

The

RX and TX indicator LEDs

should be placed on the top of
the board

Component Placement
This

is beginning to look very

cramped and hard to see things
which are overlapping.
We dont care where the
component labels (top overlay) go,
and will position them last, so they
are just getting in the way right
now

Component Placement
Click

on the LS at the left of the

list of layers. This is to change the
active Layer Set (Visible layers)

This

will bring up a screen like that

on the right. Change the setting to
Signal Layers

Component Placement
This

shows only SIGNAL LAYERS

or layers that conduct electricity
and hides the rest of the layers
that we dont care about at the
moment.
Most of routing is best done with
the Signal Layers layerset active

Component Placement

It is much easier to look for lines that cross

over here and make changes with component
placement.

NOTE: Be careful when placing components

in this mode. The top overlay (silkscreen)
is sometimes used for component boundaries
and you might place a component inside the
boundary of another part

Component Placement
Place

the rest of the

components however
you want to

Routing
Now

we need to make electrical

connections between the components
Click the icon to interactively route
connections
NOTE: Whichever layer is active, the
trace will being on that layer

Routing
Make

a connection
between two
components as
shown to the right.
Notice that the wire
itself is associated
with the net VCC

Routing
By

lowering the Masked Objects

Factor in the Mask Level in the
bottom right corner, when you click on
a pad to wire, such as VCC, it will dull
out the other connections to make it
easier to see where the connections
need to go

Routing
You

should
adjust this so
you can easily
see the
highlighted net,
but still see the
outlines of the
other pads

Routing
Press

the TAB key while routing and you

can change the width of the trace for
that particular net, and specific hole
sizes. Make VCC 15 mils

Routing
Notice

thick

the new VCC trace is 15 mils

Routing

Try to route this board using mostly perpendicular traces.

For example, use the bottom layer for horizontal traces,

and the top layer for vertical traces. This will make the
routing much easier (at the expense of more holes)

Routing

The connection on the

right is a differential
pair at a high
frequency.

Differential pairs
should be kept closer
together

Although you are using

an orthogonal method
of laying out the board,
Critical nets do not
need to apply.

Try to keep the layer

changes and
discontinuities to a
minimum for critical
lines

Routing

As a general rule for right now, you want to make the traces
about as large as you can make them.

Why ?

Routing

When the USB

connector is
complete,
there should
be four traces
coming from
the USB
interface to
the rest of the
circuit
VCC
GND
TX
RX

Routing

The TX and RX
traces from the
FT232 Chip to
the rest of the
chip can be
relatively high
speed (1 MB/s)

For reasons we
will go over
later, this
means we
should try to
maintain the
same geometry
throughout the
trace. (Dont
vary the width)

Routing

When the routing is complete, you

should have something that looks
like the picture to the right.

VCC and GND connections are not

all complete though.

We will work on VCC first

Routing

In the left-hand drop down box at the top, select VCC.

This will highlight the VCC net

NOTE: The box to the right will highlight and jump to a

particular component.

Routing

The VCC net is

highlighted and there
are three ratsnest
wires that need to be
connected.

Make the connections

to connect all the VCCs
together

Routing

The VCC net is

highlighted and there
are three ratsnest
wires that need to be
connected.

Make the connections

to connect all the VCCs
together

Repeat the process for

GND

Routing

When the routing is

complete, there should be no
more ratsnest wires

We must run a DRC (Design

Rule Check) to make sure
there are no errors.

Click TOOLS > Design rule

check

Routing

Uncheck the box to

create a report file

Click Run Design Rule

Check

If there are no errors,

you should get an
empty message box
like below

Routing

Change the Layer Set back to ALL LAYERS and view the entire board.

As you can see, we have a lot of wasted area, so this gives us a

chance to resize the board

Routing

Click and drag the pink

line to the right to the
left, leaving about 50
mils spacing between
the pink line and the
traces/components

Routing

Notice the
dimensions
are
automaticall
y fixed to
the new
distance
between the
arrows

Repeat this
process with
the bottom
pink line

Routing

The board should look something

like this.

