17chp06 Process Heat Transfer Lab

NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
ERODE-638052
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
17CHP06 – PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY.
III YEAR / V SEMESTER
Prepared by
Mr.S. Pandiarajan, Assistant Professor/Chemical
Verified by
HoD/Chemical
17CHP06 – PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY
A LIST OF BASIC SAFETY RULES

1. Never carry out unauthorized experiments.
2. In case of injury (cut, burn, fire etc.) notify the instructor immediately.
3. In case of a fire or imminently dangerous situation, notify everyone who may be

affected immediately; be sure the lab instructor is also notified.
4. In case of a serious cut, stop blood flow using direct pressure using a clean towel,
notify the lab instructor immediately.
5. Eating, Playing, Roaming are prohibited in the laboratory at all times.
6. Never work in the laboratory without proper supervision by an instructor.
7. Know the location and operation of :
a. Fire Alarm Boxes
b. Exit Doors
2
LABORATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed uniform.
2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes. Girls’ students with cut shoes,
overcoat, and plait incite the coat. Girls’ students should not wear loose garments.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are in working
condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be switched on
only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing the experiment. Students must
start doing the experiments only after getting permissions from the faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to carelessness,
the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or) group of students.
6. Students must contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected incidents and
emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to the
technicians, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the power
connections are switched off.
9. EVALUATIONS:
 All students should go through the pre-printed record and video lecture prior to
the lab class.
 Students must be fully aware of the core competencies to be gained by doing
experiment/exercise/programs.
 Students should complete the lab record work within the prescribed time. Delay in
submission will lead to reduction of Marks by 25%, 50% etc based on the time
delay.
 The following aspects will be assessed during every exercise, in every lab class
and marks will be awarded accordingly:
Preparedness, conducting experiment, observation, calculation, results, record
presentation, basic understanding and answering for viva questions.
 In case of repetition/redo, 25% of Marks to be reduced for the respective experiment.
3
NOTE: 1
 Preparation means coming to the lab classes with record note and must know the
step by step procedure to conduct the experiment by seeing video demonstration.
 Conducting experiment means making connection, preparing the experimental

setup without any mistakes at the time of reporting to the faculty.
 Observation and Result means taking correct readings in the proper order and
tabulating the readings in the tabular columns.
 Calculation means calculating the required parameters using the appropriate

formula and readings.
 Viva voice means answering all the questions given in the manual pertaining to
the experiments.
 Full Marks will be awarded if the students perform well in each case of the above
component
NOTE: 2
 Incompletion or repeat of experiments means not getting the correct value of
the required parameters / dimension in first attempt. In such cases, it will be
marked as “IC” in the red ink in the status column of the Mark allocation table
given at the end of every experiment. The students are expected to repeat the
incomplete the experiment before coming to the next lab. Otherwise the Marks
for IC component will be reduced to zero.
NOTE: 3
 Absenteeism due to genuine reasons will be considered for doing the missed
experiments.
 In case of power failure, extra classes will be arranged for doing those
experiments only and assessment of all other components preparedness; viva
voice etc. will be completed in the regular class itself.
NOTE: 4
 The end semester practical continuous assessment Marks will be based on the
average of all the experiments and model examination.
4
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Ex.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
Experiments on Conduction
1 Determination of Thermal conductivity by guarded plate method

Determination of Thermal conductivity of pipe insulation using
2
lagged pipe apparatus
3 Determination of Heat transfer coefficient from pin-fin apparatus
Experiments on Convection
Determination of heat transfer coefficient of Forced convection
4
inside tube
Determination of Natural convection heat transfer coefficient
5
from a vertical cylinder
Experiments on Radiation
6 Determination of Stefan - Boltzmann constant
7 Determination of emissivity of a grey surface

