Vibrations and Waves MP205, Assignment 5 Solutions

1. Solve the steady-state motion of a forced oscillator (with no resistive force) if the driving
force is of the form F = F0 sin(t).
For a forced oscillator with driving force F0 sin(t), its equation of motion is
d2 x
+ kx = F0 sin(t)
dt2
d2 x
F0
+ 02 x =
sin(t)
2
dt
m

Using the complex exponential method, let



x = A cos(t ) = Re Aei(t) = Re(z)
z = Aei(t)
dz
= iAei(t)
dt
d2 z
= A 2 ei(t)
dt2





= Re ei(t 2 )
sin(t) = cos t
2
So we can write our equation as:
F0 i(t )
d2 z
2
+ 02 z =
e
2
dt
m
F0 i(t )
2
A 2 ei(t) + 02 ei(t) =
e
m
F0 it i
A 2 eit ei + 02 eit ei =
e e 2
m
F0 i
A 2 ei + 02 ei =
e 2
m
F0 i i
A 2 + 02 A =
e 2e
m
F0 i( +)
e 2
A(02 2 ) =
m




F0
F0
=
cos + + i sin +
m
2
m
2
Comparing real and imaginary coefficients:


F0
cos +
m
2


F0

0=
sin +
m
2


sin + = 0
2
A(02 2 ) =

F0
m



cos

2
02 2


sin + = 0
 2
2
=
3
A=

A=
=
=

F0
m

 
cos
+
2
2
02 2
F0
m

02 2

cos (0)

F0
m

02 2
F0
m



3
cos +
A= 2
2
2
0 2
=

F0
m

02 2

=
To ensure A is positive then for =

cos ()

F0
m

02 2

we require 0 > , and for =

3
2

we require 0 < .

x = A cos(t )
where:


 F0 


A =  2 m 2
 0 

when 0 >
2
=
3
when 0 <
2
2. An object of mass 0.2 kg is hung from a spring whose spring constant is 80 Nm1 . The
body is subject to a resistive force given by bv, where v is its velocity in ms1 and
b = 4 Nm1 sec.
(a) Set up the differential equation of motion for free oscillations of the system, and find
the period of such oscillations.
(b) The object is subjected to a sinusoidal driving force given by F (t) = F0 sin(t), where
F0 = 2 N and = 30 sec1 . In the steady state, what is the amplitude of the forced
oscillation?
(c) What is the mean power input?
(d) Show that the energy dissipated against the resistive force in one cycle is 0.063J
(a) We know the mass is subject to a resistive force bv, as well as a force due to the springkx:
F = kx bv
ma + bv + kx = 0
0.2a + 4v + 80x = 0
a + 20v + 400x = 0
d2 x
dt2

+ 20

dx
+ 400x = 0
dt

Comparing this to the general form:

d2 x
dx
+
+ 02 x = 0
2
dt
dt
We can read off values for and 0 :
= 20
02 = 400

0 = 20

To obtain the period of oscillation we require :

2
400
2 = 02
= 400
= 400 100 = 3
4
4

= 300 = 10 3
2
2

T =
= = 0.36s

10 3
5 3
(b) For this system the equation of motion is given by:
d2 x
dx
F0
+
+ 02 x =
sin t
2
dt
dt
m
Using the complex exponential method, let


x = A cos(t ) = Re Aei(t) = Re(z)
z = Aei(t)
dz
= iAei(t)
dt
d2 z
= A 2 ei(t)
dt2





= Re ei(t 2 )
sin(t) = cos t
2
So we can write our equation as:
d2 z
dz
F0 i(t )
2
+
+ 02 z =
e
2
dt
dt
m
F0 i(t )
2
A 2 ei(t) + iAei(t) + 02 ei(t) =
e
m
F0 it i
A 2 eit ei + iAeit ei + 02 eit ei =
e e 2
m
F0 i
A 2 ei + iAei + 02 ei =
Ae 2
m
F0 i i
A 2 + iA + 02 A =
e 2e
m
F0 i( +)
A(02 2 ) + iA =
e 2
m




F0
F0
=
cos + + i sin +
m
2
m
2

Comparing real and imaginary coefficients:

A(02 2 ) =
A=
A =
A=
A=A

F0
m



F0
cos +
m
2
F0


m
cos

2
02 2


F0

sin +
m
2


F0
sin +
m
2


F0

sin +
m
2


1
sin +



cos

=
2
02 2


1
cos

=
2
02 2


sin 2 +

= 2

0 2
cos 2 +



tan + = 2
2
0 2

let = 2 +

If we draw this angle on a right angles triangle and use Pythagoras theorem:

This gives us:



2 2
cos + = cos = p 2 0
2
(0 2 )2 + ()2
Using this in our expression for A:
F0


A = 2 m 2 cos +
2
0
=

F0
m

02 2
p
02 2 (02 2 )2 + ()2
F0

m
=p 2
(0 2 )2 + ()2

The amplitude is given by:

F0
m
A= p 2
(0 2 )2 + ()2

From (a) we know that: 0 = 20, m = 0.2 and = 20. Were told here that = 30 and F0 = 2,
using this in our equation for the amplitude gives:
2
0.2
A= p
((20)2 (30)2 )2 + ((20)(30))2
10
=p
((400 900)2 + (600)2
10
=p
((500)2 + 360, 000
10
=
250, 000 + 360, 000
10
=
610, 000
= 0.0128m

(c) The mean power is given by:

F 2 0
P = 0 
2kQ 0
Using the same values we used in (b), Q =

1
2

1
Q2

20
20

= 1 and k = 02 m = (20)2 (0.2) = 80 we get:

(2)2 (20)
P =
2(80)(1)

1
20
30

30 2
20

1
1

4(20)
1


160 5 2 + 1
6
1
80
=
160 25
36 + 1
1 1
= 61
2 36
1 36
=
2 61
18
=
61
0.3W
=

(d) The energy lost per cycle is given by:

E = P T = P

2
2
= (0.3)
= 0.063J

30

* 3. A block of mass m is connected to a spring, the other end of which is fixed. There is
also a viscous damping mechanism. The following observations have been made on the
system:
(1) If the block is pushed horizontally with a force equal to mg, the static compression
of the spring is equal to h.
(2) The viscous resistive force is equal to mg if the block moves with a certain known
speed u.
(a) For this complete system (including both spring and damper) write the differential
equation governing horizontal oscillations of the mass in terms of m,g, h and u.

(a) (1) tells us:


kxx=h = mg
kh = mg
mg
k=
h
(2) tells us:

bv v=u = mg
bu = mg
mg
b=
u
Using this in:
ma + bv + kx = 0
m

d2 x
dt2

+b

dx
+ kx = 0
dt

gives:
m

d2 x mg dx mg
+
+
x=0
dt2
u dt
h
d2 x g dx g
+
+ x=0
dt2
u dt
h

Comparing this with

d2 x
dx
+
+ 02 x = 0
dt2
dt
gives us values for and 0 :
g
u
g
02 =
h

Answer the following for the case that u = 3 gh

=

r
0 =

g
h

(b) What is the angular frequency of the damped oscillations?

q
(c) After what time, expressed as a multiple of hg , is the energy down by a factor 1e ?
(d) What is the Q of this oscillator?

Using u = 3 gh gives us:

g
g
1
= = =
u
3
3 gh
g
2
0 =
h
(b) To find the angular frequency we use: 2 = 02

2
4 .

2
4
g
1 g
=
h 9 4h
g
g
=
h 36h
35g
=
36h
r
35g
=
36h

2 = 02

g
h

(c) The energy decreases according to E(t) = E0 et

E(t) = E0 et
we need to find a st:
E( ) = E0 e1 = E0 e
this tells us
1 =
1
=

s
=3

h
g

So the time taken for the energy to decrease a factor of

1
e

q
is t = 3 hg s.

(d)
Q=

g
h

= q
1
3

g
h

1
1
3

=3
4. A mass m is subject to a resistive force bv but no springlike restoring force.
* (a) Show that its displacement as a function of time is of the form:
b
x = C v0 et where = m
(b) At t = 0 the mass is at rest at x = 0. At this instant a driving force F = F0 cos t is
switched on. Find the values of A and in the steady-state solution x = A cos(t )
(c) Write down the general solution [The sum of parts (a) and (b)] and find the values
of C and v0 from the conditions that x = 0 and dx
dt = 0 at t = 0
(a)
F = bv
ma = bv
b
a = v = v
m
Now, we know that a =

dv
dt :

dv
= v
dt
1
dv = dt
v
Integrating both sides gives
Z

Z
Z
1
dv = dt = dt
v
ln(v) = t + D where D is a constant
v = et+D
v(t) = eD et

Let v0 be the inital velocity at the time 0:

v(0) = eD e0 = v0
e D = v0
This gives us a final expression for v
v(t) = v0 et
To get an expression for x we use the fact that v =

dx
dt

dx
=v
dt
dx
= v0 et
dt
dx = v0 et dt
Integrating both sides gives
Z

Z
dx =

v0 et dt = v0

v0 t
e
+C

v0
x = C et

x=

et dt

where C is a constant

(b)
ma + bv = F0 cos t
d2 x

dx
= F0 cos t
dt
dx
F0
d2 x
+
=
cos t
2
dt
dt
m

dt2

+b

Looking at the steady state solution: x = A cos(t ), we want to obtain expressions for A and
.
Using the complex exponential method, let


x = A cos(t ) = Re Aei(t) = Re(z)
z = Aei(t)
dz
= iAei(t)
dt
d2 z
= A 2 ei(t)
dt2

cos (t) = Re eit
So we can write our equation as:
d2 z
dz
F0 it
+
=
e
2
dt
dt
m
F0 it
A 2 ei(t) + iAei(t) =
e
m
F0 it it
A 2 eit ei + Aieit ei =
e e
m
F0
A 2 ei + Aiei =
m
F0 i
2
A + Ai =
e
m
F0
F0
A 2 + Ai =
cos () + i sin ()
m
m

Comparing real and imaginary coefficients:

F0
cos ()
m
F0
cos ()
A=
m 2
F0
A =
sin ()
m
F0
A=
sin ()
m
F0
F0
A=A
cos () =
sin ()
m 2
m
1
1
2 cos () = sin ()

sin ()

= 2 =
cos ()

A 2 =

cos() = p
2 + 2

sin() = p
2 + 2
Note: weve chosen the signs here to ensure we have a positive value for A.
Using this to get an expression for A:
F0
cos()
m 2
F0

p
=
m 2 2 + 2
F
p 0
=
m 2 + 2

A=

(c) The general solution is give by x = C

v0 t
e

+ A cos(t )

We have the initial conditions: x(0) =

dx
dt (0)

=0

v0 t
e
+ A cos(t )

v0
x(0) = C e0 + A cos(0 ) = 0

x(t) = C

v0
+ A cos() = 0

dx
(t) = v0 et A sin(t )
dt
dx
(0) = v0 e0 A sin(0 ) = 0
dt
v0 + A sin() = 0

v0 = A sin()
= A

p
2 + 2

= A p
2 + 2
A
F
p 0
p
=
m 2 + 2 2 + 2
F0
=
m( 2 + 2 )
And to find C:
C

v0
+ A cos() = 0

v0
A cos()
C=

F0
m( 2 + 2 )

p
p 0
2
2
2

m +
+ 2
F0
F0
+
=
m( 2 + 2 ) m( 2 + 2 )
=0
=

* 5. The graph shows the power resonance curve of a certain mechanical system when driven
by a force F0 sin(t), where F0 =constant and is variable.

(a) Find the numerical values of 0 and Q for this system.

(b) The driving force is turned off. After how many cycles of free oscillation is the energy
of the system down to 1/e5 of its initial value? (e = 2.718) (To a good approximation,
the period of free oscillation can be set equal to 2/0 .)

(a) Here we use the fact that with width of the power-resonance curve at half-height
0
=2
Q
0
40
Q=
=
= 20
2
2
(b) The energy decreases according to E(t) = E0 et
E(t) = E0 et
we need to find a st:
E( ) = E0 e5 = E0 e
this tells us
5 =
5
5
= = = 2.5

2
The time taken to complete one cycle is

2
0 ,

so the time taken to complete n cycles is n 20 :

= 2.5 = n

2
0

2
= 2.5
0
2
n
= 2.5
40
n(0.16) = 2.5
2.5
n=
= 15.6 16
0.16

6. The figure shows the mean power input P as a function of driving frequency for a mass
on a spring with damping. (Driving force = F0 sin(t), where F0 is held constant and is
varied.) The Q is high enough so that the mean power input, which is maximum at 0 ,
falls to half-maximum at the frequencies 0.980 and 1.020 .

(a) What is the numerical value of Q?

(b) If the driving force is removed, the energy decreases according to the equation
E = E0 et . What is the value of ?
(c) If the driving force is removed, what fraction of the energy is lost per cycle?

(a)
0
= width of the power-resonance curve at half-height
Q
0
= 1.020 0.980
Q
= 0.040
0
Q=
0.040
1
=
= 25
0.04
(b) From (a) we can just write down the value of :
= 0.040
(c) The energy decreases according to the equation E = E0 et , so the fraction of energy lost is

E
E0 :

E0 et
E
=
E0
E0
t
=e
= e0.040 t
The time taken for one cycle is the perios T =

2
0 ,

so the fraction of energy lost per cycle is



E
0.040
=e
E0
= e0.08 s

2
0

A new system is made in which the spring constant is doubled, but the mass and the
viscous medium are unchanged, and the same driving force F0 sin(t) is applied. In terms
of the corresponding quantities for the original system, find the values of the following:
(d) The new resonant frequency 00 .
(e) The new quality factor Q0 .
0 .
(f ) The maximum mean power input Pm

(g) The total energy of the system at resonance, E00 .

(d)
For the original system:
r

k
m

k0
=
m

0 =
For the new system:
00 =

2k
k
= 2
= 20
m
m

(e)
For the original system:
Q=

Q0 =

0
00
= 2
= 2Q

For the new system:

(f)
For the original system:
QF02
Pmax =
2m0
For the new system:
0
Pmax

Q0 F02
QF02
2QF02

=
=
= Pmax
=
2m00
2m0
2m 20

(g) Originally we had E = E0 et , therefore E0 = Eet . As there is no k dependence here we see

that E00 = Eet = E0 .