Shift and click to select all four pink

lines

Routing

Click

Design > Board Shape > Define from selected objects

Routing

The board should now be resized

to the new dimensions

NOTE: The pink line is a special

line called a Keep-Out layer. This is
to prevent placing components too
close to the edge of the board

This is technically not the smartest

way to change the board size, but
the simplest to see how it works.

If you want to change the board

size on a real board please let me
know and Ill show you better
methods

Cleaning Up The Design

Now we should clean up the design. The top overlay

(silkscreen) are overlapping VIAs so they wont show up
well, the fonts are too big, and the spacing is too close
together

Cleaning Up The Design

Right click on any of

the top overlay (such
as D1) and click Find
Similar Objects

Under String TypeDESIGNATOR, change

from ANY to SAME.
This will select all
designators on the
board

Cleaning Up The Design

You can see that all

the component
designators are
selected, and nothing
else

The PCB inspector

shows that 99 objects
are selected

Change the Text

Kind from Stroke
Font to True Type

Cleaning Up The Design

The changes are

immediately made
and all 99 designators
are changed from
stroke font to true
type font.

The reduced size and

cleaner font type
already makes the
board look a lot better

Cleaning Up The Design

P4 and P5 are not very intuitive to the end user and should
probably be changed to something more descriptive.

Also, the 8-bit LED display can also be changed to Bit0, Bit1,
etc or 1,2,4,8, so a user can easily add the binary
numbers

Cleaning Up The Design

Go back to the schematic,

and change P5 to LED
INPUT

Change P1 to PORTB

Change P4 to PORTD

Change P2 to PORTC

Change P3 to ISP (In

circuit serial
programming)

Change D9 to TX

Change D10 to RX

We are making 7 changes

to component names here

Cleaning Up The Design

Click DESIGN > Update PCB

Document Dev Board

As a result of changing the

component names, some nets
changed also. Apply all changes
except adding the room

Cleaning Up The Design

The changes have taken place and now we each connector is more
descriptive

This method can also be used to change PCB footprints, etc

Cleaning Up The Design

You can make the font larger or in bold, or change the font itself if
you want to, just double click the text to bring up the menu

These connectors will have pin headers on them once assembled,

so the Pin 1 indicator with the rectangular pad will be invisible to
us. We need to add a better Pin 1 indicator.

Cleaning Up The Design

Click the place arc by edge

Place an arc anywhere on the

board

Double click on the arc to get

the prompt below, change:

Radius = 5 mil

Width = 10 mil

Start Angle = End Angle = 0

Layer = Top Overlay

Cleaning Up The Design

Copy & Paste the arc and place

next to the Pin 1s for the 10 pin
headers

Cleaning Up The Design

We should create two new board

layer sets.

One where only items on the

TOP of the board are visible

One where items on the BOT of

the board are visible

Click the LS at the bottom of

the screen and click Board
Layer Sets

Cleaning Up The Design

Click New Set in the bottom

left

Click Make Empty

Cleaning Up The Design

Name the set

TOP BOARD

Check the
following
boxes:
Top Layer
Top Overlay
Multi-Layer

Cleaning Up The Design

Create another
new set called
BOT BOARD

Check the
View from
bottom side

Check the
following
boxes:
Top Layer
Top Overlay
Multi-Layer

Cleaning Up The Design

Select the TOP BOARD from the

layer set.

This is what the real board will

look like from the top looking
down without the default
Superman ability to see
through all the layers

Cleaning Up The Design

This is the best view to

move the top
overlay/silkscreen
layers around to make
sure it will look good
when you are done.

NOTE: You should

avoid the holes with
the top overlay, but do
not worry if the top
overlay is on top of a
trace

Cleaning Up The Design

I have moved R10

and R11 indicators
to a location with
less clutter and
without being
blocked by a via.

Cleaning Up The Design

I have moved R10

and R11 indicators
to a location with
less clutter and
without being
blocked by a via.

Cleaning Up The Design

This is also the time

where you should
optimize your traces.

The trace on the top

image looks silly and
was probably done
because of optical
interference with the
bottom layer

Viewing ONLY the top

layer can help spot
errors easily and
make a clean and
professional looking
PCB

Cleaning Up The Design

Set the active layer set to the BOT LAYER

you made

Perform the same optimizations as with the

top layer

Cleaning Up The Design

The image to the left shows a DRC error because the polarity marking for the
capacitors are too close together. This is not a real error and we dont care about it

The image on the right does not flag for an error, but the bottom overlay for C1 will
not show up properly because of the location of the via.