Experiments on applications of heat transfer and heat
transfer with phase change
8 Determination of heat flux in boiling and condensation heat transfer
Determination of Effectiveness by using parallel and counter flow heat
9
exchanger
Heat exchangers – Individual and overall heat transfer coefficient
10 Shell and tube heat exchanger
11 Packed column
12 Evaporator – Steam economy and efficiency
13 Transient heat conduction
5
INDEX
Ex. Signature
Date Name of the Experiment Marks
No of Faculty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Total Marks
Total Marks
6
Main Heater Ring Heater
Thermal
Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter Temperature Reading 0C Conductivity
S No Reading Reading Reading Reading of specimen
(volts) (amps) (volts) (amps) (k)
W/mK
V I V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
7
Ex.No :
Date :
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BY GUARDED PLATE APPARATUS
AIM:
To find the thermal conductivity of the given specimen by two slabs guarded hot
plate apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator
SPECIFICATIONS:
Thickness of the specimen plate = 0.006 m
Specimen diameter d = 0.140 m
Surface Area A = 0.0153 m2
FORMULA USED:
Heat transferred through the specimen
dT
Q  kA
dX
Where,
Q – Heat transfer rate, W
k – Thermal conductivity of the specimen plate, W/mK
A – Surface area of the test plate, m2
dT – Temperature drop across the specimen, K
dX – Thickness of the specimen = 0.006m
T1  T2  T3  T4 T5  T6
dT  
4 2
Q dX
k , W/mK
A dT
8
9
PROCEDURE:
1 Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15A main supply and switch on the
unit.
2 Turn the regulator knob clockwise; set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3 Adjust the regulator for guard heater so that the main heater temperature is less
than that of the guard heater temperature.
4 Allow water through the cold plate at a steady rate
5 Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
6 When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated in
the temperature indicators.
7 In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T1, T6 represents the cold plate
temperature, T2, T5 represents the main heater temperature T3, T4 represents the
guard heater temperature T7, T8 represents the water temperature. These values
are noted in the table.
8 Calculate the thermal conductivity of the given specimen by using the given
formula and note the value in the table.
9 Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 8 by varying the heat input to the
system.
RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given specimen was calculated for different
heat inputs.
Viva Voce Questions:

1. State heat transfer.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
3. What critical radius of insulation?
4. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
5. State Thermal conductivity.
Continuous Assessment Marks
Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
Preparation and Conduct
1. 50
of experiments
2. Observation & Result 30
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
10
Tabulation
Heat
Voltmeter Ammeter input Temperature at Temperature at Temperature at Thermal
Readings Readings Q= RadiusR1 RadiusR2 RadiusR3 conductivity
S VxI (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (k) W/mkK
No (Volts) (Amps)
`
Tavg Tavg Tavg
V A Watts T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 k1 k2
(Heater) (Asbestos) (Sawdust)
11
Ex.No :
Date :
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE INSULATION USING

LAGGED PIPE APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material by using
lagged pipe apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Location of thermocouple 1, 2, 3, at a radius = 25 mm
2. Location of thermocouple 4, 5, 6 on glass wool
3. Location of thermocouple 7, 8, 9, at a radius = 50 mm
4. Location of thermocouple 10, 11, 12 at a radius = 75 mm
5. Length of pipe = 500 mm
FORMULA USED:
Heat transfer rate, Q  k1  2L(T )  k 2  2L(T )

r r
ln( 2 ) ln( 3 )
r1 r2
Where,
Q – Heat transfer rate, W
k – Thermal conductivity of insulating material W/mK
L – Length of the pipe = 0.5 m
ΔT– Temperature difference, K
r –radius
12
13
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 V, 50 Hz, 15 A main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
3. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
4. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated
by the temperature indicators.
5. In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T1, T2, T3 represents the
temperature of the heater, T4, T5, T6 represents the temperature of the material 1
and T7, T8 represents the temperature of the material 1 lagging by using the
multipoint digital temperature indicator. These values are noted in the table.
6. Calculate k1 and k2 by using the given formula and note the value in the table.
7. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 6 by varying the heat input to the
system.
8. Plot the graph between temperature and radius.
RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material has been calculated
for different heat inputs.

