FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)

1.
What are the forms in which business can be conducted
by a foreign company in India?
A foreign company planning to set up business operations in India has
the following options:
As an incorporated entity by incorporating a company under the
Companies Act, 1956 through Joint Ventures; or Wholly Owned
Subsidiaries.
As an unincorporated entity through:
- Liaison Office/Representative Office, or
- Project Office, or
- Branch Office
Such offices can undertake activities permitted under the Foreign
Exchange Management (Establishment in India of Branch Office of
other place of business) Regulations, 2000.
2.
How does a foreign company invest in India? What are the
regulations pertaining to issue of shares by Indian companies
to foreign collaborators/investors?
A) Automatic Route
FDI up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in all
activities/sectors except the following which require prior approval of
the Government:
Activities/items that require an Industrial License;
Proposals in which the foreign collaborator has an existing
financial / technical collaboration in India in the 'same' field,
Proposals for acquisition of shares in an existing Indian company
in: Financial services sector and where Securities & Exchange
Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers )
Regulations, 1997 is attracted;
All proposals falling outside notified sectoral policy/caps or under
sectors in which FDI is not permitted.
FDI in sectors/activities to the extent permitted under automatic route
does not require any prior approval either by the Government or RBI.
The investors are only required to notify the Regional office concerned
of RBI within 30 days of receipt of inward remittances and file the

required documents with that office within 30 days of issue of shares

to foreign investors.
B) Government Route
FDI in activities not covered under the automatic route requires prior
Government approval and are considered by the Foreign Investment
Promotion Board (FIPB), Ministry of Finance. Application can be made
in Form FC-IL; Plain paper applications carrying all relevant details are
also accepted. No fee is payable.
General permission of RBI under FEMA
Indian companies having foreign investment approval through FIPB
route do not require any further clearance from RBI for receiving
inward remittance and issue of shares to the foreign investors. The
companies are required to notify the concerned Regional office of the
RBI of receipt of inward remittances within 30 days of such receipt and
within 30 days of issue of shares to the foreign investors or NRIs.
3.
Which are the sectors where FDI is not allowed in India,
under the Automatic Route as well as Government Route?
FDI is prohibited under Government as well as Automatic Route for the
following sectors:
Retail Trading
Atomic Energy
Lottery Business
Gambling and Betting
Housing and Real Estate business
Agriculture (excluding Floriculture, Horticulture, Development of
Seeds, Animal Husbandry, Pisciculture and Cultivation of
Vegetables, Mushrooms etc. under controlled conditions and
services related to agro and allied sectors).
Plantations (Other than Tea plantations).

4.
What should be done after investment is made under the
Automatic Route or with Government approval?
A two-stage reporting procedure has been introduced for this purpose.
On receipt of money for investment:
Within 30 days of receipt of money from the foreign investor, the
Indian company will report to the Regional Office of RBI under whose

jurisdiction its Registered Office is located, a report containing details

such as:
Name and address of the foreign investors
Date of receipt of funds and their rupee equivalent
Name and address of the authorized dealer through whom the
funds have been received, and
Details of the Government approval, if any;
On issue of shares to foreign investor:
Within 30 days from the date of issue of shares, a report in Form FCGPR together with the following documents should be filed with the
Regional Office of RBI:
Certificate from the Company Secretary of the company
accepting investment from persons resident outside India
certifying that:
All the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956 have
been complied with;
Terms and conditions of the Government approval, if any,
have been complied with;
The company is eligible to issue shares under these
Regulations; and
The company has all original certificates issued by
authorised dealers in India evidencing receipt of amount of
consideration;
Certificate from Statutory Auditors or Chartered Accountant
indicating the manner of arriving at the price of the shares
issued to the persons resident outside India.