Does anyone notice anything else wrong with the image to the right ???

Cleaning Up The Design

Is anything wrong with the bottom overlay in this picture ?

Cleaning Up The Design

Our board looks OK, but there is a lot

of unused space

We will add what is called a copper

pour or polygon pour to fill in the
empty areas

Cleaning Up The Design

Click the polygon plane icon

as shown to the right

Change net to GND

Cleaning Up The Design

Click about 50-100 mils away

from the each corner and
then right click

This will begin the polygon

calculation and placement.

NOTE: For large designs this

can take hours

Cleaning Up The Design

Notice

how the polygon

pour will avoid a net that is
different than the net
assigned to it.

It

will put copper

everywhere possible that
doesnt create a violation

Cleaning Up The Design

On

nets that
there is a
connection
(GND), you can
see it handles it
exactly the same
as any other net,
but has a few
short connectors
that connect the
pad/hole to the
pour

Cleaning Up The Design

Repeat

this
process on the
bottom layer
of the board,
also
connecting to
GND

PCB Complete!
Rather

than trying to manually figure out

what to order, we can extract a bill of
materials from the design
This is why it was so important to enter
all the details in correctly earlier
Click Bill of Materials as shown below

PCB Complete!
Check

the box to Open Exported and

click Export

PCB Complete!
An

Excel spreadsheet of the B.O.M. will

open with all the information you need
to quickly order the parts

PCB Complete!
From

the PCB, click

File > Assembly
Outputs > Assembly
Drawings

PCB Complete!

This will create

Assembly
Drawings that
are helpful
when
assembling the
parts.

Usually I print
these and
write the value
of each
component
where the
component
goes

PCB Complete!

To get the PCB

fabricated the
board house
needs two
things:
Gerber Files
NC Drill Files

Follow the
menu
sequence to
obtain the NC
Drill files first

PCB Complete!

Leave these
values as
default unless
you know what
you are doing

Click OK

PCB Complete!

Leave these
values as
default unless
you know what
you are doing

Click OK

PCB Complete!

A PCB with
only holes in it
should appear.

These holes
match the
holes of your
design

Go back to the
PCB

PCB Complete!

Follow the
menu
sequence to
create the
output Gerber
files

PCB Complete!

Leave the
values intact
under the
General tab

PCB Complete!

Under the
Layers tab, click
Plot Layers and
you can either
choose ALL ON
or USED ON.

If you choose
USED ON you
should manually
check the
bottom two
layers called
GPT Top Pad
Master
GPB Bottom Pad
Master

PCB Complete!

Under Drill
Drawing (This
is different
than NC Drill
files) check the
plot all used
layer pairs in
the two
locations at
the left

PCB Complete!

Under Apertures
make sure
Embedded
Apertures are
selected (RS274X)

NOTE: Before
RS274X, there was
RS274D, which did
not contain the
embedded
Apertures, most
everyone requires
RS274-X format

Ignore the
Advanced tab and
click OK

PCB Complete!

Again, depending
on the complexity
of the design and
the capabilities of
your computer, this
could take hours.

This design should

take around 10
seconds

Notice how two

new files have
been created,
These are CAM files

PCB Complete!

The PCB Document is a

single document

The Gerber files are a list

of around 10-40 individual
files with information on
each layer

This standardized format

of Gerber files means the
board house does not
need to own every
software package
imaginable

CAM Viewers are required

to open these generic
Gerber files. CAMtastic is
Altiums included CAM
viewer

PCB Complete!

Highlight the CAMtastic

file with your board
layout on it

Click the CAMtastic tab

PCB Complete!

Inside the CAM viewer,

you can see a rather
crappy rendition of
your board and a
bunch of color coded
files.

You may also notice

there are new buttons
in the menu screen.
This is so you can
modify the output files
(Gerber files) directly.

PCB Complete!

You may notice a new chart that appears in

the Gerber files.

If you remember the .LEGEND from the PCB

layout, that is known as a SPECIAL STRING
which performs a special function.