1. What is conduction?
2. State Fourier’s law of conduction.
3. State Thermal conductivity.
4. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
5. Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
14
Tabulation
Voltmeter Ammeter Heater temperature Manometer

Heat input Ambient
Reading Reading Reading Efficiency
S. Q=VxI (˚C) Temperature
(Volts) (Amps) (m) 
No
%
V A Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Tavg T8 h1 h2
15
Ex.No :
Date :
HEAT TRANSFER FROM PIN-FIN APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of a PIN-FIN for forced convection and
to find the FIN efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Blower
5. Fin specimen
6. Thermocouple
SPECIFICATION:
Duct width B = 0.150m; Duct height W = 0.100m
Orifice diameter do = 0.020m; Orifice coefficient Cd = 0.6
Fin length L = 0.145m; Fin diameter df = 0.012m
FORMULA USED:
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7  o
1. Surface temperature Ts  ,C
7
2. Ambient temperature, Tα = T8, ˚C
T  T
3. Mean film temperature, T f  s , ˚C
2
4. Volume flow rate, Q  Cd . As 2 gha , m3
sec
Where, Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

 2
As = Orifice area = do
4
ha = Drop in manometric head, m
16
17
w
ha   h1  h2 
a
ρw– Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
ρw– Density of air = 1.14 kg/m3
h1, h2 – Manometer head, m
5. Velocity of air , V  Q , m/sec
W .B
Where, W = Duct height, m; B = Duct width, m
Vd f
6. Reynolds number, Re 

Where, V = Velocity, m/sec; df = Diameter of fin, m
 = Kinematic viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf) (HMT data
book) m2/s
7. Nusselt number, Nu  0.989  Re   Pr 
0.333 0.333
, for 1< Re < 4
Nu  0.911 Re   Pr 
0.385 0.333
, for 4< Re < 40
Nu  0.683 Re   Pr 
0.466 0.333
, for 40< Re < 4000
Nu  0.913 Re   Pr 
0.618 0.333
, for 4000< Re < 40000
Nu  0.0266 Re   Pr 
0.805 0.333
, for Re > 40000
Where, Pr = Prandtl number at mean film temperature (Tf)( HMT data book)
Nu.k
8. Heat transfer coefficient, h  , W/m2K
df
Where, k =Thermal conductivity at mean film temperature (Tf) (HMT data
book) W/mK
df = Diameter of the fin, m
tanh( mL)
9. Fin efficiency,  fin  100%
mL
Where, m  hP
kA
h = Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
P = Perimeter = πdf = 0.0376 m
A = Surface area of the pin fin = πdfL = 5.27 x 10-3 m2
L = Length of the pin fin, m
k =Thermal conductivity at mean film temperature (Tf) (HMT data
book) W/mK
18
19
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50 Hz, 15 A main supply and switch on
the unit.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
5. Now switch ON the blower.
6. Set the air flow rate to the system by keeping the valve in 1/4th position.
7. The difference in U tube manometer limb levels h1, h2 is noted in the table.
8. Note down the temperatures by temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 represent the
temperature of the fin surface. These values are noted in the table and Tavg is
calculated.
10. Also note down the atmospheric temperature T8 in the table by using temperature
indicator.
11. Thus the fin efficiency is calculated using the given formula.
12. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 11 by varying the air flow rate to 1/2,
3/4, and fully opened position.
13. Tabulate the readings and calculate for different conditions.
RESULT:
Thus the temperature distribution is determined and the fin efficiency is tabulated
for different valve positions.
1. What is fin?
2. Define efficiency.
3. How do you calculate effectiveness of the fin?
4. List out the Fin types.
5. Give examples of use of fins in various engineering applications.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
20
Tabulation
Inlet Outlet
Voltmeter Ammeter Heater temperature Manometer h
Heat input Temp of Temp of
Reading Reading Reading
Q=VxI (˚C) Air Air (W/m2K)
S.No (Volts) (Amps) (m)
(˚C) (˚C)
V A Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T6 h1 h2 hthe hact
21
Ex.No :
Date :
FORCED CONVECTION THROUGH INSIDE TUBE
AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer and theoretical heat transfer coefficient
using forced convection.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
5. Blower
6. Manometer
SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of the pipe, d1 – 0.04m
Diameter of the orifice, d2 – 0.02m
Length of the pipe, L – 0.5m
FORMULA USED:
1. Actual heat transfer co-efficient,
Q
hactual= , W/m2k
A  T
Where,
Q - Heat input = V x I, Watts
A – Surface area of the pipe = πd1L = 0.062 m2
T  Ts  T
Ts – Wall temperature, ˚C
Tα – Air temperature, ˚C
T1  T2  T3  T4
Ts 
4
T  T6
T  5
2
22
23
Nu  k
2. Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, htheoritical  , W/m2K
d1
Where, Nu – Nusselt number
h – Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
d1 – Diameter of pipe, m
k –Thermal conductivity of air at mean film temperature (Tf) from HMT
data book, W/mK
 