FDI IN REAL ESTATE

NRI investments in real estate have been simplified to encourage the
inflow of funds. The Government of India has put in place a liberal and
transparent policy for investment from overseas Indians. Most of the
sectors are open to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) under the
automatic route.
Several measures have been taken by the RBI. NRIs can invest,
transfer, give and inherit immovable property. NRIs holding Indian
passports and persons of Indian origin (PIOs) enjoy parity of status.
The RBI has granted general permission to person resident outside

India holding Indian passports and PIOs to buy residential and

commercial properties in India.
Housing finance companies and banks have been permitted to offer
NRI home loans and also to PIOs. For repatriation, NRIs do not have to
go through a circuitous route. They can approach authorized dealers of
foreign exchange without going through the RBI. The rental income
obtained from investment in Indian real estate can also be repatriated
every year.
Both NRIs and PIOs can invest in limited companies engaged in real
estate development. The paid-up value of shares/ convertible
debentures purchased by an NRI, on both repatriation and nonrepatriation basis have a limit of five per cent of the paid-up
capital/paid-up value of each series of debentures. The aggregate
paid-up value of shares/convertible debentures purchased by all NRIs
can be raised to 24% of the paid-up capital of the company/paid-up
value of series of debentures.
Sale proceeds of immovable property, acquired even out of rupee
funds, can now be repatriated if the property has been held for a
minimum of 10 years. There is no lock-in period with regard to
immovable property that is inherited. The repatriation in the case of
residential properties is restricted to a maximum of two properties
NRIs can get home loans and repay it through inward remittance using
normal banking channels or by debit to his NRE/FCNR(B)/NRO account
or out of rental income derived from renting out such property.
Repayment of loan in foreign exchange is treated as equivalent to
foreign exchange received for purchase of residential property.
NRIs are allowed to transfer as gift any residential/commercial
property in India to a person resident in India or to an NRI or PIO. The
sale proceeds of the property received as gift will be credited only to
the NRO account. NRIs who acquired immovable property while they
were resident in India can continue to hold or transfer such immovable
property. There is no lock-in period for sale of residential/commercial
property. NRIs can remit abroad up to $1 million per year from the
sale of immovable property in India.
Foreign Direct Investment is encouraged and permitted, subject to
certain conditions, in the following real estate sectors in India. It
includes hotel development, tourism, hospitality, hospitals, and resorts
township development, development of commercial real estate, builtup infrastructure, housing and construction projects, housing and
construction projects, building educational institutes, building

recreational facilities, infrastructure projects at both regional and local

level and Special Economic Zones.

FDI IN RETAIL SECTOR

FDI can supplement and complement the Indian industry and make it
globally competitive, open up export markets and provide access to
international quality goods and services. It can raise resources through
technological up gradation, optimal utilization of human and natural
resources, and backward and forward linkages.
There are promising fields like the food processing sector in the
country. Foreign retail giants are willing to buy processed food from
the country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail space, specialized
goods retailing like sports goods, electronics and stationery is also
being contemplated. The government has to walk a tightrope to ensure
a `level playing field' for everyone.

PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT SCHEME

The Foreign Exchange Management Act 2000 defines the Portfolio
Investment Scheme, permitting non-resident Indians and foreign
institutional investors to buy and sell shares and convertible
debentures of Indian companies, and units of domestic mutual funds
at any of the Indian stock exchanges. Purchase of shares of any
company from the secondary market is subject to a ceiling of 5% of
the paid-up share capital and 5% of the paid-up value of each series of
debentures.
Application for the PIS
Banks designated by the RBI can accept applications at branches
located close to the nearest stock exchange. A NRI can operate the PIS
through only one selected branch. To operate from more than one
branch, special permission from the RBI is required. The following
documents are generally required by designated banks to apply for the
PIS:
PIS application form
RPI or NRI Form, with details of shares bought from the primary
market
Tariff Sheet of the PIS
Demat Account opening form
Sale of shares

The PIS allows for sale of shares, bonds and debentures by NRIs to
residents through private arrangements with the approval of the RBI.
General authorization from the RBI is also available for transfer of
shares, bonds and debentures by way of gifts to resident close
relatives.
For sale or transfer of shares and debentures of Indian companies to
other NRIs, no permission is required from RBI. The transferee NRI,
however, would require permission for purchase of the shares.
Short-selling or selling the shares bought by NRI investors before
delivery is prohibited.