This particular one creates information

about the holes and represents this
information with symbols

PCB Complete!

Although it looks like

someone did graffiti on
your work, these
patterns represent the
type of hole it is, and the
size of the hole

The + is the center of

the hole, and the pattern
reveals drill information
from the .LEGEND special
string

NOTE: There are much

better CAM viewers than
Altiums, Some are
included in my syllabus

PCB Complete!

When you
created the
Gerber files
and NC Drill
files, a new
folder is
automatically
created in
your project
folder called
Project
Outputs

All these files

are what you
send to get
your board
made

Altium is nice
enough to
register the
file
extensions
with Windows
so you can
see which
each file is

PCB Complete!

Click Report > Board information for

a quick summary of your board

Click REPORT and include this

report file in any project files you
send me. POINTS WILL BE TAKEN
OFF IF IT IS NOT INCLUDED

PCB Complete!

Click the All On box and click

Report

PCB Complete!

An HTML report file is

created (file path is given)
and you can select the
units.

This HTML file has

hyperlinks so you can
quickly view areas

PCB Complete!

PCB Complete!

PCB Complete!

PCB Complete!
Be

careful with this one, The annular

ring size from board vendors is defined
differently. The Ring size is this
number divided by 2

PCB Complete!
Whats

wrong with this ????

We specified a minimum trace width of 10
mils, yes we have 81 tracks with a more
narrow width. Is the DRC Broken ?

Special Strings
Type

L from the PCB screen and click the

View Options
Check the box that allows you to Convert
Special Strings

Special Strings
Click

the Text Entry icon from the PCB menu

Double

click on the text you placed to get the following menu

Special Strings
Shown

to the right are all

the available Special
Strings that can be placed
in PCB Entry.
NOTE: This list usually
changes with each
revision

Part 2: Intermediate Guide

This

portion of the guide contains

more advanced features as is
geared towards:
Hardware Engineers
Signal Integrity Issues
Advanced Altium Designer features

Logos
The

image you want to create a logo out of MUST

be saved as a MONOCHROME BITMAP file. This
can be done by opening the file in MS Paint and
saving the file as shown in the box below

Logos
The

most requested feature people

want to know is how to implement
a logo in their design. There is a
script located in this directory
C:\Program Files\Altium Designer 6\Examples\
Scripts\Delphiscript Scripts\Pcb\PCB Logo Creator

Add

Converter.Pas to your project.

This script will convert any Black
and white image to a PCB footprint.

Logos
Notice

the different menu icons when

you have a script selected. From here,
you can click the small triangle button
to execute the script or press F9

Logos

Make sure to change the layer to TOP OVERLAY

(Silkscreen) and load the .BMP image. Notice
there is an option for scaling factor, and it
shows image size.
Image size will be the dimensions of the logo in
mils once the conversion is complete. Using the
scaling allows you to make the exact
dimensions you want for the image

Logos
Depending

on many factors, such as

complexity, and processing power, the
converting time may vary
When complete, there will be a new PCB
document added to your project containing
your logo. It is a good idea to copy & paste
the logo into your footprint library for future
use

Logos
Logos

can also include:

Compliance icons such as FCC,

ROHS, CE, etc..
Warnings such as ESD, High Voltage,
Etc
Make sure you can legally use any
logos you place on your PCB

Multiple Monitor Setup

Schematic/PCB Interaction
with Multiple Monitors

Circuit Simulation

Version Control System

Snippets
Snippets

allow for quick reuse of

existing designs.
Schematic, PCB, Routing can all be
saved as snippets.
Easily found by clicking the System
bar in the bottom right corner, then
enabling Snippets

Snippets
To

create a
snippet, simply
highlight the
schematic/pcb
information you
would like to
reuse, right
click, then
select Add to
Snippet

Snippets
You

can create multiple subfolders to keep your snippets

organized.
To place a snippet, simply highlight the snippet of your
choice, and click the PLACE button at the top of the
snippets box.

