Ku Antum Me K Ani Ği
Ku Antum Me K Ani Ği
Ku Antum Me K Ani Ği
1900 1930s
Revolution in physics:
behaviour of light & atoms cannot be explained by
Newtons classical laws of physics
needed to create a new physics
Classical mechanics
the PHYSICS of the
MACROSCOPIC world
Quantum mechanics
the PHYSICS of very
small things (electrons,
light)
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
At the beginning of the 20th century:
Discrete particles
Matter:
Max Planck
1858-1947
Nobel Prize in
Physics 1918
Energy is quantized
Kilometre talar
Siyahcisimmas
(1900,MaxPlanck)
Fotoelektrikolay
(1905,AlbertEinstein)
Alfasalmasveatommodeli
(1911,ErnestRutherford)
Atomspektrumununaklanmas
(1913,NielsBohr)
Maddedalgaskavram(1923,LouisdeBroglie)
Dalgadenklemi
(1926,ErwinSchrdinger)
Belirsizlikilkesi
(1926,WernerHeisenberg)
Relativistikkuantummekanii(1932,Dirac)
h
h
=
=
p
mv
: taneciin dalga boyu
h: Planck sabiti
m: taneciin ktlesi
p: taneciin momentumu
v: taneciin hz
Davisson ve Germer (1927) : elektronun da foton gibi krnma uradn
gsterdiler
(elektron mikroskopu)
Planck (1900):
E h
Einstein (1908):
E mc 2
hc
waveparticle
dualism
(energy of a photon)
m = mass of a photon
hc
h
mc
or
= h/photon momentum
mc
2
DeBroglie (1929):
The diffraction pattern caused by light passing through two adjacent slits.
In-phase diffraction
Bright lines
in Al(s) ~ of x-rays)
(Interatomic distances
1.
= h/mv
-1
28.3
= (6.626x10-34 Js)/(0.450kg)(______ms
)
= 5.20x10-35 m
v = 102 km x 1000 m x
1h
1 km
= 28.3 m s-1
1h .
3600 s
2.
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY..
All matter and energy shows both particle-like
and wave-like properties.
Large pieces of matter are mainly particle-like, with
very short wavelengths.
Small pieces of matter are mainly wave-like with longer
wavelengths.
MASS
Baseball Proton
Particle-like
Electron
Photon
Wave-like
h
pxx
4
x :
p :
Yerdeki belirsizlik
Momentumdaki belirsizlik
p=mv=(80kg)(0.013m/s)=1.04kg.m/s
34
6.626x10
J.s
h
x
5.07x1035 m
4 p 4 1.04kg.m /s
okkk.neredeolduukesinolarakbelli.
h
23
p
5.27x10
kg.m /s
12
4 x
4 1x10 m
p 5.27x1023 kg.m /s
7m
v
5.7x10
s
m
9.11x1031 kg
okbyk
Belirsizlik ilkesi
SONU
Mikroskopik dnyada foton veya elektron kolayca tanmlanamaz.
Foton ve elektron hem dalga hem tanecik zellii gsterir.
Mikroskopik dnyay anlamaya alrken her ikisini birden dikkate
almalyz.
Et / 2 = h / 4
Enerjideki belirsizlik
Zamandaki belirsizlik
E = 2.1x10-8 eV
= 1x10-4
KUANTUM MEKAN
Klasik mekaniin alternatifleri
Dalga mekanii (Erwin Schrodinger)
Matris mekanii (Werner Heisenberg)
Sonunda her iki mekaniin ayn olduu gsterilmitir.
Kuantum mekanii
(x,t) e
i(tkx )
i
(Et px )
h
Tanecik (elektron)
. * d = 1
tm uzay
Duran dalga
dmler
Birinci harmonik
kinci harmonik
nc harmonik
notallowed
n=4
n=5
n = 4.5
Kararl
Kararl
Kararsz
2r = n
=
mv
E
H
Hamiltonian operatr
H
Kinetik enerji
Potansiyel enerji
kinetik enerji
potansiyel enerji
mass of e
potential energy of e
d2
d2
d2
8 2m
+
+
+
2
2
2
dx
dy
dz
h2
how changes in space
(E-V(x,y,z)(x,y,z) = 0
Kinetic energy of e
Laplacian operator
(okunuu, del kare)
Serbest Tanecik
Potansiyel E = 0
p
p
1 2
H
PE ( p)
( p)
( p) mv ( p) E ( p)
2m
2m
2
2m 0
Kutudaki tanecik
Particle in a Box
Bir potansiyel tarafndan
snrlandrlrsa taneciin
yeri ne olur?
Kutudaki tanecik
Potansiyel E
= 0 , 0 x a iin
= , dier x deerlerinde
Bu durumda, taneciin yeri kutunun boyutuna gre snrlanmtr.
2 nx
x
sin
a a
n=1,2,.
Durandalgalara
Enerjiler nasldr?
2 2
nh
E
8ma 2
n=1,2,
Enerjikuantizedir
E
a : kutunun boyutu
a=8x1010m
h = 6.62 x 10-34 J.s
m = 9.10 x 1031 kg
(6.62 x1034 ) 2
2 1) 2.8 x1019 J
(
2
8(9.1x1031)(8x1010 ) 2
7
.
09
x
10
m
19
700nm
E
2.8 x10
(denel680nm)
0
r
Schrodinger
Equation
P+
potentia
l
e 2
V (r)
r