Tax Obligations
Investors under the Portfolio Investment Scheme are liable to pay
Capital Gains Tax on their investments which depends on the tenure of
their stocks. Prevailing rates are deducted at source by the designated
bank.
Repatriablity of PIS
Proceeds of sale of stocks purchased under the PIS from NRE or FCNR
accounts or from foreign remittances are repatriable. Investments
made in the PIS from NRO accounts are not eligible for repatriation.
A combination of repatriable and non-repatriable investments under
the PIS is permitted, though these would have to be operated through
NRE and NRO accounts respectively. Exclusive NRE and NRO accounts
have to be maintained for PIS, which can be held by joint account
holders.
Portfolio Investments from Foreign Institutional Investors
Portfolio investment from Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) has
been in operation since 1992. FIIs including institutions such as
Pension Funds, Mutual Funds, Investment Trusts, Asset Management
Companies, Nominee Companies and Institutional Portfolio Managers
or their power of attorney holders can invest in all the shares,
debentures and warrants issued by listed companies on the primary
and secondary markets.

The RBI issues a watch list which informs NRIs and FIIs of the
companies that have reached their maximum ceiling on investments
under PIS. A caution list sends an alert on the investment ceiling
nearer to 2% of the upper limit.
5.
What are the regulations regarding Portfolio Investments
by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs)?

FIIs include Asset Management Companies, Pension Funds,

Mutual Funds, and Investment Trusts as Nominee Companies,
Incorporated / Institutional Portfolio Managers or their Power
of Attorney holders, University Funds, Endowment Foundations,
Charitable Trusts and Charitable Societies.
SEBI acts as the nodal point in the registration of FIIS. RBI has
granted General Permission to SEBI Registered FIIs invest in
India under the Portfolio Investment Scheme.
All FIIs and their sub-accounts taken together cannot acquire
more than 24% of the paid up capital of an Indian Company.
Indian Companies can raise the above mentioned 24% ceiling to
the Sectoral Cap / Statutory Ceiling as applicable by passing a
resolution by its Board of Directors followed by passing a Special
Resolution to that effect by its General Body.

6.
What are the regulations for Foreign Venture Capital
Investment?
A Foreign Venture Capital Investor registered with SEBI may make
investment in a Venture Capital Fund for an Indian Venture Capital
Undertaking, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions
specified by the RBI
7.
What are the regulations regarding Portfolio Investments
by NRIs/PIOs?

Non Resident Indian (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)

can purchase/sell shares/convertible debentures of Indian
companies on Stock Exchanges under Portfolio Investment
Scheme. For this purpose, the NRI/PIO has to apply to a
designated branch of a Bank which deals in Portfolio Investment.
All sale/purchase transaction is to be routed through the
designated branch.
An NRI or a PIO can purchase shares up to 5% of the paid up
capital of an Indian company. All NRIs/PIOs taken together
cannot purchase more than 10% of the paid up value of the
company. (This limit can be increased by the Indian company to
24% by passing a General Body resolution).

The sale proceeds of the repatriable investments can be credited

to the NRE/NRO etc. accounts of the NRI/PIO whereas the sale
proceeds of non-repatriable investment can be credited only to
NRO accounts.
The sale of shares will be subject to payment of applicable taxes.

INVESTMENT IN INDIAN EQUITIES

8.
What are the chosen routes through which NRIs can
invest
in
India?
Equities, Property and Mutual Funds are the three most sustaining
ways for an NRI to invest.
9.
Is approval for RBI required to invest in mutual fund
scheme?
For an NRI, no specific approval for investing or redeeming from
mutual fund is required. Only OCBs and FIIs require approvals for it.
10. Can government securities/ UTI units be transferred or
sold?
Yes, provided the transfers/sales are arranged through an authorized
dealer. Repurchase can be done directly by UTI.
11. Can
proceeds
of
National
Saving
government securities be repatriated?