Snippets

When placing a snippet, you will see a rectangular boundary outline of the object. Once the
location is held, you will place the ENTIRE snippet as shown below.
Notice that nodes, net labels, differential pairs, and component IDs are all pasted from the
snippet.
When pasting a PCB snippet, the footprint, layer information, traces, etc.. Are all pasted from
the snippet
This powerful, simple to use feature is a great timesaving tool when creating multiple projects

Inspector Tools
The

PCB and Schematic Inspector

tools for some reason are hidden a
little deep inside the software.
This feature allows you to easily
and quickly make project-wide
changes to components, nets, etc.
Serious users will be amazed at
how much time is saved by using
the Inspector tools

Schematic Inspector
Start

out by
docking the
Schematic
Inspector. I
usually keep
it in the side
dockbar
which is
useful for a
multiplescreen
display.

Schematic Inspector
By

selecting multiple objects

(shift & left click), you can see
the Schematic Inspector update
the display for all selected parts.
Items showing <> have
varying values for more than one
component (Such as location X/Y
coordinates)

Schematic Inspector

In this
example,
Three
capacitors
are selected
Schematic
Inspector
shows that 3
objects are
selected in
the bottom
of its
taskbar.
From this
stage, any
value
changed
inside the
inspector
will
immediately
be changed
in ALL
SELECTED
OBJECTS

Schematic Inspector
Changes

such as changing the part comment from

0.1uF to 1uF are immediately visible in the schematic

Schematic Inspector

Allows changing a field with different values (Showing <>) to make all values
uniform
In the example below, component orientation is changed from <> to 90 Degrees.
Immediately each component is rotated to the 90 degree position.
For this example, the lower two capacitors are unchanged, as their value was already
90 degrees, and the top capacitor is rotated from 0 degrees to 90 degrees.

Find Similar Objects

The

perfect complimentary tool

used with Inspector is the Find
Similar Objects right click menu.

Find Similar Objects

To

find ALL
capacitors
with a part
comment of
1uF we
change the
following
objects from
ANY to
SAME

Description:
Capacitor
Part
Comment:
1uF

Click

OK
when finished

Schematic Inspector- Find

Similar Objects
After

hitting
Apply or OK,
the Schematic
Inspector
immediately
finds all
matching
parts.
In this case the
three
capacitors we
changed earlier
to 1uF are
highlighted
over the rest of
the schematic,
and selected in
the Inspector.

PCB Inspector

PCB Inspector works similar

to the Schematic Inspector.
Shown below is an example
of finding and selecting all
traces that are 7 mils width
on the top layer only
Notice how quickly we
selected and can modify
744 objects meeting this
criteria!!

PCB Inspector
We

can almost immediately find

any group of objects on the PCB
and change values.
This is an important feature
because it will allow you to
quickly adhere to changes in
project requirements, such as
fabrication trace-width
parameters

Project Report
A

quick detour
from the PCB
Inspector allows
us to see a
general report on
the project
From the main
toolbar, click
Reports then
Board information
You will see a
general summary
as shown to the
right, click on the
Report button

Project Report
Select

the
information you
want included in
the report.
Usually it is best
to select all and
then navigate to
when you want in
the report with
hyperlinks
Click Report
when done
selecting objects

Project Report
An

HTML based
report will be
generated with
a table of
contents and
hyperlink
navigation
available

Project Report
The

report
will probably
give more
information
than you will
ever want to
know, such
as a
detailed
breakdown
of the
routing,
layer
information,
vias, tracks,
etc..

Project Report
Shown

below is a
part of the
report on
board holes.
This
contains
EVERY hole
on the
board, and
includes the
drill size of
the hole.

Report and PCB Inspector

Scenario: Your PCB Manufacturer tells you that your hole

size must be 20 mils in diameter, and that the holes in
your submitted project are 15 mils (As shown in the
previous slide)
Go to the report to see a detailed analysis of the holes. For
this board we can see the smallest hole size we need to
change is 15 to 20 mils, every other hole is larger
Use Find similar objects to find pads/vias that match 15 mil
hole size
In the PCB Inspector, we know from the report that we need to
change 351 Vias, and 10 pads from 15 mils to 20 mils. We can
see in the Inspector window how many objects are selected.
Change the hole size from 15 to 20 mils using PCB Inspector
Find any clearance conflicts with the online DRC and quickly fix
Regenerate output files with smallest hole size = 20 mils

A process like this, to quickly find and modify 361 holes

might take just a few minutes rather than hours of finding
and modifying each pad/via manually.