(i) Air flow head, h0  h1  h2  w  1 , m
 a 
Where, h1, h2 = Manometer readings, m
ρw = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
ρa = Density of air = 1.1465 kg/m3
Cd .a1 .a 2 . 2 gho
(ii) Volume flow of air, Qv  , m3/sec
a1  a
2 2
2
Where, Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

 2
a1 = Area of pipe = d 1 = 1.25 x 10-3 m2
4

a2 = Area of orifice= d 22 = 3.14 x 10-4 m2
4
QV
(iii) Velocity of air, V = , m/ sec
A
 2
Where, A – Area of pipe = d 1 = 1.25 x 10-3 m2
4
Vd 1
(iv) Reynolds Number (Re) =

Where, d1 - Diameter of pipe, m
V - Velocity of air, m/sec
 - Kinematics viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf)from HMT data
book, m2/s
T  T
Tf  s , ˚C
2
(v) Nusseltnumber, Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr) 0.4
Where, Re – Reynolds number.
Pr – Prandtl number for air at mean film temperature (Tf) from HMT data
book
24
25
PROCEDURE:
the unit.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
by the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3& T4 represents the temperature of the
heater at different points. T5 represent the inlet in let temperature of the air and T6
represents the outlet temperature of the air h1&h2 are the manometer reading.
These values are noted in the table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat
transfer coefficient (hactual) for forced convection by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step3 to step7 by varying the heat input to the system.
RESULT:
The theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated using
forced convection apparatus for various heat inputs.

1. State Convection.
2. State Newton’s law of convection.
3. What is forced convection?
4. What is meant by Dimensional analysis?
5. Differentiate between Natural & Forced convection.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
26
Tabulation
Heat Inlet Outlet

Voltmeter Ammeter
input Heater temperature Temp of Temp of hActual
Reading Reading hTheoretical
Q= (˚C) Air Air
S. (Volts) (Amps)
VxI (˚C) (˚C)
No
V I Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T6 (W/m2K) (W/m2K)
27
Ex.No :
Date :
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM A VERTICAL
CYLINDER
AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer co-efficient and theoretical heat transfer
coefficient by natural convection.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
SPECIFICATION:
Length of the rod, L = 0.50m
Diameter of the rod, D = 0.02m
Area of the rod, A = DL = 0.0314 m2
Thermal conductivity of air at mean film temperature, (Tf), K
FORMULA USED:
1. Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient (htheoretical)
For laminar flow,
Nu = hL /k = 0.59(Gr Pr) 0.25 for 104<Gr Pr<109
For turbulence flow,
Nu = hL /k = 0.10(Gr Pr) 0.33 for 109<Gr Pr<1012
Where,
Nu -Nusselt Number
h - Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
k - Thermal conductivity of air, W/mK
28
29
gL3 T
Grashoff number, Gr 
2
Where,
g – Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2
1
β – Co-efficient of thermal expansion,  
T f  273
Tf 
Ts  T 
2
T2  T3  T4  T5
Ts 
4
T T
T  1 6
2
Tf - Mean film temperature, oC
Ts- Surface temperature, ˚C
Tα - Air temperature, ˚C
L - Length = 0.5m
ΔT = Ts - Tα, K
ν – Kinematic Viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf) (HMT data book)
Pr – Prandtl number at mean film temperature (Tf) (HMT data book)
2. Actual heat transfer co-efficient (hact)

Q  hact  A  T
Where,
Q – Heat input = V x I, watts
` hact – Actual heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A = Surface area of the heater = DL = 0.0314 m2
T = Ts - Tα
Where,
Ts = Surface temperature, ˚C
Tα = Air temperature, ˚C
30
31
PROCEDURE:
the unit.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
by the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T2, T3, T4& T5 represents the temperature of the
heater at different points. T1 represent the inlet temperature of the air and T6
represents the outlet temperature of the air. These values are noted in the table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat
transfer coefficient (h actual) by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step2 to step 7 by varying the heat input to the
system.
RESULT:
The theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated by using
natural convection apparatus for different heat inputs.