Certificate

or

Sale/maturity of proceeds of such securities can be repatriated if the

purchase was made out of funds remitted from abroad or out of
NRE/FCNR accounts. In case of the purchase being made out of NRO
accounts, it can only be credited to NRO accounts and cannot be
remitted abroad.
12. What specific conditions need to be fulfilled for investing
in mutual funds schemes on repatriable basis?
In order to invest on a repatriable basis, you must have an NRE or
FCNR bank account in India. The mutual fund should comply with the
terms and conditions stipulated by SEBI, the amount representing
investment should be received by inward remittance through normal
banking channels or by debit to NRE Account/ FCNR account of the
NRI. The dividend/interest of units may be remitted through normal
banking channels or credited to NCR/FCNR account of the investor.

13.

When

can

earnings

on

investments

be

repatriated?

For investments made on a repatriation basis, the net income or

capital gains after tax arising out of investment is eligible for
repatriation subject to regularity guidelines at the time of the
repatriation. In the case of investment is made on a non-repatriation
basis, only the net income, i.e., dividend arising out of investment is
eligible for repatriation.
14. Can loans be granted abroad against collateral of the
shares/debentures of Indian companies?
Yes. Authorized dealers have the power to grant loans/overdrafts
abroad to NRIs through their overseas branches and correspondents
against collateral of the shares/debentures of Indian companies only if
the concerned shares/debentures were acquired on repatriation basis
15. For how long is the permission valid for
shares/debentures and units of domestic mutual

buying
funds?

Approval from the Reserve Bank is valid for a period of five years from
the date of issue. This can be renewed by a request by means of a
simple letter.
16. Are foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Non-Resident
Indians (NRIs), and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) allowed to
invest in Indian companies?
Yes, they are allowed to invest in the primary and secondary capital
markets in India through the portfolio investment scheme (PIS). Under
this scheme, FIIs/NRIs can acquire shares/debentures of Indian
companies through the stock exchanges in India.
17.
What are the maximum overall investments one FII, NRI
or PIO?
The upper limit for overall investment for FIIs is 24%, of the paid up
capital of the Indian company, and 10% for NRIs and PIOs. The limit is
20% of the paid up capital in case of public sector banks, including the
State Bank of India.
18.
Can the upper limit of the investments be raised under
any special cases for FII, NRI or PIO?

Yes, the upper limit of 24% for FII investment can be raised up to
sectoral cap/statutory ceiling, subject to the approval of the board and
the general body of the company passing a special resolution to that
effect. And the maximum limit of 10 % can be raised to 24% subject
to the approval of the general body of the company passing a
resolution, to that effect.
19.
For Non-convertible debentures of Indian companies, can
NRIs investments still be made?
Yes, an NRI can make investment in non-convertible debentures but
they need to require necessary permission (submit application) from
Reserve Bank (Central Office) by the concerned Indian Company in
Form ISD.
20.
Can OCBs (Overseas Corporate Bodies) make similar
investments in mutual funds on non-repatriation basis?
Overseas Corporate Bodies can make such investments only in
domestic public/ private sector Mutual Funds. They can also make
investments in Money Market Mutual Funds.
21.
Is the ceiling for FIIs dependent of the ceiling of 10/24
per cent for NRIs/PIOs?
No.
22.
Who monitors the maximum limits on FII, NRI or PIO
investment in Indian companies on a daily basis?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
23.
Does it require permission from the Reserve Bank
required by NRIs for sale/transfer of shares/debentures of
Indian companies to other NRIs?
No. Transfer of shares/debentures of Indian companies by NRIs to
other non-residents does not require permission of Reserve Bank.
However, the transferee NRI would need permission for purchase of
such shares for which an application is required to be made to Reserve
Bank in form FNC.
24.
Is permission of RBI required if an NRI intends to invest
in new issues of Indian companies on non-repatriable basis?