Output Job File

Scale Print (1:1 Footprint

Verification)

PCB Tab

The Return Path

Bandwidth

Microstrips

Differential Pairs

Signal Integrity
Introduction

Fourier Series and

Transform

Physical Resistance

Physical Inductance

Physical Capacitance

Reflections

Multi-Layer Boards
The

term Multi-Layer board

usually refers to more than two
layers.
A multi-layer board contains a lot
more information such as
Layer Stack

Layer Stack
A

Layer Stack is a detailed report that contains

information on:
Physical Layers and ordering of layers
External signal layers
Internal signal layers
Internal planes

Copper thickness per layer (1oz = 1.4 mil, oz =

0.7 mil)
Dielectric material and permittivity constant
Prepreg thickness
Core thickness
Total board thickness
This

information is crucially important when

implementing transmission lines, microstrips,
striplines, etc.

Internal Planes

Internal Signal Layers

Layer Stack
Design

> Layer
Stack manager
will show a 3D
representation of
the layer stack

Layer Stack

Impedance Controlled
Routing
Transmission

required if:

lines usually

Microstrip

Stripline

Reflections

Cross Talk

EMI

Output Files

CAM Viewers
CAM Viewers allow the re/viewing of Gerber files.
CAMTastic:

Basic, Included in Altium Designer

http://www.altium.com/files/learningguides/AR0119%20CAMtastic%20
Introduction.pdf

ViewMate-

Pentalogix FREE Gerber Viewer

http://www.pentalogix.com/Download/download.html

CAMMaster-

Pentalogix

http://www.pentalogix.com/Products/CAMMaster/cammaster.html

CAM350-

Downstream Technology

http://www.downstreamtech.com/cam350.html

GC

Prevue- FREE Gerber Viewer

http://www.graphicode.com/

GerbTool-

Wise Software

http://www.wssi.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section
&id=16&Itemid=167

IPC: Formerly known as

Institute of Interconnecting and Packaging

Electronic
Circuits

IPC Guides the electronic

interconnection industry through
dramatic changes. IPC brings
together designers, board
manufacturers, assembly
companies, suppliers, and OEMs.
IPC is responsibly for creating
over 200 standards

IPC: Certification
IPC

also has a certification program

which allows one to be certified as:
Certified Interconnect Designer (C.I.D.)
Proves a designers knowledge of how to
transform a schematic into a reliable rigid
PCB design.

Advanced Certified Interconnect

Designer (C.I.D.+)
Recognition of a designers accomplishments.
Exam covers forty key objectives which go
beyond the C.I.D. certification.

IPC: C.I.D. Certification

Interested

individuals who wish to be

certified should obtain the following
articles:

IPC-2221A: Generic Standard on Printed Board

Design ($30 members/$60 nonmembers)
IPC-2222: Sectional Standard on Rigid Organic
Printed Boards ($20/$40)
IPC-D-325A: Documentation Requirements for
Printed Circuit Boards ($25/$50)
IPC-T-50G: Terms and Definitions for
Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic
Circuits ($40/$80)
PWB-CRT-SGA: PWB Designer Certification
Study Guide ($35/$70)

IPC: C.I.D. Certification

Shown

to the
right are some of
the sample
questions
available on the
IPC Website

IPC: For More Information

IPC

Homepage

http://www.ipc.org/

Online

Store Purchase Articles

http://webvision.ipc.org/scripts/mgr
qispi.dll?APPNAME=IPCWEB&PRGNAME=TOC
FRAME&ARGUMENTS=-N,-N,-A,-A,-N50

Certification

http://dc.ipc.org/certification.htm

Keyboard Shortcuts

References
Bogatin,

Eric. Signal IntegritySimplified. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice Hall, 2006
Schmitt, Ron. Electromagnetics
Explained. Boston, MA: Newnes, 2002
Johnson, Howard, and Graham,
Martin. High Speed Signal
Propagation- Advanced Black Magic.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2003
Altium Designer Learning Guides
http://www.altium.com/community/supp
ort/learningguides/altiumdesigner6le
arningguides/