1. What is meant by free or natural convection?
2. What is meant by Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids?
3. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
4. State velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness.
5. List the dimensionless numbers.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
32
Tabulation
Ambient
Steady state Temp of Stefann- Boltzman
Hemisphere Temperature Temperature of Time
the disc constant,
S. (˚C) hemisphere (secs)
(oC) (W/m2K4)
No (˚C)
T1 T2 T3 T4 t T5 =Td σ
33
Ex.No :
Date :
DETERMINATION OF STEFAN-BOLTZMAN CONSTANT
AIM
To find out the Stefan-Boltzman constant using concentric hemisphere.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
SPECIFICATION
Mass of the disc m= 0.008 kg; Diameter of the disc d =0.02m
Material of the disc = copper Specific heat Cp = 0.381 kJ/kgK
FORMULA USED
Radiation heat transfer
 
Q

Q  A Th4  Td4 ;

A T  Td4
h
4

Where,
 - Stefean Boltzmann constant, W/m2K4;  - Emissivity of the black body = 1
Q  mC P T m - Mass of the disc, kg
Cp – Specific heat of copper = 0.381 kJ/kgK
T – dT/dt; dT – Change in temperature = Th- Td, ˚C
dt – Change in time, sec
 2
A - Area of disc, = d =4.9 x 10-4 m2
4
Th - Average temperature of hemisphere, K
T1  T2  T3
Th 
3
Td - Temperature of disc, K
34
35
PROCEDURE
1. Allow the water to flow through the heater unit and through the hemisphere
2. Remove the disc from the bottom of hemisphere.
3. Switch on the heater and allow the hemisphere to reach steady state temperature.
4. Note down the temperatures T1, T2, T3, T4, from the temperature indicator and also note
the steady state temperature of the disc T5 (Td). These values are noted in the table.
5. The average of T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 is hemisphere temperature.
6. Close the disc from the bottom of the hemisphere.
7. Allow the unit to attain steady state.
8. When the steady state is reached note down the temperature in the table.
9. Calculate the Stefan - Boltzmann constant by using the given formula.
10. Repeat the experiment from step 3 to step 9 by changing the heat input to the system.
RESULT
Thus the Stefan Boltzmann constant of the given concentric hemisphere is calculated for
different heat inputs.
Viva Voce question:
1. State Stefan Boltzmann constant.

2. State Emissive power [Eb].
3. State Emissivity of a surface.
4. What are the gases, which radiate heat?
5. State Shape factor.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
36
Tabulation
Voltmeter Ammeter Chamber Black Body

Heat input Polished Body Temp Emissivit
Reading Reading Temp Temp
S. Q=VI (˚C) y
(Volts) (Amps) (˚C) (˚C)
No
V I Watts T1 T2 T3 Tp(avg) T4 T5 T6 T7 Tb(avg) ε
37
Ex.No :
Date :
DETERMINATION OF EMMISIVITY OF A GREY SURFACE
AIM
To measure the emissivity of the given test plate surface.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Test plate
5. Black body
6. Thermocouple
SPECIFICATION
Diameter of the test plate = 0.150 m
Diameter of the black plate = 0.150 m
FORMULA USED
Emissivity of the test plate,
TB4  TC4
P  B 
TP4  TC4
Where,
Emissivity of black body, εB = 1
Average temperature of block body, TB = Tb (avg) +273, K
Average temperature of polished body, TP= Tp (avg) +273, K
Temperature of the chamber, TC= T4+273, K
38
39
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 A main supply and switch on the unit
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and ammeter
readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
4. Keep the toggle switch in position 1. By operating the energy regulator, power will be fed
back to black plate.
5. Now keep the toggle switch in position 2 and operate the regulator 2 and feed power to
the test surface.
6. Allow the unit to stabilize.
7. Make sure that the power inputs to the black and test surface are set at equal values.
8. Turn the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step and note down the
temperatures indicated by the temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator the temperatures T1, T2, T3 represents the polished body
temperature, T5, T6, T7 represents the black body temperature and T4 represents the
chamber temperature. These values are noted in the table.
10. Calculate the emissivity by using the given formula.
11. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 10 by changing the heat input to the system.
RESULT:
The emissivity of the given polished plate was found out and it is tabulated for different
heat inputs.
1. State Radiation.
2. What is black body?
3. Explain is grey body?
4. State monochromatic emissive power. [Ebλ]
5. State Kirchhoff's law
Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
40
Tabulation
Different Temperature (˚C) Input power (Watts)

S.
No Voltage Ampere
Liquid temp Vapour temp Water inlet temp Water outlet temp Condenser temp
V I
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
(Volts) (Amps)
41
Ex.No :
Date :
DETERMINATION OF HEAT FLUX IN BOILING AND CONDENSATION
HEAT TRANSFER
AIM
To measure the Determination of heat flux in boiling and condensation heat transfer
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Thermocouple
SPECIFICATION
Diameter of the brass bowl D= 100 mm
FORMULA USED
Heat input Q=V x I Watt
Heat transfer area A= m2
Heat flux q=Q/A W/m2
ΔT=T1~T2
42
43
PROCEDURE
1. Fill the sample holding sump with sample of about 100 ml(approx.) through the feed
valve provided on top of the column (ensure that the drain valve provided at the bottom is
closed) and close the feed valve after filling.
2. Ensure that the dimmer is OFF.
3. Measure the water flow using measure jar and stop watch.
4. Turn the dimmer clockwise and set the power to the healer at the minimum possible limit
by observing the volt and ammeter and note the readings.
5. Note down the temperatures indicated by the temperature indicator by turning the
thermocouple selector switch clockwise Step by step.
6. Increase the power input to the heater by lowest possible value record the readings.
7. Record the temperatures indicated at each step 1,2,3,4 and 5.
8. Repeat increasing of power input to the heater and recording the temperatures at an
interval of time till the sample starts boiling.
9. Tabulate all the readings and calculate.
RESULT:
The emissivity of the given polished plate was found out and it is tabulated for different
heat inputs.
1. What is boiling?
2. What is film boiling?
3. Explain is nucleate boiling?
4. What is condensation?
5. Write the assumptions in Nusselt theory of film condensation.

Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
44
TABULATION:
Parallel Flow:
Hot water, Cold water,
(oC) (oC) Time taken Time taken Over all
Outle Outle for 1 lit. of for 1 lit. of heat transfer
S Inlet, Inlet, Effectiveness
hot water cold water coefficient
No Thi
t,
Tci
t, ε
Tho Tco flow flow U
(sec) (sec) (W/m2K)
T1 T2 T3 T4
Counter Flow:
Hot water, Cold water,
(oC) (oC) Time taken Time taken Over all
Outle Outle for 1 lit. of for 1 lit. of heat transfer
S Inlet, Inlet, Effectiveness
t, t, hot water cold water coefficient
No Thi Tci ε
Tho Tco flow flow U
T1 T2 T4 T3 (sec) (sec) (W/m2K)
45
Ex.No :
Date :
EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT
EXCHANGER
AIM:
To find the overall heat transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness in parallel flow and
counter flow heat exchanger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Heat Exchanger Apparatus
3. Thermocouple
4. Stopwatch
5. Water heater
SPECIFICATION:
Inner copper tube
Inner diameter, d1 = 0.012m; Outer diameter, d2 = 0.015m
Outer GI tube
Inner diameter, d3 = 0.04m
FORMULA REQUIRED:
1. Overall heat transfer co-efficient,
Q
U , W/m2K
A.(LMTD )
Where,
Q  mh .C ph Th i  Th o 
Q – Heat transfer rate, watts
mh – Mass of hot water, kg
46
47
Cph – Specific heat of hot water = 4.186 kJ/kgK
A – Outer area of inner copper tube = d 2 L = 0.025 m2

LMTD – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
(i) For Parallel flow
Ti  T0
LMTD ( P ) 
 T 
ln i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi - Tci
ΔTo = Tho - Tco
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci– Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
(ii) For Counter flow
Ti  T0
LMTD ( C ) 
 T 
ln i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi – Tco
ΔTo = Tho – Tci
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci – Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
2. Effectiveness of heat transfer, 
(i) For parallel flow,

Th i  Th 0 
Th i  Tc i 
(ii) For counter flow,

Tc o  Tc i 
Th i  Tc i 
48
49
PROCEDURE:
1. The hot water from the heater flows through the inner pipe of the heat exchanger and
flows out.
2. The cold water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and flows out.
3. For parallel flow, the valves V2, V4 and V5 are opened.
4. Control the hot water flow approximately 2lit./min and cold water flow approximately 5
lit./min.
5. Switch ON the heater. Allow the temperature to reach steady state.
6. Note down the temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature
respectively) in the table.
7. Under parallel flow condition T3 is the cold water inlet temperature and T4 is the cold
water outlet temperature.
8. Note the temperature T3 and T4 in the table.
9. Note the time taken for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water and calculate the mass flow rate
by using the given formula.
10. For counter flow, the valves V3, V1 and V5 are opened.
11. Repeat the experiment from step 4 to step 6.
12. Under counter flow condition T4 is the cold water inlet temperature, T3 is the cold water
outlet temperature.
13. Note the temperatures T3 andT4 in the table.
14. Note the time taken for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water and calculate the mass flow rate
by using the given formula.
RESULT:
Thus the test on parallel and counter flow heat exchanger is conducted. The overall heat
transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger are determined.
1. What is heat exchanger?
2. How heat exchangers are classified?
3. What is meant by LMTD?
4. What is meant by Effectiveness of heat exchanger?
5. What is meant by direct heat exchanger and indirect heat exchanger?
Max Allotted
S.No Components
Marks Marks
1. 50
of experiments
3. Record 10
4. Viva Voce 10
Total 100
50

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NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

17CHP06 – PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY.

III YEAR / V SEMESTER

Mr.S. Pandiarajan, Assistant Professor/Chemical

A LIST OF BASIC SAFETY RULES

3. In case of a fire or imminently dangerous situation, notify everyone who may be

5. Eating, Playing, Roaming are prohibited in the laboratory at all times.

6. Never work in the laboratory without proper supervision by an instructor.

7. Know the location and operation of :

a. Fire Alarm Boxes

LABORATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

 In case of repetition/redo, 25% of Marks to be reduced for the respective experiment.

 Conducting experiment means making connection, preparing the experimental

 Calculation means calculating the required parameters using the appropriate

Ex.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

1 Determination of Thermal conductivity by guarded plate method

6 Determination of Stefan - Boltzmann constant

7 Determination of emissivity of a grey surface

10 Shell and tube heat exchanger

12 Evaporator – Steam economy and efficiency

13 Transient heat conduction

Viva Voce Questions:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE INSULATION USING

Heat transfer rate, Q  k1  2L(T )  k 2  2L(T )

Viva Voce Questions:

Continuous Assessment Marks

Voltmeter Ammeter Heater temperature Manometer

Where, Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

Continuous Assessment Marks

V A Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T6 h1 h2 hthe hact

Where, Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

Viva Voce Questions:

Continuous Assessment Marks

Heat Inlet Outlet

V I Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T6 (W/m2K) (W/m2K)

2. Actual heat transfer co-efficient (hact)

Viva Voce Questions:

Continuous Assessment Marks

Viva Voce question:

1. State Stefan Boltzmann constant.

Continuous Assessment Marks

Voltmeter Ammeter Chamber Black Body

V I Watts T1 T2 T3 Tp(avg) T4 T5 T6 T7 Tb(avg) ε

Emissivity of the test plate,

Viva Voce Questions:

Different Temperature (˚C) Input power (Watts)

Diameter of the brass bowl D= 100 mm

Heat input Q=V x I Watt

Heat transfer area A= m2

Heat flux q=Q/A W/m2

Viva Voce Questions:

Continuous Assessment Marks

Cph – Specific heat of hot water = 4.186 kJ/kgK

A – Outer area of inner copper tube = d 2 L = 0.025 m2

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