No. Indian companies have been granted general permission to accept

investments on non-repatriation basis, in shares/convertible
debentures by way of new/rights/bonus issue provided the investee
company has not undertaken agricultural/plantation activity and/or
real estate business excluding real estate development i.e.
development of property and construction of houses.
25.
What is the procedure to be followed for repatriating
income
from
non-repatriable
assets
in
India?
An application to a designated branch of an authorised dealer in Form
RCI has to be submitted along with a certificate from a Chartered
Accountant. The dealer would then credit the amount repatriable, after
due deduction of tax, to the applicants NRE/FCNR account.
26.
What repatriation benefits are available to NRIs if they
invest in Priority Industries?
NRIs are allowed 100% repatriation if they invest in Indian companies
engaged in priority industries and those involved in export and trading
activity. No prior approval of the RBI is required, but Form ISD is to be
submitted along with other documents to the banks regional office.
27.
Are NRIs allowed to invest in companies dealing in real
estate?
Yes, upto 100% of the new issue of Indian companies engaged in
construction, real estate development and funding of housing
development.

28.

Are NRIs permitted investment in the aviation sector?

Yes, 100% equity participation is allowed in accordance with the RBIs

guidelines, though repatriation is permitted after 5 years of the
operations, and only from the accumulated forex earnings, after due
taxes are paid.
29.
Are bonds issued by PSUs and purchase of shares of
public sector undertakings open to investment by NRIs?
Yes, with repatriation benefits. In the case of public sector
undertakings, NRI holding should not exceed 1% of the paid-up
capital. The investment must come from inward remittance through

the authorized dealer or through the NRE/FCNR account. Applications

are made through the designated SBI branch.
30.

Are deposits with companies allowed to NRIs?

Yes, funds in Fixed Deposits are permitted with full repatriation

benefits after 3 years.

Sector Specific Foreign Direct Investment in India

Hotel & Tourism: FDI in Hotel & Tourism sector in India

100% FDI is permissible in the sector on the automatic route.

The term hotels include restaurants, beach resorts, and other tourist
complexes providing accommodation and/or catering and food facilities
to tourists. Tourism related industry include travel agencies, tour
operating agencies and tourist transport operating agencies, units
providing facilities for cultural, adventure and wild life experience to
tourists, surface, air and water transport facilities to tourists, leisure,
entertainment, amusement, sports, and health units for tourists and
Convention/Seminar units and organisations.
For foreign technology agreements, automatic approval is granted if

Up to 3% of the capital cost of the project is proposed to be paid

for technical and consultancy services including fees for
architects, design, supervision, etc.

Up to 3% of net turnover is payable for franchising and

marketing/publicity support fee, and up to 10% of gross
operating profit is payable for management fee, including
incentive fee.

Private Sector Banking:

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFC): 49% FDI is allowed

from all sources on the automatic route subject to guidelines issued
from RBI from time to time.

(a) FDI/NRI/OCB investments allowed in the following 19

NBFC activities shall be as per levels indicated below:

Merchant banking
Underwriting
Portfolio Management Services
Investment Advisory Services
Financial Consultancy
Stock Broking
Asset Management
Venture Capital
Custodial Services
Factoring
Credit Reference Agencies
Credit rating Agencies
Leasing & Finance
Housing Finance
Foreign Exchange Brokering
Credit card business
Money changing Business
Micro Credit
Rural Credit

(b) Minimum Capitalization Norms for fund based NBFCs:

i) For FDI up to 51% - US$ 0.5 million to be brought upfront
ii) For FDI above 51% and up to 75% - US $ 5 million to be brought
upfront
iii) For FDI above 75% and up to 100% - US $ 50 million out of which
US $ 7.5 million to be brought upfront and the balance in 24 months
(c) Minimum capitalization norms for non-fund based activities:
Minimum capitalization norm of US $ 0.5 million is applicable in
respect of all permitted non-fund based NBFCs with foreign
investment.
(d)
Foreign investors can set up 100% operating subsidiaries
without the condition to disinvest a minimum of 25% of its equity to
Indian entities, subject to bringing in US$ 50 million as at b) (iii) above
(without any restriction on number of operating subsidiaries without
bringing in additional capital)

(e) Joint Venture operating NBFC's that have 75% or less than 75%
foreign investment will also be allowed to set up subsidiaries for
undertaking other NBFC activities, subject to the subsidiaries also
complying with the applicable minimum capital inflow i.e. (b)(i) and
(b)(ii) above.
(f) FDI in the NBFC sector is put on automatic route subject to
compliance with guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India. RBI would
issue appropriate guidelines in this regard.

Insurance Sector: FDI in Insurance sector in India

FDI up to 26% in the Insurance sector is allowed on the automatic

route subject to obtaining licence from Insurance Regulatory &
Development Authority (IRDA)

Telecommunication: FDI in Telecommunication sector

In basic, cellular, value added services and global mobile personal

communications by satellite, FDI is limited to 49% subject to licensing
and security requirements and adherence by the companies (who are
investing and the companies in which investment is being made) to the
license conditions for foreign equity cap and lock- in period for transfer
and addition of equity and other license provisions.
ISPs with gateways, radio-paging and end-to-end bandwidth, FDI is
permitted up to 74% with FDI, beyond 49% requiring Government
approval. These services would be subject to licensing and security
requirements.
No equity cap is applicable to manufacturing activities.
FDI up to 100% is allowed for the following activities in the
telecom sector:
ISPs not providing gateways (both for satellite and submarine
cables);
Infrastructure Providers providing dark fiber (IP Category 1);
Electronic Mail; and
Voice Mail
The above would be subject to the following conditions:

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to the condition that such

companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of Indian
public in 5 years, if these companies are listed in other parts of
the world.
The above services would be subject to licensing and security
requirements, wherever required.
Proposals for FDI beyond 49% shall be considered by FIPB on
case to case basis.
Trading: FDI in Trading Companies in India

Trading is permitted under automatic route with FDI up to 51%

provided it is primarily export activities, and the undertaking is an
export house/trading house/super trading house/star trading house.
However, under the FIPB route:100% FDI is permitted in case of trading companies for the
following activities:

exports;
bulk imports with ex-port/ex-bonded warehouse sales;
cash and carry wholesale trading;
other import of goods or services provided at least 75% is for
procurement and sale of goods and services among the
companies of the same group and not for third party use or
onward transfer/distribution/sales.

The following kinds of trading are also permitted, subject to

provisions of EXIM Policy:

Companies for providing after sales services (that is not trading

per se)
Domestic trading of products of JVs is permitted at the wholesale
level for such trading companies who wish to market
manufactured products on behalf of their joint ventures in which
they have equity participation in India.
Trading of hi-tech items/items requiring specialized after sales
service
Trading of items for social sector
Trading of hi-tech, medical and diagnostic items.
Trading of items sourced from the small scale sector under
which, based on technology provided and laid down quality
specifications, a company can market that item under its brand
name.
Domestic sourcing of products for exports.

Test marketing of such items for which a company has approval

for manufacture provided such test marketing facility will be for
a period of two years, and investment in setting up
manufacturing facilities commences simultaneously with test
marketing.

FDI up to 100% permitted for e-commerce activities subject

to the condition that such companies would divest 26% of their
equity in favour of the Indian public in five years, if these
companies are listed in other parts of the world. Such companies
would engage only in business to business (B2B) e-commerce
and not in retail trading.

Power: FDI In Power Sector in India

Up to 100% FDI allowed in respect of projects relating to electricity

generation, transmission and distribution, other than atomic reactor
power plants. There is no limit on the project cost and quantum of
foreign direct investment.

Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

FDI up to 100% is permitted on the automatic route for manufacture

of drugs and pharmaceutical, provided the activity does not attract
compulsory licensing or involve use of recombinant DNA technology,
and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations.
FDI proposals for the manufacture of licensable drugs and
pharmaceuticals and bulk drugs produced by recombinant DNA
technology, and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations will require
prior Government approval.

Roads, Highways, Ports and Harbors

FDI up to 100% under automatic route is permitted in projects for

construction and maintenance of roads, highways, vehicular bridges,
toll roads, vehicular tunnels, ports and harbors.

Pollution Control and Management

FDI up to 100% in both manufacture of pollution control equipment

and consultancy for integration of pollution control systems is
permitted on the automatic route.

Call Centers in India / Call Centres in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions.

Business Process Outsourcing BPO in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions.