TNPSC GK

nghJ mwpT
Gtpapay; - ,e;jpah MWfs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s MWfspd; ngaH> ePsk;> gug;G> Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk;>
fyf;Fkplk;> gadilAk; gFjp
1. rpe;J - 3100 fp.kP - 3>21>290 r.fp.kP - ifyh\; kiyj;njhlH - mugpf;fly; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;
2. fq;if - 2480 fp.kP - 3>37>000 r.fp.kP - fq;Nfhj;up - tq;fhstpupFlh cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhH> Nkw;Ftq;fk;
3. aKid - 1370 fp.kP - 3>59>000 r.fp.kP - aKNdhj;up - tq;fhstpupFlh nly;yp> ùpahdh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
4. gpuk;kGj;uh - 725 fp.kP - 2>40>000 r.fp.kP - Mq;rp gdpahW khdrNuhtH Vup tq;fhstpupFlh - tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;
5. fhtpup - 800 fp.kP - 87>900 r.fp.kP - FlFkiy - tq;fhstpupFlh - fHehlfk;>
jkpo;ehL
6. Nfhjhtup - 1465 fp.kP - 3>12>812 r.fp.kP - ehrpf;Fd;Wfs; - tq;fhstpupFlh Me;jpugpuNjrj;jpd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjp> xup]h
7. fpU\;zh - 1400 fp.kP - 2>59>000 r.fp.kP - kfhgNy];tuH kiy tq;fhstpupFlh - kfhuh\;buh> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
8. eHkij - 1312 fp.kP - 98>796 r.fp.kP - mkHfz;lhf; kiy - mugpf;fly; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh
9. jgjp - 724 fp.kP - 65>145 r.fp.kP - ngl;^y; - mugpf;fly; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
10. kfhejp - 858 fp.kP - 1>41>600 r.fp.kP - mkHfz;lh gPlg+kp - tq;fhstpupFlh
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- rl;B];fH> [hHfz;l;> xuprh

11. itif - 240 fp.kP - 7>000 r.fp.kP - Nkw;FnjhlHr;rp kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh
- jkpo;ehL
12. ngupahW - 244 fp.kP - 5>398 r.fp.kP - fhHlkd; kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh jkpo;ehL> Nfush
13. jhkpuguzp - 123 fp.kP - 4>400 r.fp.kP - mfj;jpaH kiy - tq;fhstpupFlh jkpo;ehL
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
1. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vspjhf cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba tsq;fis ------------tsq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. - GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs;
2. gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; fpilf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; --------------- tsq;fs;
vd;fpNwhk;. - GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;
3. kz; xU ,d;wpaikahj ------------- MFk;. - GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f ,aw;if tsk;
4. kz;zpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fs; - 1.kl;fpa jhtuq;fs;> 2.tpyq;fpd
nghUl;fs;> 3.rpypfh> fspkz;> Rz;zhk;G Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; kw;Wk;>
4.,iykl;F vdg;gLk; capHr;rj;Jg;nghUl;fs;
5. jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F Mjhukhd kz;z pYs;s rj;Jg;nghUl;fspd;
mstpid Fwpg;gJ -------------- vdg;gLk;. - kz; tsik (Soil Fertility)
6. kz;zpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kz; tiffs; - kz;ly kz;> may;
kz;ly kz;> cs; kz;ly kz;
7. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kz; tiffs; - tz;ly; kz;> fupry; kz;> nrk;kz;>
ruis kz;> kiy kz;> twz;l ghiytd kz;
8. ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; nray;ghLfshy; kz; ePf;fg;gLtJ ---------vdg;gLk; - kz; mupg;G
9. ,e;jpahtpy; fhLfspd; nkhj;j gug;gsT - RkhH 63.72 kpy;ypad; rJu
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fpNyhkPl;lH
10. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,aw;if jhtuq;fspd; tiffs; - 1.ntg;gkz;ly gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;> ntg;gkz;ly gUtfhw;W fhLfs;> 3.FWq;fhL kw;Wk; Kl;GjH
fhL> 4.ghiytdj; jhtuk;> 5.khq;Nuht; fhLfs; (rJg;G epy fhLfs;)>
6.kiyf;fhLfs;
11. kz;zpYs;s kpf Ez;zpa rj;Jf;fs; - fe;jfk;> FNshupd;> nrk;G>
khq;fdp];> khypg;jPdk;> Nghuhd;> ,Uk;G> Nfhghy;L> Jj;jehfk;
12. kz;zpYs;s ngupa rj;Jg; nghUl;fs; - iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk;
gh];Ngl;
13. twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kz; ------------- MFk; - ghiytd kz;
14. gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhLfs; -------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ,iyAjpHf;
fhLfs;
15. NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ----------- - ANudpak;
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
1. md;whl tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ,aw;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
midj;J nghUl;fisAk; ------------- vd;fpNwhk; - ,aw;if tsq;fs;
2. ,aw;if tsq;fSf;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - epyk;> fhw;W> ePH> #upa xsp>
kz;> fdpkq;fs;> epyf;fup> fr;rh vz;nza;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;
3. ghf;irl; vjd; jhJ? - mYkpdpak;
4. --------- fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - epyf;fup
5. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePHkpd; epiyak; 1897k; Mz;by; ---------- epWtg;gl;lJ. lhH[pypq;fpy; (Sidrapong Hydel power station)
6. ,e;jpahtpy; tdg;ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - 1980
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7. ,e;jpah Njrpa tdf;nfhs;ifia -------------- Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1894

8. fdpk tsq;fspd; ,U tiffs; - cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> cNyhfky;yhj
fdpkq;fs;
9. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa vuprf;jp tsk; - epyf;fup
10. ehl;bd; vuprf;jp Njitia ---------- fhLfs; g+Hj;jpnra;fpd;wd - 40 rjtPjk;
11. ehfuPfj;jpd; KJnfYk;G vd tHzpf;fg;gLk; jhJ - ,Uk;G
12. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gj;jhJtpd; ,Ug;G rjtPjk; - 20 rjtPjk;
13. ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiyfspy; ---------- Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. - khq;fdPR
14. kpd;rf;jp ------------- topfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. - %d;W
(1.mdy;kpd;rf;jp> 2.ePHkpd;rf;jp> 3.mZkpd;rf;jp)
15. ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhupak; fdpkj;jpypUe;J ----------- cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
- mZkpd;rf;jp
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - tptrha Kiwfs;
1. Ntshz; njhopiy epHzapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; - epyj;Njhw;wk;> fhyepiy>
kz;tif> ePH
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpakhd czTg; gapH ----------- MFk; - ney;
3. cyfpd; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ----------- ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ - ,uz;lhk;
4. ,e;jpa tptrha Muha;r;rpf; fofk; (ICAR) ------------- Mk; Mz;L
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1929
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; ney; fsQ;rpak; - jQ;rht+H
6. ney; mjpfkhf tpisAk; kz; -------------- - tz;ly; kz;
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7. Njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp gapH mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; ---------------- - kiyr;

rupTfs;
8. twl;rpapYk; tsUk; gapH ------------- - jpidtif
9. gUj;jp xU ---------------- - gzg;gapH
10. epiyahd czTg; gapHfs; -------------- - muprp kw;Wk; NfhJik
thdtpy; Gul;rpfs; - Gul;rp kw;Wk; mJ ve;j cw;gj;jpia rhHe;jJ
11. gRikg; Gul;rp - Ntshz; cw;gj;jp
12. ntz;ikg; Gul;rp - ghy; nghUl;fs;
13. rhk;gy; Gul;rp - Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhopg; gz;iz
14. nghd; Gul;rp - goq;fs; cw;gj;jp
15. kQ;rs; Gul;rp - vz;nza; tpj;Jfs;
16. ePyg;Gul;rp - fly; nghUl;fs;
nghJ mwpT - elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah

2015
murpd; cr;r gpupTfspd; jiytHfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik NjHjy; MizaH ahH? - iraJ
erPk; mfkj; i[jp
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - ePjpgjp rpupahf; N[hrg;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa jfty; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik
MizaH ahH? - tp[a; rHkh
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4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;

jiytH ahH? - = erPk; mfkJ
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH ey Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - gp.vy;. Gdpah
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa goq;FbapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH ahH? - uNk\;tH XNuhd;
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kfspH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- yypjh Fkhukq;fyk;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mZ rf;jp fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? uj;jd; FkhH rpd;`h
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; (,];Nuh)
jiytH ahH? - V.v];. fpuz; FkhH
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> xd;wpa muRg;gzpahsH NjHthizaj;jpd;
(UPSC) jiytH ahH? - jPgf; Fg;jh
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa mwpTrhH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - rhk; gpl;Nuhlh
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOj; (University
Grants Commission) jiytH ahH? - Ntj; gpufh\; (Ved Prakash)
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa ePH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? m\;tpd; gp. ghz;bah
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp gad;ghLfs; ikaj;jpd; (Space
Application Center) epHthfp (iluf;lH) ahH? - jgd; kp];uh (Tapan Misra)
nghJ mwpT - tptrha Kiwfs;
1. Ntshz;ik xU ----------- njhopyhFk; - Kjd;ik
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2. Ntshz; gapHfis czT gapHfs; kw;Wk; ------------- gapHfs; vd ,U

ngUk;gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. - gzg; gapHfs;
3. --------------- ghrd Kiwapy; ePH nrbfspd; NtUf;F mUfpy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
- nrhl;L ePHg;ghrd Kiw
4. -------------- kw;Wk; kioapd; msT Ntshz; njhopiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhy epiyf;
fhuzpfshFk;. - ntg;gepiy
5. tpisepyj;jpy; xNu xU gapH kl;Lk; xU Kiw tpistpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ ------------ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - xU gapH tpistpf;Fk; Kiw
6. ----------- Ntshz;njhopYf;F Vw;w ,lkhFk;. - rkntspfs;
7. ------------- Ntshz;njhopy; tifapy; mjpf msT gapHfs;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - tzpf
8. gpNurpy; ehl;by; ,lg;ngaHT my;yJ khw;wpl Ntshz;ik ------------- vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - Nuhf;Nfh
9. ney; xU ------------ gapuhFk;. - mad kz;ly
10. kio Fiwthff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; gFjpfspy; --------- mtrpak;. ePHg;ghrdk;
11. cyfpd; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; -------------- rjtPjk; Mrpahtpy;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - 98 rjtPjk;
12. ,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; > gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mupahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;
mjpf msT ---------------- cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyq;fshFk; - NfhJik
13. Njapiy xU ------------- nrbahFk; - maz kz;ly
14. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; tq;fhsNjrk; -------------- cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wd
- rzy;
15. -------------- kdpjdJ mbg;gil czthFk; - jhdpaq;fs;
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nghJ mwpT - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1. ------------- jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F XH ClfkhfTk;> GtpapYs;s gy;NtW
tifahd capupdq;fSf;F MjhukhfTk; mikfpwJ - kz;
2. ------------- kz; Nkw;Fj;njhlHr;rp> fpof;Fj;njhlHr;rp kiyg;gFjpapYk;
,kakiyapd; mbthuj;jpYk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ - ruis kz;
3. kz;zpd; capup nghUl;fspd; msT mjpfupf;f ---------------- mjpfupf;fpwJ. kz;zpd; nrOikAk;
4. ---------- kz; ,e;jpa Ntshz; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F ngUk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. tz;ly; kz;
5. tz;ly; kz;zpd; ,uz;L tifahd gpupTfs; - fhjH kw;Wk; ghq;fH
6. tz;ly; kz; ---------------- gapupLtjw;F Vw;w kz;zhFk;. - ney;> NfhJik>
fUk;G> gUj;jp kw;Wk; vz;nza; tpj;Jfs;
7. fq;if - gpuk;kGj;jpuh jho;e;j Mw;Wr; rkntsp ----------- gapupl gad;gLfpwJ.
- rzy;
8. fupry; kz; -------------- rpijTWtjhy; cUthfpwJ. - jPg;ghiwfs;
9. fupry; kz; -------------- Kjypa gapH tpisa kpfTk; Vw;wJ. - gUj;jp> ney;>
NfhJik> Nrhsk;> jpiztiffs; kw;Wk; fUk;G
10. ,Uk;Gr; rj;J mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; ------------- rptg;G epwkhf
cs;sJ. - nrk;kz;
11. jkpo;ehl;by; ngUk;gFjpfs; fHehlfhtpd; njd;gFjp Nfhth> tlfpof;F
Me;jpuh> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xuprh Mfpa gFjpfspy; ----------- gutp
fhzg;gLfpwJ - nrk;kz;
12. kz;tsj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Stjw;fhf kdpjHfs; vLf;Fk;
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Kaw;rpNa ----------- MFk; - kz;tsg;ghJfhg;G

13. ---------- kz;zpy; Njapiy> fhgp kw;Wk; ,ug;gH gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - kiykz;
14. Njapiy gapupLtjpy; ------------------> -------------------- Kjd;ik tfpf;fpd;wd m];]hKk;> Nkw;Ftq;fKk;
15. --------- jPgfw;g gPlg+kpapy; ngUksT fhzg;gLfpwJ. - ruis kz;
nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; gl;bayplg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspy;
cs;s rpwe;j ciueil my;yJ ftpij ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F toq;fg;gLk;
tpUjhFk;. 1991 Mk; Mz;L Nf.Nf. gpHyh epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
tpUJ ,e;jpahtpd; caupa ,yf;fpa tpUJfspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;
kjpg;G Ie;J yl;rk; ,e;jpa &gha; MFk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - ùptd;];uha; gr;rd;
(gilg;G: Autobiography> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1991)
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - gykzp mk;kh
(gilg;G: epNtjpak;> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1995)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - lhf;lH. ,e;jpuh
ghHj;jrhujp (gilg;G: uhkhD[H> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1999)
2014k; Mz;L ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tPug;g nkha;yp (gilg;G:
uhkhaz kfhNtrdk;)
M];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
M];fhH tpUJ vdg; gutyhf mwpag;gLk; mfhjkp tpUJfs; mnkupf;fhtpy;
jpiuj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpfTk; Kf;fpa tpUjhFk;. NkYk; cyfpNyNa
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mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;

Kjd;ikahd tpohthFk;. ,t;tpUJ Kjd; Kjypy; 1929y; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Kjypy; M];fhH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Bhanu Athaiya
(tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1987)
jd;Dila jpiug;glg; gzpf;fhf M];fhH tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH rj;a[pj; uha; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1992)
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,uz;L M];fhH tpUJfisg; ngw;wtH - V.MH.
uFkhd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 2009)
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUjhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa mstpy; ngz;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; kupahijf;Fupa xU tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ jdpg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
mg+Htkhd rhjidfSf;fhf 6 tiffspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs;
Nkk;ghl;L Jiw mikr;rfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. = rf;jp
Gu];fhH tpUJ 1991k; Mz;L ,e;jpa FbauR jiytuhy; rHtNjr ngz;fs;
jpdj;jd;W epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUjhdJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; khHr; 8 (rHtNjr
ngz;fs; jpdk;) md;W GJjpy;ypapy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. guprhf 3 yl;rk; &ghAk;
rhd;wpjOk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik
1. Gtp mjpHT Njhd;Wk; ,lj;ijg; -------------------- vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;. - Gtp
mjpHT ikak; (Focus)
2. epy eLf;f ikaj;jpw;F NeH vjpuhfg; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
,lj;ij -------------- vd miof;fpNwhk;. - ntspikak;
3. NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; gbfs; - 1.jahH epiy> 2.nghWGzHT> 3.kPl;rp>
4.jzpj;jy;
4. Njrpa NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - gpujkH
5. Gtp ,aw;gpay; ,lH -------------- tpirapdhy; cUthfpwJ. - Gtpapd; cl;Gw
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tpir
6. epfo;tpd; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; nray;ghL - jzpj;jy;
7. khepy NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - khepy Kjyikr;rH
8. khtl;l NguplH Nkyhz;ikapd; jiytH ---------- MthH. - khtl;l Ml;rpahsH
my;yJ khtl;l ePjpgjp
9. FWfpa fhy mstpy; mjpf msT ePH ngUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ - nts;sg;
ngUf;Ffs;
10. flypd; mbapy; Vw;gLk; Gtp mjpHTfspdhy; mLj;jLj;J Vw;gLk; mjpf
msT ePH nfhz;l ngupa msT miyfs; ---------- vdg;gLk; - Rdhkp
11. kiog;nghopT gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ePz;l fhykhf epyTk; twz;l
thdpiyia --------- vd;fpNwhk; - twl;rp
12. twl;rpapd; tifg;ghLfs; - thdpiyapay; twl;rp> ePHNrkpg;gpd;ikahy;
Vw;gLk; twl;rp> Ntshz; twl;rp> r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahf Vw;gLk; twl;rp
13. Rdhkp miy RkhH xU kzp Neuj;j py; -------- gazpf;ff; $bait - 5000
iky;fs;
14. --------------- vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; capHehb MFk;. - Nghf;Ftuj;J
15. Gaypd; tifg;ghLfs; - Fiwthd mOj;j gFjp> jho; mOj;jk;> kpfTk;
Mokhd jho; mOj;jk;> Gay; fhw;W> mjpNtfg; Gay;> kpf mjpNtfg; Gay;>
khngUk; Gay;
nghJ mwpT - Gtpapay; - tptrha Kiwfs; (jkpo;ehL)
1. Njapiy> fhg;gp> ,ug;gH> kpsF kw;Wk; Ke;jpup Nghd;wit jkpo;ehl;by;
tsUk; ---------- gapuhFk;. - Njhl;lg; gapH
2. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikahdJk;> kpfg; goikahdJkhd njhopy; -------------njhopyhFk;. - Ntshz;ik
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3. ---------------- I khdhthupg; gapH vd;W jkpo;ehl;by; $WtH. - Gd;nra;

4. --------------- NrHg;gjhy; kz;zpd; ePH nfhs;Sk; jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;. kzpr;rj;J / jior;rj;J
5. jkpo;ehl;bd; ney; Muha;r;rp ikak; ------------- y; cs;sJ - MLJiw
6. jkpo;ehl;bd; rhFgb gUtq;fs; - 1.nrhHz thup (rpj;jpiug; gl;lk;)> 2.rk;ghg;
gUtk; (Mbg; gl;lk;)> 3.etiu gUtk; (fhHj;jpifg; gl;lk;)
7. ------------- jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;ikahd czTg; gapuhFk;. - ney;
8. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik gzg;gapuhd --------- kpfg;ngupa gug;gstpy;
gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - fUk;G
9. jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa gzg;gapH --------------- MFk;. - Gifapiy
10. Njrpa mstpy; jkpo;ehL kPd; tsHg;gpy; ---------------- khepykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. ehd;fhk;
11. --------------- jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik kPd;gpbj; JiwKfkhFk;. - J}j;Jf;Fb
12. jkpo;ehl;by; 2007 - 2008k; Mz;bw;fhd kPd; nfhs;Kjy; ----------- MFk;. 3>93>266 ld;
13. Mtpd; mikg;G xU ehspy; RkhH -------------- ghiyg; gjdk; nra;fpd;wJ. 26.10 ,yl;rk; ypl;lH
14. jkpo;ehl;bd; 2007 - 2008f;fhd ghy; cw;gj;jp ----------- MFk; - 55.86
kpy;ypad; ld;
15. jkpo; ehl;by; ----------- gUtq;fspy; ney; gapuplg;gLfpwJ. - %d;W
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
1. ----------------- ehs; lhf;lH. rr;rpjhee;j rpd;fh jiyikapy; murpay;
epHzarigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ. - 1946 brk;gH 9k; ehs;
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2. lhf;lH.rpd;fhtpw;Fg; gpwF ---------------- murpay; epHzarigapd; jiytuhfj;

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH. - lhf;lH. ,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauR jiytH ---------------- MthH. - lhf;lH.
,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
4. murpay; epHzarigahdJ> murpayikg;G rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpia ------------mspj;jJ. - tiuTFOtpw;F
5. 1947 Mf];L 29k; ehs; tiuTf;FOtpd; jiytuhf ---------------- epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH. - lhf;lH.gp.MH.mk;Ngj;fhH
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; rpw;gp -------------- MthH. - lhf;lH.mk;Ngj;fhH
7. murpayikg;G epHza rig -------------------- k; ehs; filrpahf $baJ. - 1950
[dtup 24k; ehs;
8. ----------------- k; ehspy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1950 [dtup 26
9. murpayikg;G vd;gJ --------------------- - murpay; Kiwfspd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfSila njhFg;ghFk;
10. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; gzp ---------------------------------- eilngw;wJ. - 2
Mz;Lfs; 11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;
11. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G --------- ghfq;fis nfhz;lJ. - 22
12. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;s ml;ltizfs; - 12
13. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G ----------- ruj;Jfis cilaJ. - 449
14. murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - 1.Kfg;Giu> 2.,iwahz;ik>
3.kjr;rhHgpd;ik> 4.ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp muR> 5.mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk;
flikfs;> 6.muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;> 7.taJte;NjhH thf;Fupik
15. 11 jpl;lkpl;lf; $l;lq;fspy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; gw;wp fye;Jiuahl
------------------ ehl;fs; Mapw;W. - 114
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; mikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu kw;Wk;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
1. ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F KO cupikiaAk; ,e;j pa ------------- toq;FfpAs;sJ. murpayikg;G
2. rl;l mwpKfNk ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ----------- MFk;. Kfg;Giu
3. ------------------ vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu $WfpwJ. kf;fNs mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;
4. ,e;jpa murpd; Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSs; xd;W -------------- MFk;. kjr;rhHgpd;ik
5. ghuhSkd;w muR Kiwia --------------- vd;Wk; miog;gH. - nghWg;G muR
my;yJ fhgpNdl; muR
6. mbg;gil cupikfspd; MW tiffs; - 1.rkj;Jt cupik> 2.Rje;jpu
cupik> 3.Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; cupik> 4.kjr;Rje;jpu cupik>
5.gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; fy;tp cupik> 6.murpayikg;gpd;gb jPHTfhZk; cupik
7. rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJk;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba topfhl;Ljy;fs; ----------------- vdg;gLk;. - muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
8. ve;jnthU rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wk;NghJk; muR fz;bg;ghf -------------------- I
filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. - muR newpKiwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
9. murpay; mikg;G rl;lj;jpy; taJte;NjhH thf;Fupikj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb> rhjp>
epwk;> kjk;> ghypdk;> gbj;NjhH> nrhj;J cilik Mfpa NtWghLfspd;wp ------------- epuk;gpa midtUk; NjHjypy; thf;fspf;f cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - 18
taJ
10. muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis ------------- tiffshf gpupf;fyhk;. - ehd;F
(1.r%f eyid mila topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 2.fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr;
nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 3.gd;dhl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> 4.gy;tifahd
newpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;)
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11. 1929Mk; Mz;L yh$upy; eilngw;w ,e;jpaNjrpaf; fhq;fpu]; khehl;L

jPHkhdj;jpd;gb> g+uz Rauh[;ak; ----------------- k; ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. - 1930k;
Mz;L [dtup 26
12. ,e;jpa muR ve;jnthU ------------------ rhHe;jjy;y. - kjj;ijAk;
13. rkj;Jt cupikapd; gb ----------------- - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;
14. jdpkdpjdpd; KO ghJfhg;G> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ---------------- mtrpakhfpwJ. mbg;gil cupikfs;
15. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs; Mw;wNtz;ba
gy;NtW flikfs; mlq;fpAs;sd> ,f;flikfs; -------------- vdg;gLk;. mbg;gilf; flikfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - mbg;gil cupikfs;
1. mbg;gil cupikfs; ----------- jiyg;Gfspy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - 6
2. rpWghd;ikapdH fy;tp epWtdq;fis mDkjpf;Fk; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lg;gpupT - 30
3. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gpupT 19 Fbkf;fSf;F ------------- cupikfis
toq;FfpwJ. - 6
4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G %d;whtJ gFjpapy;> murpayikg;G rl;l gpupT 12
Kjy; 35 tiu cs;s gpupTfs; rpy cupikfis mbg;gil cupikfshf
mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. mit ------------------ - 1.rkj;Jt cupik (ruj;J 14-18)> 2.Rje;jpu
cupik (ruj;J 19-22)> 3.Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd cupik (ruj;J 23-24)> 4.rka
Rje;jpu cupik (ruj;J 25-28)> 5.gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp cupik (ruj;J 29-30)>
6.murpayikg;gpw;F jPHT fhZk; cupik (ruj;J 32)
5. ,e;jpa xU --------------- ehL. - rkarhHgw;w
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;> ---------------------- jdp kdpj tho;T kw;Wk; jdp
kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij cWjp nra;fpwJ. - gpupT - 21
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------- Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs;
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kPwg;gLk;NghJ> Neupilahf kf;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs; njhlHe;J

ghJfhg;gpidg; ngw cjTfpwJ. - gpupT 32
8. -------------- ,y; kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp> gug;Gtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; cz;L vd;W
cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ. - gpupT 25
9. ---------> 2009-y; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp 6 tajpypUe;J 14
tajpw;Fl;gl;ltHfSf;F mspf;f rl;lk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. - gpupT 21-A
10. murpayikg;G --------------- d; gb rpWghd;ikapdH nkhop> vOj;J
gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. - gpupT 29
11. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------------- Rje;jpu cupikf;F cj;jputhjk;> mjd;
Fbkf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ. - gpupT 19
12. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lg; gpupT --------d; gb xUtiuj; jFe;j
fhuzkpd;wp ifJ nra;tjw;F jil tpjpf;fpwJ. - 20
13. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lg;gpupT -------------- -d; gb vtiuAk;
tprhuizapd;wp ifJ nra;af;$lhJ. - 22
14. xUtiu fl;lhakhfNth my;yJ Cjpakpd;wpNah Ntiy nra;a itj;jy;
$lhJ vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;G -------- $WfpwJ. - 23tJ gpupT
15. --------------- kjr;rhHghd epWtdq;fis epWtTk;> elj;jTk;> jHkg;gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cWjpaspf;fpwJ. - gpupT - 26
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kdpj cupik rhrdk;
1. rKjhaj;jpy; kdpjd; R%fkhf thoj; Njitahd epiyia ------------- vd
miof;fpNwhk;. - cupik
2. xt;nthU Mz;Lk;> -------------------- Mk; ehs; I.eh. jpdkhff;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. - mf;NlhgH 24
3. --------------- Mk; ehs; If;fpa ehLfspd; rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1945k;
Mz;L mf;NlhgH 24
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4. I.eh rigapd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;W ---------------- MFk;. - kdpj

cupikfis ghJfhg;gJk;> mjid kjpg;Gwr;nra;tJk;
5. I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikfs; FO kdpj cupikfs; kNrhjhitj;
jahupj;J toq;fpaJ. ,k;kNrhjh If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr; rigapy; ----------------Mk; ehs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. - 1948 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 10
6. kdpj cupikfs; kNrhjhNt ------------------ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;
7. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ------------------- Mk; ehs; kdpj cupikfs; jpdkhff;
filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. - brk;gH 10
8. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;> kf;fspilNa ------------- cWjp
nra;fpwJ. - rkj;Jtj;ij
9. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; ------------- ruj;Jfisf; nfhz;lJ. 30
10. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; ------------------ gFjpfshfg; ghFghL
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - ,uz;L
11. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpd; ,uz;L gFjpfs; - 1.
tho;tpay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs;> 2. nghUshjhuk;> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L
cupikfs;
12. midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk;> -------------- ehLfSf;Fk;
Vw;GilajhFk;. - midj;J
13. 1966k; Mz;L I.eh.rig kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f ------- xg;ge;jq;fis
cUthf;fpaJ. - ,uz;L
14. 1966k; Mz;L I.eh.rig kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f cUthf;fpa ,U
xg;ge;jq;fs; - 1. midj;Jyfg; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L cupikfs;
xg;ge;jk;> 2. midj;Jyf tho;tpay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs; xg;ge;jk;
15. -------------------------- cyf mstpy; kdpj cupikg; ghJfhg;gpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fpid Mw;wp tUfpwJ. - I.eh.rig
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1. 1993-Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd;gb Njrpa kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak; ,e;jpahtpy; --------------- Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mf;NlhgH 12> 1993
2. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; jiytH ------------- > --------------- cWg;gpdHfisAk; nfhz;lJ. - xUtiuAk;> ehd;F
3. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH nghJthf -------------------- Mf
,Ug;ghH. - Xa;Tngw;w cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp
4. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; XH cWg;gpdH ---------------------- MfTk;
> kw;nwhU cWg;gpdH -------------------- MfTk; kPjKs;s ,U cWg;gpdHfs; --------------- ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. - cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp> khepy
caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjp> kdpj cupikfs; rhHe;j nray;
mDgtkpf;ftuhf
5. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyikaplk; ---------------- MFk;. GJby;yp
6. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis ahH epakdk;
nra;fpwhH? - FbauRj;jiytH
7. FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk; Njrpa kdpj cupik
Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ----------------------- Mizapd; Ngupy; gzp ePf;fk;
nra;ayhk;. - FbauR jiytupd;
8. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ----------------------- ,g;gjtpapy;
gzpahw;wyhk;. - 5 Mz;LfNsh my;yJ 70 taJ tiuapNyh
9. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ------------- gjtp
tfpf;fyhk;. - 5 Mz;Lfs;
10. FbauRj; jiytH tpUk;gpdhy; Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd;
cWg;gpdHfis kPz;Lk; ----------------- kWepakdk; nra;ayhk;. - 5 Mz;LfSf;F
11. Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; -------------------- MFk;
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- kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk;

12. jkpo;ehl;by; --------------------- Mk; ehs; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1997 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17
13. khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; xU ----------> ---------------cWg;gpdHfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. - jiytiuAk;> ehd;F
14. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ---------- MthH.
- khepy caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; Xa;T ngw;w jiyik ePjpgjp
15. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; XH cWg;gpdH -------------MfTk;> kw;nwhU cWg;gpdH -------------- MfTk;> vQ;rpa ,uz;L cWg;gpdHfs; -------------------- ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. - Xa;T ngw;w khepy caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp>
Xa;T ngw;w khtl;l ePjpgjp> kdpj cupikfs; rhHe;j nrayDgtk;
kpf;ftHfshfTk;
1. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdHfis khepy Kjyikr;rH> khepy cs;Jiw mikr;rH> rl;lkd;wj;
jiytH> rl;lkd;w vjpHfl;rpj;jiytH MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l FOtpd;
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; -------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - khepy MSeH
2. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik epHthf
mjpfhupahfr; ---------------> nray;gLfpwhH. - nrayH
3. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; ---------------- apy; nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ. - nrd;id
4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ ------------- tprhuiznra;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F cupa epthuzk; mspf;Fk;. - jkpo;ehL khepy kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak;
5. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ---------------gzpahw;wyhk;. - 70 taJ tiu my;yJ 5 Mz;Lfs;
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6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw

jtwp nray;gl;lhy;> ----------- mtHfisg; gzpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. - khepy MSeH
7. khtl;l mstpy; eilngWk; kdpj cupikfs; kPwy;fis ----------------tprhuiz nra;Ak;. - khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
8. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf -------------------epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH. - VO Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpatH my;yJ
muR tof;fwpQH
9. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpiuthf ------------fpilf;f tif nra;fpwJ. - kdpj cupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;J>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F epthuzk;
10. ---------------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
rl;lg+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1856
11. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz;fspd; jpUkz
taij 21 Mf epHzak; nra;Js;sJ. - 1955
12. ------------------ Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thupRr; rl;lj;jpd;gb jha; je;ijaupd;
nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1956
13. --------------- Mk; Mz;L tujl;riz jilr; rl;lj;jpd;gb tujl;riz Ntz;bg;
ngz;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;JtJ fLikahd jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhff; fUj
top nra;jJ. - 1961
14. jkpof muR ,e;Jj; jpUkz rl;lj;jpy; ---------- Mk; Mz;by; xU jpUj;jk;
nfhz;L te;J Rakupahij jpUkzq;fisr; rl;lg+Ht jpUkzq;fshf
mq;fpfupj;Js;sJ. - 1967
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fisf; Nfypnra;tijj; jLf;fr;
rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ. - 1997
nghJ mwpT - fdpk kw;Wk; vhprf;jp tsq;fs;
1. fdpk tsq;fis vj;jid ngUk;gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. - ,uz;L.
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1.cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> 2. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fs;

2. ,Uk;G> khq;fdPR> epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l; kw;Wk; lq;];ld; Nghd;wit -----------fdpkq;fs; MFk;. - ,Uk;G rhHe;j fdpkq;fs;
3. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. - ikf;fh>
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; [pg;rk;> nghl;lhrpak;> epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak;
4. cyfpd; nkhj;j ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;gpy; ------------- rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy;
mike;Js;sJ. - 20 rjtPjk;
5. fbdkhd JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;G v/fpid jahhpf;f ---------- gad;gLfpwJ. khq;fdPR
6. cyH kpd;fyq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ vJ? - khq;fdPR-il-Mf;irL
7. mYkpdpak; rpypNfl; epiwe;j ghiwfs; rpijTWtjhy; cUthFk; ,Nyrhd
cNyhfk; vJ? - mYkpdpak;
8. ----------------- kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhj nghUshf ,Ug;gjhy; kpd; nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpwJ. - ikf;fh
9. cyfpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ------------ rjtPjk; gq;fspf;fpwJ. - 60
rjtPjk;
10. epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if vhpthA> #hpa rf;jp> fhw;W rf;jp
Nghd;wit ------------ tsq;fshFk;.- vhprf;jp tsq;fs;
11. epyf;fhpapd; juk; kw;Wk; fhHgd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - Me;juirl;> gpl;Lkpd];> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; kuf;fhp
12. fdpk vz;nza; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ vJ - ngl;Nuhypak;
13. ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhhpak; fdpkj;jpypUe;J -------------- cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. - mZkpd;rf;jp
14. Nfus flw;fiuapd; kz;zpy; cs;s Nkhdirl;bypUe;J ------------ngwg;gLfpwJ. - ANudpak;
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15. ,e;jpah Mz;bw;F -------------- nkfhthl; mZkpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp

nra;fpwJ. - 272
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;

1. cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd ehfuPfj;ij nfhz;ltHfs; ---------------- - `Pg;&];
2. nghUspaypd; je;ij--------------MthH - Mlk; Rkpj;;
3. 18k; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;R ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf;
Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ------------------ vd;W ngaH - ,aw;if thjk;
4. mHj;jrh];jpuj;ij vOjpatH --------------- - nfsby;aH
5. tzpfthjpfs; mjpf ------------- > Fiwe;j ,wf;FkjpapYk; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jdH - Vw;WkjpapYk;
6. tzpfthjpfs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ -------- - tzpfk;
7. Kjy; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;w mwpQH ------------------ MthH - Mlk; Rkpj;
8. Gjpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLgtH - J. M. fPd;R
9. kf;fSf;F NghJkhd czT> cil> ciwtplk; ,y;yhj epiyia ----------------- vd;fpNwhk; - KOtWik epiy
10. Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tWikfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s
Ntw;Wikfis tpsf;fpatH -------------- - uTz;bup
11. [tfH fpuhk; Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; --------------------- Mz;L
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - 1999
12. ehl;L r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk; --------------------- Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ - 1995
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13. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; -------------------- Kjy; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ - 1993> mf;NlhgH 2
14. nghUshjhu jpl;lkply; -------------------------- y; > mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - 1950 51
15. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd czTg; nghUl;fs; -------------- - muprp> NfhJik>
Nrhsk;> jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gUg;G tiffs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; - Ie;jhz;L

jpl;lq;fSk; mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fKk;
1. Kjyhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1951 - 1956
Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH - `Nuhy;L NjhkH
Nehf;fk; : Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;l Jiw tptrhaj;Jiw.
2. ,uz;lhk; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1956 - 1961
,uz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH P.G.k`y ehgp];.
Nehf;fk; : Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;l Jiw njhopy; Jiw.
3. %d;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1961 - 1966
%d;whk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtH - P.G.k`y ehgp];.
Nehf;fk; : jw;rhHG jpl;lk;
4. ehd;fhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1969 - 1974
Nehf;fk; : epiyahd tsHr;rp kw;Wk; jd;dpwit
5. Ie;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1974 - 1979
Nehf;fk; : tWikia xopj;jy;
6. Mwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1980 - 1985
Nehf;fk; : tUkhd Vw;wj; jho;Tfisf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; tWikia
mfw;Wjy;
7. Vohk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1985 - 1989
Nehf;fk; : czT> Ntiytha;g;G> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;> jw;rhHG Mfpait
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ngUFjy;
8. vl;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1992 - 1997
Nehf;fk; : KO Ntiytha;g;G> njhlf;ff;fy;tp> kdpjtsNkk;ghL> kf;fs;
njhif fl;Lg;ghL> Ntfkhd nghUshjhu tsHr;rp
9. xd;gjhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1997 - 2002
Nehf;fk; : Ntshz;ik> fpuhk tsHr;rp> tWik xopg;G kw;Wk; 2004f;Fs; KO
fy;tp
10. gj;jhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2002 - 2007
Nehf;fk; : Neub me;epa KjyPL> njhopyhsH Kd;Ndw;wk;> nghUshjhu
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk tsHr;rp
11. gjpNdhwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2007 - 2012
12. gd;dpnuz;lhk; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 2012 - 2017
fHehlfg;NghH
1. Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w -------------- Nghupd;
gpujpgypg;ghFk;. - M];jpupa thupRupikg; NghH
2. Kjy; fHehlfg; NghH -------------------- cld;gbf;ifapd; gb Kbtile;jJ? ma;yh \Ngy; cld;gbf;if
3. gpnuQ;R jsgjp G];]p> i`juhghj;jpd; ep[hkhf epakdk; nra;jtH ahH? ryngj; [q;fpd;
4. fHehlfj;jpy; Mw;fhl;il Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;wpatH ahH? - ,uhgHl;
fpist;
5. gpnuQ;R jsgjpahf ,e;jpahtpy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ltH ahH? - Nfhj;a+
6. Mq;fpNyaHfSf;F ----------------- NghH ngUk;ntw;wpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ? ,uz;lhk; fHehlfg; NghH
7. fp.gp.1756-k; Mz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Vohz;Lg; Nghupd; vjpnuhypahf
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,e;jpahtpy; ------------------ NghH eilngw;wJ? - %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH

8. Mq;fpNyaupd; Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpatH ahH? - fTz;l;-byhyp
9. gpnuQ;Rg; gilia fp.gp.1760-Mk; Mz;L te;jthrp NghHfsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;j
Mq;fpy jsgjp ahH? - rH maH$l;
10. %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH ---------------- Mk; Mz;L ghup]; rkhjhd
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb KbTf;F te;jJ? - fp.gp.1763
11. ,e;jpa tpahghupfSf;F cjtpLk; Nehf;fpy; Rq;ftupia uj;J nra;j
tq;fhs ethg; ahH? - kPHfhrpk;
12. gf;rhH NghUf;Fg; gpwF 1765-y; tq;fhs ftHduhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltH ahH? ,uhgHl; fpist;
13. fp.gp.1767-Mk; Mz;L i`jH myp kw;Wk; ep[hik Mq;fpNyaHfs; -----------vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jdH? - nrq;fk;
14. fHehlfg; NghHfs; ------------------ Mz;LfSf;F ,ilNa eilngw;wJ? - 1746
- 1763
15. Mw;fhl;L tPuH vdg; ngUikNahL miof;fg;gl;ltH ahH? - ,uhgHl;
fpist;
1. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdHfis khepy Kjyikr;rH> khepy cs;Jiw mikr;rH> rl;lkd;wj;
jiytH> rl;lkd;w vjpHfl;rpj;jiytH MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l FOtpd;
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; -------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - khepy MSeH
2. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik epHthf
mjpfhupahfr; ---------------> nray;gLfpwhH. - nrayH
3. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; ---------------- apy; nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ. - nrd;id
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4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ ------------- tprhuiznra;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F cupa epthuzk; mspf;Fk;. - jkpo;ehL khepy kdpj
cupikfs; Mizak;
5. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; ---------------gzpahw;wyhk;. - 70 taJ tiu my;yJ 5 Mz;Lfs;
6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw
jtwp nray;gl;lhy;> ----------- mtHfisg; gzpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. - khepy MSeH
7. khtl;l mstpy; eilngWk; kdpj cupikfs; kPwy;fis ----------------tprhuiz nra;Ak;. - khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
8. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf -------------------epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH. - VO Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpatH my;yJ
muR tof;fwpQH
9. jkpo;ehl;by; khtl;l kdpj cupikfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpiuthf ------------fpilf;f tif nra;fpwJ. - kdpj cupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;J>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F epthuzk;
10. ---------------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
rl;lg+Htkhf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1856
11. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz;fspd; jpUkz
taij 21 Mf epHzak; nra;Js;sJ. - 1955
12. ------------------ Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thupRr; rl;lj;jpd;gb jha; je;ijaupd;
nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1956
13. --------------- Mk; Mz;L tujl;riz jilr; rl;lj;jpd;gb tujl;riz Ntz;bg;
ngz;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;JtJ fLikahd jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhff; fUj
top nra;jJ. - 1961
14. jkpof muR ,e;Jj; jpUkz rl;lj;jpy; ---------- Mk; Mz;by; xU jpUj;jk;
nfhz;L te;J Rakupahij jpUkzq;fisr; rl;lg+Ht jpUkzq;fshf
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mq;fpfupj;Js;sJ. - 1967
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fisf; Nfypnra;tijj; jLf;fr;
rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ. - 1997
1. -------------- Mk; ehs; rHtNjrg; ngz;fs; jpdkhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. khHr; 8
2. I.eh. rig ----------- Mk; Mz;ilr; rHtNjrg; ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ.
- 1978
3. ----------------------- 1986 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;L ,sk; rpwhHfs; Kiwahf
ghJfhf;fg;glTk; mtHfs; jpUe;jp thoTk; top nra;Js;sJ. - rpWtHfSf;F
vjpuhd mePjpr; rl;lk;
4. I.eh. rig ----------- Mk; Mz;ilr; rHtNjrf; Foe;ijfs; Mz;lhf
mwptpj;Js;sJ. - 1979
5. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ----------- ,d; gb murhq;fk; vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
14 taJ tiu fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp toq;fpl toptif nra;Js;sJ. - gphpT
45
6. fp.gp.1995-Mk; Mz;L cyfg; ngz;fs; --------- vd;w ,lj;jpy; $bdH. nga;[pq;
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ---------- ,d; gb Foe;ijj; njhopyhsH Kiw jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - gpupT 24
8. -----------,d; gb ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> Foe;ijfs; Rje;jpukhfTk; cly;
MNuhf;fpaj;JlDk; tho tif nra;fpwJ. - gpupT 39(F)
9. 1961 Mk; Mz;L ngz;fspd; cly; eyk; fhf;f ------------------- ,aw;wg;gl;L>
kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; gzpGupAk; ngz;fSf;F Cjpaj;Jld; $ba tpLg;G toq;f
top tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. - NgWfhyg;gad; rl;lk;
10. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsH rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1951
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11. njhopw;$l rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948

12. Ruq;fr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1952
13. ----------------- Mfpaitfs; Mz;> ngz; NtWghbd;wp rkCjpak; toq;f
toptif nra;jJ. - njhopw;$l rl;lk;> Njhl;lj; njhopyhsH rl;lk;> Ruq;fr;
rl;lk;
14. ngz;fspd; eyd;fhf;f -------------------- Mfpaitfs; Nghuhb tUfpd;wd. ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; rq;fk;> [dehaf khjH rq;fk; kw;Wk; ngz;Zupik ,af;fk;
15. ------------- Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR ngz;fis ,opTgLj;Jk; Rtnuhl;bfs;
ntspapLtijj; jilnra;Js;sJ. - 1999
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - cs;shl;rp muR
1. Mq;fpy Ml;rpahsH ---------------- vd;gtH cs;shl;rp mikg;GKiwia
,e;jpahtpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhH. - upg;gd; gpuG
2. ehl;bd; njhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;s kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;tjw;Nf ----------------epHthf mikg;Gfs; ,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - cs;shl;rp
3. Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> Ng&uhl;rp> khtl;l Cuhl;rp> efuhl;rp> khefuhl;rp Mfpa
mikg;Gfs; kf;fs; gpuepjpfSld; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mikg;gpw;F ------------vd;W ngaH. - cs;shl;rp epHthfk;
4. cs;shl;rpapd; ,U tiffs; - fpuhkg;Gw cs;shl;rp> efHg;Gw cs;shl;rp
5. fpuhkg;Gw cs;shl;rpapy; ---------------------- Mfpait mlq;Fk;. - Cuhl;rp>
Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> khtl;l Cuhl;rp
6. efHg;Gw cs;shl;rpapy; --------------- Mfpait mlq;Fk;. - Ng&uhl;rp> efuhl;rp>
khefuhl;rp
7. ------------- kf;fs; njhiff;Fk; NkYs;s Cuhl;rpfs;> Ng&uhl;rpfshfj; juk;
caHj;jg;gLfpd;wd. - gj;jhapuk;
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8. Ng&uhl;rpapd; epHthfj;ij -------------------- ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whH. - nray;

mYtyH
9. XH ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhifAs;s Ng&Hfs; ---------------- Mfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd. - efuhl;rpfs;
10. efuhl;rpapd; jiytH kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - Ie;jhz;Lfs;
11. efuhl;rpapd; epHthf mYtyH --------------- MthH. - efuhl;rp MizaH
12. gy ,yl;rk; kf;fs; njhifAk;> gy;NtW mYtyfq;fSk; mike;Js;s
gFjpfis ----------- vdr; nrhy;fpNwhk;. - khefuhl;rp
13. khefuhl;rpj; jiytH ----------------- vdg;gLfpwhH. - NkaH
14. khefuhl;rpapd; epHthf mYtyH -------------- vdg;gLfpwhH. - MizaH
15. khefuhl;rpj; jiytH> cWg;gpdH MfpatHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; -------------MFk;. - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
1. fpuhkq;fspy; nray;gLk; cs;shl;rp mikg;G -------------- MFk;. - fpuhk
Cuhl;rp
2. Cuhl;rp vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; -------------- -,d; cWg;gpdHfs;. fpuhk rig
3. NjHjy; %yk; Ie;jhapuk; kf;fs; njhiff;F xU gpujpepjp tPjk; Cuhl;rp
xd;wpa -------------- NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. - cWg;gpdHfs;
4. Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; gzpfis Nkw;ghHit nra;aTk;> fz;fhzpf;fTk;
khtl;l epHthfj;jpd; fPo; --------------------- cs;sJ. - khtl;l Cuf tsHr;rp
Kfik
5. Cuhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfspy; xUtH Cuhl;rp xd;wpa ------------ Mf
cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwhH. - FOj;jiytH
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6. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU -------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - khtl;l

Cuhl;rp FO
7. khtl;l KOikf;Fkhd tsHr;rpj; jpl;lk; jahupj;J> khepyj; jpl;lf;
FOtpw;F mDg;gp itg;gJ ------------- flik MFk;. - khtl;lj; jpl;lf; FO
8. CH kd;wf; $l;lq;fs; (fpuhk rig) Mz;Lf;F ------------- Kiw $Lfpd;wd. ehd;F ([dtup 26 (FbauR ehs;)> Nk 1 (njhopyhsH ehs;)> Mf];l; 15
(tpLjiy ehs;)> mf;NlhgH 2 (kfhj;kh fhe;jp gpwe;j ehs;))
9. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpd; rl;lkd;w> ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfSk; ---------- ,y;
cWg;gpdHfs;. - khtl;lj; jpl;lf;FO
10. khtl;l jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfis --------------- NjHjy; %yk;
NjHe;njLf;fpwhHfs; - cs;shl;rp gpujpepjpfs;
11. fpuhk Cuhl;rpfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L mikf;fg;gLtJ -------------- MFk;. Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;
12. khtl;l Cuhl;rpf; FOj; jiytNu vjd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLthH khtl;lj; jpl;lf;FO
13. khefuhl;rpj; jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk; ------------- Mz;Lfs; - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
14. ----------------- kf;fs; njhiff;F xUtH vd;w mbg;gilapy; khtl;l Cuhl;rpf;
FO cWg;gpdHfs; kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. - 50>000
15. Cuhl;rp kd;w jiytupd; gjtpf; fhyk; - Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ehlhSkd;wk;
1. ehlhSkd;wk;> kj;jpa murpd; --------------- Fwpf;Fk;. - rl;lkd;wj;ij
2. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; ------------- rigfisf; nfhz;lJ - ,uz;L (Nky;rig>
fPo;rig)
3. Nky;rig ---------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - khepyq;fs; mit my;yJ
uh[;a rig
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4. fPo;rig -------------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - kf;fsit my;yJ Nyhf;

rig
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; gupe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapNyh my;yJ ve;j xU fl;rpf;Fk;
ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhj epiyapNyh FbauRj; jiytH ------------- I fiyf;fyhk;.
- kf;fsit
6. khepyq;fsit xU ------------- mitahFk; - epue;ju
7. kf;fshy; Neubahfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtjhy;> khepyq;fspd; cWg;gpdHfis
tpl ----------- mjpf cupikfs; cz;L - kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfSf;F
8. khepyq;fsit ------------- cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;lJ. - 250
9. khepyq;fsitapy; ------------- cWg;gpdHfs; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Neubahf
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - 12
10. xt;nthU khepyj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ------------------- rig cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if
jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ - uh[;a
11. kf;fsitapd; jiytH ------------------- MthH - rghehafH
12. kf;fsitapd; rghehafH ----------------------- My; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH. kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfs;
13. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf; fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;
14. khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpdHfspd; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdH (1/3) xt;nthU ------------- Mz;Lf;F gpwF Xa;T ngWfpd;wdH. - ,uz;L
15. khepyq;fsitj; jiytH ---------------- MthH - FbauRj; Jizj; jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpahtpy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mikg;G
1. ePjpj;Jiw xU ------------- mikg;ghFk;. - Rje;jpukhd
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; ----------- > midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; jiyikahdJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;

3. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; ----------- ,d; MNyhridapd; Ngupy;> kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk;>
FbauRj; jiytNu epakdk; nra;fpwhH. - jiyik ePjpgjp
4. cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa mjpfhuq;fs; - Kjy;epiy tprhuiz
kw;Wk; Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhuk;
5. mbg;gil cupikfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; -------------- gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd - ePjpg; Nguhizfs;
6. cr;rePjp kd;wKk;> caHePjp kd;wKk; ------------------ Mizfis kf;fspd;
cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f murpayikg;gpy; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. - Ie;J
(1.Ml;nfhzH ePjpg;Nguhiz> 2.nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> 3.jilg;Nguhiz>
4.Mtzf;Nfl;Gg; Nguhiz> 5.jFjp Kiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)
7. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ehlhSkd;wk; cs;spl;l ve;j xU rl;lkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ijAk;> mJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;
mbg;gil tpjpfSf;F KuzhdJ vd;W fz;lhy;> me;jr; rl;lk;
nry;YgbahfhJ vd;W mwptpf;Fk; cupikia ------------- ngw;Ws;sJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;
8. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Neupilahf Kjd;Kjyhff; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis ---------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ Kjy; tprhuiz mjpfhuq;fs; (Original Jurisdiction)
9. caHePjpkd;wj; jPHg;GfSf;F vjpuhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL
nra;ag;gLk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijj;jhd; ---------------- vd;fpNwhk; Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhuq;fs;
10. murpay; rl;lg; gpur;rid njhlHghff; FbauRj; jiytH tpsf;fk;ngw
tpUk;gpdhy;> mj;jifa MNyhridfis toq;Fk; nghWg;G --------------cupajhFk;. - cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
11. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia ---------------------- epakdk; nra;fpwhH ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH
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12. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> gpw ePjpgjpfSk; -------------- taJ

epiwtilAk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fyhk; - 65
13. ---------------- ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf cs;sJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;
14. ,uhZtj; jPHg;ghaq;fspy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPHg;Gfspy; ---------- jiyapl
KbahJ - cr;rePjpkd;wk;
15. ,e;jpahtpd; cr;rePjpkd;wk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - GJnly;yp
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpahtpy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mikg;G
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 214MtJ gpuptpd;gb> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk;
------------------ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - caHePjp kd;wk;
2. nghJthf --------------------- caHePjpkd;wq;fs; xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; kw;Wk;
a+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; - ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
3. khepyj;jpYs;s gpw ePjpkd;wq;fs; ----------------- Nkw;ghHitapd; fPo;
nray;gLfpwJ - caHePjpkd;wj;jpd;
4. ----------- rl;lq;fspd; mDkjpapd; Ngupy; caHePjp kd;wk; nray;gLfpd;wd ghuhSkd;w
5. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj;jiytH> cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp> kw;Wk; khepy
MSeupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; ----------------- I epakdk; nra;fpwhH caHePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp
6. khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if cWjp nra;tjw;fhfg; gy epiyfspyhd
ePjpd;wq;fs; cs;sd mit ------------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - rhHG
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
7. rhHG epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; -------------------- tpjpfisAk;> xOq;F KiwfisAk;
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; - caHePjp kd;wj;jpd;
8. rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; kNrhjh> murpayikg;Gr; rl;ltpjpfSf;F
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KuzhdJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fpd;w

cupik cr;rePjpkd;wk; Nghy; -------------------- cz;L - caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fk;
9. caHePjp kd;w ---------------- apd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy;> caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpw
ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj; jiytNu epakdk; nra;fpwhH - jiyik ePjpgjp
10. caHePjp kd;wk; ----------------- ,d; gb fPo; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;GfSf;F vjpuhf
Nky;KiwaPL nra;ag;gLk; rptpy; kw;Wk; Fw;wtof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPHg;G
toq;fyhk; - Nky;KiwaPL mjpfhu tuk;G
11. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s goikahd caHePjp kd;wk; - fy;fj;jh caHePjp kd;wk;
12. caHePjp kd;wj;jhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; Nky;KiwaPL tof;Ffis ----------------------- tprhupf;Fk; - ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk;
13. 1963Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G 15MtJ gpupT jpUj;jg;gb caHePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;TngWk; taJ ---------- Mf caHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ - 62
14. rhHG ePjpkd;wq;fis ----------------------- fz;fhzpf;fpwJ - caHePjpkd;wk;
15. xU rhHG ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J tof;if khw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ------------ cs;sJ caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;F
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> -----------> ngz;fspd; tpLjiy gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ - gpupT 23
2. ----------- ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijj; jpUkzj; jilr; rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
ngz;fspd; jpUkztaJ 15ypUe;J 18 MfTk;> Mzpd; jpUkz taJ
18ypUe;J 21 MfTk; caHj;jpAs;sJ - 1978
3. ------------- ,y; eilKiwf;F te;j tujl;rizj; jilr;rl;lk;> tujl;rizf;
nfhLg;gijAk;> thq;FtijAk; jilnra;Js;sJ - 1961
4. --------------- y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l tujl;rizj; jilr;rl;lj;jpUj;jk;>
tujl;riz thq;FgtH> tujl;riz njhlHghfg; ngz;fisf;
nfhLikg;gLj;JgtH kPJ fLikahd jz;lid nfhLf;f top tFj;Js;sJ Facebook
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1986
5. jkpo;ehL muR ------------------ Mz;by; (<t;Brpq;) ngz;fis ,fo;jy;
jilr;rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sJ - 1997
6. 2002 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l ----------------------- ngz;fSf;Fj; njhy;iy
nfhLg;gijj;jil nra;Js;sJ - (<t;Brpq;) ngz;fis ,fo;jy; jilr;rl;l
jpUj;jk;
7. 73 MtJ> 74 MtJ murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Cuhl;rp mikg;GfspYk;>
cs;SH mikg;GfspYk;> ngz;fSf;F --------------- ,lxJf;fPl;ilj;
nfhLj;Js;sJ - 33 tpOf;fhL
8. ngz;fSf;fhd> Ntiyf;fhd gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; (STEP) gzp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
Mjhuj;jpl;lk; ------------- ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ - 1996
9. ---------- ngz;fSf;Fr; Ra cjtpf;FOf;fs; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fspd; topahfg;
ngz;fspd; mjpfhuf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F
topfhl;LfpwJ - Rak;]pjh
10. r%f> nghUshjhu> kdmOj;jk; Nghd;w gpur;ridfspy; Jd;gg;gLfpd;w
ngz;fSf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; ,lkhf ----------------------- cs;sJ - FWfpa fhy
,y;yq;fs; (1996)
11. FLk;gq;fspy; xj;Jg;Nghf Kbahj #oypdhYk;> r%f Mf;fpukpg;GfshYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lg; ngz;fSf;F mwpTiutoq;Fk; ikakhf ---------- nray;gLfpd;wd
- FLk;g MNyhrid ikaq;fs;
12. nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; 1912 Mk; Mz;by; kUj;Jtuhfg; gl;lk;
ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp - lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
13. mf;fhy Mq;fpNya murpy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaH ,lk;ngw;w>
nrd;idr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;ngw;w Kjy; ngz;kzp - lhf;lH
Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
14. mfpy ,e;jpa kfspH kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; jiytuhfTk;> nrd;id efuhl;rpapd;
Kjy; mjpfhupahfTk; ----------- NjHT nra;ag;gl;Lg; gyUk; ghuhl;LkhW gzp
nra;jhH - lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
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15. kfspH Fyj;jpyfk; lhf;lH Kj;Jnyl;Rkp mtHfSf;F> eLtz; muR ------------ ,y; gj;kg+\d; tpUJ toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ - 1956
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - rl;lg;Nguit
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; xU -------------------Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ - rl;lg;Nguit
2. ngUk;ghd;ikahd khepyq;fspy; ----------------- mitf; nfhz;l
rl;lg;NguitfSk;> rpy khepyq;fspy; ---------------- nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd - xH> <uit (rl;l Nkyit(fPo; mit)> rl;lg;Nguit (Nky;
mit))
3. ,U rigfs; nfhz;l khepyq;fspy; ------------------ nray;gLfpd;wd rl;lkd;wKk; rl;l NkyitAk;
4. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdH ---------- My; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - nghJkf;fs;
5. rl;lkd;w Nkyit cWg;gpdH --------------------- mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdHfshy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH - MrpupaHfs;> gl;ljhupfs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp
6. khepyq;fspy; ------------- cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikakhf jpfo;fpwJ - rl;lg;
Nguit
7. rl;lg;Nguitapy;> jho;j;jg; gl;ltHfs; (MjpjpuhtplH)> goq;FbapdUf;F rpy
,lq;fs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it ------------- vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd jdpj; njhFjp
8. rl;lg;Nguitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; ----------- Mz;Lfs; - 5
9. ----------- KbAk; Kd;Ng rl;lg;Nguitia fiyf;fyhk; - gjtpf;fhyk;
10. rl;lg; Nguitf;F jiyik tfpg;gtH ----------------- - mitj; jiytH my;yJ
rghehafH
11. ------------ k; Mz;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 61-tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb
thf;Fupik taJ 21-ypUe;J 18-Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ - 1988
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12. -------------- mbg;gilapy; rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if

mike;jpUf;Fk; - kf;fs; njhif
13. rl;lg;Nguitapy; mjpf gl;r cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if ------------ MFk; 500
14. rl;lg;Nguitapy; Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if ------------- MFk; 60
15. rl;lg;Nguitapy; ------------- taJ epiwtile;jtHfs; NjHjypy; gq;Nfw;fyhk;
- 25

jpiug;glj;Jiw tpUJ - jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ ,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; tho;ehs; rhjid
Gupe;NjhUf;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.
,t;tpUJ> ,e;jpa jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vdf;fUjg;gLk; jhjhrhN`g;
ghy;Nf mtHfspd; gpwe;j ehs; E}w;whz;lhd 1969Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ> mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpaj;
jpiug;gl tpUJfSld; NrHj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Njtpfh uhzp
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1969) (,e;jp)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - vy;.tp. gpurhj;
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1982)
,e;jpahtpd; jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLgtH ahH? - jhjhrhN`g;
ghy;Nf
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; NgRk; glk; vJ? - fhspjh];
,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l KjyhtJ KOePsj; jpiug;glk; ------------ MFk; uh[h ùp];re;jpuh (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1913)
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jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf

tjk; (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1918)
kUj;Jtj;Jiw tpUJfs; - lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gpjhd; re;jpuh uha; tpUJ ,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fofj;jhy; 1976 ,y; gpjhd; re;jpu
uha; epidthf epWtg;gl;l tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; fPo;tUk;
tifg;ghLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ: ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwg;Gkpf;f murpay;
eaj;jpwk;> kUj;JtH-kw;Wk;-murpay;thjp> rpwg;Gkpf;f kUj;Jt egH> rpwg;Gkpf;f
nka;apayhsH kw;Wk; rpwg;Gkpf;f fiyQH. ,e;j tpUjpid #iy 1> Njrpa
kUj;JtHfs; ehsd;W> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH GJ jpy;ypapy; toq;FfpwhH.
Kjd; Kjypy; lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtH - Kfkj; ryPk; (1976) yg;
gl;bay; kw;Wk; nghJg; gl;baypy; cs;s JiwfSf;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis
,aw;WfpwJ - khepy rl;l kd;wk;
10. ----------------- xU kNrhjh rl;lkhtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KiwNa> khepy
rl;l kd;wq;fspYk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ - ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
11. rl;l Nkyitia tpl ------------------ mjpfhukpf;fJ - rl;lg; Nguit
12. rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;
13. rl;l Nkyitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfs; ----------- f;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; - 40
14. ----------------------- md;W rl;l Nkyit jkpo;ehl;by; xopf;fg;gl;lJ - 1986>
etk;gH 1Mk; Njjp
15. rl;l Nkyitia elj;JgtH -------------------- MthH - Nkyitj;jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa tpkhd epiyak; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd
epiyak;
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ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd

epiyak; vJ? - jpy;yp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s rHtNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
me;jkhd; epf;NfhghH jPTfs;
1. tPH rhtHf;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - NghHl; gpNsH
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
2. tprhfg;gl;bdk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - tprhfg;gl;bdk;
mrhk;
3. Nyhf;gpupah Nfhgpehj; gHNlhyp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fTfhj;jp
gPfhH
4. fah rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fah
jpy;yp
5. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GJ nly;yp
Nfhth
6. Nfhth rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhth
F[uhj;
7. rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mfkjhghj;
[k;K & fh\;kPH
8. =efH tpkhd epiyak; - =efH
fHehlfh
09. Nfk;gpfTlh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ngq;fs+U
10. kq;fs+H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kq;fs+H
Nfush
11. nfhr;rpd; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhr;rp
12. Nfhopf;NfhL rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhopf;NfhL
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13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
14. uh[h Ngh[; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nghghy;
kfhuh\;buh
15. rj;ugjp rpth[p rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Kk;ig
16. lhf;lH ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ehf;g+H
kzpg;g+H
17. ^ypfy; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ,k;ghy;
xbrh
18. gp[{ gl;ehaf; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GtNd];tH
gQ;rhg;
19. = FU uhk; jh]; [P rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mkpHjru];
uh[];jhd;
20. n[a;g;g+H tpkhd epiyak; - n[a;g;g+H
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - khepy epHthfk;
1. khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; xU mq;fkhf ------------------------ jpfo;fpwhH - MSeH
2. khepy rl;lkd;wk; epiwNtw;Wk; ve;jnthU kNrhjhTk; --------------------- ,d;
xg;Gjy; ngw;wg; gpd;dNu rl;lkhFk; - MSeH
3. mtrur; rl;lq;fs; ----------------------------- gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisg; Nghd;wit
- rl;lkd;wq;fshy;
4. ----------------- mDkjpapd;wp> epjp kNrhjhf;fis rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;j
KbahJ - MSeH
5. khepy murpd; Mz;L tuT-nryT jpl;lk; MSeupd; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;dNu
---------------- rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; - rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
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6. rpy;yiu nryT epjpapypUe;J epjp toq;fpl murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ - MSeUf;F
7. ---------------- MNyhrid Ngupy;> Fw;wtpay; eilKiw rl;lj;jpd;gb> khepy
caHePjp kd;wj;jhy; jz;lid ngw;w Fw;wthspfis kd;dpf;fTk;>
jz;lidiaf; Fiwf;fTk; my;yJ ePf;fTk; MSeH mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shH Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; mikr;ruit
8. MSeupd; ngauhy; khepy epHthfj;ij --------------- Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH Kjyikr;rH
9. ika murpy; gpujkupd; epiy Nghd;Nw khepy epHthfj;jpy; -------------- epiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ - Kjyikr;rH
10. ve;jnthU fl;rpAk; my;yJ mzpAk; rl;lg; Nguitapy; mWjpg;
ngUk;ghd;ikia ngwtpy;iynadpy;> rl;lrigapy; jdpg;ngUk; fl;rpapd;
jiytUf;F mikr;ruit mikf;FkhW ---------------- miog;G tpLf;fyhk; MSeH
11. rl;lg; Nguit eilngwhj rkaq;fspy;> mtrur; rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; ------------------ cz;L - MSeUf;F
12. rl;lkd;wq;fs; eilngwhj rkaq;fspy;> MSeuhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;>
rl;lq;fs; ----------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd - mtrur; rl;lq;fs;
13. mtrur; rl;lq;fSf;F --------------- thuj;jpw;Fs; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; Vw;ig
ngwNtz;Lk; - 6
14. MSeH khepy rl;lNkyit (,uz;lhtJ mit) cWg;gpdHfspy; ----------gFjpapdiuAk;> rl;lg;Nguitapy; xU ------------------------ cWg;gpdiuAk; epakdk;
nra;fpwhH - 1/6> Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa
15. murpayikg;G rl;lg; gpupT> 356-I gad;gLj;jp khepy muir fiyj;J> --------------- Ml;rpia gpufldk; nra;ayhk; - FbauR jiytH
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - khepy epHthfk;
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1. JiwfSf;fhd khdpaf; Nfhupf;iffs; ---------------- ,d; gupe;Jiuapd;

Ngupy;jhd; rl;l kd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tu KbAk; - MSeH
2. khepy muRg; gzp Mizaj;jplkpUe;J Mz;L mwpf;iffis ngw;W>
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; guprPyidf;Fk;> xg;GjYf;Fk; ----------- rkHg;gpf;fpd;whH - MSeH
3. khepyj;jpy; cz;ikahd epHthf mjpfhuq;fis nray;gLj;JtJ --------------MFk; - Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; mikr;ruit
4. ------------ ,d; gjtpf;fhyk; epHzapf;fg;gl;l jdJ rl;lg; Nguitapy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdH jdf;F MjuT nfhLf;Fk; tiuapy; gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk; Kjyikr;rH
5. ika mikr;ruitg; Nghd;Nw khepy ----------------------- cz;ikahd mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ - mikr;ruitAk;
6. khepy mikr;ruit --------------- nghWg;GilajhFk; - khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F
7. midj;J mikr;rHfSk; ---------------- ,d; fPo; xNu mzpahfr;
nray;gLfpd;wdH - Kjyikr;rH
8. rl;lg; Nguit mikr;ruitapd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPHkhdk;
epiwNtw;wpdhy;> Kjyikr;rH jiyikapy; nray;gLk; khepy mikr;ruit
gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. ,J ------------------ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ xl;Lnkhj;jnghWg;G
9. gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng rl;lg; Nguitf; fiyf;f MSeUf;F
gupe;Jiug;gJ ----------- ,d; gzpahFk; - Kjyikr;rH
10. mikr;ruitapd; jiytuha; ,Ue;J> mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fSf;Fj;
jiyikj; jhq;FtJ ------------------ ,d; gzpahFk; - Kjyikr;rH
11. mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gLk;NghJ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduha; ,y;yhjtHfs;> ------------- khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdH gjtpf;F NjHe;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; - 6
12. nghJthf Kjyikr;rUf;Fk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; gjtpf;fhyk; ---- Facebook
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------------ Mz;Lfs; MFk; - 5

13. khepy Kjyikr;rH ------------------ My; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhH - MSeH
14. Kjyikr;rupd; gjtp tpyfy; xl;Lnkhj;j ------------- ,d; tpyfyhFk; mikr;ruit
15. midj;J mikr;rHfSk; --------------------- cWg;gpdHfsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; khepy rl;l kd;wj;jpd;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - NjHjy;
1. mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; fUj;Jg;gb> [dehafk; vd;gJ --------------- MFk; - kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fNs Ml;rpnra;tJ
2. MSq;fl;rp ----------- cupikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ - Ml;rp
3. vjpHf;fl;rp ------------- cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ - vjpHf;fl;rp murhq;fj;ij
vjpHf;Fk;
4. xUkpj;j fUj;Jila kf;fshy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;Ng murpay; ----------- MFk; - fl;rp
5. murpay; fl;rpfis [dehaf Kiwapy; ---------------- tiffshf gpupf;fyhk; %d;W
6. murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; %d;W tiffs; - xU fl;rp Kiw> ,U fl;rp
Kiw> gy fl;rp Kiw
7. xU fl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; ----------------- fl;rp kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; - xNu xU
8. ,Ufl;rp Kiwapy; xU fl;rp ------------------ MfTk; kw;nwhU fl;rp ----------------MfTk; ,Uf;Fk; - MSq;fl;rp> vjpHf;fl;rp
9. xU fl;rp Kiw ----------------- Nghd;wit Njhd;w toptFf;fpwJ vNjr;rjpfhuk; kw;Wk; rHthjpfhu Kiw
10. gyfl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; ------------ fl;rpfs; ,Uf;Fk; - ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l
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fl;rpfs;
11. RkhH 25000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ---------------- vd;gtuhy; kf;fshl;rp vd;w
nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - n`NuhNlhl;l];
12. Mq;fpyj;jpd; Democracy vd;w thHj;ij fpNuf;f nrhy;yhd ----------------kw;Wk; ------------- vd;w nrhw;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk; - Demos, Cratia
13. Demos vd;why; ---------------- vd;Wk; Cratia vd;why; ------------- iaf; Fwpf;Fk;
- kf;fs;> mjpfhuk; my;yJ Ml;rp
14. kf;fshl;rp Kiwfs; -------------------- vd ,U tifg;gLk; - 1) Neub kw;Wk; 2)
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp
15. [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwf;F ---------------- Kjd;ikahd NjitahFk; - fl;rp
Kiw
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - NjHjy;fs;
1. gy fl;rp Ml;rp Kiwf;F ----------------- rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk; - ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; gpuhd;R
2. kf;fshl;rpapd; ntw;wp vd;gJ xU ehl;by; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilNtisf;F gpwF
elj;jg;gLk; -------------- I nghWj;J mike;Js;sJ - NjHjy;
3. NjHjiy eilKiwg;gLj;j vy;yh [dehaf ehLfSk; ----------------- vd;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;jp gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wd - taJ te;NjhH thf;Fupik
4. ,e;jpahtpy; --------------- taJ epuk;gpatHfs; NjHjy;fspy; thf;Ffisr;
nrYj;j cupikAs;stuhfpwhHfs; - 18
5. ,e;jpahtpy; ---------------- Fbkf;fs; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wdH
- Neubj;NjHjy; %ykhfNth (m) kiwKfj; NjHjy; %ykhfNth
6. Fbkf;fs; jhq;fNs Neubahf thf;fspj;J jq;fs; gpujpepjpfisj;
NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw ---------------- vdg;gLk; - Neubj; NjHjy; Kiw
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7. ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk;

Kiw ------------------ KiwapNyNa mike;Js;sJ - Neub NjHjy;
8. Fbkf;fs; Neubahf jq;fsJ thf;Ffis nrYj;jhky;> jq;fspd;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;L cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw -------------KiwahFk; - kiwKfj; NjHjy;
9. -------- taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs; NjHjypy; Nghl;baplyhk; - 25
10. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfis ------------- tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk; - ,uz;L
(Njrpaf; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; khepyf; fl;rpfs;)
11. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizaj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L> ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffspy; ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; 6
rjtPj thf;Ffisg; ngWk; fl;rpfs; ------------ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd - Njrpa
fl;rpfs;
12. khepy rl;lrigj; NjHjypy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffspy; 6 rjtPj
thf;Ffisg; ngw;W> Fiwe;j gl;rk; ,uz;L ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk; fl;rpfs; --------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLk; - khepyf; fl;rpfs; (m) gpuhe;jpaf; fl;rpfs;
nghJ mwpT - tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk;

njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
1. rha;dh ne`;thy; - Ngl;kpl;ld;
2. tp];tehjd; Mde;j; - nr];
3. NkupNfhk;> rupjh Njtp - Fj;Jr;rz;il
4. kq;fy;rpq; rhk;gpah> jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
5. tpN[e;jH rpq; - Fj;Jr; rz;il
6. ffd; euq;> mgpet; gpe;j;uh> uQ;rd; N[hjp - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
7. MHj;jp Fg;jh - fly; ePr;ry;
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8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;

9. Devendra Jhajharia - jlfsk; ghuypk;gpf;];
10. V. ruj; fky; - Nlgps; nld;dp];
11. jPg; m`;yhtj; - FjpiuVw;wk;
12. N[hjp ue;jth - Nfhy;/g;
13. mQ;R [hH[; - ePsk; jhz;Ljy;
14. fuPe;jH fTH> ,f;Nd\; jpHfp - `hf;fp
15. lhdpah rr;Njt; - nr];
16. uhNf\; FkhH> Nj[];tpdp - fgb
17. ,\hH rpq; jpNahy;> gpup[h =jud; - jlfsk;
18. utpFkhH - gSJ}f;Fjy;
19. utPe;jHrpq;> uh[Pt; NjhkH - ky;Aj;jk;
20. Nrhk;Njt; Njt;tHkd;> Nuh`d; Nghgz;zh - nld;dp];
21. Nj[];tpdp rte;j; - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
22. tpuhj; Nfh`;yp> RNu\; nua;dh> Njhdp> rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH - fpupf;nfl;
23. gpurz;lh fHkhfH - ePr;ry;
24. uh[;ghy;rpq;> [];[pj; nfsH - `hf;fp
25. [Pthyh fl;lh - ghl;kpl;ld;
26. Rdpy; Nrj;up - fhy;ge;J
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27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

28. fpU\;zh g+dpah - tl;L vupjy;
29. jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij kaq;fspy; ehlhSkd;wNkh> my;yJ khepy rl;l
rigfNsh mJ nray;gLtjw;Fupa Mz;Lfs; KOikAk; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fshy; nray;gl KbahJ fiyf;fg;gl;lhy;> kPz;Lk; mtw;Wf;Fj;
NjHjy; elj;jg;gLk; ,jw;F --------------- vd;W ngaH - ,ilg; gUtj; NjHjy;fs;
11. ehlhSkd;w Nky;rig cWg;gpdHfs;> FbauRj; jiytH kw;Wk; FbauRj;
Jizj; jiytH ----------------------- Kiw %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH kiwKfj; NjHjy;
12. Nyhf; rghtpy; MSq;fl;rpf;F mLj;jgbahf ,lq;fisg; ngWk; fl;rp
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ------------------ MFk; - vjpHfl;rp
13. ------------------- murhq;fj;jpd; nrytpdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s KO
cupikapUf;fpd;wJ - vjpHfl;rpfSf;F
14. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdk;> --------------- nfhs;ifapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ - kf;fshl;rp
15. ,e;jpah --------- [dehaf Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ - ghuhSkd;w
nghJ mwpT - Rthrpj;jy;

1. Rthrpj;jy; vj;jid tifg;gLk; - 2
2. Rthrpj;jypd; tiffs; ahit - fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr;
Rthrk;(nehjpj;jy;)
3. xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;F Mfpa %d;W
nray;fisAk; epfo;j;Jk; jhtu cWg;G - ,iy
4. Rthrpj;jypy; FSf;Nfh]; vd;gJ - 6 fhHgd; nfhz;l NrHkk;.
5. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nehjpj;jy;
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6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;

7. Mf;rp[idg; gad;gLj;jp ];lhHr;ir KOikahf rpijj;J Mw;wiyg; ngWk;
Kiw - fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;
8. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; xU rpy vspa jhtuq;fSk; ghf;Bupaq;fSk;
czTg; nghUis KOikahf rpijf;fhky; xU gFjpia kl;Lk; rpijj;J
Mw;wiy ngWk; Kiw - fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; v.fh g+Q;ir> ghf;Bupah
9. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ghy; japuhFk; epfo;T
10. gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj; jhtuk;
11. fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rp nrupj;jy;
12. xspr;NrHf;iff;Fj; NjitahdJ - gRq;fzpfk;
13. xspr;NrHf;iff;F #upa xsp Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Nrhjid
14. ckpo;ePupy; cs;s nehjpapd; ngaH - laypd;
15. xspr;NrHf;iff;F fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk;
Nrhjid - Nkhypd; miu ,iy Nrhjid
Fk; ehl;fisAk; thf;Ffs; vz;zg;gLk; ehl;fisAk; mwptpj;jy; kw;Wk;
NjHjy; ,Wjp KbTfis mwptpg;gJ ---------------- gzpahFk; - NjHjy;
Mizaj;jpd;
10. murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspg;gJ ------------- MFk; - NjHjy;
Mizak;
11. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizak; -------------------- Ij; jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L
nrayhw;wp tUfpwJ - GJby;yp
12. ,e;jpa NjHjy; Mizak; --------------------- vd;Wk; miog;gH - epHthr;rd; rjd;
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13. ,e;jpa NjHjy; MizaHfs; cr;r ePjpkd;w ------------------ ,izahd

mjpfhuk; ngw;wtuhtH - ePjpgjpfSf;F
14. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU ---------------- cs;shH - jiyikj; NjHjy;
mjpfhup
15. khepy NjHjy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;ghHit nra;tJ ---------------- gzpahFk; jiyikj; NjHjy; mjpfhup
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - jfty; mwpAk; cupik
1. xU nghUis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;JgtNu -------------- MthH - EfHNthH
2. --------------------------- Mk; ehs; jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ - 2005 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH 12
3. ----------------- My; nghJ epWtdq;fs; rhHe;j midj;J eltbf;iffisAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;tJ nghJ kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikahFk; - jfty; mwpAk;
rl;lk;
4. ---------k; Mz;L EfHNthiug; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L> murhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
rl;lk; EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ - 1986
5. EfHNthH ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; %d;W mLf;Ffshf
Njrpa mstpy;> khepy mstpy; kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy; tprhuizfs;
Nkw;nfhs;s ------------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - EfHNthH ePjpkd;wq;fs;
6. Njrpa EfHNthH Mizak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - GJnly;yp
7. khepy mstpy; EfHNthHf;fhd tprhuizfs; Nkw;nfhs;s --------------------mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - khepy EfHNthH fkp\d;
8. ,e;jpahtpy;> nghUl;fspd; juj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUl;L mjd; kPJ ------------------------- kw;Wk; ---------------- Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - juf;FOkk; FwpaPL (BIS)> mf;khHf;
FwpaPL
9. njhopy; rhHe;j EfHNthH nghUl;fspd; kPJ -------------- vd;Wk; tptrhak;
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rhHe;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ ------------- Kj;jpiuAk; nghwpf;fg;gLfpwJ - BIS>

mf;khHf;
10. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W cyfpy;> nghUl;fspd; juj;ij cWjp
nra;tjw;F cyfj;ju mikg;G (ISO) -------------- Mk; Mz;L n[dpthtpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ - 1947
11. --------------- xU muR rhuh epWtdkhFk; - ISO
12. cyf mstpy; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; nghUl;L --------------nray;ghLfs; mike;Js;sd - ISO
13. czTg; nghUl;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cyfj; juj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L ----------------------- epWtg;gl;lJ - Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d;
14. Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d; epWtdk; ---------------- Mk; Mz;L
,j;jhypapy; Nuhk; efupy;> czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikj; Jiw epWtdk; kw;Wk;
cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; Mfpatw;why; epWtg;gl;lJ - 1963
15. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; -------------- k; Njjp> ,e;jpa Njrpa EfHNthH jpdkhf
mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ - brk;gH 24
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - jfty; mwpAk; cupik
1. brk;gH 24k; Njjp 1986k; Mz;L ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; -------------------------rl;lj;jpid ,aw;wpaJ - EfHNthH ghJfg;G
2. ---------------- vd;w khj ,jopd; %yk; kf;fSf;F EfHNthH gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ - jkpo;ehL EfHNthH ftrk;
3. mnkupf;fhtpy;> EfHNthH eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L kj;jpa> khepy
mstpy; gy tifahd rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd mitfs; ---------------------Nghd;witfshFk; - $l;likg;G epaha fld; t#y; Kiwr; rl;lk;> epaha
fld; mwpf;ifr; rl;lk;> cz;ik fldspg;Gr; rl;lk;
4. ----------------------- czTg; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij caHj;JtjpYk;> nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd topKiwfs;> MNyhridfs;> rHtNjr mstpy;
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czTg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLk; topKiwfs; gw;wpa

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ - Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;Nl\d; fkp\d;
5. --------------- kf;fspilNa nghUl;fspd; tpiy> juk; kw;Wk; Nrit gw; wpa
tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ - EfHNthH rl;lk;
6. nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nrit gpwiug; ghjpf;fhky; ---------------------nray;gLfpwJ - EfHNthH rl;lk;
7. n[Hkdp ehl;by; EfHNthupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;G xU
$l;lhl;rp mikr;ruit> -------------------- mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - mikr;rUf;F
8. Njrpa mstpy; EfHNthH tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;s ---------------------mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - Njrpa EfHNthH Mizak;
9. ------------------------------ gy tpjq;fspy; EfHNthiu Vkhw;wp tUfpd;wdH cw;gj;jpahsHfSk;> tpahghupfSk;
10. EfHNthHfspd; Njitfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L muR --------------------topKiwfis tFj;Js;sJ - %d;W (1.rl;lk; rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;> 2.epHthfk;
rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;> 2.njhopy; El;gk; rhHe;j eltbf;iffs;)
11. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ------------------k; ehs; cyf EfHNthH jpdk;
mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ - khHr; 15-k; ehs;
12. --------------- vd;gtH EfHNthH ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhH uhy;/g;ehlhH
13. EfHNthupd; Fiwfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; cupikapd; fhuzkhf EfHNthH
ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (Consumer Protection Act - COPRA) ----------- Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - 1986
14. ---------------------------- rl;lk; EfHNthupd; kfhrhrdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (Consumer Protection Act - COPRA)
15. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L EfHNthupd; cupikfs; mlq;fpa efy; mnkupf;f
fhq;fpu]; rigf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ - 1962
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - Nyhf; mjhyj;> mtru epiy

1. ----------------- ePz;lfhyk; Njq;fp ,Uf;Fk; tof;Ffis tpiuthf tprhupj;J
jPHg;G toq;Ffpd;wd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
2. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffisj; jtpu> kw;w midj;J tof;FfSk; ------------ePjpkd;wq;fspd; %yk; jPHT fhzyhk; - Nyhf; mjhyj;
3. Nyhf; mjhyj; ePjp kd;wq;fis -------------------- vd;wiof;fpNwhk; - tpiuT
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
4. --------------- neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fisf; FbauRj; jiytH ngw;Wj;
jpfo;fpwhH - %d;W (1.Njrpa neUf;fb epiy> 2.khepy neUf;fb> 3.epjp
neUf;fb)
5. ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F mr;RWj;jy;> NghH> may;ehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G
kw;Wk; uhZtf; fpsHr;rp Vw;gLk;NghJ mjidr; rkhspg;gjw;F ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT topnra;fpwJ - 352
6. xU khepyj;jpy;> khepy muR> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwp nray;gLk;NghJ
me;j khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyikiaf; nfhz;L tu ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT top nra;fpwJ - 356
7. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F neUf;fb Njhd;wpdhy;> mjidr;
rkhspg;gjw;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ----------- MtJ gpupT top
nra;fpwJ - 360
8. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 352MtJ gpupT %yk; ---------------------- neUf;fb
epiyia mwptpj;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f KbAk; - FbauRj; jiytH
9. -----------------d;gb khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiy mwptpf;fg;gl;L> FbauRj;
jiytH khepy epHthfj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhH - murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 356tJ
gpupT
10. ------------------ d;gb ehL KOtJk; my;yJ VjhtJ xU gFjpapy; neUf;fb
epiyik mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ - epjp neUf;fb (murpayikg;G rl;lk; 360tJ
gpupT)
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11. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tpiuthfTk;> Fiwe;j nrytpYk; ePjp fpilg;gjw;fhff;

Fwpg;ghf Vio kf;fSf;F ePjp fpilg;gjw;F ----------------------- vdg;gLk; kf;fs;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
12. --------------- Mk; Mz;L rl;lg; gzpfs; Mizar; rl;lj;jpd;gb Nyhf; mjhyj;
vdg;gLk; kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld - 1987
13. ,e;jpa epiyikfisr; rkhspf;f FbaRj; jiytUf;Ff; rpwg;G
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ mit --------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs;
14. Nyhf; mjhyj; ePjpkd;wq;fs; gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s --------------ngupJk; cjtpahf cs;sd - ehNsLfs;
15. ------------- ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; jkpofj;jpy; gy tof;FfSf;Fj; jPHT
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd - Nyhf; mjhyj;
Njrpa fPjk; ([dfd kz)
1. Njrpa fPjj;ij vOjpatH ahH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
2. Njrpa fPjk; vk;nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ - tq;fhs nkhop

3. Njrpa fPjk; Kjd; Kjypy; 1911Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 27Mk; ehs; vq;F ele;j
khehl;by; ghlg;gl;lJ - nfhy;fj;jh
4. 1912y; jj;JtNghjpdp vd;w gj;jpupf;ifapy; ghuj tpjhjh vd;w jiyg;gpy;
ntspahdJ vJ - NjrpafPjk;
5. Njrpa fPjj;ij 1919-y; Mq;fpyj;jpy; (The morning song of India) nkhop
ngaHj;jtH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
6. Njrpa fPjj;ij vj;jid tpdhbfspy; ghb Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; - 52 tpdhb
7. NjrpafPjk; ,uhZtj;jpy; vj;jid tpdhbfSf;Fs; ghlg;g l Ntz;Lk; - 20
tpdhb (Kjy; gj;jpAk;> filrp gj;jpAk;)
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8. NjrpafPjk; vj;jid tupfisf; nfhz;lJ - 13 tupfs;

9. Njrpa fPjk; vj;jidg; gj;jpfis cilaJ - 5 gj;jpfs;
10. Njrpa fPjk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L - 1950 [dtup 24
11. ,e;jpah ----------------------------- vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ - xU khngUk; mikjpia
cUthf;Fk; ehL
12. ,e;jpahtpd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;j [t`Hyhy;NeU 1955,y; ghz;Lq; khehl;by;>
mikjpf;fhf 5 mk;rf;nfhs;ifapid ntspapl;lhH. mit ------------------ vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - gQ;r rPyk;
13. I.eh nghJr; rigapy; ------------- Mk; Mz;L MAjf; Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;L te;j Kjy; ehL ,e;jpah MFk; - 1956
14. ----------------- Mk; Mz;L mZ MAjj; jil xg;ge;jk; cUthtjw;Fk;
,e;jpah Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpaJ - 1963
15. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if vd;gJ -------------------- gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ,d NtWghl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahFk; - Mg;gpupf;fhtpy;
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G - 2011

1. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G ve;j Mz;by; tq;fhsj;jpy; kl;Lk;
eilngw;wJ - 1872
2. 1881Mk; Mz;L ahUila fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Kiwahd kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G eilngw;wJ - upg;gd; gpuG
3. 2011Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; thrfk; - ekJ fzf;nfLg;G ekJ
vjpHfhyk; (Our Census Our Future)
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4. 2011Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLggpd; jiytH ahH - re;jpunksyp

5. ,e;jpa nrd;r]; jpdkhf filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;utup 9
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ve;j tpjp kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;ig gw;wp $WfpwJ tpjp 246
7. 10Mz;by; kf;fs;njhif tsHr;rp (2001 - 2011) - ,e;jpah 17.64%> jkpo;ehL 15.6%
8. ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G vj;jid Kiw kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
eilngw;Ws;sJ - 8 Kiw
9. 2011Mk; Mz;bd; gb ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mlHj;jp r.fp.kPf;F ------- MFk; - 382
10. 2001Mk; Mz;bd; gb ,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mlHj;jp r.fp.kPf;F ------- MFk; - 325
11. ,e;jpah toq;fpa njhlH MjuT kw;Wk; ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; njhlH Nghuhl;lk;
fhuzkhf -------------Mk; Mz;L ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if KbTf;F te;jJ - 1990
12. ney;rd; kz;Nlyh ----------------- Mk; Mz;L njd;dhg;gpupf;f FbauRj; jiytuhfj;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH - 1994
13. mikjpia epiyehl;l> gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; ,e;jpah
<Lgl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf ----------------------------- Njhd;wpaJ - njw;F Mrpa ehLfspy;
gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;G (rhHf;)
14. rhHf; $l;likg;gpd; Kjy; $l;lk; ------------------------ Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpy; lhf;fh
efupy; eilngw;wJ - brk;gH 7> 1985
15. tq;fhsNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j ---------------------> rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsuhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;whH - M\hd;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;

1. gpnuQ;R mwpQuhd -------------------- vd;gtuhy; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ nrhy;yhf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ - bNurp
2. kf;fSila ,yl;rpaq;fs;> cWjpg;ghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;gpid ------------------ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ - fUj;jpay;
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3. murpay; rhHe;j fUj;jpay; gythFk; mitfSs; --------------------- Nghd;wit

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; - Njrpak;> kf;fshl;rp> rkjHkk;> kjr;rhHgpd;ikj;Jtk;>
kpjthjk;> nghJTilik> Kjyhspj;Jtk;
4. ----------------------- kpfg; goikahd murpay; fl;rpahFk; - ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf;
fhq;fpu];
5. ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ---------------------------- vd;gtuhy; 1885 Mk; Mz;L>
brk;gH jpq;fs;. 28 Mk; ehspy; epWtg;gl;lJ - V.x. `pa+k;
6. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; tuyhW --------------------------- tuyhwhf cs;sJ - Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
7. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg; goik tha;e;j ,uz;lhtJ fl;rpahf -------------------jpfo;fpd;wJ - nghJTilikf; fl;rp
8. ---------------- Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ - 1924
9. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp epWtg;gl;l gpwF> cldbahf> -------------murhq;fj;jhy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ - gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa
10. 1942y; eilngw;w nts;isaNd ntspNaW vDk; ,af;fj;ij
vjpHj;jjhYk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiu Mjupj;j fhuzj;jhYk; nghJTilikf;
fl;rpapd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jil -------------------- y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ - 1943
11. ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dk; ------------- MFk; - if
12. ----------------------- ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; mupthSld; $ba new;fjpHfs;
13. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; mikg;G 1958y; ---------------------- eilngw;w
khehl;by; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ - mkpHjrurpy;
14. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp ---------------- Mk; Mz;by; gpsTz;lJ - 1964
15. --------------------- cwTfspd; cs;fl;rpg; gpsT ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp
cile;jjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ - rPd-u\;a
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nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy

murpay; fl;rpfs;
1. ghujPa [djhf; fl;rpapd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; gioa ------------------ cs;sJ ghujPa [d rq;fk;
2. -------------- y; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp Mupa rkh[j;ij epWtpdhH - 1875
3. 1925y; ----------------- vd;gtH uh\;bupa Rak; Nrtr; rq;fj;ij (MH.v];.v];) xU
fyhr;rhu mikg;ghf mikj;jhH - Nfrt; n`l;NfthH
4. ------------------------ vd;gtH 1951Mk; Mz;by; [drq;fj;ij mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhH - \pahk gpurhj KfH[p
5. [drq;fk; ----------------------- Mfpatw;wpd; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ - ,e;J kfhrig>
MH.v];.v];.
6. [djh fl;rp 1977Mk; Mz;L khHRj; jpq;fs; md;W kf;fsit NjHjypy; 170
,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W ----------------- I gpujk mikr;ruhff; nfhz;L
murhq;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ - nkuhH[p Njrha;
7. [djh fl;rp --------------y; gpsTgl;lJ - 1980
8. [drq;fj;jpd; jiytHfs; jkJ fl;rpiag; Gduikj;J -------------------------fl;rpahfg; ngaH khw;wk; nra;jdH - ghujPa [djh
9. ghujPa [djh fl;rp gpw murpay; fl;rpfSld; NrHe;J -----------------y; kj;jpapy;
murhq;fk; mikj;jJ - 1998
10. ---------------- ghujPa [djhf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; - jhkiu kyH
11. [djh jsk; ---------Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fspy; mikag; ngw;W
kf;fshl;rpj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ - 1988
12. --------------- kw;Wk; rpyuhy; 1912y; jpuhtplr; rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ - eNlr
KjypahH
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13. gpd;dH jpuhtplr; rq;fk; -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ - ePjpf;fl;rp

14. ------------y; ngupahH jpU.<.nt.uhkrhkp jiyikapy; jpuhtplH fofk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ - 1944
15. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF> ngupahUf;Fk;> mz;zhTf;F ,ilNa
Njhd;wpa fUj;JNtWghl;bd; tpisthf ------------------- k; ehsd;W jpuhtpl
Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;ij mz;zh Jtf;fp itj;jhH - 1949Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gH
jpq;fs; 17
nghJ mwpT - kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfs;

1. ------------------ jp.K.f.tpd; NjHjy; rpd;dkhFk; - cja#upad;
2. -----------y; Kjd; Kiwahfj; jp.K.f NjHjypy; Nghl;bapl;lJ - 1957
3. -------------Mk; Mz;bd; NjHjy; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dH mz;zh Kjyikr;ruhdhH
- 1967
4. mz;zh ------------------------- tiu gjtpapy; ePbj;jpUe;jhH - 1969Mk; Mz;L
gpg;utupj; jpq;fs; 3Mk; ehs;
5. -------------------------- Mk; ehsd;W> mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fof fl;rpia
vk;.[p.MH epWtpdhH - 1972Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 18
6. --------------------------- Mk; ehsd;W> vk;.[p.MH. jdJ fl;rpapd; ngaiu
midj;jpe;jpa mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; vd;W khw;wpdhH - 1976Mk;
Mz;L nrg;lk;gH jpq;fs; 12
7. vk;.[p.MH mtHfs; jdJ fl;rp ----------------------- nfhs;iffis gpd;gw;Wk; vd
mwptpj;jhH - jpU. rp.vd;. mz;zhJiu
8. vk;.[p.MH mtHfs; ------------------------ md;W kiwe;jhH - brk;gH jpq;fs;
1987Mk; Mz;L
9. m.jp.K.f tpd; mbg;gil fUj;jpay; ------------------ MFk; - mz;zhaprk;
10. mfhyp jsk; --------------- rhHe;j murpay; fl;rpahFk; - rkak;
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11. njhlf;fj;jpy; ---------------- vd;gtH mfhyp jsk; fl;rpw;F jiytuhf ,Ue;jhH

- kh];lH. jhuhrpq;
12. -------------- fl;rp gQ;rhgp nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; nfhz;l gQ;rhgp Rgh vd;w
Rje;jpu khepyk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jp te;jJ - mfhyp jsk;
13. ----------- y; gQ;rhgp nkhop NgRk; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `pe;jp nkhop NgRk;
mupahdh khepyq;fs; eilKiwf;F te;jd - 1996
14. Kjy; Kiwahf m.jp.K.f --------------------- md;W jpz;Lf;fy; ehlhSkd;w
njhFjpapy; NjHjiy re;jpj;jJ - 1973Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs;
15. -------------- vd;gtH njYq;F Njrf; fl;rpia 1982 Mk; Mz;L khHr;Rj;
jpq;fs; 29k; ehs; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH - vd;.b.uhkuht;
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; fl;rpfs;

1. -------------- khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf jpU.vd;.b.uhkuht; mtHfs; khepy
kf;fSf;F Vo;ikia mfw;WtjpYk;> tho;f;if juj;ij caHj;JtjpYk;
ghLgl;lhH - Me;jpu gpuNjr
2. mfhyp jsj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhupf;if ------------- efiu gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd;
jiyefukhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk; - rz;bfH
3. [djh jsj;jpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if --------------- fUj;jpay;fisr;
rhHe;Js;sd - fhe;jpa
4. ----------------- jiyikapy; ghujPa [djh fl;rp Njrpa fl;rpahdJ jpU.V.gp.th[;gha; kw;Wk; jpU.vy;.Nf.mj;thdp
5. ------------------------ Nghd;w jiytHfSk; kw;wtHfSk; ,e;jpa (khHf;fprpa)
nghJTilikf; fl;rp vd;w GjpanjhU fl;rpia mikj;jdH - N[hjpghR>
<.vk;.v];. ek;g+upjpg; ghL
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6. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp --------------------- ,af;fj;jpd; xU cWg;G MFk;

- cyfg; nghJTilik
7. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rpapd; Jtf;fepiy mikg;G ----------------- vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - fpis
8. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]hy;> tFg;G my;yJ tHf;f Ngjkw;w> kf;fshl;rpr;
rKjhak; xd;wpid mikf;Fk; Fwpf;Nfhs; ----------- y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ - 1955
9. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; --------------- $l;lj; njhlupy; rkjHkg; ghq;fpyhd rKjhak;
vd;Dk; jPHkhdk; xd;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ - Mtb
10. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; jw;Nghija mikg;G --------- Mk; Mz;L ehf;g+upy;
eilngw;w $l;lj;njhlupy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ - 1920
11. ,e;jpag; nghJTilikf; fl;rp ---------------------- rpe;jidia KOikahff;
filg;gpbf;fpd;wJ - khHf;fprpa nydpDila
12. vd;.b.uhkuht;f;F gpd; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjy; mikr;ruhf ------------- y;
jpU.vd;.re;jpughG ehAL njhlHe;jhH - 1995
13. 1967y; eilngw;w --------------- nghJj;NjHjy;fspy; jp.K.f Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ - ehd;fhtJ
14. ,ju gpuNjr fl;rpfs; Nghy mfhypjsKk; ----------k; Mz;L Kjy; NjHjypy;
gq;Nfw;W rl;lkd;wk;> kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F Nghl;bapl;L tUfpwJ - 1967
15. [djh jsk; fl;rpapd; mikg;G> gioa --------------- ,d; mikg;gpw;F
,izahdjhfNt cs;sJ - [djh fl;rp
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nghJ mwpT
capupay;
1. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;j Row;rp
2. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp mikg;Gfs;
3. ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;G
4. kugpay; - kuGg; gz;G Fwpj;j mwptpay;
5. Rw;Wr;#oy;
6. kdpj Neha;fs;> jLg;G kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk;
7. guTk; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; jd;ikaw;w Neha;fs;
8. Rthrpj;jy;
9. Cl;lr;rj;Jk; czT KiwfSk;
10. capupdq;fspd; tifg;ghL
11. nry;
Ntjpapay;
1. jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
2. mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;
3. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;
4. jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;
5. fhHgd;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; mjd; NrHkq;fs;
6. cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;
,aw;gpay;
1. ,ae;jputpay;> gUg;nghUspd; gz;Gfs;
2. ,aw;gpay; msTfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs;
3. tpir> ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
4. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
5. mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
6. ntg;gk;> xsp kw;Wk; xyp
7. xsp kw;Wk; xyp
8. mwptpay; fUtpfs;
9. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
10. Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;tfq;fs;
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capupay;
1. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;j Row;rp
1. kdpj ,uj;jj;jpd; pH kjpg;G - 7.4
2. kdpj clypy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; ve;j cWg;gpypUe;J cUthfpd;wd vYk;G k[;i[
3. nts;isaZf;fspd; Kf;fpa nray; - Neha; njhw;wpypUUe;J vjpHf;Fk;
rf;jp
4. ve;j cWg;G $Ljy; ,uj;jj;ij Nrkpj;J itj;J ,uj;j gw;whf;Fiwapd;
NghJ ntspapLfpwJ - kz;zPuy;
5. kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk; ,uj;j gw;whf;Fiwia ------- vd;Wk; $WtH Ischemia
6. ,uj;jj;jpy; jhJg; nghUl;fspy; cs;s khRf;fs; ve;j cWg;ghy;
ePf;fg;gLfpwJ - rpWePufk;
7. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F vjpuhfg; nray;gLtJ - n`gupd;
8. xU ,ja Jbg;gpw;F Njitahd Njhuhakhd Neuk; - 0.8 tpdhb
9. ,uj;j gpsh];khtpy; cs;s jz;zPH rjtPjk; vd;d - 90 rjtPjk;
10. ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mstpLk; fUtpapd; ngaH - ];igf;NkhkndhkPl;lH
(sphygmomanometer)
11. ,jaj; Jbg;G J}z;LjYf;F ,jaj;jpy; gad;gLk; cWg;G - v];.V NehL
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12. Flypy; czT nrupf;f ve;j cWg;G %yk; ,uj;jk; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ Jejunum
13. ,uj;j rptg;gZtpd; MAl;fhyk; - 100 - 120 ehl;fs;
14. kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; fd;dq;fspy; rptg;G epwk;
fhzg;gLtJ - R.B.C cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gpdhy;
15. ,uj;jj;ij ,uj;j ehsq;fSs; ,Uf;f Jiz GuptJ - My;Gkpd;
2. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp mikg;Gfs;

1. kdpj clypy; cs;s ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspNyNa kpfg;ngupaJ - ijuha;L
2. `hHNkhd;fis Rug;git - ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
3. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpia gw;wp gbf;Fk; gpuptpw;F -------- vd;W ngaH cl;Rug;gpay;(Endocrinology)
4. kdpj clypy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Ntjpg;nghUis Rue;J cly; tsHr;rpf;F
euk;G kz;lyj;Jld; Jiz epw;gJ - ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs;
5. MSikapd; jd;ikia epHzapg;gJ - ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
6. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; jiyik Rug;gp(Master gland) vdg;gLtJ gpl;a+l;lup
7. vYk;G kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s fhy;rpa msit ve;j Rug;gp
fl;LgLj;JfpwJ - ghuhijuha;L
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8. kw;w Rug;gpfisj; J}z;Lk; Trophic Hormone-fis Rug;gJ - gpl;a+l;lup

9. kdpj clypy; ehsKs;s> ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf nray;gLk; cWg;G fizak;
10. MSik `hHNkhd; vd;gJ - ijuhf;]pd;
11. mtru fhyq;fspy; Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd; - ml;uPdypd;
12. Fight or Flight Hormone vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ml;uPdypd; `hHNkhd;
13. fizaj;jpYs;s -------- jpl;LfspypUe;J ,d;Rypd;> FSf;Nfhfhd; Mfpa
`hHNkhd;fs; Ruf;fpd;wd. - yhq;fH `hd;
14. rpWePH fopj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; `hHNkhd; - thN]hgpu];]pd;
15. kdpj clypy; cs;s ,Utifr; Rug;gpfs; - ehsKs;s> ehskpy;yh
Rug;gpfs;
3. ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;G
1. Kjd; Kjypy; tpe;Jit fz;lwpe;J tiue;jtH - Mz;ld; thd;Y}td;`hf;
2. ngz;fspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hHNkhd; - <];l;Nuh[d;
3. Mz;fspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hHNkhd; - Mz;l;Nuh[d;
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4. khjtplha; epiyapd; Kbtpy; fUg;igapy; fhHg]; Y}l;bakhdJ xU

tLthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j mikg;gpd; ngaH - fhHg;g]; My;gpf;fd;];
5. tpe;Jit Nrkpf;Fk; tq;fpapy; tpe;Jit Nrkpf;f jputkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ
- iel;u[d;
6. tpyq;Ffspy;> ve;j ghY}l;b tpyq;F Kl;ilapLk; jpwDilaJ - gpshl;bg];
7. kpf nkJthf efUk; jpwDila ghY}l;b - gpf; kp];U
8. FNshdpq; Kiwapy; Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l capH - lhyp
nrk;kwpahL
9. FNshdpq; Kiwapy; lhypia cUthf;fpatH - mad;tpy;kl;
10. Jupj gpwg;G `hHNkhd; vdg;gLtJ - Mf;]pNlhrpd;
11. clypd; ntg;g epiyia guhkupf;f cjTk; `hHNkhd; - ijuhf;]pd;
12. tpe;J nry;Yk;> mz;l nry;Yk; ,ize;J fUKl;ilia cUthf;Fk;
epfo;T - fUTWjy;
13. bg;shapL jd;ikapy; cs;s nry; ------- vdg;gLk; - fUKl;il
14. Mz;fSf;fhd epiyahd mWit rpfpr;ir fUj;jil Kiw - thrf;lkp
15. ngz;fSf;fhd epiyahd mWit rpfpr;ir fUj;jil Kiw - ba+ngf;lkp
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4. kugpay; - kuGg; gz;G Fwpj;j mwptpay;

1. DNA tpy; ,uz;L ,iofs; (rq;fpypfs;) cs;sd vdf; fz;lwpe;jtH thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;
2. kdpjdpy; vj;jid kuGf; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd 300f;Fk; mjpfkhd Neha;fs;
3. kdpjdpy; kuGg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTtJ - re;jjp topj; njhlH
4. elkhLk; kuGg; nghUs; vdg;gLtJ - buhd;];Nghrhd;fs;
5. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 4 kw;Wk; 5 (NfupNahilg;gpq;) FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;gpy;
ve;jj; njhFjpapy; mike;Js;sd - B njhFjp
6. Kjd; Kjypy; [Pid FNshdpq; nra;J ngUf;fpatHfs; - n`HgHl; NgaH
kw;Wk; ];Nld;yp Nfh`d;
7. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; super bugs vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk; capupfs; - kuG
nghwpapay; ghf;Bupaq;fs;
8. rpf;fpy; nry; (fjpH mupths;) ,uj;jr; Nrhif vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ clw;FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s [Pd; jpBH khw;w tpisthy;
9. kdpjdpy; clw;FNuhNkhNrhkpy; fhzg;gLk; Xq;F [Pdpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; mz;bq;l;ld; nfhupah
10. ,bNahfpuhk; vd;why; vd;d - FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; glk;
11. my;gpdprj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; - nkyhdpd; ,y;yhik
12. ve;jg; GNuhNfupahl;by; mjpf msT kugpay; Nrhjidfs;
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Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ - v];nrHrpah Nfhiy

13. kdpjdpy;> FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 6 Kjy; 12 tiu> ve;j FNuhNkhNrhk;
njhFjpapy; cs;sd - C njhFjp
14. X FNuhNkhNrhk; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp - njhFjp - C
15. Y FNuhNkhNrhk; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp - njhFjp - Y
5. Rw;Wr;#oy;
1. kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;f tsHr;rp tPjk; - Mz;Lf;F 90 kpy;ypad;
2. jw;NghJ jpBnud mjpfupj;jpUf;Fk; kf;fs;njhif mjpfupg;G ------- vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk; my;yJ kf;fs;njhif
ntbFz;L my;yJ kf;fs;njhif nghwp
3. cyfshtpa ntg;g caHtpw;Ff; fhuzk; - ,aw;iff;F vjpuhd kdpjr;
nray;ghLfs;
4. ngUk;ghd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk; fz;zhb tPL thA - fhHgd; - il Mf;i]L
5. XNrhd; glyj;ij Ntfkhf mopf;Fk; thAf;fs; - FNshNuh Gs+Nuh
fhHgd;fs; kw;Wk; i`l;Nuh FNshNuh Gs+Nuh fhHgd;fs;
6. rpwpa msT Ntjpa fopTfisf; nfhz;l mjpf msT fopT ePiuf;
ifahs ------ Kiw rpwe;jJ - Nkw;gug;gpy; %bitj;jy;
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7. ntg;gf;fhLfspy; kuq;fspd; kfue;jr; NrHf;iff;F Kf;fpakhfg; gad;gLtJ MHfpl; NjdPf;fs;

8. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; capupay; nrhHf;fkhf fUjg;gLtJ kd;dhHtisFlh capupay; g+q;fh
9. xU tUlj;jpw;Fg; g+kpf;F tUk; #upa Mw;wy; msT - 5x1020 fpNyh
fNyhupfs;
10. g+kpapy; cs;s ePupd;> ed;dPH rjtPjk; - 3%
11. xypia msf;f gad;gLk; myF - nlrpgy;
12. xU kdpjd; rhjhuzkhf NgRk; NghJ Vw;gLk; xypr; nrwpT - 60 db
13. FbePiu J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kiw - FNshupNdrd;
14. ijuha;L Rug;gpfs; msTf;F mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;jhy; ------ cz;lhFk; vf;Nr/g;jhy;kpf; fha;lH
15. ntwpeha;f;fbf;F (Nugp];) jLg;g+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - Y}apgh];baH
6. kdpj Neha;fs;> jLg;G kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk;

1. fhyuh Neha; ---------- ghf;Bupahtpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ - tpg;upNa fhyNu
2. HIV-I fz;lwpe;jtH - Yf; khz;Nlf;dpaH kw;Wk; uhgHl; fhNyh
3. vapl;]; Nehia fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid - viyrh
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4. viyrh Nrhjidf;F gpwF va;l;]; Nehia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nrhjid nt];ld;gpsl; Nrhjid

5. mk;ikNeha;f;F jLg;g+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - vl;tHL n[d;dH
6. Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; - Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu];
7. il/gha;L fha;r;rYf;F gad;gLk; kUe;J - FNshNuhikrpbd;
8. fhr Neha;f;F rpwe;j capH vjpup - ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;
9. itl;lkpd; D Fiwthy; ------- Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ - upf;nfl;];
10. fhw;wpd; %yk; guTk; Neha; - fhrNeha;
11. b/g;jPupahthy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - njhz;il
12. ------- itl;lkpd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ];fHtp Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ itl;lkpd; C
13. n`g;gilb]; vd;w Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - fy;yPuy;
14. Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy Neha; ------- Fiwthy; Vw;gLfpwJ - mNahbd;
15. kNyupah guTtjw;F fhuzkhd nfhR - md/gpy]; nfhR (ngz;)
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7. guTk; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; jd;ikaw;w Neha;fs;

1. gpNstp itu]hy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; Neha; - nlq;F
2. Gw;Wf; fl;b (m) Nfd;riu cUthf;f J}z;Lk; itu];fs; - Md;Nfhn[dpf;
itu];fs;
3. ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy;> ngupatHfSf;F Njhd;Wk; Neha; - kpf;]pbkh
4. gpNsf; Neha; ------- %yk; guTfpwJ - vyp
5. itu]; clypy; jhf;Fk; NghJ Njhd;Wk; Kjy; itu]; vjpHg;G nghUs; ,z;lHnguhd;
6. ghf;Bupahthy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - ,uz[d;dp
7. g+Q;irfshy; tuf;$ba Neha; - glH jhkiu
8. ePupd; %yk; guTk; Neha; - ilgha;L> kNyupah> fhyuh
9. vypapd; rpWePH %yk; --------- Neha; guTfpwJ - nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp];
10. --------- %yk; kdpjHfspilNa Nugp]; Neha; guTfpwJ - eha;
11. kdpjHfSf;F Me;j;uhf;]; Neha; ----- %yk; guTfpwJ - tpyq;Ffspd;
,iwr;rp
12. kuhRk];> Fth\pNahfH Nghd;w Neha;fs; --------- Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
- Gujk;
13. ePhpopT Neha;> gNahupah> rpWePuf nraypog;G> fNuhdup ,ja Neha;fs;
Nghd;wit ------------- Neha;fshFk; - guTk; jd;ikaw;w
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14. kugpay; rhHe;j guk;giu Neha; -------- MFk; - my;gpdprk;

15. kiwKfkhf Neha; guTk; Kiw - Nehahsp gad;gLj;Jk; cilikfs;
8. Rthrpj;jy;
1. Rthrpj;jy; vj;jid tifg;gLk; - 2
2. Rthrpj;jypd; tiffs; ahit - fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr;
Rthrk;(nehjpj;jy;)
3. xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;F Mfpa %d;W
4. Rthrpj;jypy; FSf;Nfh]; vd;gJ - 6 fhHgd; nfhz;l NrHkk;.
5. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nehjpj;jy;
6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;
7. Mf;rp[idg; gad;gLj;jp ];lhHr;ir KOikahf rpijj;J Mw;wiyg; ngWk;
Kiw - fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;
8. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; xU rpy vspa jhtuq;fSk; ghf;Bupaq;fSk;
czTg; nghUis KOikahf rpijf;fhky; xU gFjpia kl;Lk; rpijj;J
Mw;wiy ngWk; Kiw - fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; v.fh g+Q;ir> ghf;Bupah
9. fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ghy; japuhFk; epfo;T
10. gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj; jhtuk;
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11. fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rp nrupj;jy;
12. xspr;NrHf;iff;Fj; NjitahdJ - gRq;fzpfk;
13. xspr;NrHf;iff;F #upa xsp Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Nrhjid
14. ckpo;ePupy; cs;s nehjpapd; ngaH - laypd;
15. xspr;NrHf;iff;F fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L Njit vd;gjid ep&gpf;Fk;
Nrhjid - Nkhypd; miu ,iy Nrhjid
9. Cl;lr;rj;Jk; czT KiwfSk;

1. cztpYs;s> clYf;Fj; Njitahd rj;Jfis ----------- vdf; $WfpNwhk;. Cl;lr;rj;Jfs;
2. clYf;F Mw;wiy mspg;gJ vt;tif Cl;lrj;Jfs; fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs;> nfhOg;Gfs;
3. clypd; tsHr;rpf;F cjTtJ ---------- MFk; - Gujq;fs;
4. ----------- clYf;F czitf; flj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; cly; ntg;gj;ij
xOq;FgLj;JfpWJ. - ePH
5. clypay; nray;fis xOq;FgLj;JtJ --------- MFk; - itl;lkpd;fs;
6. ehk; cz;Zk; cztpy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;> ---------vdg;gLk;. - Fiwghl;L Neha;
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7. jHg;g+rzpapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 91%

8. ghypy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 87%
9. clypaf;fr; nray;fis xOq;FgLj;JtJ - jhJ cg;Gfs;
10. fha;fwpfs;> goq;fis eWf;fpa gpd; fOtpdhy;> mtw;wpYs;s -------- rj;J
,of;fg;gLfpwJ. - itl;lkpd;
11. Kl;ilapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 73%
12. fhshdpy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 95%
13. midj;J Cl;lr;rj;JfSk; rupahd tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;s czT ----------MFk; - ruptpfpj czT
14. cUisf;fpoq;fpy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 75%
15. nts;supf;fhapy; cs;s ePupd; msT - 95%
1. mNahbd; Fiwghl;lhy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy
2. jdf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jhNd jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ------------MFk;. - jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiw
3. czT cl;nfhs;Sk; KiwNa ------------- MFk;. - czt+l;lk;
4. czt+l;lj;jpd; tiffs; ahit - 1. jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiw> 2. gpw rhHG
Cl;l Kiw> 3. rpwg;G tif czt+l;lk;
5. jw;rhHG Cl;l Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - gRe;jhtuq;fs;> a+f;spdh
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6. czt+l;lk; vd;gJ - czit cl;nfhs;Sjy;> nrupj;jy;> cl;fpufpj;jy;>

jd;kakhf;Fjy; vdg; gy epiyfis cilaJ.
7. xl;Lz;zp Cl;lKiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - f];f;a+l;lh (Cuscuta)
8. f];f;a+l;lhtpd; mwptpay; ngaH - f];f;a+l;lh up/nsf;]h
9. rhWz;zp czt+l;lj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - fhshd;
10. mf xl;Lz;zpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - cUisg;GO
11. jhNd czitj; jahupf;f ,ayhjjhy;> czTf;fhfg; gpw capupdq;fisr;
rhHe;J tho;jy; ---------- MFk;. - gpw rhHG Cl;l Kiw
12. jhtuq;fis kl;Lk; cz;gJ - jhtu cz;zp (v.fh ML> khL)
13. tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; cz;gJ - khkpr cz;zp (Carnivore) (v.fh. Gyp)
14. jhtuq;fisAk; tpyq;FfisAk; cz;gJ - midj;J
cz;zp (Omnivore) (v.fh. fhfk;.)
15. Guj Fiwghl;bdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; - Fth\pahf;fH> kuh];k];
10. capupdq;fspd; tifg;ghL

1. capdq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpjy;> ngaupLjy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHGila capupaypd; gpupT ------ vdg;gLk;. tifg;ghl;bay;(Taxonomy)
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2. tifghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH ahH - fNuhy];

ypd;Nda]; (Carolus Linnaeus)
3. tifghl;baypd; mbg;gil myF ------ MFk;. - rpw;wpdk;
4. Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOkj;jpd; gupzhk tuyhW ------- vdg;gLk;. - /igNyhn[dp
5. ,uz;Lyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwia mwpKfg;ggLj;jpatH ahH - fNuhy];
ypd;Nda];
6. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,uz;Lyf tifg;ghLfs; ahit - 1.
jhtu cyfk;> 2. tpyq;F cyfk;
7. Ie;Jyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - R.H tpl;Nlf;fH
8. jhtutpaypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH - jpNahgpuh];ly;
9. Systematics vd;w ,e;j nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH ahH fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
10. MAHNtj kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa kUj;JtH rhuf;
11. rpw;wpdk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH - [hd; Nu
12. Nkk;ghL milahj cl;fUitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; capupdq;fs; --------- MFk;.

- GNuhNfupahl;
13. MQ;rpNah];ngHkpd; gpupTfs; ahit - 1. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; 2. ,U
tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;
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14. kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;ltH ---------- MthH. `pg;NghfpNul;l];

15. jhtuq;fisg; gw;wpg; gbg;gJ -------- vdg;gLk; - jhtutpay;
11. nry;
1. capupdj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa nray;gLk; myF - nry;fs;
2. xU nry; capupdf; $l;lq;fis ---------- vd;W miof;fpNwhk; GNuhNfupNahl;Lfs;
3. GNuhNfupNahl;lh vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - Muk;gepiy cl;fU
4. GNuhNfupNahl;LfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - ghf;Bupah> ePyg;gRk;ghrpfs;
5. Nfhy;if cWg;G Kjd; Kjypy; ahuhy; tptupf;fg;gl;lJ - fhkpy;Nyh fhy;[p
6. iyNrhk;fs; nghJthfr; nry;ypd; ---------- my;yJ ------------vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - jw;nfhiyg;igfs;> nrupf;Fk; igfs;
7. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upaq;fs;
8. nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;Ng ---------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
9. fpUkpfis mopf;Fk; gzpapy; <LgLk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G - iyNrhNrhk;
10. mopf;Fk; giltPuHfs;> Jg;GuthsHfs;> nry;NkyhsHfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G - iyNrhNrhk;fs;
11. irl;Nlhgpshrk; gFg;giltJ --------- vdg;gLk; - irl;Nlhifd]p];
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12. nry;iy fz;lwpe;J mjw;F ngaupl;ltH - uhgHl; `Pf;

13. nry;fis vjd; cjtpf;nfhz;L fhzKbAk; - Ez;Nzhf;fp (Microscope)
14. nry;RtH ----------- My; MdJ - nry;YNyh];> ypf;dpd;
15. kpfTk; ePskhd nry; - euk;G nry;
Ntjpapay;
1. jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
1. ,Jtiuapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 118
2. Gtpapy; kpf mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d;
3. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePHkkhf cs;s cNyhfk; - nkHFup
4. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePHkkhf cs;s mNyhfk; - GNuhkpd;
5. mz;lk; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd jdpkq;fs; - i`l;u[d;>
`Pypak;
6. mjpf cUFepiy nfhz;l cNyhfk; - lq;];ld;
7. Kjd;Kjypy; jdpkq;fis cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk; mNyhfq;fs; vd
tifg;gLj;jpatH - ytha;rpaH
8. Mfha tpkhdrhjdq;fs; jahupf;fg; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - ba+uhYkpd;
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9. ,Uk;ig fhy;tidrpq; nra;a gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - rpq;f;

10. Nrhbak; FNshiuL> fhy;rpak; FNshiuL> nkf;dPrpak; FNshiuL
Nghd;wit vjw;fhd cjhuzk; - madpr; NrHkq;fs;
11. madpr; NrHkq;fspd; nghJthd Fzk; xd;W - ePupy; vspjpy; fiuAk;
12. ngUk;ghyhd rfgpizg;Gr; NrHkq;fs; ve;epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd thAf;fshfNth> jputq;fshfNth cs;sd.
13. rfgpizg;Gr; NrHkq;fs; vjpy; ed;F fiuAk; - ngd;rPd;> fhHgd; nll;uh
FNshiuL> <jH.
14. Nrhg;G jahupf;Fk; njhopypy; mjpfk; gad;gLk; NrHkk; vJ - Nrhbak;
i`l;uhf;i]L
15. jdpj;j epiyapYk; NrHkq;fshf cs;s mNyhfq;fs; - iel;u[d;>
i`l;u[d;> fhHgd; kw;Wk; ry;gH.
2. mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;

1. mrpl]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - mkpyk;
2. jhtuq;fspypUe;Jk; tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; ------vdg;gLk;. - fupk mkpyq;fs;
3. jhJ nghUs;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; ------- vdg;gLk;. - fdpk
mkpyq;fs;
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4. mkpyq;fs; ePupy; fiuf;fg;gLk; NghJ --------- madpfisf; nfhLf;fpwJ i`l;u[d;

5. fhuq;fs; ePUld; NrUk;NghJ -------- madpfisf; nfhLf;fpwJ. i`l;uhf;i]L
6. ePupy; fiuAk; fhuq;fSf;F ---------------- vd;W ngaH - my;fyp];
7. Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - fe;jf mkpyk;
8. cyfpy; mjpf typik kpf;f mkpyk; vJ - /GSNuh ry;gpa+upf; mkpyk;
(HFSO3)
9. mkpy ePf;fp vdg;gLtJ - nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L
10. ePy ypl;ki] rptg;ghf khw;WtJ - mkpyk;
11. rptg;G ypl;ki] ePy epwkhf khw;WtJ - fhuk;
12. vWk;G fbf;Fk;NghJ> ek; clk;gpDs; nrYj;jg;gLtJ - ghHkpf; mkpyk;
13. /ngHu]; ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; - ,sk; gr;ir
14. KfUk; cg;G (Smelling salts) vd;gJ - mk;Nkhdpak; fhHgNdl;
15. nghJthf xU mkpyKk; fhuKk; eLepiyahf;fy; tpidapy; <LgLk;NghJ
cUthFk; madpr; NrHkq;fs; - cg;G
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3. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;

1. xU Ntjptpidapy; Mf;]p[d; NrHf;fg;gLjNyh i`l;u[d; ePf;fg;gLjNyh
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ePf;fg;gLjNyh epfOk;NghJ me;j tpid --------- vdg;gLfpwJ. Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
2. mkpyNkw;wg;gl;l nghl;lhrpak; ilFNuhNkl; rpwe;j --------- MFk; Mf;]p[Ndw;wp
3. xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhidg; ngWkhapd; mJ - vjpHkiw Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
4. Ntjptpidfspy; vyf;l;uhd;fis ,of;Fk; nghUl;fs; ------- MFk; - xLf;Fk;
nghUl;fs; my;yJ xLf;fpfs;
5. Mf;rp[id NrHj;jy; my;yJ i`l;u[id ePf;fy; - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
6. i`l;u[id NrHj;jy; my;yJ Mf;rp[id ePf;fy; - xLf;fk;
7. xU %yf;$wpy;> gpw vy;yh mZf;fSk; madpfshf ntspNawpa gpd;
mZtpd; kPJs;s vQ;rpa kpd;D}l;lNk jdpkj;jpd; ------ MFk;. -Mf;rp[Ndw;w
vz;
8. vy;yh NrHkq;fspYk; /g;Nshupdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - -1
9. nghJthf vy;yh NrHkq;fspYk;> i`l;u[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - +1

10. Cr2O72-apy; fhZk; FNuhkpaj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - +6
11. xU Ntjptpidapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; mjpfupg;gJ Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
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12. xU Ntjptpidapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; FiwtJ Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk;

13. REDOX vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; - Mf;rprNdw;w kw;Wk; xLf;fk; (Oxidation Reduction)
14. H2O2, BaO2, Na2O2 Nghd;w ngHMf;irLfspy; Mf;rp[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w
vz; - -1
15. cNyhf i`l;iuLfspy; i`l;u[dpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; - -1
4. jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;

1. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l fdpkj;jpy; ,Ue;J NrHkepiyapy; cNyhfk;> vspjhf
yhgfukhd Kiwapy;> ngUksT gpupj;njLf;f Kbe;jhy; me;j fdpkk; ----------vdg;gLk;. - jhJ
2. khf;dirl;> lhyikl;> fhHdiyl;> vg;rk; cg;G Nghd;wit vjd; jhJf;fs; kf;dPrpak;
3. Nkf;dill; N`kill;> rpl;iul;> ypNkhill;> ,Uk;G fe;jff;fy; Mfpad
vjd; jhJf;fs; - ,Uk;G
4. kpfTk; Nyrhd cNyhfk; ----- MFk; - ypj;jpak;
5. kpfTk; fdkhd cNyhfk; vJ - M];kpak;
6. X fjpHfs; CLUthj cNyhfk; ------ MFk; - fhuPak;
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7. jhtuq;fspd; gr;iraj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk; - nkf;dPrpak;

8. jq;f eiffspy; KDM 916 vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gjpy; KDM vd;gJ fhl;kpak;
9. &ily;> ,y;kill; Mfpait vjd; jhJf;fs; - ill;lhdpak;
10. khyifl;> jhkpuigiul;> fhg;gH fpshd;];> f;a+g;iul; Mfpait vjd;
jhJf;fs; - jhkpuk;
11. jhJTld; cs;s khRfis (fhq;F) cUfpLk; NrHkkhf khw;wp mij
ePf;fpl jhJTld; NrHf;Fk; nghUs; - ,sf;fp
12. kpfTk; Nyrhd jdpkk; vJ - `Pypak;
13. ePHk epiyapYs;s cNyhfk; vJ - ghjurk;
14. kpd;flj;Jk; jpwd; mjpfk; nfhz;l cNyhfk; - nts;sp
15. kpd;rhuf; fk;gpahf mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cNyhfk; - jhkpuk;
5. fhHgd;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; mjd; NrHkq;fs;

1. fhHgdpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 6
2. fhHgdpd; FwpaPL -------- MFk; - C
3. fhHgdpd; mZepiw vj;jid - 12
4. fhHgd; vj;jid ,izjpwid cilaJ - 4
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5. fhHgd; fhw;wpYs;s Mf;]p[Dld; tpidGupe;J -------- Mf khWfpwJ fhHgd; - il - Mf;i]L

6. fhHgdpd; %d;W tpjkhd GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; ahit - gbftbtk;
cs;sit (ituk;> fpuhigl;L)> gbftbtk; mw;wit (epyf;fup> kuf;fup)>
/Gy;ypuPd;
7. fhHgdpd; NrHkq;fisg; gw;wp tptupf;Fk; Ntjpapay; ----------- MFk; - fupk
Ntjpapay;
8. fhHgNdhL i`l;u[d; Nruf; fpilg;gJ --------- MFk; - i`l;Nuh fhHgd;
9. iel;u[dpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 7
10. iel;u[dpd; FwpaPL -------- MFk; - N
11. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; - 78.1%
12. rpupg;g+l;Lk; thA vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ - iel;u]; Mf;i]L
13. iel;u[Dk; Mf;]p[Dk; Nruf;fpilg;gJ - iel;upf; Mf;i]L
14. jpz;k iel;u[dpd; ,U GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; - My;gh> gPl;lh iel;u[d;
15. iel;u[Dk;> i`l;u[Dk; NrHe;J mk;Nkhdpah cUthFk; nray; Kiw ----------- MFk;. - N`gH nray;Kiw
6. cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;

1. ,aw;if cuk; vd;gJ - fupkg; nghUs;
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2. jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj jdpkq;fs;

vj;jid - 16
3. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ff; fopTfis tpiutpy; rpijg;gjw;fhf kz;GOf;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gLk; cuk; - kz;GO njhOcuk; my;yJ kz;GO
,aw;if cuk;
4. gRe;jhs; cuk; vd;gJ - rzy; > nfhopQ;rp nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gLtJ
5. capup cuq;fspd; Mjhuk; -------------------------- MFk; - ghf;Bupah> ePygRk;ghrp>
g+Q;irfs;
6. iel;u[dpd; cuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - a+upah> mk;Nkhdpak; ry;/Ngl;>
mk;Nkhdpak; iel;Nul; Nghd;wit.
7. gh];gu]; cuq;fSf;F (fdpr; rj;Jf;fs;) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - jdp
#g;gHgh];Ngl;> bupg;gps; #g;gH gh];Ngl;
8. nghl;lhrpa cuq;fSf;F (rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs;) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - nghl;lhrpak;
iel;Nul;> nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL.
9. fyg;G cuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iel;Nuh gh];Ngl;> mk;Nkhdpak;
gh];Ngl;> il-mk;Nkhdpak;-gh];Ngl;
10. g+r;rpfisf; nfhy;yg; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; ---------- vdg;gLk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;
11. g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - D.D.T (il FNshNuh il gPidy;
l;iu FNshNuh <j;Njd;)> khyj;jpahd;
12. g+Q;irfis mopf;f cjTgit - NghHlhf;]; fyit
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13. vypf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; - Jj;jehf gh];Ngl;> MHrdpf;

14. Njitaw;w nrbfis mopf;f cjTgit - fisf;nfhy;ypfs;
15. fisf;nfhy;ypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - 2>4-D (2> 4 - il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p
mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)
,aw;gpay;
1. ,ae;jputpay;> gUg;nghUspd; gz;Gfs;
1. njhlf;f jpirNtfk; mspf;fg;gLk; NghJ GtpaPHg;G tpirahYk; fhw;Wj;
jilahYk; jd;Dila ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; ve;jnthU nghUSk; ---------vdg;gLk;. - vwpnghUs;
2. vupnghUspd; ghij XH ----------- MFk;. - gutisak;
3. Nfhzj; jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - Nubad; / tpdhb
4. ghuh#l; jpwf;fhj epiyapy; thdj;jpy; Fjpg;gtupd; Kw;W jpir Ntfk; vd;d

- 200 fp.kP
5. fUik epw nghUl;fs; vy;yh epwq;fisAk; ----------- - cl;ftUk;
6. vupnghUspd; ghij XH ------- MFk;. - gutisak;
7. nghUnshd;W khwhj jpir Ntfj;jpy; tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy; mJ -------- vdg;gLk;. - tl;l ,af;fk;
8. gpsh];khtpypUe;J ,uj;j nry;fis gpupj;njLf;f> rHf;fiu fopTg;
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ghfpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;f Nghd;wtw;wpy; -------------- gad;gLfpwJ - ika tpyf;F

tpir
9. vQ;rpd;fspd; Ntfq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;JtJ - thl;ftHdH
10. nfg;shpd; %d;whk; tpjp ---------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ Rw;Wf;fhyq;fspd; tpjp
11. ePuhtp ,d;[pid fz;L gpbj;jtH ahH - N[k;];thl;
12. %yf;$W vy;iyapd; tPr;R - 10-8 cm.
13. J}a ePUf;Fk; J}a fz;zhbf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhLNfhzk; - = 0
14. jputk; ghAk; tPjj;ij fzf;fpLk; ntd;Rup kPl;lH fUtpapy; gad;gLk;
jj;Jtk; - ngHndsypapd; Njw;wk;
15. jPHe;J tplhj Mw;wy; %yk; vJ - #upad;
2. ,aw;gpay; msTfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk; myFfs;

1. Ntiyia msf;f cjTk; tha;g;ghL vd;d - tpir X efu;e;j njhiyT
2. nghUspd; fl;Lkhd myF ---- MFk; - mZ
3. Ntiyapd; myF vd;d - [_y;
4. 1 Ftpz;lhy; vd;gJ - 100 fp.fp
5. jpl;l myF vd;gJ - SI Kiw
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6. mb> gTz;L> tpehb vd;gJ - FPS Kiw

7. mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; tha;ghL - tpir/gug;G
8. kpd;jilia msf;f cjTk; myF - Xk;
9. fd mstpd; myF - m3
10. msTNfhypd; mstPLfis nrq;Fj;jhfg; ghu;f;fhjjhy; Njhd;Wk; Fiw ,lkhWNjhw;wg;gpio
11. tiug;glj;jhs; Kiwapy; fz;lwptJ - xOq;fw;w nghUspd; gug;G
12. xspr;nrwptpid msf;f gad;gLk; myF kw;Wk; mjd; FwpaPL - Nfz;nlyh
(cd)
13. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid msf;f gad;gLk; myF - Mk;gpau; (A)
14. ntg;gepiyia msf;f gad;gLk; myF - nfy;tpd; (k)
15. xU Fjpiuj;jpwd; vd;gJ - 746 thl;
3. tpir> ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;

1. ntg;gk; xU tif Mw;wy; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[k;]; [Py;
2. xU nghUspd; Xa;TepiyiaNah my;yJ ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;Wfpd;w
my;yJ khw;w Kaw;rpf;fpd;w nray; --------------- vdg;gLk; - tpir
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3. tpir xU -------- msT MFk; - ntf;lH

4. tpirapd; S.I myF vd;d - epa+l;ld;
5. xU nghUspd; KLf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; ............ - rkd; nra;ag;glhj tpir
6. ce;jkhWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ,aw;gpay; msT - tpir
7. Gtpg;gug;gpy; 50 fp.fp epiwAs;s kdpjdpd; vil - 490 N
8. Xa;T epiyapYs;s fdkhd nghUspd; ce;jk; - Rop
9. kpd;fyj;jpy; ve;j Mw;wy; kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;wgLfpwJ - Ntjp Mw;wy;
10. Mw;wypd; myF ------ MFk;. - [_y;
11. nghUspd; epiyiag; nghWj;J mjDs; mlq;fpAs;s Mw;wiyf; Fwpg;gJ ------- MFk; - epiy Mw;wy;
12. xU nghUspd; kPJ Gw tpirfs; nray;glhj tiu> mg;nghUshdJ
jd;dpr;irahfj; jdJ epiyia khw;wpf; nfhs;shj gz;G -------- MFk; epiykk;
13. Mw;wiy Mf;fNth> mopf;fNth KbahJ xU tif Mw;wiy kw;nwhU
tif Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ - Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjp
14. kpd;tprpwpapy; kpd;dhw;wyhdJ -------- Mf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - ,af;f Mw;wy;
15. jhtuq;fspy; xspr; NrHf;ifapd; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; -----------MFk; Ntjp Mw;wy;
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4. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;

1. fhe;jj;jhy; ftug;glf; $ba mNj Ntisapy; jhDk; fhe;jkhf khwty;y
xU nghUs; ---------- MFk; - /ngHNuhfhe;jg; nghUs;
2. ,Uk;G> epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l; Mfpait ---------- MFk; - /ngHNuhfhe;jq;fs;
3. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;liyf; fz;lwpe;jtH - /ghuNl
4. ------------ XH ,aw;if fhe;jk; - khf;dill;
5. fhe;jg; Gyr; nrwptpd; myF vd;d - Mk;gpaH/kPl;lH
6. kpd;jilia msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ - Xk;khdp
7. vyf;l;uhd;fs; efHtijNa -------------- vd;fpNwhk; - kpd;Ndhl;lk;
8. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myF vd;d - Mk;gpaH
9. kpd; jpwdpd; myF ----------- - thl;
10. kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nthy;l;
11. ,Uk;gpd; fpa+up ntg;gepiy ----------- MFk; - 770C
12. fhe;jj;ij Rw;wp mike;jpUg;gJ - fhe;jg;Gyk;
13. fhe;j cl;GF jpwdpd; myF ----- MFk; - n`d;wp/kPl;lH
14. ePr;ry; tpjpia cUthf;fpatH ahH - Mk;gpaH
15. kpd;rhu kzpapy; kpd;rhuj;ij tpl;L tpl;L gha;r;r cjTk; mikg;G Facebook
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MHkr;#H
5. mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;

1. mZ vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - gpupf;f Kbahj
2. etPd mZ ,aw;gpaypd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLgtH ahH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
3. ePupYs;s i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[dpd; epiwtpfpjk; --------- MFk; - 1:8
4. vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; INrhNlhg;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
5. XH mZtpd; %d;W tifahd Jfs;fs; ahit - vyf;l;uhd;> GNuhl;lhd;
kw;Wk; epa+l;uhd;
6. vyf;l;uhd; vd;gJ -------------- - vjpHkpd;RikAila Jfs;
7. GNuhl;lhd; vd;gJ -------------- - NeHkpd;D}l;lKila Jfs;
8. epa+l;uhd; vd;gJ ------------- - kpd;D}l;lkw;w xU Jfs;
9. GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epa+l;uhd;fSk; mZtpd; vg;gFjpapy; ,Wfg;
gpize;Js;sd - ikag; gFjp (cl;fU)
10. xU jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;G vd;gJ - rk vz;zpf;ifAs;s
GNuhl;lhd;fisAk;> NtWgl;l vz;zpf;ifAs;s epa+l;uhd;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
11. mZf;fUit fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - &jH/NghHL
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12. nghUz;ik moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - ytha;rpaH

13. khwhtpfpj tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - g;nus];l;
14. GNuhl;lhid fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - Nfhy;L];Bd;
15. ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J
fdkhd mZf;fUit cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiw - mZf;fU ,izT
6. ntg;gk;> xsp kw;Wk; xyp

1. xsp xU tUl fhyj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; njhiyT ------- vdg;gLk; - xspahz;L
2. xspapd; mlHj;jpia (Intensity) msf;f cjTk; myF - Nfz;Byh
(candela)
3. xspiaf; Fwpj;j gbg;gpd; ngaH - Optics
4. xspapd; jpirNtfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ntw;wpfukhf fzf;fpl;ltH - NuhkH
5. nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg;gad;gLtJ - epwkhiykhdp.
6. xU nghUspd; ntg;gk; kw;nwhU nghUSf;F Clfkpd;wp flj;jg;gLk;
KiwahdJ ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - ntg;gf; fjpHtPry;
7. xspapd; mbg;gil epwq;fs; ahit - rptg;G> gr;ir> ePyk;
8. ghjurk; ntg;gepiykhdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Kf;fpa fhuzk; - Fiwe;j
jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd;.
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9. kdpj clypd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,uj;jj;jpd; ghfpay; vz;

kjpg;G ----------- - FiwfpwJ
10. kdpj clypd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy -------- MFk; - 98.6F (37C)
11. ngl;Nuhypaj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1.38
12. ePupd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1.33
13. ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 2.419
14. fhw;wpd; xsptpyfy; vz; vd;d - 1
15. ePupd; nfhjpepiy -------- MFk; - -37.7F (100C)
7. xsp kw;Wk; xyp

1. xypapid msf;fg; gad;gLk; myF vJ - nlrpgy;
2. mjpHntz;iz msf;fg; gad;gLk; myF vJ - n`Hl;];
3. Mz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 20 kp.kP
4. ngz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 15 kp.kP
5. eLepiyg; Gs;spapypUe;J Jfs; milAk; ngUk ,lg;ngaHr;rp --------vdg;gLk; - tPr;R
6. nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg;gad;gLtJ - epwkhiykhdp
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7. kdpjdpd; nrtpAzH mjpHntz; neLf;fk; ---------- - 20Hz - 20000Hz

8. 20Hz f;F fPNo cs;s xypia ------- vd;W miof;fpNwhk; - Fw;nwhyp
(infrasonic)
9. 20000Hz mjpHntz;zpw;F NkNy cs;s xypia --------- vd;fpNwhk; - kPnahyp
(ultra-sonic)
10. ngup];Nfhg; kw;Wk; fpislh];Nfhg; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ---------- jj;Jtk;
gad;gLfpwJ - gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G
11. Mg;bfy; iggupy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; - KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
12. njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyT --------- MFk; - 25 nr.kP
13. Kg;gl;lfk; xd;wpy; nts;nshsp mjd; VO tz;zq;fshf gpupAk; epfo;T ------- vdg;gLk; - epwg;gpupif
14. ntw;wplj;jpd; topNa nry;y ,ayhjJ vJ - xyp
15. xsp XH Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ jdJ
NeHNfhl;Lg; ghijia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gz;G --------------- vdg;gLk; xsptpyfy;
8. mz;lk;
1. thdpay; njhiytpw;fhd myF vd;d - xsp Mz;L
2. kpf Ntfkhf Royf; $ba Nfhs; vJ - tpahod;
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3. jw;Nghija thdpay; Ma;Tfspd;gb> mz;lj;jpd; taJ ------------------ gpy;ypad;

Mz;Lfs; vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ - 13.73 ( 0.12)
4. gy Nfhbf;fzf;fhd mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjp - Nguz;lk;
5. ekJ #upa FLk;gk; mike;Js;s el;rj;jpuj; njhFjpahd ghy;ntsp
mz;lj;jpd; tbtk; - RUs; tbtk;
6. tpbnts;sp md;W miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ - nts;sp
7. rptg;G Nfhs; vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ - nrt;tha;
8. Royhky; cUz;l gbNa #upaid Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs; vJ - ANud];
9. mjpf Jizf;Nfhs;fs; nfhz;l Nfhs; vJ - tpahod;
10. #upa FLk;gj;jpy; xsp kpFe;j Nfhs; vJ - nts;sp

11. kpff;FspHe;j Nfhs; vJ - neg;bA+d;
12. g+kp xU Kiw jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;s MFk; Neuk; vd;d - 23 kzp
56 epkplq;fs;.
13. g+kp> #upaid xU Kiw Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhy ,ilntsp --------- MFk; 365.24 ehs;fs;.
14. ,e;jpahtpy; ahH ahH ngaHfspy; FWq;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd - thdtpay;
mwpQH itZghg;G> mZrf;jpj; Jiwapd; je;ij rhuhgha;> fzpjNkij
uhkhD[d;.
15. thy; el;rj;jpuk; vd;gJ - gdp> J}R Kjypa nghUs;fs; epiwe;j
gdpg;ghiw
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9. nghJ mwptpay; tpjpfs;

1. Nfhs;fs; #upaidr; Rw;wp ,aq;Fk; NghJ Nfhs;fSf;Fk; #upaDf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l <Hg;gpay; tpir ------------ Mf nray;gLfpd;wJ. - ikaNehf;F tpir
2. ika Nehf;F tpirapd; kjpg;gpw;F rkkhfTk;> vjpH jpirapYk; mikAk;
tpir -------- vdg;gLk;. - ika tpyf;F tpir
3. japH filAk; NghJ ntz;nza; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Xuj;jpw;F nry;tJ ve;j
tpirf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ika tpyf;F tpir
4. kioj; Jspfs; Nfhs tbtpy; ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir
5. ,aw;if NjHTf; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpatH - rhHy]; lhHtpd;
6. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisitf; fz;lwpe;jtH - xaH];nll;
7. kpd;fhe;j J}z;liy fz;lwpe;jtH - ghuNl
8. ePH mOj;j gk;G (hydraulic pressure pump) ----------- tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy;
,af;FfpwJ. - gh];fy;
9. fg;gy; kpjg;gij tpsf;FtJ - MHf;fpkpb]; Nfhl;ghL
10. kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jf;Fk; kpd; mOj;j NtWghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig
tpsf;FtJ - Xkpd; tpjp
11. tpkhdk; Gwg;gLtij tpsf;FtJ - ngHNdhypapd; jj;Jtk;
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12. epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; tpjpia ----------- vdTk; miof;fyhk;. - epiyk tpjp

my;yJ rlj;Jt tpjp
13. xU Jg;ghf;fpapapypUe;J tUk; Fz;bd; ,af;fk; - NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
14. uapy; epiyaj;ij Nehf;fp uapy; tUk;NghJ xypapd; RUjp mjpfkhfTk;
ek;iktpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk;NghJ Fiwthf Nfl;gij lhg;sH tpisT %yk;
1842k; Mz;L tpsf;fpatH - fpwp];bad; lhg;sH
15. Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; gw;wpa nfg;supd; Kjy; tpjpapd; kw;nwhU ngaH Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; tpjp
1. ngup];Nfhg; kw;Wk; fpislh];Nfhg; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; vJ gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G jj;Jtk;

2. thdk; ePyepwkhfj; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; - xspr;rpjwy;
3. Kjy; etPd NtjpapaywpQH vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH - ,uhgHl; ghapy;
4. xU nghUspd; epiw (m) kw;Wk; mjd; jpirNtfk; (v) Mfpatw;wpd;
ngUf;fw;gyd; - ce;jk;
5. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid msf;f cjTk; fUtpahd Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdh kPl;lH
ve;j tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. - Nld;[d;l; tpjp
6. g;nskpq;fpd; tyJif tpjp ---------------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dpaw;wp
tpjp
7. Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdh kPl;lupd; RUf;ff; $w;nwz; --------- MFk;. - K = (2aBh) /
0n
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8. jpUF nray;gLjy;> fjT RoYjy; Nghd;wit vjd; mbg;gilapy;

nray;gLfpwJ - tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
9. Gtp <Hg;G tpiriaf; fz;lwpe;jtH - rH Irf; epa+l;ld;
10. nghUnshd;wpd; topNa xw;iw epw xsp nry;Yk;NghJ rpjwyilfpwJ
vdTk;> rpjwyile;j xsp gLfpd;w mjpHntz;iz kl;Lkpy;yhky; Gjpa
mjpHntz;izAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd tpsf;Fk; ,uhkd; tpisit fz;lwpe;jtH
- rH rp.tp. ,uhkd;
11. nyd;]; tpjp --------------- tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ - Mw;wy;
moptpd;ik tpjp
12. kpjptz;bapy; tisthd ghjapy; jpUk;Gk; NghJ cly; cl;Gwkhf
rha;g;gJ ve;j tpirf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ika tpyf;F tpir
13. vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZf;fUit tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUtJ -------,af;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - tl;l ,af;fk;
14. nghUs;fs; jpirkhwhky; njhlHe;J xNu jpirapy; NeHNfhl;by; ,aq;Fjy;
------------- ,af;fkhFk; - NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
15. xsp XH Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ jdJ
NeHNfhl;Lg; ghijia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gz;G ---- vdg;gLk;. -xsptpyfy;
8. mwptpay; fUtpfs;
1. fhw;W kw;Wk; thAf;fspd; vil kw;Wk; mlHj;jpia msf;Fk; fUtp vJ VNuhkPl;lH (Aerometer)
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2. xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mse;jplg; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ mk;kPl;lH

3. kdpjHfspd; Nfl;Fk; jpwid fzf;fpLk; fUtp vJ - MbNahkPl;lH
4. ntg;gf; fjpHtPr;rpd; msit fzf;fpl gad;gLk; fUtp ------ MFk;. NghNyhkPl;lH (Bolometer)
5. Fiwthd ntg;gepiyia mstpLk; fUtp vJ fpiuNahkPl;lH (Cryometer)
6. Nthy;Nl[;> jpwd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; nkhj;jkhf mstpLk; fUtp vJ vyf;l;Nuh ildNkhkPl;lH (Electro Dynamometer)
7. thAtpd; mOj;jj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; fUtp vJ - NkhNdhkPl;lH (Manometer)
8. xypapd; msit mstpLk; fUtp vJ - NlhNdhkPl;lH (Tonometer)
9. -------------- tiu gupkhzKs;s nghUs;fspd; gupkhzq;fis msf;f jpUF
mstp gad;gLfpwJ - 0.001 nr.kP.
10. mjpfgl;r ntg;gepiyia mstpLk; fUtp vJ - igNuhkPl;lH (Pyrometer)
11. xyp miyfisg; gad;gLj;jp flypd; Moj;ij mstpLk; fUtp vJ ghj;NjhkPl;lH (Fathometer)
12. ve;jpu Mw;wiy kpd;rhu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp vJ - ildNkh
13. NubNah miyfspd; miy ePsj;ij mstpLk; fUtp vJ Ntt;kPl;lH (Wavemeter)
14. V.rp. kpd;rhuj;ij b.rp. kpd;rhukhf khw;Wk; fUtp vJ Facebook
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nuf;b/igaH (Rectifier)
15. Nyriu fz;Lgpbj;jtH - jpNahNlhH ikkhd; (Theodore Maiman)
9. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
1. njhiy Nehf;fp> tpahodpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fis fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH fypypNah fypyp
2. #upa FLk;gk;> #upa ikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il fz;lwpe;jtH - epNfhy]; NfhgH
epf;f]; (Nicolaus Copernicus)
3. ngdprpypidf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - mnyf;rhz;lH gpnskpq;
4. vyf;l;uhidf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[.N[.jhk;rd;
5. mZtpd; cl;fUit fz;lwpe;jtH - &jH/NghHl;
6. vf;]; fjpHfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH - tpy;n`k; uhz;l;n[d;
7. mZf;fU gpsitf; fz;lwpe;jtHfs; - Ml;Nlh`hd;> ];l;uh];kd; kw;Wk;
ypNr nka;l;dH
8. mZf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;ltH - [hd; lhy;ld;
9. epa+l;uhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - rhl;tpf;
10. ,bjhq;fpia fz;lwpe;jtH - ngQ;rkpd; /g;uhq;fpspd;
11. ,aw;if fjpupaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - n`d;wp ngf;nfhuy;
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12. Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifia fz;lwpe;jtH - khf;]; g;shq;f;

13. nraw;if fjpupaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - IuPd; N[hypal; fpa+up kw;Wk;
gpnulupf; N[hypal;-fpa+up
14. Nubaj;ij fz;lwpe;jtHfs; - Nkup fpa+up kw;Wk; gpNaH fpa+up
15. thndhypia fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - khHNfhdp
10. Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;tfq;fs;

1. tpf;uk; rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - Jk;gh (jpUtde;jGuk;)
2. milahW Gw;WNeha; fofk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - nrd;id
3. Njrpa fdpkq;fs; gupNrhjidf;$lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ [hk;n\l;g+H
4. kj;jpa fl;blf;fiy Ma;T ikak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - &Hfp
5. Njrpa fly; Muha;r;rp ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - gdh[p (Nfhth)
6. Njrpa ngsjpf Muha;r;rpf; $lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - epa+nly;yp
7. ,e;jpa Njrpa mwptpay; gjpTikak; -----------------apy; cs;sJ epa+nly;yp
8. Njrpa ,uhrhad Ma;Tf;$lk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - GNd
9. jkpo;ehl;by; ney;Yf;fhd Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - MLJiw
(jQ;rht+H)
10. Njrpa itu]; Ma;T ikak; vq;Fs;sJ - GNd
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11. kj;jpa Njhy; Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - nrd;id

12. Njrpa tpz;ntsp Ma;tfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ngq;fs+H
13. ,e;jpa mZrf;jp fkp\d; vq;Fs;sJ - Kk;ig
14. kj;jpa rhiy Ma;T ikak; cs;s ,lk; - epa+nly;yp
15. ,e;jpahtpy; gz Nehl;Lfs; mr;rbf;Fk; mr;rfk; cs;s ,lk; - ehrpf;
(k`huh\;buh)
nghJmwpT
tuyhW
,e;jpa Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
khepyq;fspd; rpW tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrphpaHfSk;
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;
nra;jpfspy; Gfo;tha;e;j kdpjHfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs; - 2014
nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpahTk; kw;Wk; mjd; mz;il ehLfSk;
tpisahl;L
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G
elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah 2015
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tuyhW
,e;jpa Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
1. Njrpa gwit - kapy;
2. Njrpa kyH - jhkiu
3. Njrpa tpisahl;L - `hf;fp
4. Njrpa nkhop - ,e;jp
5. Njrpa tpyq;F - Gyp
6. Njrpa kuk; - Mykuk;
7. Njrpa ghuk;gupa tpyq;F - ahid
8. Njrpa ejp - fq;if
9. Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;f MFk; Neuk; - 52 tpehbfs;
10. Njrpa ehl;fhl;b - rfh tUlk; ehl;fhl;b
11. Njrpa fPjj;ij vOjpatH - ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
12. Njrpa nfhbapy; mNrhf rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s Muq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 24
13. Njrpa ePH tho; tpyq;F - lhy;gpd;
14. Njrpa Nfhbapy; cs;s fhtp epwk; vjid czHj;JfpwJ - jpahfk;
15. Njrpa nfhb murpay; epHza rigapdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs; - 1947 [Piy
22Mk; ehs;
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khepyq;fspd; rpW tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;

jkpo;ehL
jkpo;ehl;il gw;wp
1. jkpo;ehl;bd; gug;gsT - 130058 fpkP2 (50216 rJu iky;)
2. 2011-k; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhif - 7>21>47>030
3. jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - nrd;id
4. jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s khtl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 32
5. jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s Kjyikr;rH - n[.n[ayypjh
6. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik nkhop - jkpo;
jkpo;ehl;bd; muR FwpaPLfs;:
7. ghly; - jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J
8. eldk; - gujehl;bak;
9. tpyq;F - tiuahL
10. gwit - kufjg;Gwh
11. kyH - nrq;fhe;js; kyH
12. kuk; - gid kuk;
13. tpisahl;L - rLFL
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Nfush
Nfushit gw;wp
14. Nfushtpd; gug;gsT - 38863 fpkP2 (15005 rJu iky;)
15. 2011-k; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Nfushtpd; kf;fs; njhif - 33>387>677
16. Nfushtpd; jiyefuk; - jpUtde;jGuk;
17. Nfushtpy; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s khtl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 14
18. Nfushtpy; jw;NghJ (2015) cs;s Kjyikr;rH - ck;kd; rhz;b
19. Nfushtpd; Kjd;ik nkhop - kiyahsk;
Nfushtpd; muR FwpaPLfs;:
20. tpyq;F - ahid
21. gwit - kiy ,Uthl;rp (Great hornbill)
22. kuk; - njd;id kuk;
23. kPd; - Pearl spot
24. kyH - Golden shower tree flower
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrphpaHfSk;

1. mf;dpr; rpwFfs; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - A.P.J. mg;Jy; fyhk;
2. Kaise Bani Top Cop vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - fpuz; Ngb
3. The Indian Parliament vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - Rjh gha; kw;Wk; mtpdh\;
FkhH
4. The Election That Changed India vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - uh[;jPg; rHNjrha;
5. Why I Assassinated Gandhi vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatHfs; - ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr
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kw;Wk; Nfhghy; Nfhl;Nr

6. FLk;g tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - mfpy; \Hkh
7. Faces and Places vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - NguhrpupaH jPgf; ehaH
8. A book Post Haste: Quintessential India vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - gp.[p.tHfP];
9. ngUkhs; KUfd; vOjpa jkpo; ehty; - khnjhUghfd;
10. Next China - India War vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - Re;juuh[d; gj;kehgd;
(Kd;dhs; ,uhZt jsgjp)
11. The Dramatic Decade on 1970s era vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - jw;Nghija (2015)
[dhjpgjp gpuzhg; KfH[p
12. Playing It My Way vd;w Rarupij E}iy vOjpatH - rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH
13. Arctic Summer vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ehtyhrpupaH lhkd; fhy;Fl; (Novelist
Damon Galgut)
14. Untold Story of Indian Public Sector vd;w E}ypid vOjpatH - jw;Nghija
(2015) Jiz FbauRj; jiytH KfkJ `kPJ `d;rhup
15. Born Again on the Mountain vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - mUzpkh rpd;fh
Gj;jfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MrpupaHfSk; - 2
1. Food for all vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - ckh yPNy
2. Indian Parliamentary Diplomacy - Speakers Perspective vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
vOjpatH - kPuh FkhH
3. Flora of Guntur City Andhra Pradesh vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - gp.MH.Nkhfd
uht;
4. Editor Unplugged: Media, Magnates, Netas and Me vd;w Gj;jfj;jpid vOjpatH
- tpNdhj; Nkj;jh
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5. Gods Bankers vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - n[uhy;l; Ngh];dH

6. Fragile Frontiers vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - v];.Nf. uj;.
7. Farishta vd;w ,e;jp ehtiy vOjpatH - fgpy; ,rhGup
8. Prince of Gujarat: The Extraordinary Story of Prince Gopaldas Desai> 1187 1951 vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - uh[;Nkhfd; fhe;jp
9. Letters for a Nation vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - NeU (Mj;jH)> khjt; Nfh];yh
(vbl;lH)
10. Your dreams Are Mine Now: She Showed him What Love vd;w E}ypid
vOjpatH - utPe;jH rpq;
11. Truth always Prevails vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - rj;Uj;jpd; `];tdp
12. Tulsi Smriti Granth on Acharya Tulsi vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - lhf;lH fuz;
rpq;
13. The Narrow Road to the Deep North vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - upr;rHl; g;Nsdfd;
14. Gujarats success story in Water Management vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH =uhk; NtilH
15. The Lives of Others vd;w Gj;jfj;jpid vOjpatH - ePy; KfH[p
1. Nehgy; gupR ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - My;/gpul; Nehngy;
2. Njrpa mstpy; tpisahl;Lj; Jiwfspy; tPuHfspd; KO tpisahl;Lj; jpwid
ntspf;nfhzUk; rpwe;j tpisahl;L gapw;WdHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ
Nehgy; gupR - 2014
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3. ,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - ,rK mfhrhfp ([g;ghd;)> `pNuh\p mkhNdh

([g;ghd;)> \p[p eFkuh ([g;ghd;/mnkupf;fh)
4. NtjpapaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - vupf; ngl;rpf; (mnkupf;fh)> ,RBgd; vy; (nrUkdp)>
tpy;ypak;. <. NkhHdH (mnkupf;fh)
5. kUj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - vl;tHL NkhrH (NehHNt)> Nk-gpupl; NkhrH (NehHNt)>
[hd; X fP/g; (mnkupf;fh)
6. nghUshjhuj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - Nohd; jpNuhy; (gpuhd;R)
7. ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - gj;jpupf;F nkhjpahNdh (gpuhd;R)
8. mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; gupR - ifyhR rj;jpahHj;jp (,e;jpah)> kyhyh a+rg;irap
(ghfp];jhd;)
uh[Pt;fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ
9. 2012 - 2013k; Mz;Lf;fhd uh[Pt;fhe;jp Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ - uQ;rd; N[hjp
uh[Pt;fhe;jp epidT tpUJ - 2014
10. 2014k; Mz;bw;fhd uh[Pt;fhe;jp epidT tpUJ - KrhgH myp
,e;jpuhfhe;jp mikjp tpUJ
11. 2012k; Mz;Lf;fhd ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mikjp tpUJ ngw;wtH - vyd; [hd;rd; rpHyPg;
(iygPupah [dhjpgjp)
JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ - 2014
12. 2014k; Mz;bw;fhd JNuhzhHr;rhHah tpUJ - vd;. ypq;fg;gh (jlfsk;)> N[hR N[f;fg;
(glFg;Nghl;b)
mH[Pdh tpUJ - 2014
13. tpy; tpj;ijf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mgpN\f; tHkh
14. jlfs tpisahl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - jpz;LY}fh
15. ,wf;ifg; ge;jhl;lj;jpw;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - typahtpby; jp[_
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16. $ilg;ge;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - fPJ md;dh N[h\;

17. Fj;Jr;rz;ilf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - kNdh[; FkhH
18. fpupf;nfl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - utpr;re;jpud; m\;tpd;
19. Fopg;ge;jhl;lj;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mdpHgd; yfpup
20. fgb tpisahl;Lf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - kk;jh g+[hup
21. JLg;G glFf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - rrp jhk];
22. Jg;ghf;fp RLjYf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - `Pdh rpj;J
23. ];Fth\;f;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - mdfh myd;fhNkhdp
24. ifg;ge;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - lhk; N[hrg;
25. gS J}f;FjYf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - NuZghyh [hD
26. ky;Aj;jj;Jf;fhd mH[Pdh tpUJ - Rdpy; FkhH uhzh
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - 2014
jpahd;re;j; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jpahd; re;j; tpUJ (Dhyan Chand Award) ,e;jpahtpy; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;GkpF
tho;ehs; rhjid epfo;j;jpatHfSf;F ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; XH tpUjhFk;.
Gfo;ngw;w tisjbg; ge;jhl;l tPuuhd jpahd; re;j; epidthf 2002 Mk; Mz;L ,e;j
tpUJ epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUJ ngw;NwhUf;F ,e;jpa &gha;fs; Ie;J ,yl;rk; (5>00>000)
epjpg;gupR jtpu XH ghuhl;Lr; rhd;wpjo;> rpiytbtk;> kw;Wk; myq;fhu cilAk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2014k; Mz;by; tpUJ ngw;wtHfs;

FHkhapy; rpq;f; - `hf;fp
Nf.gp.jhf;fH - ePr;ry;
rPrhd; myp - nld;dp];
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fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
gd;dhl;L fhe;jp mikjpg; gupR(International Gandhi Peace Prize): kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd;
epidthf ngauplg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j gupR ,e;jpa murpdhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
mikjpia tpUk;gpa fhe;jpapd; nfhs;iffis gug;Gk; vz;zj;Jld; ,e;jpa muR
1995Mk; Mz;L>fhe;jpapd; 125MtJ gpwe;jehis xl;b> ,e;j gd;dhl;L fhe;jp
mikjpg;gupir cUthf;fpaJ. Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; ,g;gupR r%f>nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wq;fis m`pk;ir kw;Wk; fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; cUthf;f
gq;nfLf;Fk; jdpegH my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpUJ ve;j
cyfehzaj;jpw;Fk; khw;wf;$ba ,e;jpa &gha; 10 kpy;ypad;>xU Nfhg;ig kw;Wk; xU
rhd;wpjo; nfhz;lJ.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ,e;jpa gpujkH> kf;fsit vjpHfl;rp jiytH> ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp
kw;Wk; ,U rpwg;G cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;l FO ,e;j gupRf;FupatHfisj;
NjHe;njLf;fpd;wJ.
rhe;jpgpurhj; gl; - Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyH
uNkhd; kf;NrNr tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
uNkhd; kf;NrNr tpUJ (Ramon Magsaysay Award) uhf;ngy;yH rNfhjuHfs; epjpak;
(RBF) nghWg;ghsHfshy; Vg;uy; 1957,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. gpypg;igd;]; murpd;
cld;ghl;Lld; me;ehl;L mjpgH kiwe;j uNkhd; kf;NrNr epidthfTk;> mtuJ murpay;
NeHik> kf;fs; Nrit ,tw;iw fhl;lhf tsUk; ehLfspy; gug;gTk; ,g;gupR
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J Mrpahtpd; Nehgy; gupR vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
`_ #yp - rPdh
thq; fhd;gh - rPdh
rhH khHypdh kDuq; - ,e;NjhNdrpah
jp rpl;brd; gTz;Nlrd; - ghfp];jhd;
Xku fhd; k#jp - Mg;fhdp];jhd;
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - Fbapay; - Njrpa mstpyhd tpUJfs;
ghuj uj;dh
tpUijg; gw;wp:
ghuj uj;dh tpUJ 1954k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. ghuj uj;dh gjf;fkhdJ mur ku
,iyapy; #upadpd; cUtKk; ghuj uj;dh vd;w nrhy; ,e;jp vOj;Jf;fspYk;
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nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ghuj uj;dh ,e;jpahtpy; Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpf caHe;j

tpUjhFk;. kpfr;rpwe;j Njrpa Nrit Mw;wpatHfis ghuhl;b ghuj uj;dh tpUJ
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;Nrit fiy> mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; nghJr;Nrit Mfpa
Jiwfis cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk; gpw Jiwfspy; cs;stHfSk; ,t;tpUij
ngUk; tifapy; etk;gH> 2011y; tpjpfspy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; ghuj uj;dh tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> rp. tp. ,uhkd;>
rHtgs;sp ,uhjhfpU\;zd; (1954k; Mz;L)
Kjd; Kjypy; ghuj uj;dh tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp (1971k; Mz;L)
2014k; Mz;L ,t;tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs;:
rp. vd;. MH. uht;> NtjpapayhsH
rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH> JLg;ghl;l tPuH
gj;k tpg+rz;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gj;k tpg+rz; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; ehl;b d; ,uz;lhtJ caupa Fbapay;
tpUJ MFk;. gjf;fk; xd;Wk; ghuhl;bjo; xd;Wk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kjd; Kjypy;
[dtup 2> 1954 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ve;j xU
JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; xUtUf;F ,t;tpUJfs; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k tpg+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - rj;jpNae;jpu ehj; NghR> ee;j;yhy;
Ngh];> rhfPH cNrd;> ghyhrhfpg; fq;fhjHnfH> tP. Nf. fpU\;z Nkdd;> Jigme Dorji
Wangchuk
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k tpg+rz; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - [hdfpNjtp g[h[; (1956)
uFehj; Mde;j; k\y;fH> gp.Nf.v];. Iaq;fhH
gj;k g+rz;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gj;k g+rd; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; xU tpUJ. ,J Kjd; Kjypy; [dtup
2> 1954 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;jpa
murhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy; ghuj uj;dh> gj;k tpg+rz; Mfpa tpUJfSf;F
mLj;jgbahf %d;whtJ caH tpUjhFk;. ve;j xU JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;
xUtUf;F ,t;tpUJfs; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - N`hkp [`hq;fpH ghgh> rhe;jp Rt&g;
gl;ehfH> kfhNjt IaH fzgjp> [dhd; re;jpu Nfh\;> uhjh fpU\;zd; Fg;jh>
ikjpyp\ud; Fg;jh> R.R. Handa> mkHehj; [h> m[{j;jpa ehj; Nfh];yh>
Nf.v];.fpU\;zd;> iraj; `{ird; mfkJ kjhdp> N[h\; kypfhghb> tp.vy;. Nkj;jh>
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ts;sj;Njhy; ehuhaz Nkdd;> Mw;fhL ,yl;RkzRthkp KjypahH> Palden Thondup

Namgyal, V. Narahari Rao, Pendyala Satyanarayana Rao, Jamini Roy, Sukumar
Sen> rj;a ehuaz rh];jpup> vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp> K.S. Thimayya
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; Nf.v];.fpU\;zd;> Mw;fhL ,yl;RkzRthkp KjypahH> vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp
Kjd; Kjypy; gj;k g+rz; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - vk;.v];.Rg;Gnyl;Rkp
Fyhk; Kfkj; n\,f;> ngFk; gputpd; Ry;j;jhdh> Njj;jhf;Fb ùpù tpdhaf;uhk;> fky
`hrd;> jy;tPH ghz;lhup> gj;kehgd; gyuhk;> n[a];juh[; N[h\p> vk;. kfhNjtg;gh>
jpUkyr;rhup ,uhkrhkp> tpNdhj; gpufh\; rHkh> Mrityunjay Athreya> mdpjh Njrha;>
jpUgha; jNfH> ituKj;J> u];fpd; ghz;l;> Gy;Nyyh Nfhgpre;j;> ypahz;lH ga];>
tpN[ae;j;uehj; fTy;> N[.v];.tHkh> mDNkhY uhkfpU\;zh> mdp]; c];khd;> Lloyd
Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, Neelam Kler
nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - ,yf;fpa tpUJfs;
rhfpj;a mfhjkp
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp> ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tsHr;rpf;fhd mikg;ghFk;. ,e;epWtdk;
,e;jpa nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpaKk;> ,yf;fpak; rhHe;j eltbf;iffisAk; xUq;fpizj;J
Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpa murpd; MjuTld;> jd;dhl;rp mikg;ghf 12 khHr; 1954
md;W> ,utPe;jpu gtd;> jpy;ypapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
rhfpj;a mfhjkp toq;Fk; tpUJfs;:
1. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
2. gh\h rk;khd; (Basha Samman)
3. nkhop ngaHg;G E}Yf;fhd tpUJ (Translation Award)
4. rpWtH ,yf;fpa tpUJ (Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award)
5. ,sk; vOj;jhsH tpUJ (Yuva Puraskar Award)
rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ> rpwe;j ,e;jpa ,yf;fpa gilg;ghspfSf;F> ,e;jpa murhy;
xt;NthH Mz;Lk; Njrpa mstpYk; khepy mstpYk; toq;fg;gLk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa
tpUjhFk;. gupRj;njhifahf 1>00>000 &ghAk;> xU gl;laKk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ugj;J
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ehd;F ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; rpWfij> ehty;> ,yf;fpa tpkHrdk; Nghd;w gytifahd

vOj;jhf;fj;jpw;F ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w jkpo; vOj;jhsHfs;
Kjd; Kjypy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w jkpo; vOj;jhsH ahH? - uh.gp.
NrJg;gps;is (gilg;G: jkpo; ,d;gk;) (1955)
Kjd; Kjypy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; jkpo; vOj;jhsH ahH? - yl;Rkp
jpupGuRe;jup (gilg;G: xU fhNtupiag; Nghy) (1984)
gh\h rk;khd; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
,e;jpahtpy; mUfp tUk; rpWghd;ikapdH NgRk; nkhopfis moptpd; tpspk;gpypUe;J
fhf;f> 1996Mk; Mz;L Kjy; rpWghd;ikapd kf;fs; NgRk; nkhopfspy; gilf;fg;gLk;
E}y;fSf;Fk;> nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpag; gzpfSf;Fk; Mz;L NjhWk; rpwe;j
vOj;jhsHfSf;F xU ,yl;rk; &gha; gupRld; $ba gh\h rk;khd; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
nkhop ngaHg;G E}Yf;fhd tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
1989Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l 24 ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gLk;
kpfr; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;G E}Yf;F nuhf;fg; gupRfs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 2009Mk; Mz;L
Kjy; nuhf;fg;gupR &gha; 50>000-Mf caHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2014 Mz;L Kba 25 jkpof
vOj;jhsHfs;> jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;G E}y;fSf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
ngw;Ws;sdH.
jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg;
ngw;wtHfs; - vk;.[p. [fe;ehj uh[h (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: MKf;jkhy;ajh) (1990)> b.gp.
rpj;jypq;fa;ah (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: kz;Zk; kdpjUk;) (1990)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;w
ngz; nkhopngaHg;ghsH - ru];tjp uhk;ehj; (nkhopngaHj;j E}y;: ,e;jpa nkhop
ehlfq;fs;) (1993)
rpWtH ,yf;fpa tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rpWtHfSf;fhd rpWfijfs;> fijfs;> Gjpdq;fs; kw;Wk; ftpijfSf;F ghy rhfpj;jpa
Gu];fhH tpUJ 2010Mz;L Kjy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ntspahFk; rpwe;j
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rpWtH E}y;fSf;F 2010Mz;L Kjy; 2015Kba> rpWtH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd tpUjpid ,J

tiu MW vOj;jhsHfs; ntd;Ws;sdH. xt;nthU tUlKk; mjw;F Ke;ija Ie;J
tUlq;fspd; gilg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L ,J KbT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
jkpopy; ghy rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs;:
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; ghy rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUijg; ngw;wtH - kh.fkyNtyd;
(gilg;G: me;Njhzpapd; Ml;Lf;Fl;b) (2014)
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpapd; ,sk; vOj;jhsH tpUJ (Yuva Praskar Award)
tpUijg; gw;wp:
[dtup khjk; Kjy; ehsd;W 35 taJk; mjw;Fl;gl;l ,isQHfspd; rpwe;j nkhop
ngaHg;G E}y;fs;> fijfs;> Gjpdq;fs; kw;Wk; ftpijfs; Nghd;w ,yf;fpag;
gilg;GfSf;F 2011Mk; Mz;L Kjy; At Gu];fhH tpUJ nuhf;fj;Jld; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; 2015Mk; Mz;L Kba Ie;J ,isQHfs; At Gu];fhH tpUij
ntd;Ws;sdH.
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; At Gu];fhH tpUijg; ngw;w ,isQH - vk;. jtrp (gilg;G:
Nrty;fl;L) (2011)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; At Gu];fhH tpUijg; ngw;w ,isQp - kyHtjp (gilg;G:
J}g;Gf;fhhp) (2012)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - guk; tPH rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
guk; tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w
jpahfj;ijAk; fhl;ba giltPuHfSf;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,e;j
tpUJ kuzj;jpw;F gpd;Gk;> ngUk;ghYk; mt;thNw epfo;fpd;wJ> nfhLf;ff;$baJ. ,e;jp
nkhopapy; cs;s ,e;j tpUjpd; ngaupd; jkpohf;fk; caupa tPuH gjf; fk; vd;gjhFk;.
[dtup 26> 1950Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah Fbaurhd gpwF FbauRj; jiytuhy; epWtg;gl;l
,e;j tpUJ ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngw;w Mf];l; 15> 1947 KjNy mkYf;F te;jjhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwapd; midj;Jj; Jiw mjpfhupfSk;
gl;bayplg;gl;l CopaHfSk; ,e;j tpUJf;Fj; jFjp cilatHfshtH.
Kjd; Kjypy; guk; tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Nk[H Nrhk;ehj; rHkh (1947)
(kiwtpw;F gpd;)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - kfh tPH rf;fuk;
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tpUijg; gw;wp:
kfh tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w
jpahfj;ijAk; fhl;ba ,e;jpag; giltPuHfSf;fhd ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwapd; ,uz;lhtJ
kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ NghHf;fsj;jpy; jiuapNyh> flypNyh thdpNyh
tPukuzk; mile;j giltPuHfSf;Fk; kiwtpw;F gpd;dhy; toq;ff;$bajhk;. ,e;jp
nkhopapy; kfhtPH vd;gJ jkpopy; ngUk; tPuH vd;w nghUspy; toq;Fk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; kfh tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - nyg;bdd;l; fHdy; jpthd; uQ;rpj;
uha; (Lt Col Dewan Ranjit Rai) (tpUJ ngw;w ehs;: 27.10.1947)
gilj;Jiw tpUJfs; - NghHfhy tpUJfs; - tPH rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
tPH rf;fuk; vjpupg;gilfsplk; kpf caHe;jsT tPujPuj;ijAk; jd;dykw;w jpahfj;ijAk;
fhl;ba ,e;jpag; giltPuHfSf;F ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiw toq;Fk; guk tPu rf;fuk;> kfh
tPu rf;fuk; tpUJfSf;F mLj;J %d;whtJ kpf caupa tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ
NghHf;fsj;jpy; jiuapNyh> flypNyh thdpNyh tPukuzk; mile;j giltPuHfSf;Fk;
kiwtpw;F gpd;dhy; toq;ff;$bajhk;. ,t;tpUJ ngw;NwhH jq;fspd; ngaupd; gpd;dhy;
Vr.C vd;W Nghl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; tPH rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Subedar Nadikerianda Bheemaiah
(tpUJ ngw;w ehs;: 21.11.1947)
nra;jpfspy; Gfo;tha;e;j kdpjHfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs; - 2014

1. 2014k; Mz;by; Director General Military Operations (DGMO)- thf Lt Gen PR
Kumar epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;by; fgpy; rpgy; vOjpa Raunaq ,ir My;gk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;by; JUf;fpa [dhjpgjp mg;Jy;yh`; Fy;> ePjp mjpfhuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
jLf;Fk; kNrhjhit xg;Gf;nfhz;lhH.
4. ,e;jpah Jiz [dhjpgjp jpU.vk;.`kPj; md;rhup Dr.NarendraJadhav vOjpa
Ambedkar: Awakening Indias Social Conscience vd;w Gj;jfj;ij 2014y;
ntspapl;lhH.
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5. 2014-k; Mz;L rTut; Nfhj;jhup Njrpa gpy;ypaHl; Nghl;bapy; ntd;whH.

6. 2014k; Mz;by; Ivd;v]; rpe;Juj;dh fg;gy; tpgj;Jf;F gpd; ,e;jpa flw;gil jsgjp
jpU b.Nf.N[h\p> gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
7. 2014k; Mz;by; jpU Dinesh Sarraf Xvd;[prpapd; mLj;j jiyik epHthfpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. 2014k; Mz;by; jpU Ibrahim Mahlab vfpg;jpd; Gjpa gpujkuhdhH.
9. jiyrpwe;j XtpaH Mr.Prokash Karmakar 2014k; Mz;by; fhykhdhH.
10. Braigo vd;w Fiwe;j nrytpyhd xU gpnua;yp gpupz;liu ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp rpWtd;
Shubham Banerjee- ahy; 2014k; Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. lhf;lH kjd; ghG 2014-k; Mz;bw;fhd; Protein Science Young Investigator
Award.-I ntd;whH.
12. 2014k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa-mnkupf;f tpQ;Qhdp rq;fPjh ghl;bah Gw;WNehia fz;lwpAk;
kypthd fhfpjj;ij cUthf;fpdhH
13. khd;nlf; rpq; mYthypah Nk 2014-k; Mz;L jpl;lf; FO Jizj; jiytH gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
14. g.rjhrptk; 2014-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp gzpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
15. 2014k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa Jiz [dhjpgjp Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuH `Hrj; nkhfhdpapd;
jghy;jiyia ntspapl;lhH.
,e;jpahTk; kw;Wk; mjd; mz;il ehLfSk;

1. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j mz;il ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if - 9
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; mz;ilehLfs; ahit - 1.Mg;fhdp];jhd;> 2.tq;fhsNjrk;> 3.g+lhd;>

4.gHkh/kpahd;kH> 5.rPdh> 6.khyj;jPT> 7.Neghsk;> 8.ghfp];jhd;> 9.=yq;fh
=yq;fh
3. =yq;fhtpd; jiyefH - nfhOk;G
4. =yq;fhtpd; ehzak; - ,yq;if &gha;
5. =yq;fhtpd; nkhop - rpq;fsk;
ghfp];jhd;
6. ghfp];jhdpd; jiyefH - ,];yhkghj;
7. ghfp];jhdpd; ehzak; - ghfp];jhd; &gha;
8. ghfp];jhdpd; nkhop - cUJ
Neghsk;
9. Neghsj;jpd; jiyefH - fhj;kz;L
10. Neghsj;jpd; ehzak; - Neghs &gha;
11. Neghsj;jpd; nkhop - Neghsp
khyj;jPT
12. khyj;jPtpd; jiyefH - khNy
13. khyj;jPtpd; ehzak; - Ugpah
14. khyj;jPtpd; nkhop - jpNt`p
rPdh
15. rPdhtpd; jiyefH - gP[pq;
16. rPdhtpd; ehzak; - nad;
17. rPdhtpd; nkhop - rPdk;
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gHkh/kpahd;kH
18. gHkhtpd; jiyefH - aq;fhd;
19. gHkhtpd; ehzak; - faj;
20. gHkhtpd; nkhop - gHkP];
g+lhd;
21. g+lhdpd; jiyefH - jpk;G
22. g+lhdpd; ehzak; - eFy;l;uk;
23. g+lhdpd; nkhop - lN]hq;fh
tq;fhsNjrk;
24. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; jiyefH - lhf;fh
25. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; ehzak; - lhf;fh
26. tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; nkhop - tq;fhsp
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
27. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; jiyefH - fhg+y;
28. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; ehzak; - mg;fhdp
29. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; nkhop - gh\;J> ghurPfk;
tpisahl;L
tpisahl;L - xypk;gpf;
1. 1896Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk;; - Vnjd;]; (fpuP];)
2. 1900Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ghup]; (gpuhd;];)
3. 1904Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nrapz; Y}ap]; (mnkupf;fh)
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4. 1908Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yz;ld; (gpupl;ld;)

5. 1912Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ];lhf;N`hk; (RtPld;)
6. 1920Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mz;l;ntHg; (ngy;[pak;)
7. 1924Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ghup]; (gpuhd;];)
8. 1928Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mk;];lHlhk; (`hyhe;J)
9. 1932Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yh]; VQ;ry;];
10. 1936Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ngHypd; (n[Hkdp)
11. 1948Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - yz;ld; (,q;fpyhe;J)
12. 1952Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - `y;rpd;fp (gpd;yhe;J)
13. 1956Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nky;NghHd; (M];jpNuypah)
14. 1960 Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nuhk; (,j;jhyp)
15. 1964Mk; Mz;L xypk;gpf; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nlhf;fpNah ([g;ghd;)
tpisahl;Lfs; (2) - fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bfs;
1. 1930Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - `hkpy;ld; (fdlh)
2. 1934Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ,yz;lz; (,q;fpyhe;J)
3. 1938Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - rpl;dp (M];jpNuypah)
4. 1950Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mf;yhe;J (epa+rpyhe;J)
5. 1954Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - thd;$tH (fdlh)
6. 1958Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fhHb/g; (Nty;];)
7. 1962Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - ngHj; (M];jpNuypah)
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8. 1966Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpq;];ld; ([ikf;fh)

9. 1970Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vbd;gHf; (];fhl;yhe;J)
10. 1974Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpwp];l; rHr; (epa+rpyhe;J)
11. 1978Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vl;khd;ld; (fdlh)
12. 1982Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - gpup];Ngd; (M];jpNuypah)
13. 1986Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - vbd;gHf; (];fhl;yhe;J)
14. 1990Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Mf;yhe;J (epa+rpyhe;J)
15. 1994Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - tpf;Nlhupah (fdlh)
16. 1998Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - Nfhyhyk;G+H (kNyrpah)
17. 2002Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - khd;nr];lH (,q;fpyhe;J)
18. 2006Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - nky;NghHd; (M];jpNuypah)
19. 2010Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - by;yp (,e;jpah)
20. 2014Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b ele;j ,lk; - fpsh];Nfh (];fhl;yhe;J)
2018Mk; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;b Nfhy;l; Nfh];l; (M];jpNuypah)-tpy; eilngw
cs;sJ.
tpisahl;Lfs;-3 - Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;
1. 1951Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - GJnly;yp (,e;jpah)
2. 1954Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - kzpyh (gpypg;igd;];)
3. 1958Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Nlhf;fpNah ([g;ghd;)
4. 1962Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - [fhHj;jh
(,e;NjhNdrpah)
5. 1966Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - ghq;fhf; (jha;yhe;J)
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7. 1974Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - nlf;uhd; (<uhd;)
9. 1982Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - GJnly;yp (,e;jpah)
10. 1986Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - rPNahy; (njd;nfhupah)
11. 1990Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - nga;[pq; (irdh)
12. 1994Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - `pNuh\pkh ([g;ghd;)
14. 2000Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - g+rd; (njd;nfhupah)
15. 2006Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Njh`h (fj;jhH)
16. 2010Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - Fthq;-]P (rPdh)
17. 2014Mk; Mz;L Mrpa tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; ele;j ,lk; - ,d;r;rpahd;
(njd;nfhupah)
2018Mk; Mz;L [fhHj;jh (,e;NjhNdrpah)-tpy; eilngw cs;sJ.
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G

rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [dtup
1. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W Nldpay; ];By; (mnkupf;f vOj;jhsH)-f;F gpuhd;rpd;
kpf caupa tpUjhd ny[pad; Mg; `hdH (Legion of Honour) tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 2 md;W ,uhZt jiyik jsgjp gpf;uk; rpq; jiytHfs;
FOtpd; jiytH (Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman) nghWg;ig Vw;whH.
3. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W yhl;tpah (Latvia) ehL a+Nuh kz;lyj;jpd; 18tJ
cWg;gpdH ehlhf ,ize;jJ
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4. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 2 md;W `g;Gs; njhiyNehf;fp (Hubble space Telescope) 40

xsp Mz;Lfs; njhiytpy; Gjpjhf Nkfq;fs; cila ,uz;L fpufq;fis (GJ 436b
and GJ1214) fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 3 md;W ePjpgjp V.Nf. fq;Fyp Njrpa gy;fiyf;fof nfsut
NguhrpupaH gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 1 md;W v];.Nf. rHkh mtHfs; ghuj; vyf;l;uhdpf;]; ypkpnll;
(BEL) ,d; jiytH kw;Wk; epHthf ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
7. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 20 md;W fhy;ge;J tPuH fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlhtpw;F Order
of Prince Henry tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 5 (Qhapw;Wfpoik) md;W ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
(,];Nuh) ntw;wpfukhf =ùpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s rjP\; jthd; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy;
,Ue;J ekJ ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;l f;iuNahn[dpf; vQ;rpd; nghUj;jg;gl;l GSLV-III D5
uhf;nfl;il ntw;wpfukhf nrYj;jpaJ.
9. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 7 md;W Ng];Gf; epWtdk; ngq;fs+Uit NrHe;j ypl;by; I
Nyg;]; vd;w epWtdj;ij 90 &gha; Nfhbf;F thq;fpaJ.
10. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 9 md;W Jdprpah gpujkH> myp yhuhnal; mtuJ gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;Js;shH.
11. ,e;jpah [dhjpgjp gpuzhg; KfH[p 12 [dtup 2014 md;W NghHl; gpNsaupy;
me;jkhd; epNfhgH goq;Fb Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (Andaman and Nicobar
Tribal Research and Training Institute) I njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fSf;fhd Kjy; Jg;ghf;fp> epHgPf; (Nirbheek) 06 [dtup 2014
md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
13. 2014k; Mz;L [dtup 13 md;W 2013Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd FIFA Ballon dOr tpUij
fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlh ngw;whH.
14. Kd;dhy; xypk;gpf; 5000 kPl;lH rhjidahsH fpwp];NlhgH rhl;lhNt (Christopher
Chateway) 19 [dtup 2014k; Mz;L ,we;jhH.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L [dtup 18 md;W = Mde;j rpd;`h uprHt; tq;fpapd; Jiz ftHdH
gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 gpg;uthp
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1. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 md;W ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NkhNdh uapy; Nritia>

kfhuh\;bu Kjy;tH gpupj;tpuh[; rthd; Kk;igapy; Jtf;fp itj;jhH.
2. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 md;W 7 tJ uQ;rp buhgp Nghl;bapy; kfhuh\;buh mzpia
Njhw;fbj;J fHehlf mzp ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
3. jpy;yp nkl;Nuh uapy;f;F jpwikahf vuprf;jpia gad;gLj;jpajw;fhf kjpg;Gkpf;f Gold
Standard Foundation (GSF) rhd;wpjo; 2> gpg;utup 2014 md;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 4 md;W Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jw;fhy ftpQH kw;Wk; rpe;jidahsH
ù gpurhj; jh];f;F 26 tJ %Hj;jp Njtp tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 6 md;W kj;jpa muR i`l;NuhfhHgd;
,af;Feuhfj;jpd;(Director General of Hydrocarbon) jiytuhf B.N.Talukdar
epakdk; nra;jij cWjp nra;Js;sJ.
6. [hd; jhk;rd; ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 4 gpg;utup 2014 md;W epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
7. mUdpkh rpd;`h 6 gpg;utup 2014 md;W Amazing Indian tpUij ngw;whH. ,e;jpa
Jiz [dhjpgjp> vk; `kPj; md;rhup ,e;j tpUij toq;fpdH.
8. R\py; nfha;uhyh 11 gpg;utup 2014 md;W Neghsj;jpd; mLj;j gpujkuhf
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
9. R.K.Tiwari gpg;utup 9> 2014 md;W Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) Gjpa
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 11 md;W Vinod Sawhny upiyad;]; fk;a+dpNf\d;];
epWtdj;jpd; jiyik epHthf mjpfhupahf (CEO) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH
11. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 19 md;W 2012-13 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd Njrpa Rw;Wyh tpUij
rpf;fpk; khepyk; ngw;wJ.
12. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 19 md;W Me;jpu Kjy;tH fpuz; FkhH nul;b jdJ Kjy;tH
gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
13. r%f tiyj;jskhd Ng];Gf; gpg;utup 19> 2014 md;W WhatsApp ia 19
gpy;ypad;lhyHfSf;F thq;fpAs;sJ.
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14. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 25 md;W kd;Nkhfd; rpq; N[hHghf; rhiyapy; ,e;jpuh
gHathud; gtd;ia njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 25 md;W n[Hkd; mjpgH mq;Nfyh NkHf;nfy;f;F ,];Nuypa
ehl;by; caupa tpUjhd [dhjpgjp tpUJ n[UrNyk; efuj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 khHr;
1. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 1 md;W rTug; re;jpuh> ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if vupthA
mikr;rfj;jpd; nrayhsuhf gjtp Vw;whH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 2 md;W 86 tJ Mz;L M];fhH tpUJ 2014 ,y; rpwe;j
glj;jpw;f;fhd tpUij 12 Years A Slave of Steve McQueen vd;w glk; ngw;wJ.
3. [];te;j; rpq; India at Risk - Mistakes, Misconceptions and Misadventures of
security policy vd;w Gj;jfj;ij khHr; 3> 2014 md;W ntspapl;lhH.
4. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 9 md;W eilngw;w 68 tJ Njrpa fhy;ge;J rhk;gpad; \pg; ,Wjp
Nghl;bapy; kpNrhuk; mzp> uapy;Nt mzpia 3-0 vd;w Nfhy; fzf;fpy; Njhw;fbj;jJ
re;Njh\; buhgpia ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 10 md;W ,e;jpa vOj;jhsH gq;f[; kp];uh tpz;l;`hk; fhk;g;ngy;
,yf;fpak; gupR 2014 (Windham Campbell Literature Prize 2014) ia ntw;wp ngw;whH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 17 md;W ];ghdp\; ehl;bd; Nfgps; epWtdkhd XNdh-it 10
gpy;ypad; lhyw;F NthlNghd; epWtdk; thq;fpaJ.
7. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 20 md;W mjpjp fd;dh yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsH
rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsH Shubhranshu Choudhary mtHfSf;F gpuhe;jpa nra;jp
Nritf;fhf 20 khHr; 2014 md;W b[pl;ly; nray; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
9. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 21 md;W ,aw;gpayhsH uhN[\; Nfhg;FkhH mtHfSf;F 2013
Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd mwptpay; Muha;r;rpf;fhf gpHyh mwf;fl;lis toq;Fk; [p.b. gpHyh
tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
10. Mz;b kupNdh vOjpa eNue;jpu Nkhb Rarupij 2014 khHr; 24 md;W
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
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11. mNlhy;/Ngh Rthurpd;> ];ngapd; Kjy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujkH 2014 khHr; 23

md;W ,we;jhH.
12. 2014 khHr; 24 k; Njjp ,e;jpa tq;fp Kk;igapy; cldb gzk; gupkhw;w (IMT) jpl;lk;
njhlq;fpaJ.
13. ,e;jpa tk;rhtspia NrHe;j Nfhghy; uht; 27 khHr; 2014 md;W ,q;fpyhe;J l;tpl;lH
gupR ngw;whH.
14. Rdpy; fth];fH mtHfis cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 2014 khHr; 28 Mk; Njjp gprprpIapd;
,ilf;fhy jiytuhf epakpj;jJ.
15. 2014k; Mz;L khHr; 31 md;W ,e;jpa njhopy;El;g fofk; (IIb)> jpy;ypia NrHe;j
mk;gH =t];jth mtHfs; `PNkhFNshgpd; msit Nrhjpf;f True Hb Hemo meter
vd;w fUtpia cUthf;fpdhH.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 Vg;uy;
1. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 1 md;W ,e;jpa mnkupf;fuhd ,ja lhf;lH Rkpj; rTf;
mtHfSf;F Simon Dack Award vd;w caupa tpUJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. 3 Vg;uy; 2014 md;W ,e;J];jhd; VNuhdhbf;]; ypkpnll; (vr;Vvy;) epWtdj;Jf;F 2013
Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd kpfTk; rpwe;j etuj;dh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vg;uy; 7> 2014 md;W kj;jpa muR vy;iy ghJfhg;G gilapd; Gjpa ,af;FdH
n[duyhf %j;j Igpv]; mjpfhup b.Nf. gjf; gjtpNaw;whH.
4. Vg;uy; 4> 2014 md;W ,e;jpa tPuH Njhdpf;F tpisahl;L Jiwapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH
vd;gjw;fhf United Kingdoms 2014 Asian Award toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gpapd; MAl; fhyk; 8 Vg;uy; 2014 md;Wld; Kbe;jJ. tpz;Nlh];
vf;];gpia cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; gadhspfs; tpz;Nlh];7 f;F khWk; tifapy;
ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdk; jdp mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhLj;jJ.
6. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 21 md;W ePjpgjp [p. Nuhfpdp mtHfs; jpy;yp caH
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakdkpf;fg;gl;lhH.
7. rQ;ra ghUf; mtHfshy; vOjg;gl;l The Accidental Prime Minister: the making
and unmaking of Manmohan Singh vd;w Gj;jfk; Vg;uy; 2014 20 ,y;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
8. Nehgy; tpUJ ngw;w gpugy nfhyk;gpah ehl;L vOj;jhsH Nfg;upay; fhH]pah
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khHFNt]; 17 Vg;uy; 2014 md;W fhykhdhH.

9. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 19 md;W fHehlf ,irf;fiyQH khjq;fp rj;jpa%Hj;jp
mtHfSf;F 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd Rg;Gyl;Rkp tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
10. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 29 md;W uh[Pt; #up mtHfs; Nehf;fpah fhHg;gNu\dpd;
jiytH kw;Wk; jiyik epHthf mjpfhup epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 28 md;W g`;iud; ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; tpkhdpahd ah];kPd;
/gpiu^d; Kjd; Kjyhf me;ehl;bd; gazpfs; tpkhdj;ij ,af;fpAs;shH.
12. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 26 md;W nld;dp]; tPuH ypahz;lH ga];f;F gj;k g+\d;
tpUjpid FbauR jiytH gpuzhg; KfH[P toq;fpdhH.
13. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17 md;W mg;by[p]; ngsl;/gpypfh mtHfs; my;[Pupahtpd;
[dhjpgjpahf njhlHe;J ehd;fhtJ Kiwahf NjHjypy; ngw;whH.
14. uj;jd; lhlh mtHfSf;F ,q;fpyhe;J muR iel; fpuhz;l; fpuh]; (GBE) tpUij 10
Vg;uy; 2014 md;W toq;fpaJ.
15. 2014Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 20 md;W upr;kz;l; Xgd; ];Fth\; Nghl;bapd; ,Wjpr; Rw;wpy;
,e;jpahtpd; N[h\;dh rpd;dg;gh M];jpNuypahitr; NrHe;j Kd;dhs; cyf rhk;gpad;
uhNfy; fpupd;`hik tPo;j;jp rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;whH.
nghJ mwpT rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - Nk 2014
1. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytH gpuzhg; KfH[p mtHfs; 2 Nk 2014 Njjp md;W Gfo;ngw;w
tPu jPu nray;fSf;fhd tpUJfis rpwe;j Nrit kw;Wk; JzpTf;fhf 55 egHfSf;F
toq;fpdhH.
2. ,e;jpa Jg;ghf;fp RLk; tPuH kz;tP[j
P ; rpq; rhe;J mtHfs; l];fd; ISSF cyf
Nfhg;ig jq;fk; ntd;w gpwF cyf juthpirapy; %d;whtJ ,lj;ij ngw;whH.
3. cyf gj;jphpif Rje;jpu jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 3 Nk 2014 md;W mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. nkhigy; fhg;Ghpik tof;fpy; Mg;gps; epWtdj;Jf;F rhk;rq; vnyf;l;uhdpf;]; epWtdk;
$119.6 kpy;ypad; nrYj;j mnkhpf;f ePjpkd;wk; 4 Nk 2014 md;W cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jJ.
5. ,e;jpa-[pk;ghg;Nt nld;dp]; N[hbahd rhdpah kpHrh kw;Wk; fhuh gpshf; N[hb 4 Nk
2014 md;W NghHr;Rfy; Xgd; nld;dp]; kfspH ,ul;ilaH gl;lj;ij ntd;wdH
6. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 6 Nk 2014 md;W fHehlf khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Muk;g
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gs;spfspYk; fd;dl nkhop fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fHehlf murpd; Kbit uj;J
nra;jJ.
7. 10 taJf;F Nky; cs;s rpwhHfs; tq;fpapy; Nrkpg;G fzf;if jpwf;f 7 Nk 2014
md;W ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fp mDkjp toq;fpaJ.
8. ,e;jpa-mnkhpf;fuhd Indira Talwani mtHfis 14 Nk 2014 md;W khr#nrl;];
ePjpgjpahf mnkhpf;f nrdl; cWjp nra;Js;sJ.
9. ePjpgjp gp.v];.rTfhd; mtHfs; 15 Nk 2014 md;W fhtphp eLtH kd;wj;jpd; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 18 Nk 2014 md;W mUzhr;ry gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjy;tuhf Nabam Tuki mtHfs;
,l;lhefhpy; cs;s uh[;gtdpy; gjtpNaw;whH.
11. jpl;l FO Jiz jiytH khd;Nlf; rpq; mYthypah Nk 17 2014 md;W jdJ
gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpdhH.
12. gthd; rhk;ypq; 5tJ Kiwahf 21 Nk 2014 md;W rpf;fpk; Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;W
rhjid Ghpe;jhH.
13. jhk]; G+g;ge;J Nfhg;ig gl;lj;ij [g;ghd; 26 Nk 2014 md;W Kjd; Kjyhf
ntd;wJ.
14. R\;kh ];tuh[; mtHfs; Nk 26 2014 md;W Kjy; ngz; ntspAwT Jiw
mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;whH.
15. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; mikjp fhf;Fk; rHtNjr jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 30 Nk
2014 md;W mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [Pd;
1. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W epjp mikr;rH mUz; n[l;yp mtHfs; Asian
Development Bank (ADB) ,d; MSeHfs; FOtpd; xUtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 1 md;W nfhy;fj;jh iel; iulH]; mzp Igpvy; 7 Nfhg;igia
gQ;rhg; mzpia tPo;j;jp ntw;wpngw;wJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W ehl;bd; 29 MtJ khepykhf njYq;fhdh khepyk; 1 [_d;
2014 Mz;L cjakhdJ. me;j ehl;bd; Kjy; khepykhf jpU re;j;uNrfu uht; mtHfs;
gjtpNaw;whH.
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4. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 2 md;W fhtpup ghdH[p mtHfs; jghy; Jiwapd; nrayhsuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
5. Jiz ml;kpuy; mdpy; Nrhg;uh mtHfs; 6 [_d; 2014 md;W Nkw;fj;jpa fg;gw;gil
gpuptpd; (WNC) jiyik jsgjpahf gjtpNaw;whH.
6. Rdpy; jj; mtHfs; upiyad;]; ,d;/Nghfhk; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 10 [_d; 2014
md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
7. nyg;bdd;l; n[duy; mkpj; rHkh mtHfs; Strategic Forces Command ,d;
jiyik jsgjpahf 13 [_d; 2014 md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 23 md;W fpNul; `pkhyad; Ne\dy; ghHf; (GHNPCA) cyf
ghuk;gupa gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. $Ljy; nrayhsH A.K. JNg mtHfs; 25 [_d; 2014 md;W Nfhy; ,e;jpah ypkpnll;
,d; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 24 [_d; 2014 md;W Central Engineers India Ltd kw;Wk; National Buildings
Construction Corporation Mfpa ,uz;L epWtdj;Jf;Fk; etuj;dh me;j];J
toq;fpAJ.
11. gpuhd;]; cs;spl;l 5 ntspehl;L nraw;ifNfhs;fis Ve;jpr;nry;Yk; PSLV C-23
Rocket> =ùpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J 30 [_d; 2014 md;W Vtg;gl;lJ.
12. rQ;ra; fg+H mtHfs; ikf;NuhNkf;]; epWtdj;jpd; jiytuhf 5 [_d; 2014 md;W
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
13. Getting India Back on track - An Action Agenda for Reform vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
GJ jpy;ypapy; 8 [_d; 2014 Mk; Njjp gpujk ke;jpup eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs;
ntspapl;lhH.
14. 2014k; Mz;L [Pd; 8 md;W mg;njy; /gj;jh vy;rprp mtHfs; vfpg;J [dhjpgjpahf
gjtp Vw;whH.
15. [_d; 9> 2014 md;W ,e;jpa tpkhd epiyaq;fs; Mizaj;ij NrHe;j NrhkRe;juk;
mtHfSf;F ,e;jpah VNuhehl;bfy; r%fk; %yk; toq;Fk; 2013 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd ghuj;
uj;dh lhl;lh tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 [Piy
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1. Kd;dhs; nà;bad; (Haitian) [dhjpgjp ny];yp gpuhd;Rth kdpfl; (Leslie

Francois Manigat) mtHfs; 27 [_d; 2014 md;W jdJ 83 MtJ tajpy; ,we;jhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 8 md;W ,e;jpah ntw;wpfukhf mjpNtf VTfizahd gpuNkh];
VTfizia xb\h flw;fiuapy; Nrhjid nra;J ghHj;jJ.
3. Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyH rz;b gpurhj; gl; mtHfSf;F 2013 Mk;
Mz;bw;f;fhd kjpg;Gkpf;f fhe;jp mikjp gupR 15 [_iy 2014 md;W FbauR jiytH
gpuzhg; KfH[p mtHfs; toq;fpdH.
4. njd;dhg;gpupf;fhitr; NrHe;j Nehgy; gupR ngw;w vOj;jhsH ehbd; fhHbkH jd; 90-tJ
tajpy; 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 13 (Qhapw;Wf;fpoik) md;W fhykhdhH.
5. gp mNrhf; 16 [_iy 2014 md;W ,e;jpad; Mapy; fhHg;gNu\d; epWtdj;jpd; jiytH
nghWg;Ngw;whH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 25 md;W xa; RjHrd; uht; mtHfs; I.rp.n`r;.MH (Indian
Council of Historical Research) ,d; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
7. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 2 md;W tq;fp gpuptpy; rpwe;j nray;jpwd; nfhz;L nray;gl;l
kfhuh\;buh tq;fpf;F cyf kdpjts Nkk;ghL fhq;fpu]; BFSI tpUJfs; -2014 ,y;
Best Bank - Public Sector vd;Dk; tpUij toq;fpaJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 4 md;W Nfhth MSeH gp.tp.thQ;Nrh mtHfs; jdJ gjtpia
uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
9. MwhtJ BRICS cr;rpkhehL 2014 [_iy 14 Kjy; 16 tiu NghHjNy[h>gpNurpy;
eilngw;wJ.
10. vk;.Nkj;jh mtHfs; [_iy 7> 2014 md;W upiyad;]; ,d;/g;uh];l;uf;rupd; jiyik
epHthf mjpfhupahf (CEO) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 22 md;W [fhHj;jhtpd; MSeH N[hNfh tpNlhNlh (Joko
Widodo) mtHfs; ,e;NjhNdrpatpd; [dhjpgjp NjHjypy; ntw;wp ngw;whH.
12. Business 20 (B20) cr;rp khehL 18 [_iy 2014 md;W rpl;dp> M];jpNuypahtpy;
eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; G20 ehLfis NrHe;j tHj;jf Jiw NrHe;j egHfs; gq;F ngw;wdH.
13. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 21 md;W ,e;jpa ntspAwT Jiw (IFS) mjpfhup rQ;rPt; FkhH
rpq;fs (Sanjeev Kumar Singla) mtHfs; gpujkH Nkhbapd; jdpr; nrayhsuhf
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epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
14. 2014k; Mz;L [Piy 23 md;W 20 MtJ fhkd;nty;j; tpisahl;L Nghl;bfs;
fpsh];Nfh> ];fhl;yhe;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
15. fhHfpy; tp[a; jpth]; 15 tJ Mz;L epidT ehs; 26 [_iy 2014 md;W ehL
KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfTfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G 2014 Mf];l;
1. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 1 md;W gr;Nre;jup ghy;> kTz;l; vtnu];l;il Vwpa Kjy;
,e;jpa ngz; mtHfSf;F> ngq;fhyp fpsgpd; kpf caHe;j tpUjhd ghuj; fTut; tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mutpe;j; Fg;jh> Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa ntspAwT Jiw mjpfhup> 4 Mf];l; 2014 md;W
Jiz Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrfuhf (NSA) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
3. rhrh rTjhup kw;Wk; rhG Nghd;w fhkpf; Gj;jf fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;fpa gpugy
fhHl;^dp];l;> gpuhd; FkhH rHkh mtHfs; 5 Mf];l; 2014 md;W ,we;jhH.
4. Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa fpupf;nfl; Mzp tPuH fgpy; Njt; mtHfs; 7 Mf];l; 2014 md;W
mH[{dh tpUJ NjHT FOtpd; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
5. [g;ghdpd; ehfrhfp efH kPJ mZFz;L tPrg;gl;ljd; 69-tJ Mz;L epidTjpdk; 9
Mf];l; 2014 md;W mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 9 md;W eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; Gujarats success story in
Water Management vd;w jiyg;gpy; Sriram Vedire mtHfs; vOjpa Gj;jfk;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
7. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 10 md;W Recep Tayyip Erdogan mtHfs; JUf;fpapd;
gdpuz;lhtJ [dhjpgjpahf gjtp Vw;whH.
8. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 20 md;W cyf Gfo; ngw;w Nahfh FU BKS Iaq;fhH jdJ
96 MtJ tajpy; cly; eyf;FiwT fhuzkhf fhykhdhH.
9. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 20 md;W bvk; ghrpd; mtHfs; ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fj;jpd;
jiytH NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 22 md;W QhdgPl tpUJ ngw;w Gfo; ngw;w fd;dl vOj;jhsH
A.MH.mde;j;%Hj;jp mtHfs; ngq;fs+upy; jdJ 82 MtJ tajpy; ,we;jhH.
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11. kfhj;kh fhe;jp tho;f;if tuyhw;iw jpiug;glkhf vLj;j Gfo;ngw;w M];fH tpUJ
ntd;w gpupl;b\; jpiug;gl jahupg;ghsH kw;Wk; ebfH upr;rHL ml;ld;gNuh mtHfs; 2014k;
Mz;L Mf];L 24 yz;ldpy; ,we;jhH.
12. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 26 md;W MH.vd; utp mtHfs; $l;L Gydha;T FOtpd;
(Joint Intelligence Committee) Gjpa jiytuhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH.
13. 2014k; Mz;L Mf];L 25 md;W Nfus khepy MSeuhf ,Ue;j nly;ypapd; Kd;dhy;
Kjy;tH \Pyh jPl;rpj; mtHfs; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhH.
14. ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil (IAF) kw;Wk; u\pad; $l;likg;G tpkhdg;gil (RFAF)
,ide;J elj;Jk; $l;L gapw;rp Avia Indra-2014 25 Mf];l; 2014 md;W u\;ahtpy;
fh];gpad; fly; mUNf njhlq;fpaJ.
15. 25 Mf];l; 2014 md;W ghgh fy;ahzp ,e;jpah-[g;ghd; tHj;jf jiytHfspd;
kd;wj;jpd; (India-Japan Business Leaders Forum) jiytuhf kPz;Lk; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH.
16. gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; 28 Mf];l; 2014 md;W gpujhd; ke;jpup [hd; jz;
Nah[dh vd;w jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
17. Njrpa tpisahl;L jpdk; ehL KOtJk; 2014 Mf];l; 29 md;W nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
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Mq;fpyk; - jkpo;; mfuhjp
,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ
kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj jfty;fis cq;fSf;F
,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if
fpspf; nra;aTk;.
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rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 nrg;lk;gH

1. ypgpa ghuhSkd;wk; nrg;lk;gH 1> 2014 md;W gpujkH mg;Jy;yh my; jPd;dp mtHfis
kPz;Lk; gpujkuhf epakpj;jJ.
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2. 2 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W [g;ghd; ehl;by; cs;s ehfrhfp gy;fiyf;fof

Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vNghyh itu]; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpaf; $ba RT-LAMP vd;w xU Gjpa
Kiwia cUthf;fpdH.
3. rHtNjr XNrhd; ghJfhg;G jpdk; 16 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyfk; KOtJk;
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 20 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W I.eh. nghJ nrayhsH ghd; fp.%d; Un Mission for Ebola
Emergency Response vd;w xU GJ jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fp mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhH.
5. cyf ,Uja jpdk; 29 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyfk; KOtJk; mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. kj;jpa jfty; kw;Wk; xypgug;G Jiw mikr;rfk; 19 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W Ie;J
,e;jpa nkhopfspy; All India Radio tpd; ,ytr nra;jp v];vk;v]; Nritia njhlq;fp
itj;jJ.
7. gfj; rpq; mtHfspd; 107tJ gpwe;j ehs; tpoh 28 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. cj;jufz;l; khepyj;ijnahl;ba ,kakiy mbthuj;jpy; Aj; mg;ah]; 2014 vd;w
ngahpy; ,e;jpa-mnkhpf;f ,uhZt tPuHfs; $l;Lg; NghHg; gapw;rpia 17 nrg;lk;gH 2014
Kjy; njhlq;fpdH.
9. 4 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G(WHO) jw;nfhiy jLg;gJ Fwpj;J
mjd; Kjy; mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
10. 29 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W Me;jpu khepy muR b[pl;ly; Me;jpu jpl;lj;Jf;F $Fs;
,e;jpah epWtdj;Jld; Ghpe;JzHT xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
11. Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuj;ij nrg;lk;gH 25> 2014 md;W gpujkH Jtf;fpdhH.
12. 19 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W cj;jpugpuNjrk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s midj;J
khtl;lq;fspYk; epHgah(Nirbhaya) ikaq;fis jpwf;f KbT nra;jJ.
13. J}HjH\d; jdJ Nritia njhlq;fp 55 Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;jij nrg;lk;gH 15>
2014 md;W nfhz;lhbaJ.
14. Me;jpu khepyj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefuk; tp[athlh gFjpapy; mika cs;sJ vd;W
mk;khepy Kjyikr;rH re;jpughG ehAL mtHfs; 4 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W khepy
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; njhptpj;jhH.
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15. ,e;jpahtpd; gok;ngUik tha;e;j gy;fiyf;fofkhd ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; 800

Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; 1 nrg;lk;gH 2014 md;W nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 mf;NlhgH
1. khd; fp ghj; vd;w mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp epfo;r;rp %yk; kf;fsplk; mf;NlhgH 3>
2014 md;W gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhb ciuahw;wpdhH.
2. %j;j gj;jpupf;ifahsUk;> gpurhH ghujp mikg;gpd; Kd;dhs; jiytUkhd vk;.tp.fhkj;
9 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W fhykhdhH.
3. cyf ngz; Foe;ijfs; jpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; 11 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W
mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. fpuhkq;fis tsHr;rp milar; nra;tjw;fhf rhd;rj; MjH\; fpuhk; Nah[;dh vd;Dk;
khjpup fpuhkq;fis vk;.gp.f;fs; cUthf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij gpujkH Nkhb 11 mf;NlhgH 2014
md;W njhlq;fp itj;jhH.
5. 13 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W gpugy ftpQH rkPH mtHfSf;F 2012-13 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd
Njrpa fpN\hH FkhH tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ
6. mfpy ,e;jpa jpupzhKy; fhq;fpuR fl;rpapd; vk;. gp.ahd fgpy; fpU\;zh jh$H
mtHfs; EiuaPuy; ghjpg;G fhuzkhf jdJ 73 tajpy; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; 2014 mf;NlhgH
13 k; Njjp md;W ,we;jhH.
7. 14 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W fTjk; uha; mtHfs; nrd;id ngl;Nuhypak; fhHg;gNu\d;
ypkpnll; epWtdj;jpd; Gjpa epHthf ,af;Fduhf (MD)epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
8. jpypg; bNrhrh vOjpa Final Test: Exit Sachin Tendulkar vd;w Gj;jfk; 15mf;NlhgH
2014 md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
9. Standing Conference of Public Enterprises iluf;lH n[duy; Dr UD Choubey
mtHfs; vOjpa Untold Story of the Indian Public Sector vd;w Gj;jfj;ij ,e;jpaf;
FbauRj; Jizj; jiytH `kPj; md;rhup mtHfs; 14 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W
ntspapl;lhH.
10. cyf czT jpdk; 2014 mf;NlhgH 16 md;W cyfk; KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;j tpQ;Qhdp rQ;ra uh[huhk; mtHfSf;F 2014 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd
cyf czT gupR 2014 mf;NlhgH 18 md;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
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12. ,e;jpa uprHt; tq;fpapd; MSeH lhf;lH uFuhk; uh[d; mtHfSf;F 10 mf;NlhgH 2014
md;W th\pq;ldpy; 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;f;fhd a+Nuhkdpapd; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; MSeH
tpUJ (Euromoneys Central Bank Governor of the Year Award 2014) toq;fg;gl;lJ.
13. cyf Gfo; ngw;w Mil tbtikg;ghsH M];fhH b yh nud;lh mtHfs; 20
mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W capH ,oe;jhH.
14. ghHrpNyhdh fhy;ge;J mzp tPuH Y}ap]; Rthu]; mtHfSf;F mf;NlhgH 16> 2014
md;W INuhg;gpa Nfhy;ld; g+l; tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
15. 21 mf;NlhgH 2014 md;W ,e;jpa-mnkupf;fuhd mdpjh vk; rpq; mtHfs; mnkupf;f
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G gpuptpd; (NSD) jiyik mjpfhup kw;Wk; MNyhrfuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 etk;gH
1. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 2 md;W `hf;fp ,e;jpahtpd; jiytH ehupe;jH gj;uh mtHfs;
rHtNjr `hf;fp $l;likg;gpd; (FIH) nraw;FO cWg;gpdH MdhH.
2. 4 etk;gH 2014 md;W `hf;fp ,e;jpah jiytH ehupe;jH gj;uh mtHfSf;F
nkhNuhf;Nfhtpy; rHtNjr `hf;fp $l;likg;gpd; (`hf;fp) %yk; nfsutkpf;f Presidents
Award toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 4 etk;gH 2014 md;W ,j;jhypa ,aw;gpayhsH Fabiola Gianotti mtHfs; rp<MHvd;,d; mLj;j Kjy; ngz; jiyik mjpfhupahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
4. rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH mtHfspd; Rarupij Playing It My Way vd;w Gj;jfk; Kk;igapy;
5 etk;gH 2014 md;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
5. rQ;ra; gNt[h mtHfs; Flipkart epWtdj;jpd; jiyik epjp mjpfhupahf (CFO) 5
etk;gH> 2014 md;W epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
6. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 5 md;W fpwp];bahNdh nuhdhy;Nlh mtHfs; 2013-14 Mk;
Mz;bw;f;fhd INuhg;gpa Nfhy;ld; g+l; tpUij ngw;whH.
7. %j;j I.MH.v]; mjpfhup mdpjh fg+H mtHfs; 5 etk;gH 2014 md;W Neub tupf;fhd
kj;jpa thupaj;jpd; Gjpa jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
8. Njrpa Gw;WNeha; tpopg;GzHT jpdk; ehL KOtJk; 2014 etk;gH 7 Mk; Njjp md;W
mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
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9. Havells India Limited epWtdj;jpd; jiytH Qimat Rai Gupta mtHfs; 7 etk;gH
2014 md;W ,we;jhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 7 md;W cyf nr]; rhk;gpad;\pg; 2014 Nrhrp> u\;ahtpy;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
11. MwhtJ cyf MAHNtj fhq;fpu]; (WAC) khehL etk;gH 6 Kjy; etk;gH 9 2014
tiu GJ jpy;ypapy; eilngw;wJ. ,e;j khehL Theme Health Challenges and
Ayurveda vd;gJ MFk;.
12. Foe;ijfs; jpdk; etk;gH 14 md;W ,e;jpah KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijfs; jpdk; gz;bl; [tfHyhy; NeU mtHfspd; gpwe;jehshd etk;gH
14 md;W Mz;LNjhWk; mDrupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J [tfHyhy; NeU mtHfspd; 125 MtJ
gpwe;jehs; MFk;.
13. [p 20 ehLfspd; jiytHfs; khehL M];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s gpup];Ngd; efuj;jpy;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j khehL 15 kw;Wk; 16 etk;gH 2014 Mfpa ,uz;L jpdq;fspy;
eilngw;wJ. ,J 9-tJ khehL MFk;.
14. rHtNjr ngsj;j khehL 2014 Yk;gpdp> Neghsj;jpy; 15 etk;gH 2014 Kjy; 18 etk;gH
2014 tiu eilngw;wJ.
15. 2014k; Mz;L etk;gH 18 md;W ,e;jpah> rPdh $l;L ,uhZt gapw;rpia Hand-inHand GNdtpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
rkPgj;jpa elg;G epfo;Tfspd; ehl;Fwpg;G - 2014 brk;gH
1. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 2 md;W> rp.gp.I.>apd; Gjpa ,af;Feuhf mdpy; rpd;`h
epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
2. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 3 md;W> jpNahjH buhgp Nghl;bapy; fpof;F kz;lyk; gl;lj;ij
ngw;wJ.
3. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 1 md;W> Iehtpd; thdpiy khehL ngU ehl;by; njhlq;fpaJ.
,e;jpah cl;gl 190f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;Js;s mjpfhupfs; ,jpy; gq;F
ngw;Ws;sdH.
4. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 6 md;W> `hf;fp rhk;gpad;]; buhgp xbrh GtNd];tupy; cs;s
fypq;fh ];Nlbaj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ.
5. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 7 md;W> Ie;jhtJ cyf Nfhg;ig fgb Nghl;b gQ;rhgpy;
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cs;s [ye;jupy; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy; 15 ehLfspy; ,Ue;J 19 mzpfs; gq;F ngw

cs;sd> mjpy; 11 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 8 ngz;fs; mzpfs; mlq;Fk;.
6. kdpj cupikfs; jpdk; brk;gH 10k; Njjp cyfk; KOtJk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ
7. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 8 md;W> cyf tq;fpapd; xU mikg;ghd gyjug;G KjyPl;L
cj;juthj epWtdj;jpy; (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - MIGA) g+l;lhd;
181 MtJ cWg;gpduhf ,ize;jJ.
8. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> ue;jPH rpq; mtHfs; rHtNjr xypk;gpf; fkpl;bapd;
(IOC) nfsut cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
9. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> %j;j IVv]; mjpfhup mDuhf; n[apd; mtHfs;
gpujkH mYtyfj;jpd; (PMO) ,izr; nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
10. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 14 md;W> jpNd\;tH rHkh(Dineshwar Sharma)) mtHfs;
csTj; Jiwapd; (IB) mLj;j jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
11. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 12 md;W> mUdpkh rpd;`h mtHfs; vOjpa Born Again on
the Mountain vd;w Gj;jfj;ij eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; ntspapl;lhH.
12. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 14 md;W> `hf;fp rhk;gpad;]; buhgp Nghl;bapy; n[Hkdp mzp
ghfp];jhd; mzpia 2-0 vd;W ntw;wpngw;wJ.
13. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 18 md;W> ,];Nuh ntw;wpfukhf [p.v];.vy;.tp-khHf;-3
tpz;fyj;ij ntw;wpfukhf VtpaJ.
14. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 19 md;W> upr;rHl; uhFy; tHkh mtHfs; ,e;jpahTf;fhd
mnkupf;f J}jH epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
15. 2014k; Mz;L brk;gH 10 md;W> ifyh\; rj;jpahHj;jp> kyhyh mikjpf;fhd Nehgy;
gupir gfpHe;J nfhz;ldH.

murpayikg;G mYtyfq;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> FbauRj; jiytH ahH? - gpuzhg; KfH[p
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2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Jiz FbauRj; jiytH ahH? - KfkJ `kPJ

md;rhup
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik ePjpgjp (Chief Justice of India) ahH? - vr;.
vy;. jj;J
murpay; mYtyfk;
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gpujkH ahH? - eNue;jpu Nkhb
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kf;fsitj; jiytH ahH? - Rkpj;jpuh kf[d;
murpay; Jiw mYtyHfs;
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - kNdhfH ghupf;fH
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ntspAwTj; Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - R\;kh Rtuh[;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> epjpaikr;rH ahH? - mUz; n[l;yp
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> cs;Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - uh[;ehj; rpq;
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Ntshz;ikj;Jiw mikr;rH ahH? - ,uhjh Nkhfd;
rpq;
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rH ahH? - ,RkpUjp
Rgpd; ,uhdp
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uapy;Nt mikr;rH ahH? - RNu\; gpuG
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjp mikr;rH ahH - b. tp. rjhde;j
nfslh
jiyik epjpaikg;gpd; jiytHfs;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> 14tJ epjp Mizaj;jpd; (Finance Commission of
India) jiytH ahH? - Y. NtZNfhghy; nul;b
15. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uprHt; tq;fpapd; MSeH ahH? - uFuhk;
Nfhtpe;juh[d;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gq;F kw;Wk; guptHj;jid thupaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- cNge;jpuh FkhH rpd;fh
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17. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> fhg;gPL xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;jpd;

(Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDA)) jiytH ahH? b. v];. tp[ad;
18. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> 7tJ Cjpa fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? - mNrhf;
FkhH kJ}H
19. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> rpW njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghl;L tq;fpapd; (SIDBI)
jiytH ahH? - Kshatrapati Shiaji
murpd; cr;r gpupTfspd; jiytHfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> jiyik NjHjy; MizaH ahH? - iraJ erPk;
mfkj; i[jp
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- ePjpgjp rpupahf; N[hrg;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa jfty; Mizaj;jpd; jiyik MizaH
ahH? - tp[a; rHkh
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - = erPk; mfkJ
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH
ahH? - gp.vy;. Gdpah
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa goq;FbapdH ey Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH?
- uNk\;tH XNuhd;
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa kfspH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - yypjh
Fkhukq;fyk;
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mZ rf;jp fkp\dpd; jiytH ahH? - uj;jd; FkhH
rpd;`h
9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;jpd; (,];Nuh) jiytH ahH?
- V.v];. fpuz; FkhH
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10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> xd;wpa muRg;gzpahsH NjHthizaj;jpd; (UPSC)

jiytH ahH? - jPgf; Fg;jh
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa mwpTrhH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - rhk;
gpl;Nuhlh
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOj; (University Grants
Commission) jiytH ahH? - Ntj; gpufh\; (Ved Prakash)
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa ePH Mizaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - m\;tpd;
gp. ghz;bah
14. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> tpz;ntsp gad;ghLfs; ikaj;jpd; (Space
Application Center) epHthfp (iluf;lH) ahH? - jgd; kp];uh (Tapan Misra)
mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpdH
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> mikr;ruit nrayhsH ahH? - gp.Nf rpd;`h
2. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa ghJfhg;G MNyhrfH ahH? - m[Pj; FkhH
Nlhty;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> khepyq;fsit nghJr; nrayhsH ahH? - \k;\H
K.n\uP/g;(Shumsher K. Sheriff)
4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kf;fsitapd; nghJr; nrayhsH ahH? - mD}g;
kp];uh
5. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ml;lHdp n[duy; (Attorney General) ahH? - KFy;
Nuh`hl;fp (Mukul Rohatgi)
6. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa fzf;F jzpf;if mjpfhhp (Comptroller and
Auditor General of India) ahH? - rrp fhe;j; rHkh (Shashi Kant Sharma)
7. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> nghJ rl;lKftH (Solicitor General of India) ahH?
- uQ;rpj; FkhH
8. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Kjd;ik tpQ;Qhd MNyhrfH ahH? - uh[Nfhghy
rpjk;guk;
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9. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; epue;jug; gpujpepjp ahH? mNrhf; FkhH KfH[p
10. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> uapy;Nt thupaj;jpd; jiytH ahH? - AK kpl;ly;
11. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> ntspAwTj;Jiwj; nrayhsH ahH? - Rg;ukzpak;
n[a;rq;fH
12. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> kj;jpa cs;Jiw nrayhsH (Union Home
Secretary) ahH? - LC Nfhay;
13. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> epjpj;Jiwr; nrayhsH ahH? - uh[pt; nkfpup\p
(Rajiv Mehrishi)
nghJ mwpT
mwptpay; fUtpfs;
Nguz;lj;jpd; mikg;G
xsp kw;Wk; xyp
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
ntg;gk;
tpir kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
gUg;nghUspd; gz;GfSk;> ,af;fq;fSk;
mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
epiyahd myFfs;
mkpyq;fs;
cg;Gfs;
cuq;fs;> g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
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Ntjpapay; jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;

fhHgd; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyitfs;
jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
kio> thdpiy kw;Wk; gUtepiy
,aw;if tsk;
,e;jpa MWfs;
kz; kw;Wk; ,aw;if jhtuq;fs;

Njrpa rpd;dk;
Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; MrphpaHfs;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;
Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[ndhLf;fk;
Njrpa mwptpay; Ma;Tf;$lq;fs;
elg;G epfo;Tfs; - tpUJfs;
jhtu nry;
tptrha Kiw
kf;fs; njhif
ekJ g+kp
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs;
tpyq;Ffs; - ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw
,aw;if mopTfs;
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mwptpay; fUtpfs;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
,Ujaj;jpd;
mirTfis
mwpa
cjTk;
fUtp
vJ
fhHbNahfpuhk;
$ypl;[; Foha; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; fjpHfs; - X fjpHfs;
fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijf; fhz cjTk; fUtpapd; ngaH - mdpNkh
kPl;lH
flYf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis fhz cjTk; fUtp - NrhdhH
tpkhdq;fspd; Ntfj;ijf; fzf;fpl gad;gLk; fUtp - NlNfh
kPl;lH
thfdq;fspd; rf;fuj;Jld; ,izj;J thfdk; vt;tsT J}uk;
Rw;wpAs;sJ vd;gij fz;lwpAk; fUtp - XNlhkPl;lH
xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpff;Fiwthd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fg;
gad;gLk; fUtp - fhy;tNdhkPl;lH
xU kpy;ypkPl;liu tpl Fiwthd ePsj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
Mfha tpkhdk; gwf;Fk; cauj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpuha;L ghukhdp
njhiy Nehf;fpia fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - fyPypNah fypyp
ghf;Bupah> itu]; Nghd;w Ez;ZapHfisf; fhzg;gad;gLk;
fUtp - Ez;Nehf;fp
jpUF mstp d; tpl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ nky;ypafk;gp
ePuhtp vQ;rpidf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[k;];thl;
mfr;rptg;G fjpHfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH - rH tpy;ypak; n`Hn\y;
flypd; mbapypUe;J Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s nghUl;fisf; fhzg;
gad;gLk; fUtp - ngup];Nfhg;
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Nguz;lj;jpd; mikg;G
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
#upa FLk;gj;jpy; ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J mz;lntspapy; cUthFk;

fjpHfs; - fh];kpf; fjpHfs;
tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;kzp ahH - fy;gdh
rht;yh
jw;Nghija thdpay; Ma;Tfspd;gb mz;lj;jpd; taJ - 13.73
gpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs;
#upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; vJ - Gjd;
nts;spf;Nfhs; #upaid Rw;wptu vLj;Jf;nfhy;Yk; fhyk; - 225
ehl;fs;
rptg;G epwKila Nfhs; vJ - nrt;tha;
rdpf;NfhSf;F vj;jid Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd - 60
khwhj
ntgg;epiyapy;
thAtpd;
fdmsTk;
mOj;jKk;
vjpHtpfpjj; njhlHigg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J ve;j tpjpiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ - ghapy; tpjp
fy;gdh rht;yh tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Mz;L - 1997
re;jpuhad; - 1 epyTf;F nrd;w tUlk; - 2008
nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mOj;j tpisTfisf; fz;lwpe;jtH
- MHf;fpkpb];
Nfhs;fspd; ePs;tl;lg;ghijia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - N[h`d;d];
nfg;sH
nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy - 293K
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ngq;fs+H
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; Vtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1975
xsp kw;Wk; xyp
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31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
xsp
vjpnuhspg;Gj;
jsj;jpy; gLfpd;w xspf;fjpH
.
MFk; - gLfjpH
ngup];Nfhg;>
fiylh];Nfhg;
Nghd;wtw;wpy;
ve;j
jj;Jtk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G
xU xspapd; miyePsk; ehd;F klq;fhff; Fiwe;jhy; mjd;
rpjwy; msT - 256 klq;F mjpfupf;Fk;
xypapd; kjpg;G vjidg; nghWj;J ,Uf;Fk; - tPr;R
nra;jpj;njhlHGr; iriffis mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLtJ vJ xsp,io
ntsthy;fs; jhk; gwf;Fk; jpiria vjidg; gad;gLj;jp
mwpfpd;wd - kPnahyp
Kjd; Kjypy; tspkz;ly %yf;$Wfspy; xspr;rpjwy; gw;wpf;
$wpatH ahH - yhHl; uhNy
mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfs; kPJ gl;L rpjwyile;j xsp
/Nghl;lhd;fisf; nfhz;L vtw;iw vspjhf mwpayhk; - ,uhkd;
tpisT
,uhkd; epwkhiy cjtpAld; %yf;$W mikg;Gfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd - jdpkq;fs;
kdpjdpd; nrtpAzH xypapd; mjpHntz; neLf;fk; vd;d - 20
Kjy; 20>000 n`Hl;]; tiu
xspa+l;lg;gl;l gpsT Nghd;w NeHg;Nghf;F xsp %yk; cUthf;Fk;
miyKfg;G - cUis tbt miyKfg;G
epa+l;ld; tisaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jputj;jpd; .. ia
fzf;fplyhk; - xsptpyfy; vz;
<ur;Rg; gbfj;jpw;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - ikf;fh
Ma;Tf; $lq;fspy; js tpisTw;w xspia cUthf;fg;
gad;gLtJ - Nghyuha;L
fdlh ghy;rkpd; xd;wpd; xsptpyfy; vz; - 1.550
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kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
kpd;dhw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; Roy; fUtp vJ kpd;Nkhl;lhH

Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria khw;wpaikf;Fk; fUtp
- jpirkhw;wp
xU
fk;gpr;
RUspy;
fhe;jg;ghak;
khWk;nghOJ> mjpy;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir
J}z;lg;gLk; vd;gijf;
fz;lwpe;jtH /ghuNl
kpd;dpaw;wpapy;
ve;jpu
Mw;wy; Mw;wyhf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dhw;wy;
ildNkhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - ikf;Nfy; ghuNl
vyf;l;uhd;fs;
,aq;Fk;
kpd;D}l;lq;fshf
vtw;wpy;
nray;gLfpd;wd - cNyhff; flj;jpfs;
kpd;dOj;j
NtWghl;il
msf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ Nthy;l;kPl;lH
tzpf Kiwapy; kpd;dhw;wiy .. vd;w myfhy;
msf;fg;gLfpwJ - fpNyhthl; kzp
Kjypy; kpd;fyj;ij cUthf;fpatH ahH - Nthy;lh
fiury;
topNa
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
gha;e;J> Ntjp
khw;wj;ij
cUthf;FtJ .. MFk; - kpd;dhw;gFj;jy;
Nthy;lh
kpd;fyj;jpy; ,U kpd;tha;fSf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL - 1.08V
nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyj;jpy; kpd;gF jputkhfg; gad;gLtJ vJ mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL
Jiz
kpd;fyd;fspy;
eilngWk;
Ntjp tpidfs; ..
MFk; - kPs;tpidfs;
nghJthfg; gad;gLk; Jiz kpd;fyd; vJ - fhuPa mkpy
Nrkf;fyd;
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60)
nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fydpd; kpd; ,af;F tpir ......... MFk; - 1.5 V
ntg;gk;
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy;tpjp vjd; moptpd;ikahy; cz;lhFk;

tpisT - Mw;wy;
Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g epiyapy; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d;
,tw;wpd; RMS jpirNtfq;fspd; jfT - 4
ntg;g khw;wPlw;w epfo;tpd;NghJ> xU njhFjpapd; khw;wkilahj
gz;G vJ - ntg;gk;
fpilj;jsg;gug;gpy;
efUk;
vWk;G
xd;wpw;fhd
nkhj;j
cupikg;gbfs; - 2
thAtpd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifapd;gb %yf;$W xd;wpd; ruhrup
,af;f Mw;wy; - 3/2kT
,ay;G thA xd;wpd; mf Mw;wy; ,Ug;gJ - KOtJk; ,af;f
Mw;wyhf
xU ,aq;Fk; FspHg;gjdp xU %ba miwapDs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
NghJ miwapd; ntg;gepiy - caUk;
fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ mjpfkhd mstpy; ntg;gj;ijf; fjpHtPRk; nrhunrhug;ghd fUikg; gug;G
,ay;G
ntg;gepiyapy;
gdpf;fl;b
xU
miwapDs;
itf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; Fiwthf fjpHtPRfpwJ. Mdhy; mjpfkhf cl;ftUfpwJ
XuZ %yf;$W xd;wpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - `Pypak;
ntg;gf; fjpHtPr;R mstpidAk;> #upa khwpypiaAk; mse;jpl
gd;gLk; fUtp i`gH`PypNahkPl;lH
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72)
73)
74)
75)
fhHdhl; ntg;g ,ae;jpuk; ntg;g Mw;wiy ---------------- Mw;wyhf

khw;Wk; xU fUtp MFk; - ve;jpu Mw;wy;
gha;kj;jpy; cs;s Jfs;fspd;> ,af;fj;jpd; %ykhfNt ntg;gk;>
Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk; epfo;T -------------MFk; - ntg;gr; rydk;
ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Roptpjp $wpaJ ahH - /g;stH
etPd ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia epWtpatH ahH - Nldpay;
ngHndsp
tpir kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)
81)
82)
83)
84)
85)
xU nghUspd; KLf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; - rkd; nra;ag;glhj tpir

ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ,aw;gpay; msT - tpir
xypg;ngUf;fp> kpd;rhu kzp Mfpatw;wpy; kpd; Mw;wy; .
Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - xyp Mw;wy;
Xa;T epiyapYs;s fdkhd nghUspd; ce;jk; - Rop
rkkw;w Gwtpirfs; nray;glhj tiu> XH mikg;gpd; nkhj;j
ce;jk; khwhJ vd;gJ .. tpjp MFk; - ce;j moptpd;ik
tpjp
Nfhs;fSf;Fk; #upaDf;Fk; ,ilNa nray;gLk; tpir <Hg;Gtpir
ePH
kpd;epiyaq;fspy; tpOfpd;w
ePupd;
epiy
Mw;wyhdJ
. Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd; Mw;wy;
kpd;dpaw;wpapy;
ve;jpu
Mw;wy;
. Mw;wyhf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ - kpd;dhw;wy;
epyf;fupia gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuk; - mdy;
kpd;rhuk;
ePH gdpf;fl;bahf ciwAk;NghJ - ntg;gk; ntspaplg;gLk;
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86)
87)
88)
89)
90)
kpd; tprpwpapy; Vw;gLk; Mw;wy; khw;wk; vd;d - kpd; Mw;wy;

,af;f Mw;wyhf
ntg;gk; xU tif Mw;wy; vd;gij fz;lwpe;jtH ahH - N[k;];
[_y;
kpd;fyq;fspy; Ntjpahw;wy; . Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ kpd; Mw;wy;
ntg;g Mw;wiy nfhLf;Fk; Kjd;ik %yk; vJ - #upad;
vupnghUspy; cs;s Ntjpahw;wy; vt;tif Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ ntg;g Mw;wy;> xsp Mw;wy;
gUg;nghUspd; gz;GfSk;> ,af;fq;f Sk;
91)
92)
93)
94)
95)
96)
97)
98)
99)
epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; ,af;ftpjpapypUe;J mwpag;gLk; fUj;J epiykk;

nghUspd; epiykk; Neupailahf vjidr; rhHe;jJ - epiw
vjdbg;gilapy; uhf;nfl; nray;gLfpwJ - epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk;
,af;ftpjp
Jfs; xd;W tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUk;NghJ> mjd; KLf;fk;
,jd; topNa Vw;gLk; - Muk;
tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s Jfs; xd;W> rk fhyq;fspy; rk
Nfhzq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mjd; jpirNtfk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; jpirapy; kl;Lk; khWk;
tpirnahd;W nray;gLk;NghJ Jfs; tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy;>
tpir nra;j Ntiy - Rop
nghUspd; epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; gq;fhw;WtJ - Roy; ,af;fk;
nghUspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpHjpirapy; nray;gLtJ . tpir
MFk; - cuha;T tpir
NeHf;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;jpd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd Roy; ,af;f msT epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
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100)
101)
102)
103)
104)
105)
,af;f Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G .. Mw;wyhf khwf;$Lk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

nghUspd;
epiykj;jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
vjidr;
rhHe;jjy;y
Nfhzj;jpirNtfk;
nghUs;fspd;
,af;fj;jpw;Fk;
nray;gLk;
tpirfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlHigg; gw;wp $WtJ - tpirapay;
Jfs; fle;j njhiyT vd;gJ .. msT MFk; - ];NfyhH
epyT Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUk;NghJ> mtw;wpw;fpilNaahd <Hg;gpay;
tpir .. tpiria Vw;gLj;JfpwJ - ikaNehf;F tpir
miyTWk; Cry; vt;tif Mw;wiyg; ngw;Ws;sJ - ,af;f
Mw;wy;
mZ kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
&jHNghHL mZ khjpupapd;gb> mZ xd;wpd; epwkhiy - njhlH

epwkhiy
midj;Jj; jdpkq;fSk; i`l;u[d; mZf;fshy; Mdit vdf;
$wpatH - gpnusl;
jhk;rd; nfhs;ifapd;gb i`l;u[d; jUk; epwkhiy tupapd;
miyePsk; - 1300 Mk;];l;uhq;
vf;nfhs;ifapd;gb> KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; mjd; Nfhzj;
jpirNtfj;jpw;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk; - kpd;fhe;jf; nfhs;if
i`l;u[dpd; madpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vt;tsT - 13.6eV
X fjpHfs; vt;tif kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;Ws;sJ - kpd;D}l;lkw;wit
Gifg;glj;jfl;bid ghjpf;Fk; fjpHfs; - X fjpHfs;
Nfj;NjhLf; fjpHfs; vd;git - vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw
Nghupd; nfhs;ifapd;gb> Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg;
ngWk; msT - Nfhz ce;jk;
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115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
mZtpd; Kjy; %d;W tl;lg; ghijfspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjk; - 1

: 4 : 9
mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ePs;tl;lg; ghij fUj;jpidf; $wpatH rhkHngy;L
&gp jz;by; cs;s FNuhkpa madpfs; - gr;ir xspia
cl;ftUk;
mZf;fUg; gpsit tpsf;Fk; mikg;G - jputj;Jsp khjpup
mZf;fUtpDs;
cs;s
mZf;fUj;
Jfs;fs;
vjdhy;
ftug;gLfpd;wd - mZf;fU tpir
ngUk madpahf;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sit - My;gh Jfs;fs;
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)
127)
128)
129)
130)
131)
132)
133)
mZ khjpup nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - vHd];l;

&jHNghHl;
fhw;wOj;jkhdpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - lhupnry;yp
irf;Nshl;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - vHd];l; vr;. yhud;];
ildikl;il fz;Lgpbj;j My;gpul; Nehgy; ve;j ehl;il
rhHe;jtH - ];tPld;
N[. jhk;rd; vyf;l;uhid fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1897
GtpaPHg;G tpiria fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - rH Irf; epa+l;ld;
NyrH xspia cUthf;fpatH ahH - rhHy]; vr;.l;Td;];
kpd;rhu xsptpsf;if fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - jhk]; My;th vbrd;
ghrpl;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - fhHy; b Mz;lHrd;
GNuhl;lhid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - vHd];l; &jHNghHl;
Fthz;lk; mZf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH - khf;];
gpshq;
NubNah miyfis cUthf;fpatH ahH - fhHy; [hd;];fp
epyeLf;f mjpHit msf;Fk; rP]N
; khkPl;liu fz;Lgpbj;jtH [hd; kpy;Nd
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134)
135)
Nulhiu fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - My;gHl; vr;. nla;yH

ePuhtp vQ;rpid fz;Lgpbj;jtH ahH - N[k;]; thl;
epiyahd myFfs;
136)
137)
138)
139)
140)
141)
142)
143)
144)
145)
146)
147)
148)
149)
150)
Nfhzj; jpirNtfj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad; / tpdhb

gug;G ,Otpirapd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; / kPl;lH
epiykj; jpUg;G jpwdpd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; kPl;lH2
mOj;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; / kPl;lH2
fzj;jhf;F tpirapd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; tpdhb
Nfhz KLf;fj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad; / tpdhb2
xspr;nrwptpd; myF vd;d - Nfz;byh
jsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF vd;d - Nubad;
jpz;kf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF vd;d ];bNubad;
jpirNtfj;jpd; myF vd;d - kPl;lH / tpdhb
KLf;fj;jpd; myF vd;d - kPl;lH / tpdhb2
mlHj;jpapd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; / kPl;lH3
ce;jj;jpd; myF vd;d - fpNyhfpuhk; kPl;lH / tpdhb
Mw;wypd; myF vd;d - [_y;
tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF vd;d - epa+l;ld; kPl;lH
mkpyq;fs;
151)
152)
153)
154)
155)
i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;jpd; nghJg;ngaH - kpa+upahl;bf; mkpyk;

khl;biwr;rpapYs;s mkpyk; vJ - ];baupf; mkpyk;
ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;G epwkhf khw;WtJ vJ - mkpyk;
mkpyq;fs; fhuq;fSld; tpidg;gl;L cUthtJ - cg;G kw;Wk;
ePH
,ug;giug; gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; vJ - NghHkpf; mkpyk;
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156)
157)
158)
159)
160)
161)
162)
163)
164)
165)
vj;jpyPd; ilraidil ePuhw;gFf;ff; fpilg;gJ - rf;rpdpf;

mkpyk;
lhyd;]; tpidg;nghUis xLf;Fk; mkpyk; vJ - /ghHkpf;
mkpyk;
tpdpfupy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
Gug;gpNahdpf; mkpyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wpak; vJ - tpidr;
nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;
Mg;gpspy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - khypf; mkpyk;
rpWePuf GiujLg;ghdhf gad;gLtJ vJ - ngd;Nrhapf; mkpyk;
,q;f; kw;Wk; cNyhfg; g+r;R jahupf;fg;gLtJ vJ - Mf;]hypf;
mkpyk;
gpj;jePupy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ - Nfhypf; mkpyk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ - fe;jf
mkpyk;
rpWePupy; fhzg;gLk; mkpyk; vJ - a+upf; mkpyk;
cg;Gfs;
166)
167)
168)
169)
170)
171)
172)
173)
174)
175)
[pg;rk; cg;gpd; Ntjpg;ngaH vd;d - fhy;rpak; ry;Ngl;

ili`l;Nul;
Nrhbak; fhHgNdl;bd; rhjhuz ngaH vd;d - ryit Nrhlh
gpsh];lH Mg; ghup]; vjpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ - [pg;rk;
vg;rk; vd;gJ vd;d - nkf;dr
P pak; ry;Ngl;
fhg;gH ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; vd;d - ePyepwk;
xU mkpyKk;> fhuKk; tpidGupe;J fpilg;gJ vJ - cg;G
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J
m[Puzf; NfhshWfis ePf;FtJ vJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH vd;d - rhy;l; gPl;lH
KfUk; cg;G vd;gJ vd;d - mk;Nkhdpak; fhHgNdl;
jPaizf;Fk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ vJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
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176)
177)
178)
179)
180)
kPd;> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;iwf; nflhky; ghJfhf;f gad;gLtJ vJ

- Nrhbak; FNshiuL
Nghl;Nlh njhopypy; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - nts;sp
iel;Nul;
mkpy cg;GfSf;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - Nrhbak; ig
fhHgNdl;
cNyhf cg;Gf;fspd; ePHkf; fiury;fs; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ kpd; flj;jpfs;
fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk;> Ez;ZapH nfhy;ypahfTk; gad;gLtJ vJ ryitj;J}s;
cuq;fs;> g+r;rp kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
181)
182)
183)
184)
185)
186)
187)
188)
Ntk;G> nfhOQ;rp> rzg;ig Neubahf taypy; ,l;L kf;fr; nra;J

cukhf;fg;gLtJ vJ - gRe;jhs; cuk;
vypfis mopf;fg; gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - fhg;gH (II)
mrpl;Nlh MHrpidl;
Ntshz; mwptpay; rhHe;j jhtu tsHg;G vd;gJ .. MFk; Njhl;lf;fiy
kz;zpy; g+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfisf; fyg;gjd; %yk; NtH jhf;Fk;
g+r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLtJ - FNshNuhigupgh];
g+Q;irfis mopf;f cjTk; Ntjpg;nghUs; vJ - NghHNlh
fyit
tpyq;Fj; njhOtq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; fopTfs; .
MFk; - njhO cuk;
tpijfs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs; vit - ney;ypd; ,iyg;Gs;sp
Neha;
g+f;fs; g+j;Jf; FYq;fTk;> fha;fs; ed;F jpul;rpailaTk;
mtrpakhfpwJ - gh];Ngl;Lfs;
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189)
190)
191)
192)
193)
194)
jhtuq;fSf;F Neha; tuhky; fhf;Fk; Nflakhf ,Ug;gJ vJ iel;u[d;

g+r;rpfisf;
nfhy;yg;
gad;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
vJ
khyj;jpahd;
mjpf ntg;gepiy jhf;fj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;j gapHfSf;F vt;tif
cuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - jiyr;rj;J kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J

jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lk; ,iyfSk; ed;F tsHr;rp ngw .
nghUl;fs; ngUe;Jiz GupfpwJ - iel;u[d;
NtUk; goKk; jpul;rp ngw rj;J ,d;wpaikahj
NjitahFk; - rhk;gy; rj;J
Nrhsk;> fk;G> gUj;jp Nghd;w gapHfspd; kf#y; mjpfupj;J
twl;rpiaj; jhq;fp tsu gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cuk; - kz;GO cuk;
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195)
mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; vd;gJ vt;tif cukhFk;

cuk;
- iel;u[d;

,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy
thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU
rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;> nghJmwpT>
jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj jfty;fis
cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid
lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf; nra;aTk;.
Ntjpapay; jhJf;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhfq;fs;
196)
197)
198)
199)
200)
201)
202)
203)
Fiwe;j cUFepiy kw;Wk; nfhjpepiyfis cilaJ vJ fhu cNyhfk;

ePHk epiyapYs;s cNyhfk; vJ - ghjurk;
cNyhfq;fspd; jbkd; kw;Wk; jhspd; jbkd; Mfpatw;iw mwpag;
gad;gLtJ vJ - fhkh fjpH
INrhg;upid gygbahf;fp nraw;if ,ug;gH jahupg;gpy;
tpida+f;fpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ - Nrhbak;
cuq;fs; kw;Wk; gl;lhRfs; nra;a
.. gad;gLfpwJ gh];gu];
xU rpwe;j g+Q;irf; nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLtJ vJ - ry;gH
nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 19
Nlhyikl; vd;gJ vjd; jhJthFk; - nkf;dr
P pak;
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204)
205)
206)
207)
208)
209)
210)
nkf;dr
P pak; .. cld; tpidGupe;J nkf;dr
P pak;
Mf;irilAk;> i`l;u[idAk; jUfpwJ - ePuhtp
fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; fhukz; cNyhfk; vJ - fhy;rpak;
rpiy nra;tjw;fhd thHg;Gfs; nra;a gad;gLk; NrHkk; vJ ghuP]; rhe;J
kj;jhg;Gj; njhopypy; gad;gLk; jdpkk; vJ - nkf;dr
P pak;
Nfhy;kidl; jhJtpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; jdpkk; vJ Nghuhd;
ghjurj;jpd; cUFepiy MFk; - 234.32K
FNshNuh/gpy;ypy; ........................ jdpkk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ nkf;dr
P pak;
fhHgd; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyitfs;
211)
212)
213)
214)
215)
216)
217)
218)
fhHgd;
fhw;wpy; cs;s
Mf;]p[Dld;
tpidGupe;J
.. Mf khWfpwJ - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
capupdq;fspd;
fl;likg;G
.
mZf;fshy;
Mdit - fhHgd;
fhHgd; vd;gJ MFk; - mNyhfk;
fhHgdpd; mZ vz; vj;jid - 6
gbf GwNtw;Wik tbtk; nfhz;l fhHgd; . MFk; fpuhigl;> ituk;
epiwTwh
i`l;Nuh
fhHgd;fs; epf;fy;
my;yJ
gNybak;
tpida+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; . milfpd;wd i`l;u[Ndw;wk;
My;bi`Lfspd; nghJthd tha;g;ghL MFk; - RCHO
ghHkhy;bi`bd; IUPAC ngaH vd;d - nkj;jNdy;
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219)
220)
221)
222)
223)
224)
225)
ePy ypl;k]; jhisr; rptg;ghf;FtJ vJ - vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;

My;f`hy; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; thA vJ
- i`l;u[d;
vj;jdhypd; nfhjpepiy - 351.5K
vj;jdhiy mjpf msT mlH fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; 443Kf;F
ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ .. jUfpwJ - <j;jPd;
thfdq;fspYs;s FspHtpg;ghdpy; jz;zPH ciwtijj; jLf;f
gad;gLtJ vJ - vj;jdhy;
epwkw;w> Gspg;Gr; Rit nfhz;l xU ePHkk; vJ - vj;jdhapf;
mkpyk;
vj;jdhapf;
mkpyk;
fhHgNdl;LfSld;
tpidGupAk;NghJ
ntspg;gLk; thA vJ - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
jdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; NrHkq;fs;
226)
227)
228)
229)
230)
231)
232)
233)
Ntjpay; Kiwapy; NkYk; vspa nghUs;fshf gpupf;fKbahj

nghUs; vJ - jdpkk;
mZ vz; 83 nfhz;l jdpkk; vJ - gp];kj;
kpfTk; Nyrhd urhad jdpkk; vJ - i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; `Pypak;
jdpkq;fspd; mZ epiwf;Fk;> Ntjpg;gz;GfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
njhlHig gw;wpa tpjp vJ - lhgHdPupd; Kk;ik tpjp
xU rpwe;j g+Q;irf; nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLtJ vJ - ry;gH
,Uk;ghyhd nghUl;fis JUg;gpbf;fhky; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLtJ
vJ - Jj;jehfk;
maHd; jfLfis fhy;tid]; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; vJ [pq;f;
ve;j ,ilepiyj; jdpkk; mjpfgl;r Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyiaf;
fhl;LfpwJ - Os
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234)
235)
236)
237)
238)
239)
240)
kpff;Fiwe;j mZ vz;izf; nfhz;l ,ilepiyj; jdpkk; vJ ];Nfd;bak;

midj;J cNyhfq;fisf; fhl;bYk; kpfTk; jflhf kw;Wk;
fk;gpahf ePl;lf;$ba jd;ikAilaJ vJ - jq;fk;
vj;njhFjp
jdpkq;fs;
ghuhfhe;jj;jd;ikia
nghJthff;
nfhz;Ls;sd - d njhFjp jdpkq;fs;
jdpkq;fspd; mZ vz;zpf;ifiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH Nkh];Ny
fupkr; NrHkq;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; khw;wpak;
vz;k mikg;ig ngw;w xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhid Vw;Fk; nghJ
cUthFk; madp - vjpH kpd; madp
eLepiy ngHupf;FNshiuLld; Cjh epwj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; NrHkk;
vJ - gPdhy;
kio> thdpiy kw;Wk; gUtepiy
241)
242)
243)
244)
245)
246)
jkpo; ehl;bd; fhyepiy . tifiar; rhHe;jJ mad kz;ly

[_d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gH khjk; tiu epyTk; fhy epiy ..
MFk; - njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W fhyk;
jkpo; ehl;by; ,ug;gH mjpfkhf tpisAk; khtl;lk; vJ fd;dpahFkup
Njf;F kuKk;> %q;fpy; kuKk;
. tif fhLfisr;
rhHe;jJ - mad kz;ly mfd;w ,iyf; fhLfs;
jkpo; ehl;by; kpfg; ngupa rJg;G epyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
vJ - gpr;rhtuk;
Midkiyg; gFjpapYk;> ePyfpup kiyfspYk; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs;
vJ - kiyaff; fhLfs;
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247)
248)
249)
250)
251)
252)
253)
254)
255)
jkpo; ehl;by; Nk khjj;jpy; fhw;wpd; ruhrup <ug;gjk; vj;jid

rjtPjk; ,Uf;Fk; - 68 rjtPjk;
Nkw;fj;jpa ,ila+W fhw;why; kiongWk; ,lk; vJ - gQ;rhg;
gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;why; kiongWk; gFjp vJ - jkpo;ehL
tlfpof;F ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; tPRk; jyf;fhw;W vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - ehHnt];lH];
,e;jpahtpy; 25 nr.kPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd kiog;nghopitg; ngWk;
,lk; vJ - jhHghiytdk;
gUtf; fhw;Wf; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - ,iyAjpHf;
fhLfs;
jkpo; ehl;by; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; vJ - godp

me;jkhd; epNfhgH jPTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
FspHfhyj;jpy; ey;y kiog;nghopitg; ngWk; ,lk; vJ - Me;jpug;
gpuNjrk;
,aw;if tsk
256)
257)
258)
259)
Nkw;Fj;njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlUk;
fpof;Fj;njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlUk; xd;W NrUkplk; vJ - ePyfpup kiy
tUrehL kiyf;Fk; mfj;jpaH kiyf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
fztha; vJ - nrq;Nfhl;il fztha;
jkpo; ehl;bd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; vJ fy;ghf;fk;
,e;jpahtpYs;s kpf caHe;j gPlg+kp vJ - ylhf; gPlg+kp
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260)
261)
262)
263)
264)
265)
266)
267)
268)
269)
270)
jPgfw;g gPlg+kpia ,U rkkw;w gFjpahfg; gpupf;Fk; MW vJ eHkij

[t;thJ kiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ - NtY}H
yhth vdg;gLk; vupkiyf; Fok;ghy; cUthfp fUg;G kz;zhy;
Md gFjp vJ - khst gPlg+kp
Me;jpu flw;fiur; rkntspapy; mike;Js;s Vup vJ - nfhy;NyU
Vup
cyfpNyNa kpfg;goikahd kbg;G kiyj;njhlH vJ - Muty;yp
kiyj;njhlH
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk; vJ - MidKb
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtpup MWfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s flw;fiu
vJ - Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu
kfhejp Mw;wpd; njw;Nf mike;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa Vup
vJ - rpypfh Vup
kfhejp kw;Wk; fpU\;zh MWfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;
flw;fiu vJ - tlrHf;fhH flw;fiu
Ntk;gehL Vup ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ - Nfush
cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ ePskhd flw;fiu vJ - nkupdh flw;fiu
,e;jpa MWfs;
271)
272)
273)
274)
275)
Nkw;Fj; njhlHr;rp kiyapd; tUrehL kiyfspy; cw;gj;jpahFk;

ejp vJ - itif
Muty;yp kiyj;njhlupy; M[;kPH gFjpapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp
vJ - Y}dp MW
kfhgNy];tuH kiyapy; cUthFk; fpU\;zh ejp ve;jf; flypy;
fyf;fpwJ - tq;fhs tpupFlh
,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfspy; XLk; Kf;fpa ejp vJ rpe;J
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa MW vJ - fhtpup
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276)
277)
278)
279)
280)
281)
282)
283)
284)
285)
,e;jpahtpd; mfkjhghj; topahf XLk; MW vJ - rgHkjp

Nfhitf; Fw;whyk; ePHtPo;r;rp mike;Js;s ejp vJ - rpWthzp
jkpofj;jpy; kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ
- jpUney;Ntyp
ghyhW ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; khepyk; vJ - fHehlfk;
fq;if Mw;wpd; JizahW vJ - aKdh
kfhejp MW vq;F cw;gj;jpahfpwJ - g];jhH Fd;W
gthdp> mkuhtjp> neha;ay; Mfpa MWfs; vtw;wpd; Jiz
MWfs; MFk; - fhtpup
mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhH tisFlhtpy; fyf;Fk; MW
vJ - jhkpuguzp
Nfus khepyj;jpd; kpfTk; ePskhd MW vJ - ngupahW
kfhejp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;s miz vJ - `puhFl;
miz
kz; kw;Wk; ,aw;if jhtuq;fs;
286)
287)
288)
289)
290)
291)
292)
mad kz;lyj;jpd; twz;l gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ ghiytd kz;

MWfspd; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;> nly;lh gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLk;
kz; vJ - tz;ly; kz;
Gifapiy tpistjw;F Vw;w kz; tif vJ - fupry; kz;
nrk;kz; rptg;G epwkhff; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d - ,Uk;G
rj;J mjpfk;
jPgfw;g gPlg+kpapy; ngUksT fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ - ruis kz;
fhg;gp> ,ug;gH Nghd;w gapHfs; gapupLtjw;F Vw;w kz; vJ ruis kz;
<ug;gjj;ij jd;Ds; Njf;fpitf;Fk; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik ngw;w kz;
vJ - fupry; kz;
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293)
294)
295)
296)
297)
298)
299)
300)
,iyr;rj;Jk;> rhk;gy; rj;Jk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; kz; vJ kiy kz;

fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh jho;e;j Mw;Wr; rkntsp gFjpfspy; rzy;
gapupLtjw;F cte;j kz; vJ - tz;ly; kz;
Crpapiyf; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - kiyf; fhLfs;
Nfhe;J
nghUl;fs;
jahupf;fTk;>
Njhy;
gjdpLtjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kuq;fs; vJ - ghGy; kuq;fs;
khq;FNuht; fhLfspd; NtW ngaH vd;d - rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;
,kakiyapd; njw;F rupTfs; kw;Wk; tlfpof;F ,e;jpah Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - Crpapiyf; fhLfs;
rpd;Nfhdh kw;Wk; %q;fpy; kuk; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - ntg;g
kz;ly gRikkhwhf; fhLfs;
fly;
Xjq;fs;
%yk;
ePiug;ngWk;
flNyhug;
gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; vJ - khq;FNuht; fhLfs;
Njrpa rpd;dk;
301)
302)
303)
304)
305)
306)
307)
308)
309)
310)
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa nkhop vJ - ,e;jp

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tpisahl;L vJ - `hf;fp
Njrpaf; nfhbapd; eLtpy; cs;s mNrhfr; rf;fuk; ..
czHj;JfpwJ - jHkk;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ePH tho; tpyq;F vJ - lhy;gpd;
Njrpaf; nfhbapy; mNrhf rf;fuj;jpy; cs;s Muq;fs; vj;jid 24
Njrpa fPjk; ,irf;f MFk; Neuk; - 52 tpehbfs;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ehl;fhl;b vJ- rf tUl ehl;fhl;b
Njrpa ehl;fhl;bapd; Kjy; khjk; vJ - rpj;jpiu
Njrpag; ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH - gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lH[p
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ejp vJ - fq;if
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311)
312)
313)
314)
315)
%tHzf; nfhbia ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Kjd; Kjyhf

Vw;Wf; nfhz;l tUlk; - 1931
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa kuk; vJ - My kuk;
Kjd; Kjypy; Njrpa fPjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w> ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; vg;NghJ ghlg;gl;lJ - 1911
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gwit vJ - kapy;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tpyq;F vJ Gyp
Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; MrphpaHfs;
316)
317)
318)
319)
320)
321)
322)
323)
324)
325)
326)
cz;ik epwq;fs; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - Mlk;

fpy;fpwp];l;
vd; ehL> vd; tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH L.K.mj;thdp
eNue;jpu Nkhb xU murpay; Rarupij vd;w E}y; ahuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ - Mz;b kupNdh
vd; kwf;f Kbahj epidTfs; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH kk;jh ghdH[p
rpwpa tp\aq;fs; flTs; vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - mUe;jjp
uha;
jhd; xU fzf;fhsH vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - Kd;dhs;
tpNdhj; uha;
gof;fkw;w g+kp vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - [{k;gh y`pup
xU MAs; NghjhJ vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - el;tH rpq;
vd; ,ir vd; tho;f;if vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - gz;bl;
utp rq;fH
,J vd; top thrpj;jy; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - rr;rpd;
nlz;Ly;fH> NghHa k[{k;jhH
tp[a; Nr\hj;up vOjpa E}y; vJ - %d;W gpupTfs;
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327)
328)
329)
330)
Mw;wpy; xU tisT vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH - tp.v];

ieg;ghy;
kw;wtHfspd; tho;f;ifia vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH - ePy;
KfH[p
mfpy; \Hkh vOjpa ehty; vJ - FLk;g tho;f;if
ngUkhs; KUfd; vOjpa jkpo; ehty; vJ - khnjhUghfd;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
331)
332)
333)
334)
335)
336)
337)
338)
339)
340)
341)
1946-y; murpay; epHza rig cUthf;f Kjypy; gupe;Jiu

nra;j FO vJ - fpupg;]; J}Jf;FO
1946-y; murpay; epHza rigapd; jiytuhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ltH
ahH - ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpd; jiyikr; rpw;gpahfr; nray;gl;ltH
ahH - lhf;lH. mk;Ngj;fH
,e;jpaf; FbauR jpdj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lk; vJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
khepyq;fsitapy;
FbauRj;
jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLk;
cWg;gpdHfs; vj;jidg; NgH - 12
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rigapd;
Kjy;
[dhjpgjpahf
,Ue;jtH ahH - lhf;lH rr;rpjhde;jd; rpd;`h
,e;jpa
murpaiyikg;G
cUthf;Ftjpy;
kj;jpa
murpd;
mjpfhuq;fSf;fhd FOtpd; jiytH ahH - [t`Hyhy; NeU
,e;jpahtpd;
vy;iyfis
khw;wf;$ba
mjpfhuk;
ngw;wtH
ahH - ghuhSkd;wk;
mbg;gil cupikfis khw;wpaikf;fj; Njitg;gLtJ vJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk;
kf;fsitg; ngUk;ghd;ikf; fl;rpapd; jiytH ahH - gpujkH
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kf;fsit nghJj; NjHjy; eilngw;w Mz;L
1951
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342)
343)
344)
345)
jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; \uj;J vJ - \uj;J 368

kf;fsitapd; jiyikr; nrayfk; ahUila fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; ,aq;FfpwJ - rghehafH
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; mitahf nray;gLtJ vJ kf;fsit
khepyq;fsitapd; Kjy; $l;lk; ve;j Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ 1952

346)
, , , ,
-
347)
348)

349)
,
-
350)
----------------------------------
-
351)
--------------------------- -
352)
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353)
---------------------------
-
354)
-
355)
-
356)
357)
-
358)
359)
360)
1980

361)

-
------------------------- -
362)
363)
, ------------------------------------- -
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364)
1673K
-
365)
,
- +1
366)
--------------- -
367)
,
- -3.04
368)
369)
370)
--------------------------- -
371)
-1
372)

----------------------- -
373)

-------------------------------- -
374)
--------------------------- -
375)
,
- -2.71
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376)
377)
378)
379)
380)
381)
382)
383)
-
384)
385)
386)
387)
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388)
389)
390)
..
391)
392)
-
393)
2014
...,
-
2014-
394)
2013
395)
..
-
396)
2014
-
397)
2014- .
-
398)
2014
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2014-
399)
-
400)
2014-

-
2014-
401)
402)
-,
-
403)
2014-

404)
405)
406)
407)
408)
409)
410)
411)
412)
-------------
----------
,
---------- -

- ..

-------------- -
----------- -
--------- -

----------- -
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413)
414)
------------- -
415)
---------
-
416)
417)
418)
------------- -

419)
, --------------- -
420)
421)
, , ,
--------------------- -
422)
------------- -
423)
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424)
--------------------

425)
426)
427)
428)
429)
--------------- -
430)
------------------------ -
431)
------------------------ -
432)
433)
--------------------------

434)
1951
2011
--------------------------
-
435)
1989-
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436)
-
437)
1951 2011
(64.7%) -------------------- -
438)
2011- ,
-
439)
----------------------- -
440)
2011- ,

441)
442)
--------------------- -
443)
2011-
- 14
444)
1951
2011
-
445)
1951 2011 60 ------------------- -
446)
1951
2011
---------------------------- - 80.33%
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447)
448)
-------------------- -
449)

-------------------- -
450)
------------------------
- ,
451)
---------------------------
-
452)
453)
-----------------
-
454)
455)
---------------- -
456)
-
457)
458)
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459)
460)
-
461)
462)
-
463)
464)
465)
466)
467)
468)
469)
-
470)
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471)
-
,
472)
-
-
473)
-
474)
---------------------------
-
475)
476)
------------------- -
477)
478)
479)
------------------
-
480)
--------------------- -
481)
, , -
--------------------- -
482)
------------------------ -
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483)
---------------------
-
484)
-
485)
--------------------------
-
486)
1738-

487)
----------------
-
488)

---------------

1970

489)
-
490)
1973 -

491)
---------------------
-
492)
1975 ----------------------
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493)
------------------------
2001
494)
2008 -------------------- -
495)
--------------------------
496)
497)
--------------------- -
498)
-------------------
499)
2004-
----------------------
-
500)
2010-
------------------------ -
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1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -
5.
6. -
7. -
8.
-
9. -
10. -
11. -
12. - 120
13. - 5-6
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14.
15.

16. -
17.
-
18.
19.
-
20. -
21.
22.
23.
24. -
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25.
26. -
27.
28.
-
29.
-
30.
31. -
32.
- 17.5%
33. - 121
34.
- 1
35.
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36.
1938
-
37.
15, 1950
38. -
39.
-
40. -

41. 1928
-
42. -
43.
44.
-
45.
P.G.
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46.
-
47.
- 5
48.
- 18
49.
26, 1950
50.
552
51. -
22
52.
- 25
53.
54. - 35
55.
56. ? -
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57.
-
58. -
59.
-
60.
61.
1949
62.
.
63.

64.
65. - 1980
66. 1952
67. -
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68.
-
69.
-
70.
74 -

71.
72.
- 360
73.
74.
-
75. ------------------ -
76. ----------------------- -
77.
-
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78.
-
79.
-
80.
-
81. -
82. -
83.
---------------------
-
84.
--------------------- -
85. ,
-
86.
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87. -------------------
-
88. ,
-
89. -
90. -
91.
-
92. -
93. , ------------------- -
94. , --------------------
-
95. -
96.
97. (..907 - 955) ,

--------------------
-
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98.
99. ,
-
100. --------------------- -
101. -
102. (..985 1014) ------------------

103. ------------------- -
104.
-----------------------
-
105. ------------------- -
106. -
107. ----------------------- -
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108. ---------------------
-
109.
--------------------
110. ---------------------------
111. ------------------------
-
112.
-
113.
------------------------
- 2500
114.
115. ----------------------- -
116. , --------------------------
-
117. --------------------- -
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118. ------------------------- -
119. , , ,
----------------------- -
120.
---------------------
-
121.
122. ----------------------
-
123. ---------------------- -
124. ,
-----------------------
-
125. ,
--------------------------
-
126.
-----------------------
- 98
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127. ----------------------
-
128. -------------------------- -
129.
------------------------
-
130. --------------------------
131.
4000
-
132.
-
133. -
134. ,
-
135.
-
136. -------------------- -
137.
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138.
--------------------
-
139. --------------
140. -
141. ----------------------- -
142. -
143. -------------------- -
144. -
145.
-
146. -
147. -
148.
----------------------
-
149. -----------------
150. -
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151. -
152.
153. -
154.
155.
156. -----------------------
157. -
158. ------------------------ -
159.
160.
-
161.
---------------------
-
162.
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163.
164. -------------- -
165.
- 1969
166.
167. -
168.

169.
-
170. ------------------ -
171. -
172.
-----------------------
-
173. ----------------- -
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174. -----------------
nghJ mwpT
175. xspapd; msit mwpag; gad;gLk; fUtp vJ Nghl;Nlh
kPl;lH
176. jhtuq;fs;
jq;fspd;
czitj;
jahhpj;Jf;
nfhs;sj;
Njitg;gLk; thA fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]L

177. Gtpf;F mUfpy; cs;s tspkz;ly mLf;F - ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpaH
178. #hpaidr; Rw;wptu tpahod; fpufk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk; 12 Mz;Lfs;
179. mkpyKk; cg;G %yKk; cz;lhf;fpj; jUtJ cg;G
180. G+Q;irfspd; nt[pNlbq; epiy vd;gJ jhy];
181. rpW msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ fhy;tNdh
kPl;lH
182. jhtuj;jpd; Mz;ghfk; vd;gJ kfue;j jhs; tl;lk;
183. $l;LapHj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iyf;fd;fs;
184. khHrPypak; vd;gJ ePHj;jhtuk;
185. jhtu nry;ypd; nry;Rthpy; fhzg;gLtJ nry;YNyh];
186. fzpfq;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd FNshnud;ifkh
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187. ry;yilj; jl;bidf; nfhz;l jpR GNshak;

188. thioapd; jhtutpay; ngaH - kpA]h ghubrpahfh
189. Nthpd; Gwntsp mLf;F vd;gJ vgpgpnskh
190. Nlh`h jPHkhdk; ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ 2001
191. 2010-11-k;
Mz;L
kj;jpa
epjpepiy
mwpf;ifapy;
vj;jid
rjtpfpjk; r%fj; jpl;lq;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lJ 5%

192. 2010-y; ve;j INuhg;gpa ehL A+Nuh ,iwikf; fld;
njhy;iyf;F Mshftpy;iy - ,q;fpyhe;J
193. rkjHk rKjha Kof;fq;fSf;F vjpuhd ghk;Ng mwpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L 1936
194. murhq;fj;jpd;
Fiwe;j
fhy
nrA+hpl;b
Ngg;ghpd;
ngaH
cz;bay; gpy;
195. tpiyf;nfhs;ifapd; NtW ngaH Ez; nghUshjhuk;
196. cyf Coy; FwpaPl;il ntspapLtJ gd;dhl;L ntspg;gil
epWtdk;
197. gOg;Gg;
Gul;rp
vd;gJ
vjd;
cw;gj;jpia
mjpfhpg;gJ
kuGrhuh vhprf;jp
198. cw;gj;jpf;
Fiwtpdhy;
Vw;gLk;
Ntiyapd;ik
mikg;G
Ntiyapd;ik
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199. xU ehl;bYs;s nray;kpF kf;fs; njhifapy; (15 Kjy; 64

taJilNahH)
Ntiy
nra;gtHfspd;
tpfpjk;
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ gq;Nfw;NghH tpfpjk;
200. yh/gH tisT vJ njhlHghdJ thp tpfpjk;
201. cyf tq;fp vjd; mbg;gilapy; LIC, LMC, UMC, HIC vd
tifg;gLj;JfpwJ nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdk;
202. Njrpa kf;fs;njhiff; nfhs;if nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L
2000
203. jpl;l tpLKiwf; fhyk; vd;gJ 1966 & 1969
204. Njrpa gq;F tHj;jf re;ij mike;Js;s ,lk; kw;Wk; mjd;
FwpaPL Kk;ig> Nifty.
205. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j Mz;L
1828
206. nerl; vd;gJ ve;j ehl;L ghHypnkd;l;bd; ngaH - ,];Nuy;
207. mZ MAj Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ij I.eh.nghJr;rigapy;
,e;jpah nfhz;L te;j Mz;L 1956
208. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Kbtpw;F te;j Mz;L 1990
209. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH mGy; mrd;
210. Neub
kf;fshl;rpKiw
goq;fhyj;jpy;
vq;F
eilKiwapy;
,Ue;jJ fphP];
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211. NjHjy; MizaUf;F ,izahf mjpfhuk; nfhz;bUg;gtH cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp

212. Nrf;fpohH gpwe;j CH jpUehtY}H
213. Kjd;Kiwahf ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;l ehs; [{d; 1951
214. khepyj;
NjHjy;
eltbf;iffis
Nkw;ghHit
nra;gtH
jiyikj; NjHjy; mjpfhhp

215. 1916-k; Mz;L md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH N`hk;&y; ,af;fj;ij
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nrd;id
216. Mq;fpyf; fhy;thia ePe;jpf; fle;j Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp
kp];.MHj;jp rh`h
217. NjHjy; Mizak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - jpy;yp
218. ekJ ehl;bd; gok; ngUk; rkak; - Ntj rkak;
219. Njk;ghtzpNahL njhlHGila kjk; fpwp];Jt kjk;
220. fhkuh[H gpwe;j CH vJ tpUJefH
221. nrd;idapy; caH ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1801
222. Mrpahtpy; tpw;gid thpia mwpKfk; nra;jtH uh[h[p
223. Kjy; Kjyhf RNal;irahf ntw;wp ngw;w rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdH Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b
224. kj;jpaf; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; OBC ,lxJf;fPl;Lf; FOtpd;
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltH tPug;g nkha;yp
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225. fhkuh[hpd; murpay; FU ahH rj;jpa%Hj;jp

226. 1935-y; ,e;jpa muR mikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb fy;tpj;Jiw ve;j
murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ khepy muR
227. xt;nthU khtl;lj; gQ;rhaj;Jk; vj;jid jiytiuf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ 1
228. rhujh rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d - Foe;ijj;
jpUkzj;ijj; jLf;f
229. If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr; rigapd; Kjy; ngz; jiytuhf
gzpahw;wpatH jpUkjp tp[ayl;Rkp gz;bl;
230. jpBH khw;wk; ahuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ - `PNfh Nj tphp];
231. ,uj;jk; rptg;ghfj; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzk; - `PNkhFNshgpd;
232. b.vd;.V.
vd;gJ
vjdhy;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;lJ
epA+f;spNahilLfs;
233. mk;NkhNdh nlyprk; fhzg;gLtJ kPd;fs;
234. ek; clk;gpYs;s kpfg;nghpa cWg;G vJ Njhy;
235. jput epiyapy; cs;s cNyhfk; - ghjurk;
236. xU kpy;yp kPl;liu tpl Fiwthd ePsj;ij msf;fg;
gad;gLtJ - ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
237. njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; gok;nghUspd; taij mwpag; gad;gLk;
INrhNlhg;G fhHgd; 14
238. cNyhfq;fspd; murd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - ,Uk;G
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239. cNyhfq;fspd;
kpd;
flj;jYf;Ff;
fhuzk;
fl;Lwh
vnyf;l;uhd;fs;
240. flj;jpfspd; $uhd KidfspypUe;J kpd;D}l;lk; kpf tpiuthf
ntspNaWtij fz;lwpe;jtH ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;f;ypd;
241. rpWePuf Giuj;jLg;ghdhf gad;gLtJ ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;
242. kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk;
- kpd;jil
243. kpd;fhe;jtpisit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nray;gLtJ
kpd;rhu kzp
244. ePr;ry; tpjpia cUthf;fpatH Mk;gpaH
245. fhe;j xJf;fj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp fpA+ fhe;jkhdp
246. fhe;jf; Nflaj;jpy; ,y;yhjJ Gtpf; fhe;jg; Gyk;
247. Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhj mkpyk; - i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk;
248. kpfTk; ,Nyrhd vhpahj jdpkk; - `Pypak;
249. #hpa Mw;wiy kpd;rf;jpahf khw;Wk; fUtp Nghl;Nlh
Nthy;lhapf; nry;
250. mzpNruh
ehLfspd;
Kjy;
$l;lk;
vq;F
eilngw;wJ
ngy;fpNuL
251. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,uapy; tz;bg; ghij
Kk;ig Kjy; jhdh tiu
252. fw;G+u nrhw;Nfh vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltH ghujpjhrd;
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253. jk;gpuhd; NjhoH vdg;gLgtH Re;juH

254. nrd;id
Kjy;
muf;Nfhzk;
tiuapyhd
,uapy;Nt
ghij
mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1856

255. ngUq;ftpf;Nfh vd;Dk; ngUikf;FhpatH th.K.NrJuhkd;
256. ,uhtz fhtpaj;jpd; MrphpaH GytH Foe;ij
257. jpUf;FU$hpd; ,d;iwa ngaH Mo;thH jpUefhp
258. gpujhg
KjypahH
rhpj;jpuk;
vd;w
Gjpdj;jpd;
MrphpaH
Ntjehafk; gps;is
259. nkhopthhp mbg;gilapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk; vJ
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
260. Gw;WNeha; gw;wpa mwptpay; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ
mq;fhy[p
261. kugpaypd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH fphpNfhHnkz;ly;
262. ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ ypAfpkpah
263. ghuk;ghpa flj;Jjiy Kjd;Kjyhf ntspapl;ltH fphpfH
N[hfd; nkz;ly;
264. epyj;jb ePHkl;lj;ij mjpfhpf;f vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; kioePH Nrfhpg;G
265. iey; gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;s ,lk; - Mg;upf;fh
266. ,uz;L caue;j epyg;gFjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s gFjpfs; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
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267. Kjd;ik jPHf;ff; NfhL nry;Yk; ,lk; - fpuPd;tpr;

268. fUg;G epwKila kz; - fupry; kz;.
269. ,e;jpahtpd; muprpf; fpz;zk; vdg;gLtJ - Mw;Wr; rkntspfs;.
270. ghiytdf; fg;gy; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - xl;lfk;
271. cauKk; typikAk; kpf;f fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
272. cyfj;jpy; kpf mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; nghUs; - fhgp
273. xapy; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - eldk;
274. My;g;]; kiyj; njhlH mike;Js;s fz;lk; - INuhg;gh
275. fpof;F Mrpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; gPlg+kp - jpngj; gPlg+kp
276. fly; gazk; nra;NthH vspjpy; jpir mwpa cjTtJ jpirf; fhl;Lk; fUtp
277. fpuPdt
; pr; thdtpay; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ehL ,q;fpyhe;J
278. vfpg;jpd; nts;isj; jq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - gUj;jp
279. me;jkhd; epNfhghH jPTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; - gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
280. Mz;fspd; Nfhyhl;lk; vdg;gLk; jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwf;fiy
fopahl;lk;.
281. nghjpa kiyia Mz;l murd; - es;sp
282. cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpd; gpugy eldk; - nesjhq;fp
283. gz;ila Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfj;jpd; ika ,lk; - ,j;jhyp
284. md;id njurh gpwe;j ehL A+Nfh];Nytpah
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285. A+jH> ,];yhkpaH> fpUj;jtH MfpNahUf;F nghJthd Gdpjj;

jyk; - n[Uryk;
286. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL G+lhd;
287. fhpfhw; Nrhodpd; NtW ngaH jpUkhtstd;
288. cyf thzpgf; fofj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;js;s ,lk; n[dPth
289. ,yf;fz E}y; ,aw;wpa ngz;ghw;GytH fhf;if ghbdpahH
290. fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; $l;likg;G cWg;G ehLfs; - 54.
291. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf jq;f ehzaq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatHfs; - ,e;Njh-fpNuf;fH
292. ghz;baHfspd; jiyefuk; - kJiu
293. tuyhw;Wg; GytH vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wtH kh%ydhH
294. I.eh.rigapy; cWg;gpduhfhj Mrpa ehL kq;Nfhypah
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295. 2014-k; Mz;L fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bfs; eilngw;w ehL ];fhl;yhe;J

296. N[k;];ghz;l; fjhghj;jpuj;ij gilj;jtH - ,ahd; gpskpq;
297. ypNah lhy;];lha; vOjpa Gfo;ngw;w Gj;jfk; - thH mz;L
gP];
298. MrphpaH fy;tpf;fhd Njrpaf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1995
299. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; njhiyepiyf; fy;tpia Jtf;fpa
gy;fiyf;fofk; - by;yp gy;fiyf;fofk;
300. fy;tpNahL ifj;njhopYk; ,ize;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$wpatH kfhj;kh fhe;jp
301. `Pj;Nuh tpkhd epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - ,yz;ld;
302. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlH ve;j ejpfshy; ,uz;lhf gphpfpwJ
ghdh]; kw;Wk; Y}dp
303. jpUNthzk; gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLk; khepyk; - Nfush
304. nkupbad; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - jPHf;f Nuiffs;
305. Gtpf; Nfhsj;jpd; kPJ fpof;F Nkw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf;
NfhLfs; - ml;r Nuiffs;
306. Ie;Jyf
tifg;ghl;L
Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH
MH.vr;.tpl;Nlf;fH
307. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; tpz;ntsp tPuhq;fid - fy;gdh rht;yh
308. jhj;uh kw;Wk; ehfH `Ntypapd; jiyefuk; - rpy;thrh
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309. khepyq;fspd; MSeiu epakdk; nra;gtH - FbauRj; jiytH

310. gilg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk; FWf;F rpe;jidNahL njhlHGilaJ
tyJ %is
311. FNuhNkhNrhk;
vd;w
thHj;ijia
cUthf;fpatH
ahH
thy;laH
312. lhy;ldprk; vdg;gLtJ vJ epwf;FUL
313. ve;j cWg;gpy; rpfg;G gy;g;> nts;is gy;g; vd ,U gFjpfs;
cs;sd kz;zPuy;
314. xU thAtpd; mOj;jj;ij mstpLk; fUtp khNdhkPl;lH
315. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s jPTfspd; vz;zpf;if 204
316. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
- n\uhk;G+H
317. Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w Kjy; kugpay; tpQ;Qhdp T.H.khHfd;
318. ug;gH gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w ntg;gepiy vJ RkhH 35
319. rfhaj;hp kiyfs; Fwpg;gJ Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
320. ,e;jpahtpd; &H vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F
jhNkhjH
321. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisitf; fz;lwpe;jtH xaH];nll;
322. njd;
miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;
tPRk;
fhw;iw>
,lJ
Gwkhf
jpUg;gptpLtJ vJ Gtp Row;rp

323. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;liyf; fz;lwpe;jtH - /ghuNl
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324. ePHj;Jspapd; Nfhs tbTf;Ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir

325. tspkz;ly mLf;FfspNyNa FspHr;rpahdJ kPNrh];gpaH
326. ,e;jpahtpd; rpypf;fhd; gs;sj;jhf;F vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
khepyk; - fHehlfh
327. G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; re;jpud; tUtjhy; Vw;gLtJ #hpa fpufzk;
328. epyitg; gw;wp gbg;gJ nrypdhy[p
329. rhFe;jyk; vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjpatH fhspjhrH
330. kf;fs;njhif mjpfk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa khepyk; - cj;jug;
gpuNjrk;
331. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf ePskhd miz - `puhFl; miz
332. gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfis vOjpatH tp\;ZrHkh
333. Fiwe;j kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l khepyk; - rpf;fpk;
334. ,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH fhspjhrH
335. gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; Vhp khdrNuhtH Vhp
336. ,e;jpahtpNyNa caukhd miz gf;uheq;fy; miz
337. kzyhW vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ghyhW
338. gl;b fzpj rhuh vd;w ,aw;fzpj E}iy ,aw;wpatH - =juh
339. NkfJ}jk; vd;w ftpij E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
340. #upa mLg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mb - Fop Mb
341. kdpj clypd; kpf fbdkhd gFjp - gy;
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342. el;rj;jpuq;fspy; xspkpf;fJ vJ - rpupa];

343. njhONeha; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd fpUkp - ghf;Bupah
344. cyfpNyNa mjpf Kl;ilapLk; capupdk; - fiuahd;
345. Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; #upaid Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs; vJ - nkHFup
346. fpuhk; vjpHtifr; rhHe;j Nfhy;tbt ghf;Bupah - v];nruprpah
Nfhiy
347. %ba tpijAila jhtuq;fs; vd;gJ - MQ;rpNah];ngHk;fs;
348. FopAlypfspd; mLf;FfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;
gir
kPNrhfpspah
349. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs; ,y;yhj nry;fs; - ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;
350. iyNrhNrhk;fs; cUthFk; ,lk; - Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
351. xU
nry;
KjpHr;rpapdhy;
,wf;Fk;NghJ
mjpYs;s
iyNrhNrhk;fs; mij KOikahf nrupj;J tpLtJ Ml;Nghiyrp];
352. a+f;spdh> guNkrpsk;> gpsh];Nkhbak; Nghd;wit - xU nry;
capup
353. tpyq;F nry;ypd; Gw vy;iyahf miktJ - gpsh];kh rt;T
354. Rj;jkhd ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;git - jkdpfs;
355. ejpfs; ,y;yhj ehL - rt+jp mNugpah
356. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ghl;dhtpd; gioa ngaH - ghlypGj;jpuk;
357. [g;ghdpaupd; Njrpa cilapd; ngaH - fpNkhdh
358. jq;fg;NghHit epyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - M];jpNuypah
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359. njd; Mg;gpupf;fhTf;F vj;jid jiyefuq;fs; cs;sd %d;W

360. RUf;nfOj;J Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - gpl;Nkd;
361. nld;khHf; ehl;bd; Njrpag;gwit - thdk;ghb
362. gpupl;lid mjpf fhyk; Mz;ltH - tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzp
363. fzpdp jahupg;gpy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL - mnkupf;fh
364. gpujkUk; ke;jpupfSk; ,y;yhj ehL - Rtpl;rHyhe;J
365. fhe;jp[p cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry; ml;ilia Kjypy;
ntspapl;l ehL - Nghye;J
366. fhw;W efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - rpf;fhNfh
367. ie[Pupah ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; cs;sJ - 420 nkhopfs;
368. ,j;jhypapd; jiy efH - Nuhk;
369. ghHit ,og;G kw;Wk; ,wg;gpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Ntjpg;nghUs;
- kPj;ijy; My;f`hy;
370. kio
nghopa
fhuzkhd
fUNkfq;fs;
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd FKNyh epk;g];
371. ejpapd; ePNuhl;lj;ij ve;j
f;A+nrf;
372. tpf;uk; rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp
jpUtde;jGuk;
msthy;
ikak;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ
mike;Js;s
,lk;
373. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZ ciyapd; ngaH mg;ruh

374. Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;if mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehs; - [{iy 24> 1991
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375. xspapd; Ntfj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf mse;jtH NuhkH

376. flfNuif ve;j ehl;bd; topahfr; nry;fpwJ - `thdh
377. nfa;Nuh efuk; ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ iey; ejp
378. vl;lhtJ rhHf; khehL by;ypapy; vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ Nk>
1995
379. khq;FNuht; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - Re;jutdk;
380. Jiz FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPHkhdk;
vtw;wpy; kl;Lk; cs;sJ ,uh[;arig
381. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; $l;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;Fk;
cWg;gpduy;yhj xNu egH ml;lhHdp n[duy;
382. cr;rePjpkd;w> caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gtH - FbauRj;
jiytH
383. Njrpa tsHr;rp kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1952
384. ehfhde;jh vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - `HrH
385. mNugpa nkhopapy; ehzaq;fis ntspapl;l Kjy; JUf;fpaH ,y;Jj;kp\;
386. n[]pah vdg;gLtJ jiythp
387. ,y;Jkp\; ntspapl;l nrk;G ehzak; - [plhy;
388. NrhkehjGuk; mike;Js;s gFjp fj;jpathH
389. ,e;jpa tuyhW vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ,uhgHl; G&];
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390. fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;ltH vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH [yhYj;jpd;

ngNuh]; fpy;[p
391. tpiyf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia mkYf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;j K];yPk;
murH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
392. Jf;sf; kuigj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH fpahRjpd; Jf;sf;
393. Ntiy tha;g;G mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpj;jtH gpNuh]; Jf;sf;
394. mbikfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jdp mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
NgNuh]; Jf;sf;
395. KO
epiwthd
murH
vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLgtH
fpU\;z
NjtuhaH
396. Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; Nkw;nfhz;l rPHjpUj;jk; - mbik xopg;G
397. If;fpa ehLfs; rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1945
398. mq;fhbr; rPHjpUj;jj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jtH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
399. ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa Gj;j klhyak; cs;s ,lk; - jthq;
400. m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; jiyefH jp];g;G+H
401. ,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; Gz;zpa efuk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ
kdH
402. cyfpd; nghpa Mw;Wj; jPT k[pyp
403. Gfo; ngw;w kJghd; Xtpak; fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - gPfhH
404. lhf;lH rypk; myp gwitfs; ruzhyak; cs;s khepyk; Nfhth
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405. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; khepyk; Me;jpuh

406. ,e;jpahtpy; fy;ehH cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; Me;jpuh
407. ehk;jg;gh
tdtpyq;F
ruzhyak;
vq;Fs;sJ
Ngrg;gLfpwJ
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
408. Nkhd;gh
vd;w
nkhop
ve;j
khepyj;jpy;
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
409. xU kNrhjh gz kNrhjh vd;W rhd;wspf;fg;gLgtH rgh
ehafH
410. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U $l;lj;njhlHfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;
- 6 khjq;fs;
411. fhe;jp[pia Kjd; Kjyhf kfhj;kh vd;wioj;jtH jh$H
412. ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpa rig vJ murpay;
epHzarig
413. murpayikg;gpd;
Njitia
Kjd;
Kjyhf
$wpatH
vk;.vd;.uha;
414. xNu mZ vz;Zk;> mZ vilAk; nfhz;l jdpkk;
i`l;u[d;
415. ,uj;jg;Nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; itl;lkpd; - itl;lkpd; Nf
416. <ug;gjj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; fUtp i`f;NuhkPl;lH

417. jhkpu ry;igbd; epwk; - fUg;G
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418. nraw;ifNfhis vijg; gad;gLj;jp Jy;ypakhf topfhl;l

KbAk; - lhg;sH tpisT
419. FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FspHtpg;gjw;fhd
nghUs; gphpahd;
420. nkf;dr
P pak; vjpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ lhyikl;
421. G+r;rpfisg; gw;wpg; gbf;Fk; ,ay; - vz;lkhy[p
422. cs;sPlw;w cUisapd; cs;tpl;lj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ
ntHdpaH msTNfhy;
423. fhe;jj;ijr; Rw;wp mike;jpUg;gJ fhe;jg;Gyk;
424. rpy Neha;fs; ghuk;gupakhf kugpapy; uPjpahf Vw;gLfpwJ vd
Kjypy; tpsq;fpatH - n[uhL.
425. ntq;fhaj;jpd; vj;jid N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;sd vl;L
426. b.vd;.V.>-it Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffspy; Jz;bg;gJ - nu];l;upf;fpd;
vz;Nlhepa+f;spa]; nehjp
427. iuNrhk;fis Kjypy; fz;lwpe;J tpsf;fpatH - [P.,. ghyNl
428. fhe;j cl;GF jpwdpd; myF n`d;wp/kPl;lH
429. fle;jfhy
epidTfis
epidT$w
,ayhj
epiy
mk;dr
P pah
430. Md;bghbfis
cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;
nts;isaZ
ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
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431. rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhPfj;jpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa jhdpaf;fsQ;rpak;

cs;s ,lk; - ùg;gh
432. kUjk; epy kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - ,e;jpud;
433. kThpag; Nguurpd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ ghlypGj;jpuk;
434. gy;ytHfs; fhyj;jpy;
Mo;thHfs;
itzt
rkaj;ijg;
gug;gpatHfs;
435. nrq;Nfhl;il ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ aKdh

436. Mq;fpNyaH Kjypy; thzpfj;jyk; mikj;j ,lk; - #uj;
437. Ntjpahw;wiy ,af;f Mw;wyhf khw;w cjTk; nry;fs; - jil
nry;fs;
438. nghpak;ikia cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; - NthpNahyh itu];
439. kdpjdpd; tpyq;fpay; ngaH N`hNkhnrg;gpad;];
440. gpj;jf; fw;fis cUthf;FtJ nfhy];l;uhy;
441. ikl;uy; thy;T vd miof;fg;gLtJ - <hpjo; thy;T
442. vtH fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rkak; `Pdahdk;> kfhahdk;
vd
,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ fdp\;fH

443. gpwf;Fk;NghNjh fhzg;gLk; ijuha;L Fiwg;G epiyapd; ngaH
fphpl;bdprk;
444. rhj;G+uh kiythoplk; cs;s khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
445. [`hq;fPH fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Nghijg;nghUs; - Gifapiy
446. ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd; caukhd rpfuk; - eq;fgHtjk;
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447. fPo; jpirapd; ntdp]; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - =efH

448. jkpo;ehl;by; gthdp rhfH mizf;fl;L cs;s khtl;lk;
<NuhL
449. n[Nuhrg;gh ePH tPor
; ;rp cs;s khepyk; - fHehlfk;
450. ly;n`srp kiythoplk; cs;s ,lk; - rpk;yh
451. Nkfhyah khepyj;jpd; jiyefH - \py;yhq;
452. ,e;jpa mwptpay; fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1914

453. nkhfyhaHfspd; murit nkhop ghurPfk;
454. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; mjpfsT cw;gj;jpr; nra;Ak; khepyk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
455. rz;bfH efuj;ij jpl;lkpl;L tbtikj;jtH yPfhHG+rpaH
456. nghd;dpahW mizf;fl;L cs;s khtl;lk; - jpUr;rp
457. ,e;jpahtpd; kufjj;jPT vdg;gLtJ - me;jkhd;-epf;NfhgH
jPTfs;
458. rq;ffhyj;jpy; NtspHfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltHfs; - FWepy
kd;dHfs;
459. ve;jj; jl;gntg;gj;jpYk; ciwahj jdpkk; - `Pypak;
460. i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;jpd; NtWngaH
- kpAupahbf;
mkpyk;
461. jz;zPUf;F mbapy; nrd;W Muha;r;rp nra;a cjTk; %r;R
fUtpapd; ngaH - ];fpa+gh
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462. g+idapd;
fz;ghHit
kdpjidtpl
vj;jid
klq;F
$HikahdJ vl;L klq;F

463. ntg;gepiy khdpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH - rpf;];
464. khYkpfspd; jpirfhl;b Crp ve;j cNyhfj;jhy; MdJ fhe;jkhf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G
465. fhshd;fspy; vj;jid tiffs; cs;sJ
70 Mapuk;
tiffs;
466. ,ug;gH jhtuj;jpd; jhtutpay; ngaH - `Ptpah g;urpypad;rp];
467. Njhypy; er;Rr; Rug;gpfs; cs;s tpyq;F - Njiu
468. ,ug;giu gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; - NghHkpf; mkpyk;
469. ghHit euk;G cs;s ,lk; - tpopj;jpiu
470. mkpy kio vJ khRgLtjhy; cz;lhfpwJ - fhw;W
471. ,Uk;igg;Nghy; fhe;j rf;jp kpFe;j cNyhfk; - epf;fy;
472. fug;ghd; g+r;rp ve;jj; njhFjpia rhHe;jJ - MHj;Nuh Nghlh
473. mwptpay; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;utup 28
474. VohtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; fhyk; - 1985 1990
475. khiy el;rj;jpuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs;
tPd];
476. ngHypd; RtH fl;lg;gl;l Mz;L 1961

477. fHehlfj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gw eld tbtk; - af;\fhdh
478. rhHf; vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ntspapl;ltH
tq;fhsNjr mjpgH rpahTH u`;khd;
479. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rhk;uh[;ak; vd;gJ kfj rhk;uh[;ak;
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480. gy;ytH fhy rptdbahHfs; - mg;gH> rk;ge;jH

481. rhjthfd tk;rj;ij epWtpatH rpKfd;
482. ,e;jpa khepyq;fspNyNa cs;s+H tof;F nkhopfs; kpf mjpf
mstpy; Ngrg;gLk; khepyk; - mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
483. ,Ujiy efuKs;s xNu ,e;jpa khepyk; - [k;K-fh\;kPH
484. jpy;ypf;F Njrpa jiyefug;gFjp me;j];J toq;fpa murpay;
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 69-k; jpUj;jk;
485. Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf Njhd;wpa Kf;fpa
fhyk; - ghisaf;fhuH fhyk;(1799)
486. rptfq;ifg; Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyaUld; tPug;NghH Ghpe;jtH
NtYehr;rpahH
487. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpu gq;Nfw;wtH
mUzh Mrg; myp
488. jw;fhy mt;itahH vdg;gl;l Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuhq;fid
mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH
489. kdpj clypd; kpf rpwpa cWg;G - gPdpay; Rug;gp
490. kdpj clypd; kpf fbdkhd nghUs; - gw;fspd; vdhky;
491. kdpj clypy; kpf mjpkhf mlq;fpAs;s cNyhfk; fhy;\pak;
492. ,ug;igapy; Ruf;fg;gLk; vd;irk;fs; - ngg;rp> nudpd;
493. euk;G nry;thapy; Ruf;ff;$ba Ntjpg;nghUs; - mrpl;ily;
Nfhiyd;
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494. ,jaj;jpw;F ,uj;jj;ij tpepNahfpg;gJ - nfhudh

tpepNahfd;
495. kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; ngupa Rug;gp - fy;yPuy;
uj;j
496. cyfpd; kpf mjpfkhNdhupy; fhzg;gLk; ,uj;j F&g; - O

gh]pl;bt;
497. Kjd; Kjypy; ,uj;j F&g;Gfis tifg;gLj;jpatH fhs;yhd; ];nlapdH
498. mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w Kjy; nraw;if ,uj;jk; - `_Nkh t;a+tH
(njd;dhg;gpupf;fh)
499. khuilg;gpd; kw;nwhU ngaH - nfhNuhdup j;Nuhk;Nghrp];
500. ,jaj;Jbg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %is gFjp - nkLy;yh
xg;sq;Nfw;wh
501. ,jaj;jpd; ,lJ gf;fkhf nry;Yk; ,uj;jk; - Rj;j ,uj;jk;
502. KJnfYk;Gs;s
tpyq;FfspypUe;J
kdpjDf;F
guTk;
njhw;WNeha;; - FNdhr];
503. Mz;fspy;
xU
FNuhNkhNrhk;
mjpfk;
fhzg;gLtjhy;
Vw;gLk; FiwghL - fpisd; ngy;lH rpd;l;Nuhk;

504. jkpofj;jpy; ,urhad nghUl;fSf;fhd njhopy;El;g g+q;fh
cs;s ,lk; - fhiuf;Fb
505. fUizf;nfhiyf;F rl;lG+Ht mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpa cyfpd;
Kjy; ehL M];jpNuypah
506. nkhfyha uh[tk;rk; Ml;rp nra;j fhy fl;lk; - 1526 1857
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507. rl;lg; Nguit nfhz;l xNu kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp GJr;Nrhp

508. rq;ffhyj; jkpofk; ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F toq;fpa ,iwtopghL
KUftopghL
509. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf vy;yh ,e;jpaHfisAk; xd;wpizj;j
Kjy; gpufldk; - 1801-k; Mz;L gpufldk;
510. jkpo;ehl;by; fhe;jp kpa+rpak; muR mUq;fhl;rpafk; ve;j
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ - kJiu
511. vl;lhtJ cyfj;jkpo; khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - jQ;rht+H
512. ,e;J Mq;fpy ehspjio Jtf;fpatH - [p.Rg;ukzpa IaH
513. vk;ld; vd miof;fg;gl;l jkpof Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuH jPHj;jfpupahH
514. n[a;`pe;j; vd Kjd;Kjypy; Koq;fpatH - nrz;gfuhkd;
515. jkpofj;jpd; nghJg;gzpj;Jiwapd; jiytH - jiyikg;
nghwpahsH
516. jkpo; ehl;by; vk;.[p.MH ];Nlbak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ kJiu
517. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; ePjpgjp ahH - gj;kpdp NrR Jiu
518. cyfpNyNa ePskhd gpufhuj;ijf; nfhz;l Nfhapy; ,uhNk];tuk;
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nghJ mwpT
1)
vnyf;l;uhdpd; <hpay;G jd;ikia tpsf;fpatH b.gpuhf;Ns
2)
mZ cl;fUtpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gz;ig Muhag; gad;gLtJ

fhkhf; fjpHfs;
3)
xspaiyf;nfhs;ifia fz;Lgpbj;jtH fpwp];bad; i`fd;];
4)
thdtpy;ypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; epwk; - rptg;G
5)
ke;j thAf;fspd; vnyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk;
6)
Mg;bfy; igghpy; gad;gLk; jj;Jtk; - KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
7)
nghUs;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzg; gad;gLtJ
G+[;ak;
epwkhiykhdp
8)
fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; thA iel;u[d;
9)
thdtpy; cUthff; fhuzkhd epfo;T epwg;gphpif kw;Wk; KOmf

vjpnuhspg;G
10)
xspr;NrHf;ifapd; NghJ jhtuq;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; thA

Mf;]p[d;
11)
khyj;jPahd; vd;gJ G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp
12)
xspr;NrHf;if> Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F

13)
njhw;Wj; jhtuj;jpw;F cjhuzk; - thz;lh
14)
thioiaj; jhf;Fk; G+r;rpfis mopf;Fk; G+r;rpkUe;J fhHNgh gpAuhd;
15)
caH ntg;gepiyia msf;fg; gad;gLtJ igNuh kPl;lH
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16)
,ug;giu ty;fid]; nra;ag; gad;gLtJ ry;/gH
17)
kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk; xNu cNyhfk; - fpuhigl;
18)
Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;F gad;gLtJ NyrH
19)
];lhHr;Rf;F ePy epwj;ijf; nfhLg;gJ mNahbd;
20)
jhtuj;jpypUe;Jk; tpyq;fpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk; mkpyk; - fhpk mkpyk;
21)
mkpyf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;ltH mH`{dpa];
22)
ntg;gj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLtJ fNyhhp kPl;lH
23)
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ry;/gpA+hpf; mkpyk;
24)
mkpyq;fspd; pHkjpg;G - 0 7
25)
gpdhg;jypd; jahhpf;f cjTtJ vJ jhypf; mkpyk;
26)
jputq;fspd; xg;glHj;jp jd;ikia mwpa gad;gLtJ i`l;Nuh

kPl;lH
27)
g+kpf;F tUk; GwhCjhf; fjpHfisj; jLg;gJ XN]hd;
28)
];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fspd; Rthpy; fhzg;gLtJ ypf;dpd;
29)
Kl;ilapypUe;J FQ;R nghwpf;f gad;gLtJ - ,d;FNgl;lH
30)
31)
#hpaDf;F ntF njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs; - Gs+l;Nlh

ghypy; cs;sij tpl mjpf fhy;rpak; cs;s fha;fwp - ntq;fhak;
32)
33)
mNahbd; ek; clypy; ve;j gFjpapy; cs;sJ - ijuhf;]pd;

ghk;Gf;F vj;jid EiuaPuy;fs; cs;sd - xd;W
34)
rpupf;Fk; NghJ ekJ clypy; vj;jid jir ehHfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd 17 jir ehHfs;
35)
jpuhl;ir> Gsp Nghd;wtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s mkpyk; - lhHlhupf; mkpyk;
36)
kdpj %isia vf;];Nu vLf;Fk; fUtpapd; ngaH - vd;nr/gNyhfpuhg;

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37)
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gwf;Fk; rf;jp gilj;j gwit - Cq;fhuf; FUtp
38)
39)
,ug;giu gjg;gLj;j cjTk; mkpyk; - NghHkpf; mkpyk;

vy;yh fz;lq;fspYk; vy;yh jl;gntg;g epiyfspYk;
40)
tpyq;F - eha;
kpfr;rpwpa ,jak; nfhz;l gpuhzp
41)
42)
fhy;eil cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL - ,e;jpah

mYkpdpaj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH - N`hyH
43)
44)
ijuha;L Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jk; cNyhfk; - nlYupak;

goj;jpd; ,dpg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; rHf;fiu Neha; - NkhNdh Nrf;iul;
45)
46)
ntq;fhaj;jpy; mjpfKs;s itl;lkpd; - itl;lkpd; gp

g+kpapd; NghHitahf nray;gLtJ - thA kz;lyk;
47)
48)
va;l;]; Neha; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1980

fz;fs; ,Ue;Jk; ghHitaw;w gpuhzp - ntsthy;
49)
gdpf;fl;bapd; Nky; tsUk; jhtuk;
50)
xl;lf rptpq;fp ve;j mwptpay; FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jJ - [puhgpNl
51)
52)
kdpj clypy; kpfr; rpwpa vYk;G - md;tpy; (fhJ vYk;G)

miy ePsk; mjpfk; cs;s tz;zk; - rptg;G
53)
itl;lkpd; kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtJ - fdpfs;> fha;fs;
54)
kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhj cNyhfk; - gp];kj;
55)
56)
jhtu ,aypd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgtH - jpNahgNul];

#upa FLk;gj;jpy; kpfr;rpwpaJk;> filrpahf fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJkhd
Nfhs; -
thof;$ba
- rpq;fk;
- f;uNahigl;];
Gs+l;Nlh
57)
kpfg; ngupa thy;tpz;kPd;
- N`hk;];
58)
cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa capupdk; -
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59)
jhtuq;fSf;Fk; capUz;L vd;W fz;lwpe;jtH
60)
re;jpuNgh];
kdpj KJnfYk;gpYs;s vYk;G gpizg;Gfs; vj;jid - ,Ugj;jhW
61)
hpJrk;`huk; vd;w ftpij E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
62)
guNghj rhe;Njhujak; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fpU\;z kp\;uH
63)
gpUjptpuhruhNrh fhtpaj;ij vOjpatH rhe; gHjha;
64)
f[{uhN`htpy;
gpuk;khz;lkhd
- lhf;lH n[fjP\;
Nfhapy;fis
fl;batHfs;
re;NjyHfs;
65)
#hpaf; flTs; Myak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nfhdhuf;
66)
];jk;gk; vdg;gLtJ ntw;wpf; NfhGuk;
67)
Kjyhk; NghrH rkf;fpUj fy;Y}hpia mikj;j ,lk; - jhuh
68)
kprh rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ahuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ 1973> ,e;jpuh
69)
kuhj;jpaH fhyj;jpy; gl;By; vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk; - fpuhk epHthfp
70)
yhf; gf;\h vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH Fj;GjPd; Ingf;
71)
nrq;fp];fhd; xU kq;NfhypaH
72)
ehw;gjpd;kH FOit cUthf;fpatH - ,y;Jj;kp\;
73)
kj;jpapy;
KjyhtJ
$l;lzp
muir
cUthf;fpatH
nkhuhH[p
Njrha;
74)
jkpof rl;lrig cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1937
75)
jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid uh[;argh vk;.gp.f;fs; cs;sdH 18
76)
fhw;wpd; jpirNtfk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ mdpNkh kPl;lH
77)
tspkz;ly mOj;jk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ ghNuh kPl;lH
78)
xU nghUspd; Kg;ghpkhz glj;ijf; fhl;LtJ - ];bhpNah];Nfhg;

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79)
khypkpfs; jpiria mwpag; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtp fhk;g];
80)
jhdpaq;fp
%yk;
nra;jpfis
mDg;gTk;>
je;jp
jfty;fis
nrYj;jTk; gad;gLk; fUtp nlypgphpz;lH

81)
vjphpy; tUk; tpkhdj;ij mwpag; gad;gLtJ NulhH
82)
,jaJbg;G kw;Wk;
];nlj];Nfhg;
83)
Ez;zpa
EiuaPuypd;
nghUl;fis
,af;fk;
nghpJgLj;jp
fhzg;
ghHf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
gad;gLtJ
ikf;Nuh];Nfhg;
84)
J}uj;jpYs;s
nghUl;fisj;
njspthfg;
ghHf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
nly];Nfhg;
85)
fhe;jg; Gyq;fis mwpag; gad;gLtJ khf;dNlh kPl;lH
86)
fly;
gazj;jpy;
Neuj;ijj;
Jy;ypakhf
msf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
FNuhNdhkPl;lH
87)
kdpj
clypd;
cs;
cWg;Gfisf;
fhzg;
gad;gLtJ
vz;Nlh];Nfhg;
88)
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk; fhzg; gad;gLtJ My;b kPl;lH
89)
,uj;j
mZf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia
mwpag;
gad;gLtJ
`pNkhirl;Nlh kPl;lH
90)
kpfj;njhiytpYs;s ,lj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia mwpag; gad;gLtJ

igNuh kPl;lH
91)
,e;jpahtpy; khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1956
92)
fPjk;> thj;jpak; ,uz;Lk; NrHe;jJ vJ - rq;fPjk;
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93)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fis xUq;fpizj;jtH - rHjhH ty;ygha;
94)
gNly;
,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; cja #upadpd; g+kp vd miof;fg;gLtJ -
95)
mUzhrygpuNjrk;
nkhopthupg; gpuptpidapy;
96)
Me;jpugpuNjrk;
jh[;kfhy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ - cj;jpugpuNjrk;
97)
98)
GtNd\;tH ve;j khepyj;jpd; jiyefH - xuprh

kj;jpa ney; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fl;lf; (xuprh)
Kjd;Kjyhf
cUf;nfhz;l
khepyk;
99)
100)
,e;jpahtpd; rpypfhd; gs;sj;jhf;F vd Gfog;gLk; khepyk; - fHehlfk;

ituq;fspd; efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - #uj;
101)
102)
kpf mjpfkhd flw;fiu gFjp nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;

[{d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gH tiuapyhd gUtfhyk; - njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;
fhw;Wf; fhyk;
103)
rputzf; fiy vd;gJ - ,ir
104)
105)
Mg;gps; fHl; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - [hH[; ngHdhl;\h

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;F Kfg;Giu toq;fpatH - [tfHyhy; NeU
106)
Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fofk; cs;s ,lk; - ,q;fpyhe;J
107)
fghyPr;Ruk; rptdhyak; vq;Fs;sJ kapyhg;G+H
108)
Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; njd;Gwk; ghAk; MW murpyhW
109)
,UGwKk; ahidfSk; FjpiufSk; G+l;ba ,ujk; Nghy; mike;j

kz;lgk; - jhuhRuk;
110)
Kj;Juhkypq;f NjtUf;F rpiy epWtpAs;s ,lk; - nrd;id
111)
[g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit nfhf;F

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112)
cja khHj;jhz;lk; gwit ruzhyak; cs;s ,lk; - jpUth&H
113)
ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtij jLf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wpa Mz;L 1972
114)
jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhbaf;fiu gwitfs; ruzhyak; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;sJ ehfg;gl;bdk;
115)
mf;gH
F[uhj;ij
ntd;wjpd;
epidthf
fl;lg;gl;l
Eiothapy;
Gye;jHth[h
116)
my;Nkhuh rpiw cs;s ,lk; - cj;uhQ;ry;
117)
118)
mq;fKk; NtjKk; vd;w Njthuj;jpd; gz; ifNuifiag; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wthspia
el;lghil
fz;Lgpbf;Fk;
Kiwia
fz;Lgpbj;jtH - vl;tHl; n`d;wp

119)
lhf;lNul; gl;lk; ngw;w xNu mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp - Tl;Nuh tpy;]d;
120)
cyfpy; kpfg; ngupa mfykhd ejp -
121)
n[Hkdp kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1870
122)
,e;jpahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk; - fhl;tpd; M];bd;
123)
fq;if Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; - fq;Nfhj;hp
124)
,kakiyfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd gdp ciwtplk;
125)
Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
126)
twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kz; - ghiy kz;
127)
gUj;jp vd;gJ gzg;gapH
128)
gUtf;fhw;Wfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - ,iyAjpH fhLfs;
129)
NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
130)
ney; mjpfkhf tpisAk; kz; - tz;ly; kz;
131)
Njapiy
kw;Wk;
fhg;gpg;
gapH
kprprpgp
mjpfkhf
tpisAk;
,lk;
kiyr;rhpTfs;
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132)
twl;rpapy; tsUk; gapH jpid tif
133)
fdpk tsj;jpw;F Gfo;ngw;wJ Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H
134)
gz;bj [t`Hyhy; NeUtpd; mikjpf;fhd Ie;J mk;r nfhs;iffs; gQ;rrPyk;
135)
mZ MAj jilr;rl;lk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L 1963
136)
xU jplg;nghUs; Neubahf thAepiyf;F khWtJ - gjq;fkhjy;
137)
Ngf;fpq;
gTlupy;
fye;Js;s
fyit
Nrhbak;
ig
fhHgNdl;>
lhHlhupf; mkpyk;
138)
ePupy; fiuf;fg;gLk; nghOJ i`l;u[d; madpfisf; nfhLg;gJ mkpyk;
139)
140)
jhJg; nghUl;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; mkpyq;fs; - fdpk mkpyq;fs;

jPaizf;Fk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
141)
142)
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH - iel;lH

gr;irtpl;upahy;(gr;ir Jj;jk;) vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l /ngHu]; ry;Ngl;
143)
144)
ghup]; rhe;J vd;gjd; Ntjpg;ngaH - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

mfr;rptg;G fjpHfis mjpfkhf <Hg;gJ - jz;zPH
145)
khYkpfspd;
jpirfhl;b
fhe;jkhf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G
146)
147)
,d;Rypd; fz;Lgpbj;j tpQ;Qhdp - ghd;bq;

fk;gspf;fhf tsHf;fg;gLk; MLfspd; ngaH -
148)
149)
Njhypy; er;Rr; Rug;gpfs; cs;s tpyq;F - Njiu

nlg;yhd; vd;gJ - ghyp-njl;uh-Gs+Nuh-vj;jpyPd;
150)
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J m[Puzf;
Crp
ve;j
cNyhfj;jhy;
MdJ
kupNdh
NfhshWfis ePfF
; tJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
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151)
ghf;Bupahtpd; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - ,U rkgpsT Kiw.
152)
kuGg; nghwpapaypy; efy; ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; flj;jpahf nray;gLtJ gpsh];kpl;.
153)
154)
nry;iyr; Rw;wp firapio nfhz;l ghf;Bupak; - ngupl;biuf];

iuNrhgpak; vd;gJ - $l;Laup ghf;Bupak;
155)
156)
,uz;L cl;fUf;fis cilaJ - ghukPrpak;.

jhtuq;fs; jput epiyapy; czit vLj;Jf; nfhs;tij vt;thW
157)
miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`hNyhigbf;
jhtuq;fspd; Nrkpg;G czT vd;gJ - jurk; (];lhHr;)
158)
159)
tpyq;Ffspd; czt+l;l Kiwia vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - gu[Ptp

jpwe;j tpijAila %lg;glhj jhtuk; - [pk;Ndh];ngHk;
160)
161)
jpR epiyaw;w xU nry; capup - GNuhl;NlhNrhth

a+f;spdhtpd; czt+l;l Kiw - jhtu Kiw
162)
<uLf;F capupfs; vdg;gLgit - FopAlypfs;
163)
jl;ilg; GOtpd; tpyq;fpdg; ngaH - gpshl;b n`y;kpd;j];
164)
tisjirg; GOf;fspd; Rthrk; vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ - Njhy;

my;yJ nrTy;fs;
165)
kPdpd; ,ja miw vj;jid ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ - ,uz;L
166)
fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH n`d;wp ngf;Fuy;
167)
nry;ypd; mikg;ig fz;lwpe;jtH - ,uhgHl; `{f;
168)
njhiyNgrpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH fpufhk;ngy;
169)
n[l; tpkhdj;ij fz;Lgpbj;;jtH - /gpuhq;f;tpl;by;
170)
njhiyf;fhl;rpia fz;Lgpbj;;jtH J.L.ngaHL
171)
mk;ik Neha;f;F jLg;G+rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH vl;tHL n[d;dH

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172)
ildikl;il fz;Lgpbj;;jtH My;gHl; Nehgy;
173)
ntwpeha;f;fbf;F kUe;J fz;Lgpbj;jtH Y}ap gha;];baH
174)
ghf;Bhpahitf; fz;lwpe;jtH Md;ld;thd; ypA+td;`{f;
175)
Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH khf;]; gpshq;f;
176)
vf;];Nuitf; fz;lwpe;jtH - ,uhz;l;[d;
177)
GNuhl;lhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH - &jHNghHL
178)
epA+l;uhidf; fz;lwpe;jtH N[k;]; rhl;tpf;
179)
njHNkh kPl;liuf; fz;lwpe;jtH - Nldpay; Nfg;hpay; ghud;`{l;
180)
NubNahitf; fz;lwpe;jtH khHNfhdp
181)
Kl;ilapLk; ghY}l;bfs; - vWk;Gj;jpd;dp> gpshbg];
182)
khwh ntg;gepiy nfhz;l caphpdk; - gwitfs;
183)
nry;ypd; Rthr Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ

ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah
184)
fhl;L kuj;jpd; rf;futHj;jp vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ Njf;F
185)
fphpf;nfl; kl;il jahH nra;ag;gLk; kuk; - tpy;Nyh kuk;
186)
fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfspy; kpf mjpfk; fpilg;gJ nry;YNyh];
187)
czT nrhpkhdj;Jf;F cjTtJ - i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk;
188)
GifAk; fe;jf mkpyk; vd;gJ xypak;
189)
,ug;gh ghiyf; nfl;bg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ ghHkpf; mkpyk;
190)
kpsfha;f;F fhur;Rit toq;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUs; - fhg;ir]pd;
191)
,yQ;rk; thq;Fk; mjpfhhpfisg; gpbf;f &gha; Nehl;by; jltg;gLk;

Ntjpg;nghUs; - /gpNdhg;jyPd;
192)
jz;zPH Rj;jpfhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa thA FNshhpd;

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193)
,aw;if vhpthAtpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf mlq;fpapUf;Fk; thA

kPj;Njd;
194)
,ae;jpu rf;jpia kpd;rf;jpahf khw;Wk; fUtp n[dNul;lH
195)
kpd;dy; xU kpd;rhu Ftpay; vd;W ep&gpj;jtH ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;spd;
196)
197)
fpof;fpd; buha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jkpof efuk; - nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;il

jkpofj;jpy; ,aw;if ug;gH cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xNu khtl;lk; fd;dpahFkhp
198)
fhe;jpabfshy; fjH jiyefuk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l efuk; - jpUg;G+H
199)
jkpofj;jpy; irkd;FO Gwf;fzpg;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;wtH

rj;jpa%Hj;jp
200)
ePy; rpiy rj;jpahfpufk; eilngw;w ,lk; - nrd;id
201)
nrd;id RNjrpr; rq;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1852
202)
Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fp itj;jtH uh[h[p
203)
fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH

ehkf;fy; ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is
204)
RNjrp ,af;fj;ij nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; Kd;dpd;W elj;jpatH

t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is
205)
NtY}H Gul;rp eilngw;w ehs; - 1806> [Piy10
206)
,e;jpahtpy; ntwp eha;f;fbf;fhd kUe;J jahhpf;Fk; gh];lH

,d;];bA+l; Mg; ,e;jpah mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - ePyfphp
207)
,e;jpag; Gul;rpapd; jha; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgtH gpfh[pfhkh
208)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz; jiytH rNuh[pdp

ehAL
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209)
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gphptpw;F jiyikNaw;wtH

Nfg;ld; nyl;Rkp nrfy;
210)
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vdg;gLgtH - %tY}H ,uhkhkpHjk;

mk;ikahH
211)
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myF Mk;gpaH
212)
miyePsj;jpd; myF Mk;];buhq;
213)
kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwdpd; myF ghul;
214)
mOj;jj;jpd; myF gh];fy;
215)
ntg;g Mw;wypd; myF fNyhhp
216)
NubNah miyfis vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ n`Hl;];
217)
xypapd; msTfis fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ nlrpgy;
218)
jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF epA+l;ld; kPl;lH
219)
ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; myF [{y; / nfy;tpd;
220)
jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; myF [{y; / fpNyhfpuhk;
221)
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; myF Nthy;l;
222)
Mw;wypd; myF [{y;
223)
tpirapd; myF epA+l;ld;
224)
kpd;jilapd; myF Xk;
225)
kpd;jpwdpd; myF thl;
226)
Gj;j G+Hzpkh nfhz;lhLgtHfs; - Gj;j kjj;jpdH
227)
xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il tsHg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpg;gJ ,ir kw;Wk; eldk;
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228)
xU nghUis KOtJkhf gad;gLj;JNthH EfHNthH
229)
jfty;
mwpAk;
chpikr;rl;lk;
vg;NghJ
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
mf;NlhgH 12> 2005

230)
cyf EfHNthH jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ khHr; 15
231)
EfHNthhpd; kfh rhrdk; vd;gJ EfHNthH ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
232)
njYq;F Njrk; vdg;gLtJ khepyf;fl;rp
233)
vjpHfl;rpj;
jiytUf;F
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
me;j];J
fhgpndl;
mikr;rH
234)
NjHjypy; Nghl;baplj; Njitahd taJ 25
235)
kj;jpapy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l
mikg;G
ehlhSkd;wk;
236)
gQ;rhg; Nfrhp vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH yhyh y[gjpuha;
237)
ghHypnkd;by;
,uz;L
$l;lj;njhlHfSf;fpilNa
cs;s
mjpfgl;r
,ilntsp vt;tsT khjq;fs; - 6 khjq;fs;

238)
epjpf;FO RkhH vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
239)
Ie;J
rhe;j; gPtp Ml;rp Ghpe;j ,lk; - mfkJ efH
240)
Mq;fpy
ghHypnkd;by;
,e;jpa
tpLjiyr;
rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
Mz;L [{iy 1947

241)
mypfhH ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH rH.iraJ mfkJfhd;
242)
ifyhrehjH Nfhapiyf; fl;bath; - ,uhrrpk;kd;
243)
Nfhthitf; ifg;gw;wpatH my;GfHf;F
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244)
nghpahH itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; gq;Fngw;w Mz;L 1924
245)
1878Mk; Mz;L ehl;L nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w patH

ypl;ld; gpuG
246)
eNuhuh mZkpd; epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - cj;ju gpuNjrk;
247)
Kjy; nraw;ifj; Jizf;Nfhspid tpz;zpy; Vtpa ehL u\;ah
248)
jsf; Nfhzj;jpd; myF Nubad;
249)
#hpaxsp G+kpia mila vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Neuk; - 8.3 epkplk;
250)
tspkz;lyj;jpy; iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT 78 rjtPjk;
251)
G+kpapd; nfl;bahd Nkw;gug;gpd; ngaH vd;d fpu];l;
252)
el;rj;jpuq;fs;
ve;j
thAf;fshy;
Mdit
i`l;u[d;
kw;Wk;
`{ypak;
253)
xU Fjpiuj;jpwd; vd;gJ 746 thl;
254)
ney;
tay;fspy;
iel;u[id
epiyepWj;jg;
gad;gLtJ
ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp
255)
nghUis tl;lg;ghijapy; ,af;f itf; fj; Njitahd tpir ika

Nehf;F tpir
256)
,e;jpa tpz;ntspj;jpl;lj;jpd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH ahH lhf;lH tpf;uk;

rhuhgha;
257)
Kjy; ,e;jpa nraw;iff;Nfhs; - Mhpagl;lh (1975)
258)
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpd; (ISRO) jiyikafk; cs;s

,lk; - ngq;fs+H
259)
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fis Kjd; Kjyhf nray;gLj;jpa ehL u\;ah
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260)
,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; - r%f ePjpAld; $ba
261)
tsHr;rp
,e;jpa hprHt; tq;fp Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l ehs; - 1949 [dthp 1
262)
cyfpd; kpfg; ngUk; gq;Fr; re;ijahd epA+ahHf; gq;Fr;re;ijapd;

jiyik epiyak; - thy;];l;hPl;
263)
mz;lhHbfh kw;Wk; fly; Muha;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa ikak; mike;Js;s

,lk; - Nfhth.
264)
,e;jpa jpahrgpf;fy; nrhirl;bf;F tbtk; nfhLj;jtH md;dpngrd;l;
265)
,e;jpah KOtJk; njhlH Ma;Tf;$lq;fis epWtpatH rhe;jp

];t&g; gl;ehfH.
266)
kpd;dpay; jiyefH vd miof;fg;gLtJ ngq;fs+H
267)
,uh[;argh> Nyhf;rghTld; vjpy; rkkhd mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ

rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
268)
khepyj;jpd; Kjd;ik epHthf mjpfhuk; ngw;wtH ftHdH
269)
1994-k; Mz;L ghy];jPd tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; jiytH ahrH
270)
muhgj;
rHtNjr kfspH jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - khHr; 8
271)
Me;jpukhepyj;jpd; gpugykhd eldk; - Fr;rpg;Gb
272)
kQ;rs; ehfhPfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ rPd ehfhPfk;
273)
cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhf fhfpj fud;rp gad;gLj;jpa ehL rPdh
274)
,uh[fpUfk; vd;Dk; Gjpa efiu cUthf;fpatH gpk;gprhuH
275)
jkpo;f;$ly; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l efuk; - kJiu
276)
Nru kuigg; gw;wp $Wk; E}y; - gjpw;Wg; gj;J

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277)
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa cg;G cw;gj;jp ikak; - J}j;Jf;Fb
278)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTld; ,ize;j Kjy; rk];jhdk; - GJf;Nfhl;il
279)
njd;dpe;jpa Mf;];NghHL vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lk;
280)
goq;fw;fhy kdpjdpd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - Ntl;ilahLjy;
281)
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtH - `pNuhlhl];
282)
cyfpNyNa nghpa fhg;gpak; vJ kfhghujk;
283)
,uhkhazj;jpd; %yj;ij vOjpatH ahH
284)
,ir> ghly;> eldk;> ehlfk; kw;Wk; Kfghtq;fs; xUq;fpize;j
thy;kPfp
Nfus eldk; - fjfsp

285)
kdpjd; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa cNyhfk; - nrk;G
286)
Nubak;> NubNah fjpHtPri

; rf; fz;lwpe;jtH Nklk; Nkhp fpA+hp
287)
fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk;> Ez;ZapH nfhy;ypahfTk; gad;gLtJ ryitj;J}s;
288)
tapw;wpy; cs;s mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;fy; nra;J m[Puzf;
289)
NfhshWfis ePfF
; tJ - Nrhbak; ig fhHgNdl;
Nff;> gpnul; Nghd;w nuhl;bfs; jahupf;Fk;nghOJ mtw;iw cg;gr;
nra;J kpUJthf;Fk; thA - fhHgd; il Mf;irL
290)
ePwW
; r; Rz;zhk;G vd;gJ - fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;irL
291)
292)
fyg;gpd cg;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ryitj;J}s;

/ngHu]; ry;Ngl; cg;gpd; epwk; - ,sk; gr;ir
293)
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;ypd; Ntjpg;ngaH - fhy;rpak; fhHgNdl;
294)
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;bd; nghJg;ngaH - iel;lH
295)
kapy; Jj;jk; vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l fhg;gH ry;Ngl;

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296)
ghup]; rhe;J vd;gjd; Ntjpg;ngaH - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;
297)
midj;J jdpkq;fSk; NkYk; gpsf;f Kbahj mZf;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk; rpW Jfs;fshy; MdJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltH - [hd;
298)
lhy;ld;
kz;zpd; Ntjpg;ngaH vd;d - rpypf;fd; il Mf;irL
299)
300)
fbd ePiu nkd;dPuhf;fg; gad;gLtJ - Nrhbak; fhHgNdl;

ryitj; njhopypy; ryit Nrhlhthfg; gad;gLtJ -
301)
fhHgNdl;
jkpofj;jpy; E}w;whz;L fhykhf mfo;thuha;r;rpg; gzpfs; eilngWk;
Nrhbak;
,lk; - Mjpr;r ey;Y}H

302)
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf tFj;jtH tpahrH
303)
Hpf;Ntjfhy kf;fs; mwpe;jpuhj tpyq;F Gyp
304)
tdj;jpy;
thOk;
KdptHfs;
gbg;gjw;fhf
vOjg;gl;lit
Muz;aq;fs;
305)
,ir kw;Wk; eldk; gw;wp $Wk; Ntjk; - rhk Ntjk;
306)
cgepljk; vjid tpsf;FfpwJ jj;Jtk;
307)
rkz kjj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j jPHj;jq;fuHfspd; vz;zpf;if 24
308)
kfhtPuH gpwe;j ,lk; - itrhyp
309)
310)
jkpofj;jpy; ilNdhru]; Kl;ilfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ,lk; - mhpaY}H

jkpofj;jpy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - Mjpr;r
311)
ey;Y}H
ehHNt ehl;L ghHypnkd;bd; ngaH vd;d - ];lhHbq;nfl;
312)
kj;jpa murpd; ngdprpypd; jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;s ,lk;

- gpk;gphp
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313)
kdpj clypy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 46
314)
Njrpa mwptpay; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - gpg;uthp 28
315)
Nfhuh vd;w ehtiy vOjpatH ahH ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H
316)
317)
mf;gH ehkh E}iy vOjpatH - mGy;ghry;

rptghj Nrfud; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kd;dd; ahH - ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;
318)
rPf;fpa kjj;ij epWtpatH -
319)
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpapd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpa nkhop -
320)
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;juJ muritf; ftpQHfs; vt;thW

miof;fg;gl;ldH - etuj;jpdq;fs;
321)
khky;yd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l gy;yt kd;dd; ahH -
322)
rq;fuH Nghjpj;j nfhs;if vJ - mj;itjk;
323)
324)
#upa rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; E}y; vijg;gw;wpaJ - thd rh];jpuk;

mkPHF];UTf;F cjtp nra;j rPff
; paj; jiytH - mH[{d;rpq;
325)
f[pdp KfkJtpd; mitapypUe;j fzpj Nkij - my;gUzp
326)
mf;giu vjpHj;j uh[Gj;jpu ,sturd; - ,uhzh gpujhg;rpq;
327)
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; ahH fhyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;ld - Fg;jHfs;

fhyj;jpy;
328)
rPf;fpaupd; Ntjg;Gj;jfk; vJ - Mjpfpue;jk;
329)
mf;gupd; gil mikg;G Kiwapd; ngaH - kj rfpg;Gj; jd;ik
330)
331)
`hup ghl;lH ehtypd; MrpupaH - N[.Nf. nusypq;

N`kre;jpuH vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y; - fahtpd; tuyhW
332)
jpy;thuh Nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; - ,uh[];jhd;
333)
NfhkjP]t
; uH rpw;gk; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - rutzngyFsh
334)
rPtf rpe;jhkzpia vOjpatH jpUj;jf;f NjtH
FUehdf;
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335)
Nahf #j;jpuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH N`kre;jpuH
336)
Gj;jH nka;Qhdj;ij Kjypy; Nghjpj;j ,lk; - rhuehj;
337)
ngsj;j Jwtpfspd; tpfhuq;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; - gPfhH
338)
Gj;j rhpjk; vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH m];tNfh\H
339)
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; kfhuh\;buh
340)
Kjy; Gj;j khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - uh[fphpfk;
341)
nrt;Nts; vd ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ghuhl;lg;gLgtH Nfhtyd;
342)
gpshrpg;NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1757
343)
MrpaN[hjp vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ftpkzp
344)
gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpa gUtq;fspy; xd;W nrq;fPiu
345)
th];Nfhlfhkh fs;spf;Nfhl;il JiwKfj;jpw;F te;j Mz;L 1498
346)
kpf mjpfkhf kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l fz;lk; - Mrpah
347)
I.eh. rigf;F mLj;jgbahf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ehLfis

nfhz;lJ mzpNruh ,af;fk;
348)
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fpNuf;fHfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldH

atdHfs;
349)
,e;jpa epA+l;hpNdh Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - NjdP khtl;lk;

Nkfkiy.
350)
Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; ghAk; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; kpfg; nghpaJ eHkij
351)
tlfpof;F ,uapy;Nt kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikafk; - Nfhuf;G+H
352)
gj;jphpf;if Jiwf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ Gypl;rH tpUJ
353)
,e;jpa khDltpay; Ma;T mike;Js;s ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh

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354)
gwitapay; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tuyhW rypk; myp ikak; mike;Js;s

,lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}H
355)
thpiaf; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk; murpay; rl;lg; gphpT 265
356)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdj;jhq;fp NghHf; fg;gy; - Ivd;v]; tpf;ue;j;
357)
,e;jpah jhNd cUthf;fpa Kjy; VTfiz gpUj;tp
358)
,e;jpa flw;gilapd; jiyikafk; - GJjpy;yp
359)
khepy muRfspd; Kf;fpa thp tUtha; - tpw;gid thp
360)
epjp neUf;fb epiyf;F ghuhSkd;w xg;Gjiyg; ngw MFk; fhyk; ,uz;L khjq;fs;
361)
Nfhs;fspNyNa kpfTk; ,Nyrhd Nfhs; - rdp
362)
Nfhs;fspNyNa kpfg;nghpaJ tpahod;
363)
kpff; FspHe;j Nfhs; - neg;bA+d;
364)
365)
#hpaidg; Gjd; tyk;tu MFk; fhyk; - 88 ehl;fs;

kpfTk; ntg;gkhd Nfhs; - nts;sp
366)
367)
#oyhky; cUz;lgbNa #hpaid tyk; tUk; Nfhs; - ANud];

,ul;ilr; rNfhjhpfs; vdg;gLk; Nfhs;fs; - G+kp> nts;sp
368)
rpfg;Gf; Nfhs; vdg;gLtJ nrt;tha;
369)
kpfTk; xspkpf;f Nfhs; - nts;sp
370)
kpf Ntfkhf #oYk; Nfhs; - tpahod;
371)
372)
kpfr; rpwpa Nfhs; - Gjd;

kpf Ntfkhf tyk; tUk; Nfhs; - Gjd;
373)
rdpapd; nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; - ill;lhd;
374)
#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhfr; #oYk; xNu Nfhs; nts;sp

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375)
Jizf;Nfhs;fNs ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp
376)
377)
jkpo;tpL J}jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - nrhf;fehjH

,e;jpah Nkiy ehLfSf;F fly; thzpfj;jpy;
Vw;Wkjp
nra;j
vd;Dk;
E}iy
nghUs;fspy; Kjyplk; ngWtJ kpsF

378)
ngz;zpd;
ngUik
my;yJ
tho;f;ifj;
Jiz
vOjpatH jpU.tp.f.
379)
fUtsHr;rpapy; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk; cWg;G - ,Ujak;
380)
fhe;jp[p gpwe;j Mz;L mf;NlhgH2> 1869
381)
2015-k; Mz;by; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd cyf GJikf; fz;Lgpbg;G cr;rp

khehl;bid elj;jpa ehL fj;jhH
382)
RFzRe;jhp ehtypd; MrphpaH Ntjehafk; gps;is
383)
jkpofj;jpy;
njhy;
goq;fhy
Xtpak;
Kjd;Kjypy;
vq;F
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ ky;yg;ghb
384)
clypy; ve;j rj;Jf; FiwT Vw;gLk;NghJ ,uj;jNrhif Vw;gLfpwJ ,Uk;G rj;J
385)
,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;l ehs; - 26 [dthp 1950
386)
rq;fuhpd; $w;Wg;gb khiaapd; Kf;fpakhd nray;ghL kiwg;gJ
387)
Re;jutdk; rJg;G epyg;gFjp fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
388)
389)
Kjy; rhHf; khehL eilngw;w Mz;L - 1985

,e;jpa murpayikg;G epHza rigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; eilngw;w ehs;
- 1946> brk;gH 9
390)
fhw;wpYs;s
thAf;fis
gphpj;njLf;Fk;
Kiw
gpd;df;fha;r;rp
tbj;jy;
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391)
by;ypapy;
cs;s
JUgpbf;fhj
,Uk;Gj;
J}iz
fl;batHfs;
Fg;jHfs;
392)
fhjk;ghp vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ghzH
393)
`H\ rhpjj;ij vOjpatH ghzH
394)
Gdpjg; gazpfspd; ,sturH vdg;gLgtH Athd; Rthq;
395)
fd;Ndhrpapy; Gj;j khehl;il elj;jpatH - `H\H
396)
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gw eldk; - fhHgh.
397)
mirAk; rpw;gk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; eldk; - xbrp
398)
fpNuf;f ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; - ,ypal;> xb]p
399)
,e;jpahtpy; I.eh. jfty; ikak; mike;Js;s efuk; - GJ jpy;yp
400)
I.eh. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s efuk; Nlhf;fpNah
401)
gRik ,y;y thAf;fs; ntspaPl;il Fiwg;gJ njhlHghd xg;ge;jk; fpNahl;Nlh GNuhl;Nlhfhy;(2005)
402)
rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTgit mfo;thuha;r;rp
403)
rhd;Wfs;
,uh\;bu$lHfspd; jiyefuk; - khdpa epNfjk;
404)
Njtdhk;gphpa vd;Dk; ngahpy; miof;fg;gl;l kd;dH mNrhfH
405)
nfsby;ahpd; mHj;jrh];jpuj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngaHj;jtH
406)
rpahkh rh];jphp
,e;jpahtpw;F Kjypy; te;j K];yPk;fs;
407)
cUJnkhopapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH
408)
,uz;lhtJ ghdpgl; NghH vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ -
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- mkPHF];U
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409)
Mo;thHfspd;
ghly;
njhFg;gpw;F
410)
gpuge;jk;
,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l kd;dd;
411)
412)
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ghuk;gupa tpyq;F - ahid

fypAf uhkd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ghz;ba kd;dd;
413)
Re;jughz;bad;
ftpuh[h vd;w gl;lg;ngaiug; ngw;w kd;dd; - rKj;jpuFg;jH
Kjy;
rl;l
vd;d
ngaH
mikr;rH
ehyhapu
jpt;a
rKj;jpuFg;jH
khwtHkd;
414)
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
mk;Ngj;fhH.
lhf;lH
gp
MH
415)
kpf ePz;l fhyk; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; FbauR jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH lhf;lH uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;.
416)
417)
jghy; jiyapy; Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;jpaH - kfhj;kh fhe;jp

fhkd;nty;j;
jiyik
nrayhsuhf
,uz;lhk;
Kiwahf
epakpf;fg;gl;ltH fkNy\; rHkh
418)
419)
ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd tUzpf;fg;gLgtH - tHfP]; Fupad;

rptd; mtjupj;j ];jykhd ifyh\; khdrNuhtH ve;j ,lj;jpy;
420)
cs;sJ - rPd vy;iyapy;

ekJ ehl;L kf;fshYk;> murhYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpoh - Njrpa tpoh
421)
Kjy; jnua;d; NghH eilngw;w Mz;L fp.gp. 1191
422)
fsg;gpuHfis tpul;ba ghz;ba murd; - fLq;Nfhd;
423)
FJg;kpdhiuf; fl;lj; njhlq;fpatH Fj;GjPd; Igf;
424)
Fg;jHfspd; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - m[e;jh
425)
Kd; Ntjfhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjTtJ hpf; Ntjk;
426)
rHtNjr mZrf;jp mikg;gpd; Kj;jpiur; nrhy; - mikjpf;F mZ

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427)
rhHf; mikg;gpd; epue;ju jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - fhl;kz;L
428)
I.eh. rigf;F mLj;jgbahf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd ehLfis

nfhz;lJ mzpNruh ,af;fk;
429)
cyf tpahghu $l;likg;G cUthd cld;gbf;if khuf;Nf\;

cld;gbf;if(1995)
430)
Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; epytpypUe;j kfh[dgjq;fs; - gjpdhW
431)
re;jpuFg;jdhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l mnyf;rhz;lhpd; jsgjp

nry;A+f;fy; epNfhlH
432)
tpf;ukhjpj;jd; vd;W toq;fg;gl;l Fg;j kd;dH - ,uz;lhk; re;jpu

Fg;jH
433)
uh\;bu$l rhkuh[;aj;ij cUthf;fpatH je;jp JHf;fd;
434)
rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuk; - thjhgp
435)
,e;jpahit jhf;fpa Kjy; md;dpa gilnaLg;ghsH kfh

mnyf;rhz;lH
436)
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; cWg;G ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if 193
437)
438)
,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l J}uk; nry;Yk; ,uapy; - tpNtf;

2012 Njrpa thypghy; Nghl;bapy; ntd;w khepyk; - Nfush
439)
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH tpkhd epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nua;G+H
440)
,e;jpa mZrf;jp fhHgNurd; cs;s ,lk; - Kk;ig
441)
442)
ehl;bd; Kjy; fdePH cw;gj;jp epiyak; - eq;fy;

,e;jpahtpy; ve;j nkhopapy; gj;jphpf;iffs; mjpfk; ntspahfpd;wJ ,e;jp
443)
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; ehspjo; - < ehL
444)
,uh[pt; fhe;jp tpkhd epiyak; cs;s ,lk; Me;jpuh

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445)
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpf;F top tFj;j NghH - ,uz;lhk; jiud;
446)
NghH.
2012 ,uQ;rpf; Nfhg;igia ntd;w khepyk; - ,uh[];jhd;
447)
myhTjPd; fpy;[p mikr;ruitapd; ftpQH mkPH F];U
448)
KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;fpd; ,aw;ngaH [{dhfhd;.
449)
Mk;nd];b ,d;lHNe\dypd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ,yz;ld;
450)
xsuq;frPg;Gld; Nkhjpa kuhl;ba kd;dH rpth[p
451)
Njrpa cNyhf ghpNrhjid epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - [hk;n\l;g+H
452)
cyfpy; mjpfk; ,ug;gH cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL jha;yhe;J
453)
ehfhH[Pd rhfH miz ve;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
fpU\;zh
454)
455)
jf;fhzj;jpy; yhth gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtJ - fupry; kz;

vfpg;jpd; nts;isj; jq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - gUj;jp
456)
457)
Mw;wpd; fopKfg; gFjpapy; tsUk; fhLfs; - rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;

ypk;ghHb rkntsp fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - INuhg;gh
458)
459)
kJiuapy; filr; rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpatH - ,uz;lhk; neLQ;nropad;

,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1885
460)
khepyq;fsitapy; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;

vz;zpf;if - 12
461)
mikr;ruit
mikr;rH
462)
463)
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtyd; - cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

,yl;rj; jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - ftuj;jp
rfhf;fSf;Fj;
Jiwia
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P
nra;gtH
gpujk
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464)
Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH - ,uz;lhk;

neLQ;nropad;
465)
fpuhk Rauh[;ak; vd;w fUj;ij $wpatH kfhj;kh fhe;jp
466)
epow;fbfhuj;ij Kjy; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatHfs; - RNkupaHfs;
467)
jputq;fspd; fd msitf; fhz cjTk; fUtp - nfhs;fyd;
468)
tiug;glj;jhs; Kiwapy; fz;lwptJ - xOq;fw;w nghUspd; gug;G
469)
jq;f eiff; filapy; gad;gLk; jhuR - kpd;dZ jhuR
470)
mzh fbfhuj;jpy; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - rPrpak;
471)
ehk; gUFk; Nrhlh ePupy; cs;s thA - fhHgd; -il -Mf;irL
472)
xspiaj; jil nra;Ak; nghUs; - cNyhfj;Jz;L
473)
474)
xU gbj;jhd jd;ik nfhz;lJ - J}a nghUl;fs;

nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpd; NkhJ ntspg;gLk; thA - fhHgd; -il-Mf;i]L
475)
JU vd;gjd; Ntjpg; ngaH - ,Uk;G Mf;i]L
476)
mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; tha;ghL - tpir/gug;G
477)
Jg;ghf;fpapy; mOj;jg;gl;l RUs;tpy; ngw;wpUg;gJ - epiy Mw;wy;
478)
,U epiyfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l FWfpa njhiyT - ,lg;ngaHr;rp
479)
,urkl;lj;jpy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s jputk; - My;f`hy;
480)
481)
mOj;jj;ij msf;f cjTk; fUtp - NghHld; mstp

Njrpa fPjj;ij ghl vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhy msT 52 tpdhbfs;
482)
gzkNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJ Nyhf;rig
483)
mikr;ruitapd; vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; mtruepiyia

mwptpg;gtH FbauRj; jiytH
484)
murpayikg;Gr; rl;l MNyhrfuhf gzpahw;wpatH gp.vd;.uht;.
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485)
,e;jpahtpy; ehzaq;fis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ kj;jpa

muR
486)
Ugpah vd;gJ nts;sp ehzak;
487)
488)
n\H\h fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l jq;f ehzak; - nkh`H

,e;jpa fud;rp Nehl;Lfspy;> &gha; kjpg;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;
nkhopfs; - 17
489)
FbauRj; jiytH> Nyhf;rig> uh[;arig Mfpa %d;iwAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ ghuhSkd;wk;
490)
,e;jpahtpy; tq;fp Nehl;Lfis ntspapLk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ

hprHt; tq;fp
491)
,q;fpyhe;jpd; Njrpa kyH Nuh[hg;G+
492)
cyfpd;
Kjy;
ngz;
[dhjpgjp
,];ngy;
gHfhd;
ve;j
ehl;il
rhHe;jtH mHn[d;ildh
493)
,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G efuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ [hk;n\l;G+H
494)
mk;Ngj;fhH ];Nlbak; vq;F cs;sJ nly;yp
495)
Mrpahtpd; Nehgy; ghpR vd miof;fg;gLk; tpUJ uhkd; kfNrNr
496)
ve;j
fpufj;jpy;
njhlHe;J
250
ehl;fs;
gfyhfNt
,Uf;Fk;
vd
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - nrt;tha; fpufk;

497)
498)
fUg;G <ak; vdg;gLk; jhJ - fpuhigl;

,uhkrhkp Nfhg;ig ve;j tpisahl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ
499)
%q;fpy; gy; cs;s tpyq;F
500)
,e;jpahtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ngz; fkhz;Nlh gil
- `hf;fp
- Kjiy
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - jkpo;ehL
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501)
,e;jpah
Fbaurhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ
502)
,Ue;jtH - gp.v];.Fkhurhkp uh[h

jkpo;ehl;bd; khepy tpisahl;L - fgb
503)
504)
rpWthzp miz mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - Nfhit khtl;lk;

ngupaGuhzk; ahUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - NrhoHfs;
505)
fhyk;
,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilapd; filrp gjtp
506)
507)
g+[;[paj;ij cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ehL - ,e;jpah

vNghyh vd;w capHf;nfhy;ypNeha; Kjypy; vq;F cz;lhdJ - Nkw;F
508)
Mg;upf;f ehLfs;
,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ nraw;ifNfhs;
509)
510)
kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L vg;NghJ fl;lg;gl;lJ - 1957

NfhijahW mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - fd;dpahFkup
511)
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;FtJ jpl;lf;FO
512)
tpz;ntspf;Fr; nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH uhNf\;rHkh
513)
514)
Njrpa njhiyAzHT ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - i`juhghj;

,e;jpahtpNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; njhiyAzHTr;
jkpo;ehl;bd;
Kjy;tuhf
- VH rP/g; khH\y;
gh];fuh
nraw;iff;Nfhs; - IRS-1A
515)
nrd;nrf;]; vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpatH jPgf; nkh`hsp
516)
kj;jpa njhONeha; Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - nrd;id
517)
,e;jpa uapy;Ntapd; jiyikafk; - GJjpy;yp
518)
Njrpa tdf;nfhs;if mwptpf;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1952
519)
kj;jpa vhpnghUs; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - jd;ghj;
520)
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa ejp mNkrhd;

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521)
,uj;jj;jpy;
Mf;]p[idr;
Rke;J
nry;Yk;
jpwidf;
Fiwg;gJ
fhHgd; Nkhdhf;i]L
522)
nraw;ifahd rpWePufk; vdg;gLtJ laiyrH
523)
,uj;jj;jpy; ,d;Rypd; msT Fiwtjhy; clypy; NrUk; nghUs; fPl;Nlhd;fs;
524)
mkpNdh mkpyq;fisf; nfhz;l ghypngg;ilL `hHNkhd; - ,d;Rypd;
525)
gUg;nghUs;fspd; ehd;fhtJ epiy gpsh];kh
nghJ mwpT
1.
,lg;ngaHr;rp milAk; jhtuk; - thy;thf;];
2.
b.vk;.tp itu]pdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; jhtuk; - Gifapiy
3.
Nugp]; Neha; vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ -
4.
Kfpo;jy; Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;tJ - i`buh
5.
Ez; My;fhf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - fpshkpNlhkhd];
6.
gfy; Neuj;jpy; ,iyfis NkYk; fPOk; ,af;Fk; jhtuk; - je;jpj;
7.
jhtuk;
fiuahj czTg; nghUs; fiuAk; vspa nghUshf khw;wg;gLk;
itu];
epfo;r;rp - nrupj;jy;
8.
njhw;Wj;jhtu NtHfspy; fhzg;gLk; gQ;R Nghd;w jpR - ntyhkd;
9.
10.
kdpjdpy; ,uj;j Nrhif Nehia cz;Lgz;ZtJ - jl;ilg;GO

jhtuq;fspy; xspr; NrHf;ifapd; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; - Ntjp
11.
Mw;wy;
jw;rhHg;G czt+l;lk; vd;gJ - jhNd jahupj;jy;
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12.
GNuhl;Nlh gpshrj;jpYs;s ePupd; rjtPj ,iaG - 90%
13.
jhtu itu];fspy; fhzg;gLtJ MH.vd;.V.
14.
Ntfk; fhl;Lk; fUtpapy; gad;gLtJ - fhe;jk;
15.
#upaid mLj;Js;s fhw;W ntspapy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ
i`l;u[d;
16.
lhf;lH
Kj;Jyl;Rkp
nul;b
mtHfs;
Muk;gpj;j
Mjutw;NwhH
,y;yj;jpd; ngaH xsit ,y;yk;

17.
,e;jpa
njhy;ypaypd;
je;ij
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ltH
mnyf;]hz;lH fd;dpq;`hk;
18.
,gpd; gJ}jh ve;j ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtH nkhuhf;Nfh
19.
filr;rq;f
20.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
rPdg;gazp Athd;Rthq; vOjpa gaz E}y; - rpA+f;fp
21.
,e;jpa ,Ug;Gg; ghijapd; je;ij ly;n`srp gpuG
22.
RNjrk;> ,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf Nghd;w ew;fUj;Jfis Kjd; Kjypy;
fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;dNu
Njhd;wpa
,yf;fz
E}y;
$wpatH Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp

23.
RkhH 2500 kPl;lH tiu tsUk; jhtuq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ -
24.
Crpapiyf; fhLfs;
mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh khepyq;fspy; kpFjpahf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
25.
nghUs; - ngl;Nuhypak;
yh$H fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;gb
Rje;jpu
jpdkhf
ehL
KOtJk;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;l ehs; - 1930 [dthp 26

26.
];ngapd; ehl;bd; Njrpa tpisahl;L fhis rz;il
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27.
FwpQ;rpg; ghl;by; vj;jid tif kyHfs; cs;sd 99
28.
,aw;if tho;j;NjhL njhlq;fp vOjg;ngw;w fhg;gpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
29.
gpuh$ap vd;w nkhop Ngrg;gLk; gFjp gYrp];jhdk;
30.
jz;zPH jz;zPH vd;w ehlf E}ypd; MrphpaH Nfhky; Rthkpehjd;
31.
Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfk; cyfpw;F mspj;j khngUk; ed;nfhil

FbauRj; jj;Jtk;
32.
INuhg;gh> Mrpah Mfpa ,Ufz;lq;fspy; gutpAs;s ehL u\;ah
33.
fpU\;z Njtuhahpd; mikr;ruit m\;ljpf;f[q;fs;
34.
tl ,e;jpahtpd; gpugykhd eld tbtk; - fjf;
35.
jhtu nry;ypy; ,y;yhj cWg;G nrd;l;NuhNrhk;
36.
rpth[papd; Md;kpf FU uhk;jh];
37.
xd;whk; jiud; Nghhpy; KfkJ Nfhhpia Njhw;fbj;jtH

gpUj;tpuh[; nrsfhd;
38.
Nfhyd;ifkh jpRtpy; fhzg;gLtJ ngf;bd;
39.
vz;nzapdhy; gw;wp vhpaf;$ba jPia vijf; nfhz;L mizf;f

Ntz;Lk; - Eiug;ghd; (/Nghk;ikl;)
40.
mbik tk;rj;ij epWtpatH Fj;GjPd; Igf;
41.
ghurPf gz;bifahd nesNuhir ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH

ghy;gd;.
42.
xb\htpd; nrt;tpay; eld tbtk; vdg;gLtJ xbrp
43.
,uhf;nfl;by; vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLtJ ePHk i`l;u[d;
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44.
I];
jahhpf;Fk;
fyj;jpy;
FspHtpg;gdhfg;
gad;gLtJ
ePHk
i`l;u[d;
45.
ghud;ifkh jpR vtw;iw Nrkpf;fpd;wd czT
46.
47.
ypuh vd;Dk; ehzak; cgNahfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehL - mNugpah

fly; topahf cyif Rw;wp te;j Kjy; khYkp - nkfy;yd;
48.
f[puhN`h
49.
rpfpupahf; Nfhl;ilia mikj;jtH - fhrpag;gd;
50.
51.
,yq;ifia juprpj;j Kjy; INuhg;gpaH - khHNfhNghNyh

kpf mjpfkhd fdpk tsj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehL - xuprh
52.
X];Nyh ve;j ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - ehHNt
53.
,e;jpah 2020 vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - mg;Jy; fyhk;
54.
55.
tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;F cs;sJ - nfhy;fj;jh

jf;fhz muRfspd; ,yf;fpa nkhopahf mike;jJ - cUJ nkhop
56.
g+kpia Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpah nrYj;jpa nraw;if Nfhs; -
Nfhapy;fis fl;ba mur guk;giuapdH - rhe;jyHfs;
gh];fuh
57.
58.
fe;jHt Ntjj;ij ,aw;wpatH - guj KdptH

fdlh ehl;bd; Gfo; ngw;w ejp - Nkfd;rp
59.
rPf;fpaHfspd; fpuhe;jh rhfpg; vd;w Gdpj E}iy njhFj;jtH - FU
60.
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; NghH vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - rhtHf;fH
61.
cyfpNyNa [dhjpgjpf;F xU tUl fhyk; gjtp nfhz;l ehL RtPl;rHyhe;J
62.
cyfpNyNa ntg;gkhd ,lk; - mrPra

P h (ypgpah)
63.
igrh NfhGuk; vjdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ - ryitf;fy;
64.
INuhg;gpa fz;lj;jpd; Vo;ikahd ehL - my;Ngdpah
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65.
gpujkUk; ke;jpupfSk; ,y;yhj ehL - Rtpl;rHyhe;J
66.
67.
Kfk;kJ egpfs; gpwe;j ,lk; - nkf;fh

Kjd;Kjypy; epidT mQ;ry;jiy ntspapl;l ehL - ngU
68.
69.
gs;spf;$lj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpatHfs; - NuhkhdpaHfs;

[g;ghdpd; Rje;jpu jpdk; ve;j ehs; - Vg;uy; 29
70.
71.
cUisf;fpoq;fpd; jhafk; vJ - ngU

ngz;fSf;F Xl;Lupik mspj;j Kjy; ehL - epArpyhe;J
72.
73.
,e;jpa Gul;rpapd; ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH - Nklk; gpfh[p fhkh

fpnubl; ml;il toq;fpa Kjy; ,e;jpa tq;fp - nrd;l;uy; Ngq;f;
74.
Mg; ,e;jpah
Rakhpahij
75.
nrq;fy;gl;L
,uz;L gpujkHfisf; nfhz;l ehL - rhd;kuPNdh
76.
khepyj;ij jkpo;ehL vd mz;zh ngaH khw;wk; nra;j Mz;L
,af;fj;jpd;
Kjy;
khehL
eilngw;w
,lk;
1969
77.
,uz;lhk; ik#H Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if

kq;fs+H
78.
,e;jpa rpw;gf; fiyapd; njhl;by; vdg;gLtJ - IN`hy;
79.
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd; #l;bf; nfhz;l gl;lk; - rpj;ufhug; Gyp
80.
jpUg;ghit vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpatH - Mz;lhs;
81.
,uz;lhk; j;nua;d; NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1192
82.
myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; njd;dpe;jpag; gilnaLg;gpd; gilj; jsgjp

khypf;fhG+H
83.
eldkq;ifapd; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nkh`Q;rjhNuh
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84.
,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp vd miof;fg;gLgtH nfsby;aH
85.
fy;fj;jhitAk;-ng\htiuAk; ,izf;Fk; mNrhfhpd; fypq;fg; NghH

gw;wpa tptuq;fisf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L XII-k; ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
86.
fpuhz;l; buq; neLQ;rhiyia mikj;jtH ly;n`srp
87.
Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; E}y; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
88.
Njrpa xUikg;ghL jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - etk;gH 19
89.
fhe;jp[p xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij cldbahf epWj;jf; fhuzk; rThp rTuh epfo;r;rp
90.
nty;j; Mg; Ne\d;]; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH Mlk; ];kpj;
91.
fNuh[; vdg;gLtJ tpisr;ry; thp
92.
mbik tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j kd;dH ghy;gd;
93.
fpy;[p kuig Jtf;fpatH [yhYj;jpd; ngNuh]; fpy;[p
94.
NeHkhwhd Fzq;fspd; fyit vd miof;fg;gl;ltH KfkJ gpd;

Jf;sf;
95.
gJ}`j;-,-ngNuh\h`p vd;w E}iy vOjpatH gpNuh]; Jf;sf;
96.
trPH
vd;W
miof;fg;gLgtH
gpujk
mikr;rH
kw;Wk;
epjp
mikr;rH
97.
tp[a efu Nguuir epWtpatH - `hpù Gf;fH
98.
mKf;jky;ajh vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fpU\;z NjtuhaH
99. c\h ghpzak; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - fpU\;z NjtuhaH

100. tp[aefu Nguuir Kjypy; Ml;rp nra;j tk;rk; - rq;fk tk;rk;
101. jiyf;Nfhl;il NghH eilngw;w Mz;L 1565
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102. fpU\;z NjtuhaH KO epiwthd murH vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltH

Nlhkpdpf; ga];
103. njYq;fpy;
kD
rhpjk;
vd;w
E}iy
vOjpatH
my;yrhzp
ngj;jz;zh
104. Mz;lhspd; tho;f;ifia tpthpf;Fk; E}y; - mKf;j khy;ajh
105. tp[a efuk; ve;j ejpf;fiuapy; epWtg;gl;lJ Jq;fgj;jpuh ejp
106. gftj; fPijf;F QhNd];thp vd;w tpsf;f ciuia vOjpatH
QhdNjtH
107. uhf;rrh jhq;fb NghH vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ jiyf;Nfhl;il NghH
108. jphpgPlfq;fs; vOjg;gl;l nkhop ghyp
109. ghlypGj;jpuj;ij Gjpa jiyefukhf epHkhzpj;jtH cjapd;
110. njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,uz;L jiyefuk; nfhz;l ehL nghyptpah
111. rq;ffhyg;
ghz;baHfspd;
Ml;rpf;F
KbT
fl;bath;fs;
fsg;gpuHfs;
112. ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpatH FkhuFg;jH
113. `H\ rhpjj;ij ,aw;wpatH ghzH
114. Njrpa fPjj;ij tq;fhsp nkhopapypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngaHj;jtH jh$H.
115. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];yPk;fSk; xNu fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l ghidfs;
vd;W $wpatH fgPH
116. murpayikg;G neUf;fbepiy gpujkuhf ,Ue;jNghJ mjpfKiw
mky;gLj;jg;gl;ltH - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp
117. [d fz kd ghlYf;F ,iraikj;jtH fhg;ld; uhk;rpq;
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118. murpayikg;G neUf;fb epiy ghuhSkd;wk; xg;GjYld;

mjpfgl;rkhf mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; Mz;L - %d;W Mz;Lfs;
119. FbauRj;jiytH Ml;rp Kjy; Kiwahf mky;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk;
vJ - gQ;rhg;
120. cyfpd; caukhd jiyefuhd yhgh]; mike;Js;s ehL
nghyptpah
121. vil Fiwe;j cly; cWg;G - EiuaPuy;
122.
,uj;jk; ciwahky; ghJfhf;f ,uj;j tq;fpfspy; gad;gLj;Jk;
Ntjpg;nghUs; - Nrhbak; rpl;Nul;

123. kdpjupy; fhzg;gLk; kugZ Neha; rpf;fy; - nry; mdPka
P h
124. nll;ld]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ - euk;G kz;lyk;.
125. kNyupah Nehapdhy; ghjpg;giltJ - kz;zPuy;
126. Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk;NghNj ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; tUtJ fpupl;bdprk;
127. fz; nyd;rpd; xspGFk; jd;ik Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLtJ - fz;Giu
128. mRj;j ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jkdp EiuaPuy; jkdp
129. czHT cWg;GfspypUe;J jz;Ltlj;jpw;F tUk; euk;Gfs; - czHT
euk;Gfs;
130. czT eQ;rhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd ghf;Bhpah f;sh];l;hPbak;
131. czTg;
nghUl;fs;
mopjiy
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
nghl;Lyprk;
132. caphpfspd;
ntspj;Njhw;wj;ij
tpthpf;Fk;
kugpay;
nrhy;
[Pdhf;fk;
133. caphpay; nghUl;fisg; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLtJ ghHkhy;bi`L
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134. ,jaj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;J EiuaPuy; jkdp ntspNaWfpwJ ,lJ ntd;l;hpf;fps;

135. ,jaj;Jld; $ba ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk; vg;NghJ cUthfpwJ
4tJ thuj;jpy;
136. jhth miz ePH kpd; epiyak; cs;s khepyk; - kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
137. G+kpapd; rNfhjhp vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; - nts;sp
138. rhe;jp
epNfjd;
vd;w
mikg;ig
Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
,utPe;jpuehj;
jh$H
139. ,e;jpa epA+l;uhd; Ma;tfk; jkpo;ehl;by; epWtg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; - Nghb
140. gf;uh eq;fy; miz cs;s khepyk; - gQ;rhg;
141. nrapd;l; [hH[; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;batH gpuhd;rp];Nl
142. ,e;jpahtpy;
m];]hk;
mjpfkhd
vz;nza;
tay;fs;
cs;s
khepyk;
143. I.eh. rigapy; ,e;jpah cWg;gpduhd Mz;L 1945

144. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 15
145. kpd;fhe;jj;ij cUthf;f kpfTk; rpwe;j cNyhfk; - NjdpUk;G
146. Gdpj [hH[; Nfhl;il mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s efuk; - nrd;id
147. NfhJik vt;tifg; gapH kpjntg;g kz;lyg; gapH
148. ghHypnkd;l;
,U
$l;lj;njhlHfSf;fpilNa
mjpfgl;r ,ilntsp fhyk; - 6 khjk;
149. ghHypnkd;l;by;
Kjd;Kjyhf
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
jPHkhdk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L 1963

150. ,e;jpa uhZt mfhlkp kw;Wk; uh\;bhpa ,e;jpa uhZtf; fy;Y}hp
nray;gLk; ,lk; - Nluh^d;
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151. ,iwik vd;gJ vij Fwpf;fpwJ - murpd; mjpfhuk;

152. nyghdpd; jiyefuk; - nga;Ul;
153. rPdngUQ;Rtiu fl;ba kd;dH - \pAthq;fb
154. rh[fhd; nly;yp kd;duhf mupaiz VWk; ,lk; - Mf;uh
155. 1946-y; ,e;jpahtpw;F rl;lkd;wf; FOit mDg;gpa ,q;fpyhe;J
gpujkH - ml;yp
156. fq;if ejp fiuapy; mike;js;s ,e;jpa efuk; - ùpj;thH
157. Kjd; Kjypy; cyif Rw;wp te;j tpkhdp - fpq;]; NghHL ];kpj;
158. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; rpwe;j epidT fl;blkhf fUjgLtJ rhHkpdhH
159. Kjy; rhl;iyl; ,izg;G Nrhjid njhlq;fg;gl;l ehs;
- 1975
160. khztHfSf;F ,uz;L iffshYk; vOjg; gapw;rp mspf;Fk; ehL [g;ghd;

161. cyfpy; mjpf msT rpiytbf;fg;gl;l kdpjH nydpd;
162. jkpopy; Kjy; ehtiy vOjpatH - kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is
163. ,e;jpahitAk;> ghfp];jhidAk; gpupf;Fk; vy;iyf; Nfhl;bd; ngaH uhl;fpspg;
164. xU Kiw $l Nyhf;rghtpw;F nry;yhj ,e;jpa gpujkH - jpU.
ruz;rpq;
165. jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; tuyhw;W E}y;
- Nkhfdhq;fp
166. kpfg;nghpa G+f;Fk; jhtuk; - ug;Nsrpah

167. kuj;jpd; Nky; njhw;wpthOk; jhtuq;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ vgpigl;Lfs;
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168. ,lg;ngaHr;rp gz;gpdhy; tpyq;F vd;Wk; xspr;NrHf;if gz;gpdhy;

jhtuk; vd;Wk; fUjg;gLk; caphpdk; - A+f;spdh
169. kpfr;rpwpa G+f;Fk; jhtuk; - cy;gpah
170. rphpf;Fk; kPd; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ lhy;gpd;
171. gwitfspd; murd; vdg;gLtJ fOF
172. jz;zPNu mUe;jhj caphpdk; - fq;fhU vyp
173. ePz;lfhyk; capHthOk; gwit neUg;Gf; Nfhop
174. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa tpyq;F ePyj;jpkpq;fyk;
175. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwpa KJnfYk;gp gpypg;igd; Nfhgp kPd;
176. vgpfy;;rr
; H vd;gJ vij tsHf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk; - NjdPf;fs;
177. Mw;Wf;fhy; nghq;fy; tpoh njhlHGila khepyk; - Nfush
178. fd;dpahFkhp mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lk; - fPhpd;tPrr
; pd; fpof;fpy;
179. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa MW vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ fq;if
180. mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp vd;W ngahplg;gl;l Mz;L 1936
181. Fg;jHfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j thdtpay; mwpQH Mhpagl;lH
182. `Hrhpd; jiyefuk; fd;Ndhrp
183. rpA+f;fp
my;yJ
Nkiy
ehLfspd;
Fwpg;G
vd;w
Fwpg;Gfis
vOjpatH Athd; Rthq;

184. fd;Ndhrpapy; Gj;j khehl;il elj;jpatH - `H\H
185. rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Mz;L fp.gp.644
186. gpujpfhu kuig Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Kjyhk; ehfg;gl;lH
187. tpf;ukrPyh gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH jUkghyH
188. n[fd;ehjH Myak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - G+hp
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189. ghk;Ng nkapy; vd;Dk; ehlfj;ij vOjpatH fpU\;zrhkp ghtyH

190. xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfspy; `hf;fp tpisahl;L NrHf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1908
191. N[k;];
gpskpq;
ghz;l;
vd;w
fjhghj;jpuj;ij
cUthf;fpatH
,ahd;
192. jrFkhu rhpj;jpuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH jz;bd;

193. kj;jpa Njhy; Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; - nrd;id
194. cyf Nahfh jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gl;l ehs; - [{d; 21
195. Fkhurk;gtk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fhspjhrH
196. vYk;Gfspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpg;gJ fhy;\pak;
gh];Ngl;
197. jz;zPUf;Fs; ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; - gh];gu];
198. vyp tp\j;jpd; mwptpay; ngaH rpq;f; gh];Ngl;
199. fz;zPHg;Gifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thA FNshNuh
m]pl;Nlh/gpdhd;
200. gpj;jis> nrk;G ghj;jpuq;fspy; fspk;G gpbg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; Ng]pf; fhg;gH fhHgNdl;
201. nraw;if kioia cUthf;f Nkfq;fspd; kPJ J}Tk;nghb rpy;tH
mNahilL
202. euk;G nry;ypd; ePz;l fpisfsw;w gFjp Mf;]hd;
203. njhiy efypapdhy; mDg;g Ntz;ba Mtzj;ij kpd;diyfshf
khw;Wk; Kiw thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk;
204. #hpa mbg;gpy; gad;gLtJ Fop Mb
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205. xspr;nrwptpd; myF Nfz;byh

206. %d;W Mf;]p[d; mZf;fs; ,ize;jJ XNrhd;
207. fh];bf; Nrhlh vdg;gLtJ Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;irL
208. jhtu clyj;jpd; Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; nkOFg;
nghUs; - fpAl;bf;fps;
209. fg;gy; %o;Fk; Moj;ij mstpl gad;gLtJ gpypk;rhy; NfhL
210. %yf;$W mikg;ig mwpag; gad;gLtJ vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp
211. rkzf;Nfhapy; jpy;thuh mike;Js;s ,lk; - mGkiy
212. nrsfhd;fspd; jiyefuk; - M[;kPH
213. ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j Kjy; K];yPk; kd;dH KfkJ gpd;
fhrpk;
214. kdpjdpd; cly; vilapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ePH cs;sJ 70%
215. rf;futHj;jp jpUkfd; vd;w gilg;gpd; MrphpaH ,uh[h[p
216. ,e;jpahtpy; JUf;fpaH Ml;rpia epWtpatH KfkJ f[pdp
217. %d;whk; Gj;j khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;
218. jkpofj;jpy; kfspH Ra cjtpf;FO njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1989
219. ,uz;lhtJ jnua;d; NghH ele;j tUlk; - fp.gp.1192
220. khk;Yf; vd;gjd; nghUs; - mbik
221. mbik tk;rj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Fj;GjPd; Ingf;
222. ,e;J];jhdj;jpd; gwit vd;W Gfog;gl;ltH mkPH F];U
223. ,];yhk; kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH KfkJ egp
224. by;ypia Mz;l ngz;zurp urpah Ry;jhd;
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225. by;ypf;F mUNf Jf;sfhghj; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;batH fpahRjPd;

Jf;sf;
226. fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fs; ntspapLk; kpfg;nghpa Jfs; - My;gh Jfs;
227. Gifg;glj; jhs;fisg; ghjpg;gJ - gPl;lh fjpHfs;
228. nraw;if Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;gJ
- NubNah epA+f;isL
229. fz;zpw;F Gyg;glhjf; fjpH fhkh fjpHfs;
230. fhkh fjpHfs; nghUs;fspd; kPJ tpOk;NghJ ntspNaw;WtJ - gPl;lh
fjpH my;yJ vyf;l;uhd;fs;
231. nraw;ifj;
jdpkq;fis
cUthf;f
jhf;fpfshfg;
gad;gLtJ
My;gh Jfs;
232. gh];gu]; 32 ve;Nehiaf;; Fzg;gLj;Jk; - Njhy; Gw;WNeha;
233. epA+l;uhd;
fpsHT
Ma;T
%yk;
MHnrdpf;
er;Rj;
jd;ikiaf;
fz;lwptjpy; gad;gLtJ fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs;

234. mjpf epiwAk; mjpf jpirNtfj;ijAk; nfhz;l Jfs; - My;gh
Jfs;
235. kUj;Jtf;
fUtpfspy;
cs;s
fpUkpfis
ePf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
fjpHtPr;Rfs;
236. caphpay;
%yf;$Wfisf;
fz;lwpag;
gad;gLtJ
bhpl;bak;>
fhHgd; 14.
237. mZ cl;fUtpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gz;ig mwpag; gad;gLtJ
fhkh fjpHfs;
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238. nghUs;fspd;
mikg;G
tha;g;ghl;il
fz;lwpag;
gad;gLtJ
fjpHtPr;Rfs;
239. fiury;fspy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;
kpfr;rpwpa
msT
rpy;tH
frLfis
fjphpaf;f
fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ fjphpaf;f mNahbd;

240. Ntjptpidfspd;
Rtlwp
jdpkq;fshfg;
gad;gLtJ
INrhNlhg;Gfs;
241. goq;fisg; gOf;fitf;fg; gad;gLtJ vj;jpyPd;
242. mOfpa Kl;ilapd; JHehw;wKs;s thA i`l;u[d; ry;igL
243. vhpjiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tspkz;ly gFjpg; nghUs; - iel;u[d;
244. rpwe;j xLf;f tpidf; fhuzp J}shf;fg;gl;l epf;fy;
245. Kjd;Kjyhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nraw;if ,io ieyhd;
246. vyf;l;hpf; maHd; ghf;]py; gad;gLtJ epf;Nuhk;
247. cyfpy; ituk; mjpfkhff; fpilf;Fk; ehL njd;dhg;gphpf;fh
248. ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; - 2.4
249. ntg;gj;jhy; tphptilahj cNyhff; fyit - ,d;thH
250. jhtu tsHr;rpf;F Njitahd rj;J iel;u[d;
251. tpkhd ghfq;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - bAuhYkpd;
252. jhtu Neha; vjpHg;Gf;Fj; NjitahdJ nghl;lh\;
253. fUk;Gf; fopTg; ghfpypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ vj;jpy; My;f`hy;
254. fk;g;A+l;lH nkkhp rpg;gpy; gad;gLtJ rpypfhd;
255. jdp Cry;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLtJ - ,d;thH
256. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; K];yPk; uh[tk;rk; vdg;gLtJ mbik tk;rk;
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257. ehzaq;fspy; jd;id ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W nghwpj;Jf;

nfhz;l fpy;[p tk;r kd;dH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
258. ,uhZt tPuHfSf;F md;gspg;ghf epyj;ij gl;lh Nghl;Lf;
nfhLf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njhlq;fp itj;j kd;dH - /gpNuh]; \h
Jf;sf;
259. ghkpdp tk;rk; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fyfk; - jf;fhz fyfk;
260. rPdg;gazp Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpah tp[ak; nra;j fhyfl;lk; `H\H fhyfl;lk;
261. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH
b.Nf.fhHNt
262. ,e;jpahtpy; kpff; Fiwthd thf;fhsHfisf; nfhz;l Nyhf;rigj;
njhFjp - ,yl;rj;jPT
263. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp me;jkhd;-epf;NfhgH
264. G+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w tzpfk; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; gl;bdg;ghiy.
265. NrhoHfspd; fpuhk epHthfk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L
cj;jpuNk&H fy;ntl;L.
266. rk ,uT gfy; fhzg;gLk; ehs; - khHr; 21 kw;Wk; nrg;lk;gH 23
267. Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rp nkhop ghurPfk;
268. by;ypapy; cs;s rphp efuj;ij cUthf;fpatH myhTjPd; fpy;[p
269. m\;ljpf;f[q;fs; vd;gJ ftpQHfs; njhFjp
270. tp[a efug; Nguurpd; rpijTfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - `k;gp
271. jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLtJ - rq;ffhyk;
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272. nkf];jdp]; ve;j ehl;il rhHe;jtH - fpNuf;f ehL

thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk;
xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr
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mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf;

nra;aTk;.
273. rHtNjr jpl;l Neuk; fzf;fpl gad;gLtJ - fpuPd;tpr; jPHf;f Nuif
274. nufH vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - fupry; kz;
275. cauKk;
typikAk;
kpf;f
fhLfs;
fhzg;gLk;
,lk;
gRik
khwhf; fhLfs;
276. jkpo;ehl;by; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; fhzg;g Lk; ,lk; - godp
277. jkpofj;jpd; ,aw;if g+kp vd miof;fg;gLk; khtl;lk; - Njdp
khtl;lk;
278. ,e;jpahtpy; khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; vg;NghJ ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - 1856
279. jputj;jq;fk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - ngl;Nuhypak;
280. EiuaPuiy %bAs;s rt;tpd; ngaH
Gs+uh
281. FU Nfhtpe;j; rhfH miz ve;j ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

rl;ny[;
282. ,uz;L nghpa JiwKfq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jpa khepyk; - jkpofk;
283. ,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa rpk;yh xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L
1972
284. nkf];jdp]; vOjpa Gj;jfk; - ,z;bfh
285. Njhl;lg; gapHfs; tsHr;rpf;F Vw;w kz; - ruis kz;
286. rspj; njhy;iy> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> khHGr;rsp ePf;Fk;> cly;

gyk; jUk; %ypif - J}Jtis
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287. fpUkp ehrpdp> FspHr;rp jUk;. tapw;Wg; g+r;rpia ePf;Fk; %ypif

- Ntk;G
288. kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - fPohney;yp
289. rsp> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif - Jsrp
290. tpaHit ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif
- Xkty;yp.
291. tha;g; Gz;izf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> FspHr;rpjUk; %ypif - ney;yp
292. fpUkp ehrpdp> moFgLj;jy; %ypif. - kQ;rs;
293. grpiaj; J}z;Lk;> nrupkhdkpd;ikia ePf;Fk; %ypif gpuz;il
294. nrupkhdf; NfhshWfisj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - ,Q;rp
295. njhz;ilf; fufug;ig ePf;Fk; %ypif - kpsF
296. tpaHitg; ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk;
%ypif fw;G+uty;yp
297. tapW njhlHghd Neha;fisj; jPHf;Fk; - trk;G
298. FspHr;rp jUk;> fz;Neha;fs;> tapw;Wg;Gz; ePf;Fk; %ypif
fw;whio
299. neQ;Rr; rsp> nrhwp> rpuq;F> cly; mupg;G Nghd;wit ePf;Fk;
%ypif Fg;igNkdp
300. Foe;ijfspd;
rsp>
kQ;rs;
fhkhiy
ePf;Fk;
%ypif
fhpryhq;fz;zp
301. gr;irakw;w jhNyhigl;L tifiar; rhHe;jit - g+Q;irfs;
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302. g+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa jhtutpay; gpupT - ikfhy[p

303. nghJthf
g+Q;irfs;
a+NfupNahl;Lfs;
vt;tif
nry;fshy;
Mdit
304. kl;Fz;zpfs;> xl;Lz;zpfs; vd ,uz;L tifahd NtWgl;l Cl;l

Kiwfis nfhz;lit - g+Q;irfs;
305. kl;Fz;zpfs; ,we;j kw;Wk; mOfpa mq;ffg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ
tho;fpd;w g+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iuNrhg];> mfhupf];.
306. ikrPypaq;Fspd;
i`ghf;fs;
fpisj;j>
nky;ypa
,iofspd;
ngaH
307. g+Q;irfspd; nry; RtH vtw;why; Mdit - ifl;bd;

308. g+Q;irfshy; kdpjHfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; - Njky; Neha;
309. kug;gl;ilapy; thOk;
irNyhgpy;y];
310. Kb
my;yJ
G+Q;ifs;
khl;Lf;
nfhk;G
vt;thW
Nghd;w
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
nghUspd;
kPJ
tsUk;
G+Q;irfs; - nfuhl;bNdhgpy;y];
311. g+Q;irapd; clyk; vtw;why; Mdit - ikrPypak;
312. <];l; Nghd;w g+Q;irfs; vt;tif caphpadq;fs; - xU nry; capup
313. nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Njhd;wpa ehL mnkhpf;fh
314. 1929-y; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtH n`HgHl; `{tH
315. rpjk;guk; eluh[H NfhtpYf;F nghw;$iu Nta;e;j murd; - guhe;jf
Nrhod;
316. KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp epiyahd Ml;rp
317. njhopyhsHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; - njhopy; gl;lak;
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318. rz;ilAk;> ifg;gw;WjYk; vd;w nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpatHfs; rHthjpfhhp

319. flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; epyTk; fhyepiy rkkhd fhyepiy
320. Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
321. njd;Nkw;Fg;
gUtf;fhw;W
jpirf;F
,izahf
mike;Js;s
kiyfs; - Muty;yp kiyfs;

322. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ,iyAjpHf; fhLfs;
323. NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
324. nraw;iff;
Nfhs;>
njhiyj;
njhlHGj;
Jiw
Muha;r;rp
kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; epWtdk; - ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp

Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
325. Nfuhsitr; NrHe;j rpwe;j r%f rPHjpUj;jthjp - =ehuhaz FU
326. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lhj;jpy; fhe;jp[p cgNahfpj;j Gjpa Af;jp Kiw
rj;jpahfpufk;
327. n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH lhfH ghq;f;
328. rpe;J rkntspapy; mfo;thuha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhz;ltH
rH [hd;
khH\y;
329. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; 184tJ cWg;G ehL
md;Nlhuh
330. epjp MNahf; Jizj; jiytH mutpe;j; gdfhpah

331. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 5000 kPl;lH cauj;jpy; cUthfpd;w Nkfq;fs; fPwW
; Nkfq;fs;
332. ,e;jpahtpy; ePskhd flw;fiuia nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;
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333. egfhe;j rl;lH[p ntspapl;l khj ,jopd; ngaH kfhghg; ghy;a

gpgh`h
334. gdhurpy;
kj;jpa
,e;Jg;gs;spia
epWtpatH
md;dpngrd;l;
mk;ikahH
335. Njrpa rHf;fiuj; njhopy; El;gf; fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - m[;kPH
336. Nrhdhy; khd;rpq;fhy; gpugyg;gLj;jg;gl;l eldk; - xbrp
337. A+g;uB];> ilfhP]; ejpfs; ghAk; ,lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhPfk;
nkrgNlhkpa ehfhPfk;
338. kpf mjpfkhd ehLfSld; vy;iyiag; gq;fpLk; ehLfs; - u\;ah>
rPdh
339. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j
khepyk; - Nfhth
340. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; rpwpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp ,yl;rj;jPT
341. nfhy;ypkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l kd;dd; - Xhp
342. njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;ltH
mQ;riy mk;khs;
343. fy;ghf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s nkl;uh]; mZrf;jp epiyaj;jpy;
mZf;fU ciyapy; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk; jzpg;ghd; - fdePH
344. Nghhpd; nfhs;ifg;gb Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk;
msT - Nfhz ce;jk;
345. i`l;u[d; mZf;nfhs;ifia toq;fpatH - NghH
346. NubNah fjpHfis G+kpf;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; tspkz;ly
glyk;
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - maNdh];gpaH

347. Id;];Bd; Nehgy; ghpR vjw;fhf ngw;whH - xspkpd; tpisT
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348. FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; nrytplg;gLk; kpd;jpwd; vt;tsT thl; - 500

349. G+kpapypUe;J nraw;ifNfhs; nrd;w topiaj; Jy;ypakhf mwpa
cjTtJ - lhg;sH tpisT
350. kPxypapay; vd;gJ - kpf mjpf mjpHntz; nfhz;l xyp miyfs;
351. tpz;ntsp Ma;Tepiyaq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; jahupf;f cjTtJ - #upa
kpd;fyk;
352. nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH - MHf;fpkpb];
353. KjyhtJ
Cry;
fbfhuj;ij
ntw;wpfukhf
tbtikj;jtH
fpwp];bad; i`[d;];
354. xU xsp Mz;L vd;gJ 9.46 X fp.kP.
355. miwntg;gepiyapy; jputkhf ,Uf;Fk; jdpkk; - GNuhkpd;
356. mjpf gug;Gfis ghHf;f cjtf;$ba Mb Ftp Mb
357. ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; Vg;uy; 1> 2010
358. ypahdh]; rkntsp fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - njd;mnkupf;fh
359. ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - gRgpf; ngUq;fly;
360. ,e;jpah epyhtpw;F tpz;ntsp fyj;ij mDg;gpa Mz;L - 2008
361. khepyq;fsitapy;
cs;s
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if - 238
362. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fsit ngz; jiytH - kPuh FkhH
363. murhq;fj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j jiytH - FbauRj; jiytH
364. GJ jpy;yp Njrpa jiyefuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1991
365. me;jkhd;
epNfhghH jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - NghHl; gpNsaH
366. Kjyikr;riu epakdk; nra;gtH - khepy MSeH

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367. rl;lq;fs; tFf;ff; fhuzk; - nghJ ed;ikf;Nf

368. rKjha czHit Foe;ijfsplk; tsHg;gJ - FLk;gk; kw;Wk; gs;sp
369. tiug;glj;jpy; kQ;rs; epwk; Fwpg;gJ - gPlg+kpfs;
370. ,e;jpah Kjd; Kjypy; epytpw;F mDg;gpa tpz;ntsp fyj;jpd;
ngaH - re;jpuhad; 1
371. kf;fsitf;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 2
372. cyfpd; Kjy; ,jakhw;W mWit rpfpr;ir nra;j kUj;JtH lhf;lH fpwp];bad; ngHdhHL
373. Guj cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;J - fe;jfk;
374. fopT ePhpy; tsHf;fg;gLk; My;fh - ];igUypdh
375. fUTwhf; fdpahjy; vd;gJ - kfue;jr; NrHf;if ,y;yhky; fdpfs;
376. khkuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngaH - khQ;rp/nguh ,z;bfh
377. kd mOj;jk; cly; mOj;jj;ij Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLk; khj;jpiu
jahhpf;f gad;gLk; jhtuk; - ghdf;]; [pd;nrq;f;
378. Xl;];
jhtuj;jpy;
gOg;G
Gs;sp
Neha;
vjd;
Fiwghl;lhy;
Njhd;WfpwJ khq;fdPR
379. rHtNjr
jhtu
kugpay;
hpNrhHr];
NghHL
1974-k;
Mz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; - Nuhk;

380. rp];lHNd vjpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ - Nfhy;if cWg;G
381. elkhLk; kuGg; nghUs; vd;gJ - buhd;];Nghrhd;fs;
382. ,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
383. ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
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384. ekJ
clypd;
kdntOr;rp
gpujptpidfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
%isapd; gFjp - i`Nghjyhk];

385. fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ehskpy;yh Rug;gp - ijuha;L
Rug;gp
386. Neha;j; njhw;Wjiy vjpHf;Fk;
Typk;Nghirl;Lfs; ve;j
cWg;gpy;
khWghL milfpd;wd - ijk]; Rug;gp

387. ,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ - B. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
388. ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ
vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
389. tyJ
ntz;l;hpf;fpspypUe;J
Mf;]p[d;
Fiwe;j
,uj;jk;
nrYj;jg;gLtJ - EiuaPuy; jkdp

390. nkl;lh MHl;BhpNahy;fs; NkYk; vt;thW gphpfpd;wd - je;Jfpfs;
391. jput epiyapYs;s ,izg;G jpR - ,uj;jk;
392. Nghij kUe;J gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - kj;jpa
euk;G kz;lyk;
393. ,e;jpahtpy; r%f Neha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Neha; - njhONeha;
394. vYk;GUf;fp Neha; my;yJ fhrNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhdJ - ikf;Nfh
ghf;Bhpak; fpA+gHFNshrp];
395. A+hpahit cUthf;Fk; ,lk; - fy;yPuy;
396. jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - kPl;lH / tpdhb
397. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpNkhkPl;lH
398. etPd
fhy
kpjit
CHjpfs;
vtw;why;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd
mYkpdpa cNyhff; fyit
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399. jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gH khjq;fspy;

njhq;fp gwj;jy; tpisahl;L vq;F elj;jg;gLfpwJ Vyfphp kiy
400. gwj;jy;
rhHe;j
tpisahl;by;
ghuh#l;
vtw;why;
Mdit
jdptif ieyhd; (my;yJ) ghypa];lH

401. Gtpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT thdpay; myF
402. xU xsp Mz;bd; kjpg;G 7.46X 1012 fp.kP.
403. XuyF gUkd; nfhz;l nghUspd; epiw mlHj;jp
404. KjyhtJ
Cry;
fbfhuj;ij
fz;lwpe;jtH
fpwp];bad;
i`[d;];
405. Cry; fbfhuk; ve;j jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ
jdp Cry;
406. ghjurj;jpd; mlHj;jp ePhpd; mlHj;jpiag; Nghy; vj;jid klq;F
13.6 klq;F
407. mlHj;jpapd; myF fpNyhfpuhk;
kPl;lH3
408. xsp xU tpdhbapy; fle;J nry;Yk; J}uk; - %d;W ,yl;rk; fp.kP.

409. jputj;jpd; fdmsit mstplg; gad;gLtJ msTrhb
410. ePiutpl mlHj;jp mjpfkhd jputk; - ghjurk;
411. mjpf epiwAila nghUl;fis msf;fg; gad;gLtJ Ftpz;lhy;>
nkl;hpf; ld;
412. jw;fhyj;jpy; fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhf mstpl gad;gLtJ kpd;dZ
fbfhuk;> mZf; fbfhuk;
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413. tpdhbf;Fk;
Fiwthd
fhy
msit
msf;f
gad;gLj;JtJ
kpy;yptpdhb> ikf;Nuhtpdhb
414. xU nkl;hpf; ld; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhfpuhk;
415. G+kpapd; epiwiag; Nghy;
,Uf;Fk; - 3>20>000 klq;F
#hpad;
vj;jid
klq;F
mjpfkhf
416. NuhNghtpd; %isahfr; nray;gLtJ kpd;dZr;rpy;Y

417. nghpa
,Uk;Gr;
rhkhd;fis
J}f;Ftjw;F
gad;gLtJ
gSj;J}f;fpfs;
418. xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 1000 kpy;ypkPl;lH
419. fhe;jj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH khf;d];
420. #hpadpd; epiw 1.99X1030 fpNyhfpuhk;
421. ,aw;if fhe;jk; vd;gJ khf;dill;
422. Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J nghUspd; epiy khWtJ - ,af;fk;
423. ePhpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfg;nghpa ePyj;jpkpq;fyj;jpd; ePsk; - 30
kPl;lH
424. gSj;J}f;fpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ rf;jp tha;e;j fhe;jq;fs;
425. tPzhd
nghUs;fspd;
FtpaypypUe;J
,Uk;ig
gphpj;njLf;fg;
gad;gLtJ kpd;fhe;jq;fs;
426. gz;bj
[t`Hyhy;
NeUtpd;
nfhs;iffs; - gQ;rrPyk;
mikjpf;fhd
Ie;J
mk;rf;
427. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Kbtpw;F te;j Mz;L - 1990

428. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH M\hd;
429. jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w murhq;f Kiw - kf;fshl;rp
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430. njYq;F Njrk; vdg;gLtJ khepyf; fl;rp

431. xU ehl;bd; ,uz;L fl;rp Kiw ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mjw;F ngaH ,U fl;rp Kiw
432. ekJ ehl;bd; gok;ngUk; rkak; - Ntj rkak;
433. ,e;jpahtpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l mYtyf nkhopfs; - 22
434. nkhop vd;gJ - ,izg;Gf; fUtp
435. EfHNthUf;F
tpopg;GzHT
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
jpl;lq;fspy;
xd;W
tHj;jf fz;fhl;rp
436. xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il tsHg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpg;gJ
- ,ir kw;Wk; eldk;
437. kj;jpapy;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l
mikg;G
ehlhSkd;wk;
438. mZ MAj Fiwg;Gj; jPHkhdj;ij I.eh.nghJr;rigapy; ,e;jpah
nfhz;L te;j Mz;L 1956
439. vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytUf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s me;j];J fhgpndl;
mikr;rH
440. rhHf; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsH mGy; mrd;
441. tifg;ghl;by; cs;s xt;nthU myFk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ lhf;]hd;
442. ];Ngf;dk; vt;tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ - k[;i]
443. iel;upf; mkpyj;jpd; nghJg; ngaH - mf;Fth /NghHb];
444. cs;Siw ntg;gj;jpd; myF - fNyhup/fpuhk;
445. gpa+l;Nld; kw;Wk; ngd;Nld; thAf;fspd; fyit - rikay; thA
446. mrpl]; vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - mkpyk;
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447. nts;is tpl;upah]; vd;gJ - ePNuw;wg;gl;l [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

448. N`gH Kiwapy; mNkhdpah jahupf;Fk;NghJ i`l;u[d; thAtpd;
er;R - fhHgd; Nkhdhf;irL
449. Gwhtpd; czT kz;ly eLFoy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ kPnrd;l;uhd;
450. ,af;Fj; jirfs; vjDld; ,ize;jpUf;fpd;wd - rhHNfhnyk;kh
451. Ntjpg; nghUs;fspy; xspapdhy; rpijtilaf;$baJ vJ - nts;sp
GNuhikL
452. ituj;Jf;F mLj;jgbahf typikkpf;f nghUs; -
fhHNghuz;lk;
453. gazpj;j J}uj;ij mwpa thfdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtp XNlhkPl;lH

454. jhtuq;fSf;Fk; capH cz;L vd;w
czHj;jpatH - n[fjP\; re;jpuNgh];
cz;ikia
cyFf;F
455. gl;Lg; GO czthf cz;gJ - ky;ngup ,iy

456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
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463.
464.
-
466.
467.
469.
470.
471.
473.
- 1
472.
-
1951
468.
, ,
-
465.
1952-
-
474.
475.
476.
477.
- 38
- - III
479.
1994- - 14,547

478.
- 42-
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TNPSC
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480.

481.
482.
483.

- 6
484.
- .. 78
485.
486.
73-
- 3
-
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
-
-
-
495.
496.
-
497.
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TNPSC
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498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
-
18
-
504.
505.
- 5
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
- 1948
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nghJ mwpT
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;LfSk; njhlHGila Nfhg;igfSk;
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs;
tpisahl;Lfs; - rpy Kf;fpa ehLfspd; Njrpa tpisahl;Lfs;
tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk; njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;
,aw;gpay; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;
Njrpak; (National) - ,e;jpah
,e;jpah - rpy Kf;fpa ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fs;
,e;jpah - ,uapy;Nt
,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpah - gytpj njhopy;fSld; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa efuq;fs;
,e;jpah - ,e;jpahtpYs;s tq;fpfs;
,e;jpa MWfs;
Gtpapay; - g+kpAk; Nguz;lKk;
Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik
Gtpapay; - kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp kw;Wk; guty;
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
Gtpapay; - fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;
Gtpapay; - tspkz;lyk;> ePHf;Nfhsk;> epyf;Nfhsk;
Gtpapay; - gUtf;fhw;W> kiog; nghopT> thdpiy kw;Wk; fhyepiy
Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
mikjpfhy tPur;nray; tpUJfs;
mNrhf rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUjhdJ 1952k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. mNrhfr; rf;fuk; ,e;jpag;
gilj;Jiwapdhy; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ mikjpf;fhyj;jpy; giltPuHfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; kpf caupa tPujPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk; jd;dykw;w
capHj;jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tpUJ gilj;Jiwapy;
my;yhky; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;glyhk; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - Havildar Bachittar
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Singh, NK NARBAHADUR THAPA, Flt Lt Suhas Biswas (tpUijg; ngw;w

Mz;L: 1952)
Kjd; Kjypy; mNrhf rf;fuk; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - epH[h ghdl; (1987)
fPHj;jp rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fPHj;jp rf;fuk; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ Mw;wg;gLk; mjptPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk;
jd;dykw;w jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwahy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy;
mNrhfr; rf;fuj;jpw;F mLj;j epiyapYk; nrsHah rf;fuj;jpw;F Nky; epiyapYk;
cs;s caupa tpUjhFk;. ,J gilj;JiwapdUf;F kl;Lky;yhJ Fbkf;fSf;Fk;
toq;fg;glf;$baJ. kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
fPHj;jp rf;fuk; kw;Wk; mNrhf rf;fuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; tpUJfisAk; ngw;wtH ePyfz;ld; n[are;jpud; ehaH
nrsHah rf;fuk;
tpUijg; gw;wp:
nrsHah rf;fuk; NghHf;fsj;jpy; my;yhJ Mw;wg;gLk; mjptPur; nray;fSf;fhfTk;
jd;dykw;w jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk; ,e;jpag; gilj;Jiwahy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUJfspy;
%d;whtJ epiyapy; fPHj;jp rf;fuj;jpw;F mLj;j epiyapy; cs;s caupa
tpUjhFk;. Nrdh gjf;fq;fSf;F Nky;epiy tpUjhFk;. ,J gilj;JiwapdUf;F
kl;Lky;yhJ Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;glf;$baJ. kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dUk;
toq;fg;glyhk;. ,J mikjpf; fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; tPu rf;fuk; vdyhk;.
1967Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dH mNrhfr; rf;fuk;> tFg;G 3 vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
tpUJfspy; tFg;Gfis GFj;jpl tpUk;ghj ,e;jpa muR nrsHa rf;fuk; vdj;
jdpg;ngaupl;lJ.
tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk; - mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tpUJfs;
rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUJ 1958k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH
tpUJ Mz;LNjhWk; ,e;jpahtpy; mwptpay; Jiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;G
toq;Fk; ,sk; mwptpayhsHfSf;F mwptpay; njhopy; Ma;Tf; fTd;rpy; (CSIR)
apdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;. ,e;jpa &ghapy; Ie;J yl;rk; guprhf ,e;jpa
gpujkuhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpUJ 45 tajpw;Fl;gl;NlhUf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUij ngw;w mwptpapayhsH Facebook
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fupakhzpf;fk; rPdpthr fpU\;zd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1958)

Kjd; Kjypy; rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH tpUij ngw;w ngz; mwptpapayhsH Asima Chatterjee (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1961)
kpfr; rpwe;j ,e;jpa tpQ;QhdpfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ - rhe;jp ];t&g; gl;ehfH
tpUJ.
fypq;fh tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fypq;fh tpUjhdJ mwptpaiy gpugykhf;f And];Nfhthy; tpjptpyf;fhd
jpwikNahL mwptpay; fUj;Jfis kf;fSf;F mHg;gzpg;gtHfSf;F ,t;tpUJ
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpUJngw;NwhUf;F ,Ugjhapuk; mnkupf;f lhyHfSk; kw;Wk;
And];Nfhtpd; My;gHl; Id;];Bd; rpy;tH gjf;fKk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; fypq;fh tpUij ngw;wtH - Louis de Broglie (1952k; Mz;L)
(gpuhd;];)
Kjd; Kjypy; fypq;fh tpUij ngw;w ngz; - Margaret Mead (1970k; Mz;L)
(mnkupf;fh)
Kjd; Kjypy; Mrpa fz;lj;jpypUe;J fypq;fh tpUij ngw;wtH - Jagjit Singh
(1963k; Mz;L) (,e;jpah)
jpiug;glj;Jiw tpUJ - jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUJ ,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; tho;ehs; rhjid
Gupe;NjhUf;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ>
,e;jpa jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vdf;fUjg;gLk; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf
mtHfspd; gpwe;j ehs; E}w;whz;lhd 1969Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ> mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L ,Wjpapy; Njrpaj; jpiug;gl
tpUJfSld; NrHj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrhN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Njtpfh uhzp
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1969) (,e;jp)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; jhjhrN`g; ghy;Nf tpUijg; ngw;wtH - vy;.tp. gpurhj;
(tpUJngw;w Mz;L: 1982)
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,e;jpahtpd; jpiug;glj;Jiwapd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLgtH ahH? - jhjhrhN`g;

ghy;Nf
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; NgRk; glk; vJ? - fhspjh];
,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l KjyhtJ KOePsj; jpiug;glk; ------------ MFk; - uh[h
ùp];re;jpuh (ntspte;j Mz;L: 1913)
jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf tjk;
(ntspte;j Mz;L: 1918)
kUj;Jtj;Jiw tpUJfs; - lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gpjhd; re;jpuh uha; tpUJ ,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fofj;jhy; 1976 ,y; gpjhd; re;jpu
uha; epidthf epWtg;gl;l tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUJ xt;nthU Mz;Lk; fPo;tUk;
tifg;ghLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ: ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr; rpwg;Gkpf;f murpay; eaj;jpwk;>
kUj;JtH-kw;Wk;-murpay;thjp> rpwg;Gkpf;f kUj;Jt egH> rpwg;Gkpf;f nka;apayhsH
kw;Wk; rpwg;Gkpf;f fiyQH. ,e;j tpUjpid #iy 1> Njrpa kUj;JtHfs;
ehsd;W> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH GJ jpy;ypapy; toq;FfpwhH.
Kjd; Kjypy; lhf;lH gp.rp. uha; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtH - Kfkj; ryPk; (1976)
,yf;fpa tpUJfs; - QhdgPl tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
Qhd gPl tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; xU caupa
tpUJ MFk;. ,e;j tpUij toq;FgtHfs; ghujpa QhdgPlk; vd;w gz;ghl;L
,yf;fpaf; fofkhFk;. ,t;twf;fl;lis jp ilk;]; M/g; ,e;jpah ehspjio
ntspapLk; rhF n[apd; FLk;gj;jpduhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
xt;NthH Mz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpYs;s mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 22 nkhopfSs; rpwe;j
vOj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 1954 -y; ,ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH rhe;jpgpurhj;
n[apd; vd;gtH.
,e;j tpUJ> ,e;jpa &gha; 11 ,yl;rj;jpw;fhd fhNrhiy> jq;fKk; nrk;Gk; fye;j
gl;laKk;> ghuhl;Lg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; gpj;jisahy; Md fiykfs; (thf;Njtp)
rpiyia cs;slf;fpaJ. 1961y; ,e;j tpUJ epWtg;gl;lJ.
1982 tiu> XH vOj;jhsupd; Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ig ghuhl;b> Qhd gPl tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dH XH vOj;jhsupd; tho;ehspy; mtH ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F
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Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig nfsutpf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j tpUJ toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

kpf caHe;j ,yf;fpa tpUJ - ghujPa QhdgPl tpUJ
Kjd; Kjypy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w vOj;jhsH - [P. rq;fu FUg; (gilg;G:
Xlf;Foy;> nkhop: kiyahsk;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1965)
Kjd; Kjypy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; vOj;jhsH - M\hg+Hzh Njtp
(gilg;G: g;ujk; g;ujp];Ujp> nkhop: tq;fhsk;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1976)
Kjd; Kjypy; jkpopy; QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w vOj;jhsH - mfpyd; (gilg;G:
rpj;jpug;ghit> nkhop: jkpo;) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1975)
QhdgPl tpUJ ngw;w ,uz;L jkpoHfs; - mfpyd; (1975)> n[afhe;jd; (2002)
2014k; Mz;L QhdgPl tpUij ngw;wtH - ghyr;re;jpu nekNj (nkhop: kuhj;jp)
rHtNjr tpUJfs; - jh$H tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
jh$H tpUJ> ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk; xU rHtNjr tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ
2011k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. Nehgy; gupR ngw;w utPe;jpuehj; jh$upd; 150-tJ
Mz;L tpoh nfhz;lhl;lj;jpid Kd;dpl;L mtH ngaupy; gz;ghl;L
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd jh$H rHtNjr tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;lstpy;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; jiof;f ghLgLk; ftpQHfs; kw;Wk; r%f MHtyHfSf;F ,e;j
tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpUJf;FupatHfis NjHe;njLg;gjw;fhf> ,e;jpahtpd;
jiyik mikr;rH jiyikapyhd NjHTf;FO cs;sJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; jh$H tpUijg; ngw;wtH - gz;bl; utp rq;fH (2012)
2013k; Mz;L jh$H tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Zubin Mehta
Gf;fH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
Gf;fH gupR my;yJ GidTfSf;fhd khd; Gf;fH gupR> Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
vOjg;gLk; rpwe;j KOePs Gjpdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; guprhFk;. nghJeytha
ehLfis my;yJ maHyhe;Jf; Fbauirr; NrHe;jtHfshy; vOjg;gLk;
Gjpdq;fSf;Nf ,g;gupR toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 1968 Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; gupRfspy; cyfpNyNa gyUk; mwpe;j gupRfspy;
xd;whf ,J jpfo;fpd;wJ. GidT ,yf;fpa vOj;jhsHfSf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba
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kpf caHe;j ngUikfspy; xd;whfTk; ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kjd; Kjypy; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - P. H. Newby (Novel Title: Something
to Answer For> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1969)
Kjd; Kjypy; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - Bernice Rubens (Novel Title: The
Elected Member> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1970 )
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Kjy; ngz; Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - mUe;jjp uha; (Novel
Title: The God of Small Things> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1997 )
2014k; Mz;Lf;fhd Gf;fH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Richard Flanagan (Novel Title:
The Narrow Road to the Deep North, Country: Australia)
Gypl;rH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
Gypl;rH gupR vd;gJ> Clftpay;> ,iza Clftpay;> ,yf;fpak;> ,iraikg;G
vd;gtw;Wf;fhf If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; toq;fg;gLk; xU tpUJ MFk;. ,J
,j;JiwfSf;fhd kpf caupa tpUjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J epa+ ahHf;
efuj;jpy;> nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,j;Jiwfisr;
NrHe;j ,Ugj;njhU gpupTfspy; Mz;LNjhWk; ,g;gupRfs; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; ,UgJ gpupTfSf;fhd guprhf xt;nthd;Wk; 10>000 mnkupf;f lhyHfSk;>
rhd;wpjOk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J> `q;Nfupa mnkupf;fg; gj;jpupifahsUk;>
nra;jpg; gj;jpupif ntspaPl;lhsUkhfpa N[hNrg; Gypl;rH vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Gypl;rH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Gobind Behari
Lal (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1937)
2014k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Gypl;rH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tp[a; Nr\hj;up
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; gl;bayplg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspy; cs;s
rpwe;j ciueil my;yJ ftpij ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.
1991 Mk; Mz;L Nf.Nf. gpHyh epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpUJ
,e;jpahtpd; caupa ,yf;fpa tpUJfspy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; kjpg;G
Ie;J yl;rk; ,e;jpa &gha; MFk;.
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Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - ùptd;];uha; gr;rd; (gilg;G:

Autobiography> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1991)
Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;w ngz; - gykzp mk;kh (gilg;G:
epNtjpak;> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1995)
jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy; ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - lhf;lH. ,e;jpuh
ghHj;jrhujp (gilg;G: uhkhD[H> tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1999)
2014k; Mz;L ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUijg; ngw;wtH - tPug;g nkha;yp (gilg;G:
uhkhaz kfhNtrdk;)
M];fhH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
M];fhH tpUJ vdg; gutyhf mwpag;gLk; mfhjkp tpUJfs; mnkupf;fhtpy;
jpiuj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLk; kpfTk; Kf;fpa tpUjhFk;. NkYk; cyfpNyNa
mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;
Kjd;ikahd tpohthFk;. ,t;tpUJ Kjd; Kjypy; 1929y; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Kjypy; M];fhH tpUijg; ngw;wtH - Bhanu Athaiya (tpUJ
ngw;w Mz;L: 1987)
jd;Dila jpiug;glg; gzpf;fhf M];fhH tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH - rj;a[pj;
uha; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1992)
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,uz;L M];fhH tpUJfisg; ngw;wtH - V.MH.
uFkhd; (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 2009)
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUJ

tpUijg; gw;wp:
= rf;jp Gu];fhH tpUjhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa mstpy; ngz;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; kupahijf;Fupa xU tpUjhFk;. ,t;tpUJ jdpg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
mg+Htkhd rhjidfSf;fhf 6 tiffspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;L
Jiw mikr;rfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. = rf;jp Gu];fhH
tpUJ 1991k; Mz;L ,e;jpa FbauR jiytuhy; rHtNjr ngz;fs; jpdj;jd;W
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpUjhdJ xt;n thU Mz;Lk; khHr; 8 (rHtNjr ngz;fs; jpdk;)
md;W GJjpy;ypapy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. guprhf 3 yl;rk; &ghAk; rhd;wpjOk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
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fiykhkzp tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
fiykhkzp tpUJ ,e;jpahtpd; jkpof murpdhy; Mz;LNjhWk; fiy kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;bid tsHj;njLf;fTk; njhd;ikahd fiytbtq;fis NgzTk;
fiyQHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUjhFk;.,e;j tpUJ jkpo;ehL murpd; fiy kw;Wk;
gz;ghL ,af;ffj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; jkpo;ehL ,ay; ,ir ehlf kd;wj;jpdhy;
,yf;fpak;>,ir kw;Wk; ehlfj;Jiwapy; rpwg;G kpf;ftHfs; NjHT nra;ag;gl;L
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
[tfHyhy; NeU tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
gd;dhl;Lg; Gupe;JzHTf;fhd [tfHyhy; NeU tpUJ vd;gJ ,e;jpa murpdhy;
1965Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;l xU gd;dhl;L tpUjhFk;. kiwe;j ghujg; gpujkuhd
NeU jd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; cyf mikjpf;fhfg; ghLgl;lijf; nfsutpf;Fk;
tifapy; ,t;tpUJ mtH ngauhy; 1965k; Mz;L epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfpd;
gy;NtW kf;fspilNa md;G> el;G kw;Wk; Gupjiy tsHf;Fk; egHfSf;F
Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,e;jpa &gha; 2.5 kpy;ypaDf;F gzKbg;igf;
nfhz;lJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; [tfHyhy; NeU tpUijg; ngw;wtH - U Thant (tpUJ ngw;w
Mz;L: 1965> ehL gHkh)
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy; [t`Hyhy; NeU tpUijg; ngw;wtH - md;id
njurh (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1969)
xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUJ
tpUijg; gw;wp:
xypk;gpf; tpisahl;bd; tsHr;rpf;fhf jdp rpwg;NghL gq;fspg;gtHfSf;F rHtNjr
xypk;gpf; fkpl;bahy; toq;fg;gLk; caupa tpUjhFk;. ,e;j tpUjhdJ 1975k;
Mz;by; rHtNjr xypk;gpf; fkpl;bahy; epWtg;gl;lJ. xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUjhdJ
%d;W juq;fspy; (jq;fk;> nts;sp kw;Wk; ntz;fyk;) toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; xypk;gpf; tpUijg; ngw;wtHfs; - Paul Anspach (Bronze), Jesse
Owens, Antonio dos Reis Carneiro (Bronze) (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1976)
,uz;L Kiw xypk;gpf; MHlH tpUijg; ngw;w tpisahl;L tPuhq;fid - Nadia
Comaneci (tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L: 1984> 2004)
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tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;LfSk; njhlHGila Nfhg;igfSk;

Njrpa mstpy; (,e;jpah) - rpy Kf;fpa Nfhg;ig/buhgp
fpupf;nfl;
1. uQ;rpf; Nfhg;ig
2. ,uhzp Nfhg;ig
3. vd;Nfgp rhy;Nt NryQ;rH Nfhg;ig
4. ^ypg; Nfhg;ig
5. tp[a; `rhNu Nfhg;ig
6. bNahjhH Nfhg;ig
7. iraj; K\;lhf; myp Nfhg;ig
8. Nuh`pz;ld; ghupah Nfhg;ig
9. uhzp [hd;rp Nfhg;ig
`hf;fp
1. Mfhfhd; Nfhg;ig
2. ngfk; ury; Nfhg;ig (ngz;fs;)
3. kfhuh[h uQ;rpj;rpq; jq;f Nfhg;ig
4. ghk;Ng jq;ff; Nfhg;ig
5. jpahd;re;j; buhgp
6. Nyb uj;jd; lhl;lh Nfhg;ig (ngz;fs;)
7. KUfg;gh jq;f Nfhg;ig
8. rpe;jpah jq;ff; Nfhg;ig
9. Fg;Grhkp ehAL Nfhg;ig
10. nga;ld; Nfhg;ig
11. NeU Nfhg;ig
12. ,uq;frhkp Nfhg;ig
fhy;ge;J
1. re;Njh\; Nfhg;ig
2. ûz;l; Nfhg;ig
3. brpvk; Nfhg;ig
4. Nlhl; epidT Nfhg;ig (Todd Memorial Cup)
Ngl;kpl;ld;
1. mfHthy; Nfhg;ig
2. Chadha Cup
3. Divan Cup
4. Narang Cup
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NlGs; nld;dp];
1. uhkhD[d; buhgp
2. n[ayl;Rkp Nfhg;ig
3. ngHdh ngy;yhf; Nfhg;ig (Berna - Bellack Cup)
tpisahl;Lfs; - tpisahl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs;

Rf;fH (Chukker)> Nkyl; (mallet) vd;w thHj;ijfs; ve;j tpisahl;Lld;
njhlHGilaJ - NghNyh
Gy;]; I (Bulls Eye) vd;w thHj;ij ve;j Nghl;bfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? tpy;tpj;ij> Jg;ghf;fp vLjy;> <l;b vupjy;
];l;Nuhf; (Stroke) vd;w thHj;ij ve;j tpisahl;Lld; njhlHGilaJ? - ePr;ry;
NkYk; njupe;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;
`hf;fp:
nrz;lH /ghHNtHl; (Center forward)> ];bf;]; (Stickes)> ];l;iuf;fpq; rHfps;
(Striking Circle)> ];$g; (Scoop)> Gy; (Bull)> ngdhy;b fhHdH (Penalty Corner)>
bupgps; (Dribble)> \hl; fhHdH (Short Corner)> Nfup (Carry)> Nfupl; (Carried)
fpupf;nfl;:
lf; (Duck)> `hl; bupf; (Hat trick)> fPup]; (Crease)> `pl; tpf;nfl; (Hit Wicket)>
gpl;r; (Pitch)> l;iut; (Drive)> nyf; ];gpd;dH (Leg Spinner)> nyf; gpNuf; (Leg Break)>
vy;.gp.lgps;a+ (L.B.W: Leg Before Wicket)> ngsd;rH (Bounser)> ftH gha;z;l; (Cover
Point)> ngsypq; (Bowling)> ud; (Run)> /ghNyh Md; (Follow on)> $f;yp (Googly)>
Neh ghy; (No Ball)> tpf;nfl; fPg;gH (Wicket Keeper)>
fhy;ge;J:
lr; lTd; (Touch Down)> j;Nuh ,d; (Throw in)> /gTy; (Foul)> Mg;irl; (Off side)>
ngdhy;b (Penalty)> bupgps; (Dribble)> `hl; bupf; (Hat trick)> buhg; fpf; (Drop Kick)
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nr];:
nrf;Nkl; (Check mate)> ];Nly;nkz;l; (Stalement)> Nfk;gpl; (Gambit)> nrf;
(Check)>
ifg;ge;J:
ba+]; (Deuce)> rHtP]; (Service)> ];igf;fH]; (Spikers)> g+];lH (Booster)>
Fjpiu ge;jak;:
[hf;fp (Jockey)> gpNs]; (place)> g;Nuhl;nl];l; (Protest)> tpd; (Win)
tpisahl;Lfs; - rpy Kf;fpa ehLfspd; Njrpa tpisahl;Lfs;

1. ghfp];jhd; - gPy;L `hf;fp
2. M];jpNuypah - fpupf;nfl;
3. mHn[z;bdh - Pato
4. gq;fhsNj\; - fgb
5. gpNurpy; - fhy;ge;J
6. fdlh - I]; `hf;fp (winter), Lacrosse (summer)
7. nfhyk;gpah - Tejo
8. <uhd; - Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals, Wrestling
9. nkf;]pNfh - Charreada
10. gpypg;igd;]; - Arnis
11. =yq;fh - ifg;ge;J (Volleyball)
12. Neghsk; - Dandi Biyo
13. g+lhd; - tpy;tpj;ij
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14. ,q;fpyhe;J - fpupf;nfl;

15. ,];Nuy; - fhy;ge;J
16. [g;ghd; - RNkh (Sumo)
17. epa+rpyhe;J - Rugby union
18. ehHNt - FWf;F ehl;bd; gdpr;rWf;F (Cross-country skiing)
19. ngU - Paleta Fronton
20. Nghye;J - fhy;ge;J
21. u\;ah - Bandy
22. ];fhl;yhe;J - Nfhy;/g;
23. JUf;fp - Mapy; ky;Aj;jk;> Jereed
24. mnkupf;fh - Baseball
25. ,e;jpah - `hf;fp
26. kNyrpah - Ngl;kpl;ld;
27. rPdh - Nlgps; nld;dp];
tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk; njhlHGila tpisahl;LfSk;
1. rha;dh ne`;thy; - Ngl;kpl;ld;
2. tp];tehjd; Mde;j; - nr];
3. NkupNfhk;> rupjh Njtp - Fj;Jr;rz;il
4. kq;fy;rpq; rhk;gpah> jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
5. tpN[e;jH rpq; - Fj;Jr; rz;il
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6. ffd; euq;> mgpet; gpe;j;uh> uQ;rd; N[hjp - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;

7. MHj;jp Fg;jh - fly; ePr;ry;
8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;
9. Devendra Jhajharia - jlfsk; ghuypk;gpf;];
10. V. ruj; fky; - Nlgps; nld;dp];
11. jPg; m`;yhtj; - FjpiuVw;wk;
12. N[hjp ue;jth - Nfhy;/g;
13. mQ;R [hH[; - ePsk; jhz;Ljy;
14. fuPe;jH fTH> ,f;Nd\; jpHfp - `hf;fp
15. lhdpah rr;Njt; - nr];
16. uhNf\; FkhH> Nj[];tpdp - fgb
17. ,\hH rpq; jpNahy;> gpup[h =jud; - jlfsk;
18. utpFkhH - gSJ}f;Fjy;
19. utPe;jHrpq;> uh[Pt; NjhkH - ky;Aj;jk;
20. Nrhk;Njt; Njt;tHkd;> Nuh`d; Nghgz;zh - nld;dp];
21. Nj[];tpdp rte;j; - Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;
22. tpuhj; Nfh`;yp> RNu\; nua;dh> Njhdp> rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fH - fpupf;nfl;
23. gpurz;lh fHkhfH - ePr;ry;
24. uh[;ghy;rpq;> [];[pj; nfsH - `hf;fp
25. [Pthyh fl;lh - ghl;kpl;ld;
26. Rdpy; Nrj;up - fhy;ge;J
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27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

28. fpU\;zh g+dpah - tl;L vupjy;
29. jPgpfh Fkhup - tpy;tpj;ij
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J

FIFA vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; - Federation Internationale de Football
Association
Kjd; Kjypy; cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b vq;F eilngw;wJ? - cUFNt
(1930)
cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;bapy; n[Hkdp vj;jid Kiw ntd;Ws;sJ? - 4
Kiw (1954> 1974> 1990> 2014)
2014k; Mz;L gpNurpy; ehl;by; eilngw;w cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b
vj;jidahtJ Kiw Nghl;bahFk;? - 20tJ Kiw
cyff; Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;b eilngw;w Mz;LfSk;> ,lq;fSk;> ntw;wp
ngw;w ehLfSk;:
1. 1930 - cUFNt - cUFNt
2. 1934 - ,j;jhyp - ,j;jhyp
3. 1938 - g;uhd;]; - ,j;jhyp
4. 1950 - gpNurpy; - cUFNt
5. 1954 - Rtpl;rHyhe;J - Nkw;F n[Hkdp
6. 1958 - ];tPld; - gpNurpy;
7. 1962 - rpyp - gpNurpy;
8. 1966 - ,q;fpyhe;J - ,q;fpyhe;J
9. 1970 - nkf;]pNfh - gpNurpy;
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10. 1974 - Nkw;F n[Hkdp - Nkw;F n[Hkdp

11. 1978 - mHn[d;bdh - mHn[d;bdh
12. 1982 - ];ngapd; - ,j;jhyp
13. 1986 - nkf;]pNfh - mHn[d;bdh
14. 1990 - ,j;jhyp - Nkw;F n[Hkdp
15. 1994 - mnkupf;fh - gpNurpy;
16. 1998 - g;uhd;]; - g;uhd;];
17. 2002 - njw;F nfhupah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; - gpNurpy;
18. 2006 - n[Hkdp - ,j;jhyp
19. 2010 - njw;F Mg;upf;fh - ];ngapd;
20. 2014 - gpNurpy; - n[Hkdp
tpisahl;Lfs; - cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl;il gw;wp:
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; 1975 Kjy; ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw ele;J
tUfpwJ. cyff; Nfhg;ig Nghl;bfs; eilngw Jtq;fpa gpd;dNu xU ehs;
Nghl;bfs; gpugykhapw;W. Muk;gj;jpy; xU mzpf;F 60 XtHfs; tPjk; ge;J tPrp
MbdH. 1983 cyff; Nfhg;ig Nghl;bf;F gpd;dH ,J 50 XtHfshf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. ICC vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; - International Cricket Council
2. Kjd; Kjypy; cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;b vq;F eilngw;wJ? ,q;fpyhe;J (1975)
3. Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpah cyf; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;w
Mz;L? - 1983 (Nfg;ld;: fgpy; Njt;)
4. cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; mjpf Kiw ntw;wp ngw;w ehL? Facebook
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M];jpNuypah (Ie;J Kiw - 1987> 1999> 2003> 2007> 2015)

5. cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah vj;jid Kiw ntw;wp
ngw;Ws;sJ? - 2 Kiw (1983> 2011)
cyff; Nfhg;ig fpupf;nfl; Nghl;b eilngw;w Mz;LfSk;> ,lq;fSk;> ntw;wp
ngw;w ehLfSk;
1. 1975 - ,q;fpyhe;J - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;
2. 1979 - ,q;fpyhe;J - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;
3. 1983 - ,q;fpyhe;J - ,e;jpah
4. 1987 - ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; - M];jpNuypah
5. 1992 - M];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J - ghfp];jhd;
6. 1996 - ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> =yq;fh - =yq;fh
7. 1999 - ,q;fpyhe;J> Nty;];> ];fhl;yhe;J> maHyhe;J> nejHyhe;J M];jpNuypah
8. 2003 - nfd;ah> njd; Mg;upf;fh> [pk;ghg;Nt - M];jpNuypah
9. 2007 - Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs; - M];jpNuypah
10. 2011 - gq;fshNj\;> ,e;jpah> =yq;fh - ,e;jpah
11. 2015 - M];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J - M];jpNuypah
,aw;gpay; rk;ke;jkhd mwptpay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
,aw;gpaypd; cl;gpupTfs;:
1. Mechanics - ,af;ftpay;> nghwpapay;
2. Statics - epiyapay;
3. Dynamics - ,aq;fpay;> ,af;ftpay;
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4. Optics - xspapay;
5. Acoustics - xypapay;
6. Fluid Mechanics - gha;k ,af;ftpay;
7. Thermodynamics - ntg;g,aq;fpay;> njWkj;jpdtpay;> ntg;gtpaf;ftpay;
8. Electrostatics - epiykpd;dpay;
9. Electrodynamics - kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
10. Magnetism - fhe;jtpay;
11. Electromagnetism - kpd;fhe;jtpay;
12. Atomic/Particle Physics - mZj;Jfspay;
13. Nuclear Physics - mZf;fUtpay;
14. Quantum Physics - Fita ,aw;gpay;/JZf;f/kl;Lt ,aw;gpay;
15. Astronomy - thdpay;
16. Cosmology - mz;ltpay;/Gltpapay;
17. Geophysics - Gtp ,aw;gpay;
mbg;gil thHj;ijfs;:
1. matter - nghUz;kk;
2. mass - nghUz;ik> jpzpT
3. weight - vil> epiw
4. force - tpir
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5. energy - Mw;wy;
6. power - jpwd;> tY
7. work - Ntiy
8. time - Neuk;
9. solid - jpz;kk;
10. Liquid - ePHkk;
11. gas - tspkk;
12. Fluid - gha;kk;
13. Substance - nghUs;
14. material - gz;lk;
15. Body - gpz;lk;> cly;
,aw;gpay; rk;ke;jkhd mwptpay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
cgfuzq;fs;:
1. Amplifier - ngUf;fp / rkpf;iQapd; tPr;ir mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;w rhjdk;
2. Ammeter - kpd;Ndhl;lkhdp my;yJ Mk;gpaHkhdp
3. Voltmeter - kpd;dOj;jkhdp
4. Ohmmeter - Xk;khdp> kpd;jilia msf;f gad;gLk; xU msT fUtp
5. Barometer - fhw;wOj;jkhdp
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6. Electrical Generator - kpd;dpaw;wp> ,af;f Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;

xU fUtp
7. Electric Motor - kpd;rhu ,af;fp> kpd;fhe;j Mw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhf
khw;Wk; xU ,af;fp
8. Electrical conductor - kpd;flj;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ,yFthf mDkjpf;Fk;
nghUs;
9. Electrical insulator - kpd;fhg;ghd;> kpd;rhuk; jd; kPJ gha;tij vjpHf;Fk;
nghUs;
10. Electromagnet - kpd;fhe;jk;
11. Lever - nek;GNfhy;
12. Machine - ,ae;jpuk;
13. Pendulum - jdp Cry;
14. Siphon - jiyfPohf itf;fg;gl;l U tbtf; Foha; xd;wpd; topahf GtpaPHg;G
tpir kw;Wk; tspaKf;fj;jpd; cjtpAld; NtW ce;Jtpirfs; ,d;wp
gha;kq;fis ntspafw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;
15. Prism - Kg;gl;lfk;
Njrpak; (National) - ,e;jpah

1. jiyefuk; - GJjpy;yp
2. ngupa efuk; - Kk;ig
3. gug;gsT - 3.3 Million sq. km
4. Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehs; - 15> Mf];l;> 1947
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5. FbauR ngw;w ehs; - 26> [dtup> 1950

6. nkhopfs;:
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpdhy; 22 nkhopfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa murpd;
mjpfhug+Ht nkhopahf ,e;jp cs;sJ.
7. kf;fs;njhif (2011 fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb) - 1,210,193,422 (623.7 million
males and 586.4 million females)
8. Ml;rpg;gpupTfs;:
khepyq;fs; - 29
a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; - 7
9. vy;iy ehLfs;:
tlNkw;fpy; Mg;fhdp];jhd; kw;Wk; ghfp];jhDk;> tlf;fpy; rPdh> g+lhd; kw;Wk;
NeghSk;> kpahd;kH fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; fpof;fpy; gq;fshNj\;k;
cs;sd. flypd; fhy;tha+lhf> ghf; [yre;jp kw;Wk; kd;dhH tisFlhtpd; %yk;
,yq;if gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
epHthfg; gpupTfs;
10. FbauRj; jiytH - gpuzhg; KfH[p
11. Jiz FbauRj; jiytH - Kfkj; `kPJ md;rhup
12. gpujkH - eNue;jpu Nkhb
rl;lkd;w gpupTfs;
13. uh[;a rgh:
uh[;argh cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if - 250
12 NgH ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. kw;wtHfs; khepy
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHe;J vLf;fg;gLtH. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdupd;
gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;Lfs; MFk;. Nkyitapd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F
cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; xt;nthU ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw KbtilAk;.
14. Nyhf; rgh:
Nyhf; rgh cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if - 552
530 NgH khepyj; njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk;> 20 NgH xd;wpag; gpuNjr njhFjpfspy;
,Ue;Jk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;NlhiuAk;> epakd cWg;gpdHfshd Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaH 2
NgiuAk; cs;slf;fpa vz;zpf;ifahFk;. gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs;
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,e;jpah - rpy Kf;fpa ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s JiwKfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 13 ngupa JiwKfq;fs;>
200 rpwpa> eLj;ju JiwKfq;fs;
2. 2010k; Mz;by; ehl;bd; ngupa JiwKfq;fspy; 13tjhf NrHf;fg;gl;lJ vJ? NghHl; gpNsH JiwKfk;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfr;rpwe;j ,aw;ifj; JiwKfk; - Kk;ig JiwKfk;
4. ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ fhHg;gNul; JiwKfk; - vz;Z}H JiwKfk;
5. ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa JiwKfk; vJ? - [t`Hyhy; NeU JiwKfk;
(etNrth)
6. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ngupa ,uz;lhtJ JiwKfk; vJ? - nrd;id JiwKfk;
,e;jpahtpd; ngupa JiwKfq;fSk;> mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
1. fhz;l;yh JiwKfk; - fl;r; khtl;lk; (F[uhj;)
2. gujPg; JiwKfk; - [fj;rpq;g+H khtl;lk; (xbrh)
3. kq;fs+H JiwKfk; - njw;F fd;dlk; khtl;lk; (fHehlfh)
4. kHkNfhth JiwKfk; - njw;F Nfhth khtl;lk; (Nfhth)
5. [t`Hyhy; NeU JiwKfk; (etNrth) - etp Kk;ig (kfhu\;buh)
6. fhkuh[H JiwKfk; (vz;Z}H JiwKfk;) - vz;Z}H> jpUts;s+H khtl;lk;
(jkpo;ehL)
7. NghHl; gpNsH JiwKfk; - njw;F me;jkhd; (me;jkhd; epNfhghH JiwKfk;)
8. nfhr;rp JiwKfk; - nfhr;rpd; (Nfush)
9. nfhy;fj;jh JiwKfk; - nfhy;fj;jh
10. nrd;id - nrd;id (jkpo;ehL)
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11. t.c.rpjk;gudhH JiwKfk; (J}j;Jf;Fb JiwKfk;) - J}j;Jf;Fb (jkpo;ehL)

12. Kk;ig JiwKfk; - Kk;ig (kfhuh\;buh)
13. tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpu gpuNj\;
,e;jpah - ,uapy;Nt
1. ,e;jpahtpy; njhlHtz;b mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - 1853 (Njrpa
kakhf;fg;gl;lJ: 1951)
2. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,uapy;Nt ghijapd; ePsk; - 64>015 fpNyh kPl;lH (2009
fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015) ,uapy;Nt mikr;rH - RNu\; gpughfH gpuG
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s uapy;Ntghij
1. mfd;w topg;ghij - 1,676 mm
2. kPl;lH topg;ghij - 1 kPl;lH
3. FWfpa topg;ghij - 762mm, 610mm
,uapy;Ntapd; gpupTfSk; mjd; jiyikafKk;
1. njd;df ,uapy;Nt - nrd;id
2. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - Kk;ig
3. Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - Kk;ig
4. fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
5. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt - nly;yp
6. tl fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - Nfhuf;g+H
7. njd; fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
8. tl fpof;F ,uapy;Nt vy;iy - fTfhj;jp
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9. njd; kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - nrfe;juhghj;

10. nfhy;fj;jh nkl;Nuh ,uapy;Nt - nfhy;fj;jh
11. fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - `h[{g+H
12. tlNkw;F ,uapy;Nt - n[a;g+H
13. fpof;Ff; flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt - GtNd\;tH
14. tlf;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - myfhghj;
15. njd;fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - gpyh];g+H
16. njd;Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - `Pg;sp
17. Nkw;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - [ghy;g+H
,e;jpah - tpkhd epiyak;

,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa tpkhd epiyak; - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd
epiyak;
ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd epiyak;
vJ? - jpy;yp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak;
,e;jpahtpYs;s rHtNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; miktplKk;
me;jkhd; epf;NfhghH jPTfs;
1. tPH rhtHf;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - NghHl; gpNsH
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
2. tprhfg;gl;bdk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - tprhfg;gl;bdk;
mrhk;
3. Nyhf;gpupah Nfhgpehj; gHNlhyp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fTfhj;jp
gPfhH
4. fah rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - fah
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jpy;yp
5. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GJ nly;yp
Nfhth
6. Nfhth rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhth
F[uhj;
7. rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mfkjhghj;
[k;K & fh\;kPH
8. =efH tpkhd epiyak; - =efH
fHehlfh
09. Nfk;gpfTlh rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ngq;fs+U
10. kq;fs+H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kq;fs+H
Nfush
11. nfhr;rpd; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhr;rp
12. Nfhopf;NfhL rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhopf;NfhL
13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
14. uh[h Ngh[; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nghghy;
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,e;j Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp MdJ> ePq;fs; Mq;fpy thHj;ijfisj; NjLk;

NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk; xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;>
gonkhopfs;> nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr mg;spNfrid
kfhuh\;buh
15. rj;ugjp rpth[p rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Kk;ig
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16. lhf;lH ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fH rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ehf;g+H

kzpg;g+H
17. ^ypfy; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - ,k;ghy;
xbrh
18. gp[{ gl;ehaf; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - GtNd];tH
gQ;rhg;
19. = FU uhk; jh]; [P rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - mkpHjru];
uh[];jhd;
20. n[a;g;g+H tpkhd epiyak; - n[a;g;g+H
jkpo;ehL
21. nrd;id gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak; - nrd;id
22. Nfhak;Gj;J}H rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - Nfhak;Gj;J}H
23. kJiu rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - kJiu
24. jpUr;rp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUr;rp
njYq;fhdh
25. uh[Pt; fhe;jp rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - i`juhghj;
cj;jug; gpuNjrk;
26. rTjhup ruz; rpq; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - yf;Ndh
27. yhy; gfJ}H rh];jpup tpkhd epiyak; - thuzhrp
Nkw;F tq;fk;
28. Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - nfhy;fj;jh
,e;jpah - gytpj njhopy;fSld; njhlHG nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa efuq;fs;

1. fhd;g+H (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - Njhy;> cs;shil> ,urhadq;fs;> krhyh> cuk;>
,U rf;fu thfdq;fs;> Nrhg;Gfs;> ghd; krhyh kw;Wk; nghwpapay; njhopy;fs;.
2. re;jpuhg+H (kfhuh\;buh) - epyf;fup> ,Uk;G jhJ> fhfpj kpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
rpnkz;l;
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3. Y}jpahdh (gQ;rhg;) - fk;gsp t];jpuq;fs;

4. Bhiwandi (kfhuh\;buh) - kpd; jwpfs;
5. tp[athlh (Me;jpu gpuNjrk;) - thfd ghfq;fs;
6. gpNuhrhghj; (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - fz;zhb tisay; gilg;Gfs;
7. gd;dh (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - itu Ruq;fq;fs;
8. ghdpgl; (mupahdh) - [Tsp
9. Channapatna (fHehlfh) - ku nghk;ikfs; kw;Wk; lacquerware
10. nfhy;yk; (Nfush) - Ke;jpup
11. thuzhrp (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - ifj;jwp
12. nkhujhghj; (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - iftpidg;nghUl;fs;
13. gNuyp (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - iftpidg;nghUl;fs;> kur;rhkhd;fs; jahupg;G
14. [hk;n\l;g+H ([hHf;fz;l;) - ,Uk;G> v/F> thfd ghfq;fs;
15. ghfy;g+H (gPfhH) - rpy;f;];
16. jpUg;g+H (jkpo;ehL) - [Tsp kw;Wk; fhHnkd;l;];
17. uh[Ke;jpup (Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;) - [Tsp> fhfpjk;> vz;nza; kw;Wk; vupthA
19. nghfhNuh v/F efuk; ([hHf;fz;l;) - v/F kw;Wk; epyf;fup
20. ,e;NjhH (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - Milj; njhopy;fs;
22. gpjhk;GH (kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;) - auto cluster, medicine, cotton yarn, auto
testing treck ect.
23. jpg;UfhH (mrhk;) - Njapiy njhopw;rhiyfs;
24. neha;lh (cj;jug; gpuNjrk;) - nkd;nghUs;
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25. fz;Z}H (Nfush) - ifj;jwp Vw;Wkjp
,e;jpah - ,e;jpahtpYs;s tq;fpfs;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;goikahd tq;fp - ];Nll; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah
,e;jpahtYs;s nghJj; Jiw tq;fpfs;
];Nll; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjd; FOk tq;fpfs;:
1. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; i`juhghj;
2. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; jpUthq;$H
3. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ghl;bahyh
4. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; gpfhdPH & n[a;g;g+H
5. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ik#H
6. ];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; nrsuh\;buh (2008 y; ,Ue;J ];Nll; ghq;f; ,e;jpahTld;
FOtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)
];Nll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;J}H (Mf];l; 26> 2010 y; ,Ue;J ];Nll; ghq;f;
,e;jpahTld; FOtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)
Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l ,ju tq;fpfs;:
1. myfhghj; tq;fp
2. Me;jpuh tq;fp
3. ghq;f; Mg; gNuhlh
4. ,e;jpad; tq;fp
5. ghq;f; Mg; kfhuh\;buh
6. fduh tq;fp
7. nrd;l;uy; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
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8. fhHg;gNu\d; tq;fp
9. Njdh tq;fp
10. ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
11. ,e;jpad; XtHrP]; tq;fp
12. Xupaz;ly; Ngq;f; Mg; fhkH];
13. gQ;rhg; Ne\dy; tq;fp
14. rpz;bNfl; tq;fp
15. a+dpad; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
16. Aidnll; ghq;f; Mg; ,e;jpah
17. gQ;rhg; & rpe;j; tq;fp
18. a+rpX tq;fp
19. tp[ah tq;fp
kw;w nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs;:
20. ghujPa k`psh tq;fp (19 etk;gH 2013)
21. IbgpI ghq;f; ypkpnll;
,e;jpa MWfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd MW vJ? - fq;if
2. ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd ,uz;lhtJ MW vJ? - Nfhjhtup MW
3. gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp jpngj;jpa nkhopapy; vg;gb miof;fg;gLfpwJ? - ahHYq;
l;rhq;Ngh(Yarlung Tsangpo)
4. `puhFl; miz ve;j Mw;wpd; Nky; fl;lg;gl;lJ? - kfhejp MW.
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5. ve;j Ie;J MWfs; ,ize;J rpe;J ejp cUthfpwJ? - [Pyk;> nrdhg;> utp>
gpah]; kw;Wk; rl;ny[;.
6. jf;\pz; fq;fh (Dakshin ganga) vd;wiof;fg;gLk; MW - Nfhjhtup MW.
7. fpU\;zh ejpapd; Kjd;ikahd Jiz ejp? - Jq;fgj;jpiu ejp
8. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ejp vJ? - fq;if
9. rl;ny[; ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; mizapd; ngaH vd;d? gf;uheq;fy;
10. Jq;fh MW> gj;jpuh MW vd;Dk; ,uz;L MWfspd; ,iztpdhy; cUthd
MW vJ? - Jq;fgj;jpiu MW
11. fq;if ejpapd; ePsk; - 2>525 fpNyh kPl;lH
12. Nfhjtup ejpapd; ePsk; - 1>465 fpNyh kPl;lH
13. fpU\;zh ejpapd; ePsk; - 1300 fpNyh kPl;lH
14. njd;dpe;jpa MWfspy; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa MW - fpU\;zh
15. njd;dpe;jpa MWfspd; kpfg;ngupa MW - Nfhjhtup

1. njhiyNehf;fp Nghd;w fUtpfs; ,y;yhky; ntWk; fz;fshy; ghHf;ff;$ba
Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp
2. njhiyNehf;fpahy; kl;LNk ghHf;ff;$ba Nfhs;fs; - ANud]; kw;Wk; neg;ba+d;
3. tpbnts;sp vd miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? - nts;sp
4. #upaf;FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Nfhs;fs; vz;zpf;if - 8 (Gjd;> nts;sp> g+kp>
nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp> ANud];> neg;ba+d;)
5. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s rpWNfhs;fs; (Dwarf Planets) - Gs+l;Nlh> nru];>
Vup];> Nkf;Nkf;> `t;kPNa
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6. g+kpapypUe;J #upad; ----------- njhiytpy; cs;sJ. - RkhH 15 Nfhb fp.kP

7. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; jhNd xspUk; thd; nghUs; - #upad;
8. Jizf; Nfhs;fs; ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; - Gjd;> nts;sp
9. g+kpapd; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 1
10. nrt;thapd; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 2
11. tpahod; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 63
12. rdp Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 60
13. ANud]; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 27
14. neg;ba+d; Jizf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 13
15. g+kpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; - re;jpud;
1. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s jplf;Nfhs;fs; ahit? - Gjd;> nts;sp> g+kp>
nrt;tha;
2. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s thAf;Nfhs;fs; ahit? - tpahod;> rdp> ANud];>
neg;ba+d;
3. #upadplkpUe;J %d;whtJ Nfhshfg; mike;Js;s Nfhs; vJ? - g+kp
4. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpFe;j ntg;gk; nfhz;l Nfhs;fs; - nts;sp> Gjd;
5. #upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; - Gjd;
6. #upaDf;F kpf njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs; - neg;ba+d;
7. capHf;Nfhsk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - g+kp
8. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa Nfhs; - tpahod;
9. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpy; kpf rpwpa Nfhs; - Gjd;
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10. vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; #upaid ------------- apy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. - ePstl;lg;

ghij
11. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpd; ehafd; - #upad;
512.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; ahH ngaHfspy; FWq;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd? - thdtpay;
mwpQH itZghg;G> mZrf;jpj; Jiwapd; je;ij rhuhgha;> fzpjNkij
,uhkhD[k;
13. re;jpudpd; NtW ngaHfs; - epyT> epyh> kjp> jpq;fs;
14. FWq;Nfhs;fspd; ghij ---------------- - nrt;tha;f;Fk; tpahDf;Fk; ,ilNa
15. jw;Row;rpapy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf RoYk; Nfhs;fs; - nts;sp kw;Wk;
ANud];
Gtpapay; - NguplH Nkyhz;ik

1. NguplHfspd; tiffs; - ,aw;if NguplH> kdpjHfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
NguplHfs;
2. g+kpapd; NkNyhl;by; Vw;gLk; mjpHNt -------- MFk; - epyeLf;fk;
3. epyeLf;fj;ij mwpa gad;gLk; fUtp - rP]N
; khfpuh/g;
4. epyeLf;fk; ve;jg; Gs;spapy; Muk;gpf;fpwNjh mt;tplk; ----------- vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - epyeLf;f ikak;
5. ,e;jpahtpy; epyeLf;fk; Vw;gLk; gFjpfis ---------------------- mjpHtiy
kz;lyq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk; - ehd;F
6. vupkiyg; gutiyg;gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s gad;gLk; fUtp - rha;Tkhdp (Tilt
Meter)
7. ,e;jpahtpy; Rdhkp vr;rupf;if ikak; vq;F epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? - i`juhghj;
8. flw;Nfhspd; Mq;fpyr;nrhy; - Rdhkp (Tsunami)
9. Rdhkp vd;w nrhy; ----------- nkhopapypUe;J te;jJ - [g;ghdpa nkhop (Tsu Harbour, Nami - Waves)
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10. Rdhkp miyfs; kzpf;F ----------- Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit 320 fp.kP
11. #iwf;fhw;wpid mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;by; ------------- vd miof;fpd;wdH Ltp];lH
12. twl;rp Vw;gl Kjd;ikahd fhuzk; - kiog;nghopT gw;whf;FiwT
13. nghJthf #iwf;fhw;W Vw;gLtJ - mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL
14. ghiwj; Jfs;fs; kio ePUld; NrHe;J efHtij --------- vd;fpNwhk; - NrW
topjy; (Debris flow) my;yJ kz; topjy;
15. gdpg;ghiw tPo;r;rpfs; caH --------------------- fspYk; kw;Wk; caukhd -----------fspYk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. - ml;rg;gFjp> kiyg;gFjp
Gtpapay; - kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp kw;Wk; guty;

1. gpwg;G tpfpjk; vd;gJ - nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000 kf;fSf;F xU
Mz;by; gpwf;Fk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
2. ,wg;G tpfpjk; vd;gJ - nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000 kf;fspy; xU Mz;by;
Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpd; vz;zpf;if
3. gpwg;G tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL kf;fs;njhif tsHr;rp tpfpjk;
4. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lUf;Fs; thOk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa ---------- vdg;gLfpwJ
- kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jp
5. cyfpy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp kpff; Fiwthf cs;s ehL - kq;Nfhypah
6. cyfpy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp kpff; mjpfkhf cs;s ehL - nkhdhNfh
7. xU ehl;bd; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia me;ehl;bd; ---------------- My; tFf;ff;
fpilg;gJ kf;fs; mlHj;jpahFk; - gug;gsT
8. Gtpapy; RkhH 90% kf;fs; ------------------ epyg;gug;gpNyNa tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs; - 10%
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9. kf;fs;njhifg; guty; kw;Wk; mlHj;jpapidg; gy;NtW ------------ kw;Wk; kdpjf;

fhuzpfs; epHzapf;fpd;wd. - ,aw;if
10. ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpidtplg; gpwg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd;> kf;fs;njhif --------- - mjpfupfupf;Fk;
11. Gtpapy;> kf;fs; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; epiyapidNa --------------- vd;fpNwhk; kf;fs;njhifg; guty;
12. cyf kf;fs;njhif ----------k; Mz;by; 6 gpy;ypaid vl;baJ. - 1999
13. cyf kf;fs;njhifapy; ,e;jpah vj;jidahtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ? ,uz;lhk;
14. gpwg;G tpfpjk; FiwthfTk;> ,wg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;>
kf;fs;njhif ----------- - FiwAk;
15. -------- Nghd;w epiyahd muRs;s ehLfspy; kf;fs;njhif mlHj;jp mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;. - rpq;fg;G+H
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;

1. jkpo;ehl;by; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ilNdhru]; tpyq;fpd; Kl;ilfs;
mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ - mupaY}H
2. tuyhW vj;jid fhyq;fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfwpJ - 2 gpupTfs; (tuyhw;Wf;
fhyk;> tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ijafhyk;)
3. gioa fw;fhyk; - Palaeolithic age (fp.K.10>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;)
4. Gjpa fw;fhyk; - Neolithic age (fp.K.10>000 - fpK.4>000)
5. nrk;Gf; fw;fhyk; - Chalcolithic age fp.K.3>000 - fp.K.1>500
6. ,Uk;Gf; fhyk; - Iron age (fp.K.1>500 - fp.K.600)
7. Mjp kdpjd; ve;j fw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdhd; rpf;fpKf;fp
8. g+kpapd; Njhw;wk; - 460 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
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9. kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk; - 40>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; (N`hNkh nrg;gpad;];)

10. Ntshz;ik Njhd;wpa fhyk; - RkhH 8>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
11. efuq;fspd; Njhw;wk; - 4>7000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
,e;jpahtpy; gioa fw;fhyf; fUtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs;
12. kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - Nrhd; Mw;Wg;gLif> gpk;Ngl;fh> k;N`];th
13. uh[;jhd; - Y}dp Mw;Wr; rkntsp
14. fHehlfk; - ghfy;Nfhl;
15. Me;jpugpuNjrk; - fHD}y; Fiffs;> NuzpFz;lh
16. jkpo;ehL - tlkJiu> mj;jpuk;ghf;fk;> gyhyhtuk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}H>
jpUts;S}H
Gtpapay; - fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs;

1. jkpo;ehl;bd; efukakhjypd; msT 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
Vwf;Fiwa ---------- MFk; - 44 tpOf;fhL
2. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL efukakhjypy; --------------- ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ ,uz;lhk;
3. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfs; - ntg;gk; mjpfupj;jy;> kz; mupg;G>
Fiwe;j kiog; nghopT> gy;NtW capupdq;fs; mope;J Nghjy;
4. tz;zk; g+Rk; J}upiffs; jahupf;f ---------------- mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd - fhl;Lg;gd;wp>
fPupg;gps;is
5. 100 fpuhk; gl;LE}y; jahupf;f ---------- gl;Lg;GOf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd - 1500
6. cyf Rw;Wr;#oy; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - [Pd; 5
7. cyf XNrhd; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - nrg;lk;gH 16k; ehs;
8. mjpfsT nraw;if ,urhad cuq;fis cgNahfpg;gjhy; ---------- juk;
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FiwfpwJ - kz;
9. cyf Gtp jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - Vg;uy; 22
10. capupdq;fs; xd;iw xd;W rhHe;J thOk; capupdr; #oiy -------------- vd;W
$WfpNwhk; - Rw;Wr;#oy;
11. jkpofj;jpy; ---------- tpOf;fhL epyg;gFjpapy; fhLfs; gutpapUf;fpd;wJ - 17
12. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ruzhyaq;fs; - 13 gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;> 5 Njrpa
g+q;fhf;fs;> 7 tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs;
13. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s %d;W capHf;Nfhs Nrkpg;Gg; ngl;lfg; gFjpfs; - ePyfpup>
kd;dhH tisFlh> mfj;jpa kiy
14. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; - godp kiy Njrpag; g+q;fh> fpz;b
Njrpag; g+q;fh> Kf;FHj;jp Njrpag; g+q;fh> KJkiy Njrpag; g+q;fh> kd;dhH
tisFlh fly;rhH Njrpag; g+q;fh
15. muf;F jahupf;f ---------------- g+r;rpfs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd - 3>00>000

1. epyg;gFjpfs; nfhz;l g+kpapd; Nkw;gFjp ----------- vdg;gLk; - epyf;Nfhsk;
(Lithosphere)
2. ePH Njq;fpa gFjps; -------------------- MFk; - ePHf;Nfhsk; (Hydrosphere)
3. fhw;W glHe;j gFjp ---------------------- vdg;gLfpwJ. - tspkz;lyk; (Atmosphere)
4. epyf;Nfhsk;> ePHf;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; tspkz;lyk; vDk; %d;W Nfhsq;fspd; $l;L
tpisTjhd; --------- MFk; - capHf;Nfhsk; (Biosphere)
5. cyfpd; kpf caukhd gPlg+kp - jpngj; gPlg+kp
6. cyfpy; kpf caukhd kiyj;njhlH - ,kakiyj; njhlH
7. cyfpd; VO fz;lq;fs; - Mrpah> Mg;gpupf;fh> tlmnkupf;fh> njd; mnkupf;fh>
INuhg;gh> M];jpNuypah> mz;lhHbfh
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8. VO fz;lq;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - Mrpah

9. gug;gstpy; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa fz;lk; ----------- MFk; - Mg;gpupf;fh
10. cyfpy; kpf ePskhd ejp - iey; ejp (6695 fp.kP> Mg;gpupf;fh fz;lk;)
11. cyfpy; kpfg; ngupa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (Mg;gpupf;fh fz;lk;)
12. cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa gtsg; ghiw ------------------ - fpNul; ghupaH uPg;
13. ehd;F gf;fq;fshYk; ePuhy; #og;gl;l epyg;gFjp - jPT
14. g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; RkhH -------------- ePH cs;sJ - 71 rjtPjk; (%d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F)
15. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd kiyj;njhlH - Mz;b]; kiyj;njhlH (njd; mnkupf;fh
fz;lk;)

1. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; thAf;fs; - iel;u[d; 78%> Mf;rp[d; 28%> kw;w
thAf;fs; 1%
2. tspkz;lyj;jpd; ehd;F mLf;Ffs; - mbaLf;F (Troposphere)> gilaLf;F
(Stratosphere)> madpaLf;F (Ionosphere)> ntspaLf;F (Exposphere)
3. tspkz;lyj;ijg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gpuptpd; ngaH - thdpiyapay;
(Meteorology)
4. tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp - mOj;jkhdp (Barometer)
5. ---------------y; #upaf;fjpHfs; kpd;nrwpt+l;lg;gLfpd;wd - madpaLf;F
6. tspkz;lyj;jpd; kpf caukhd mLf;F --------------- MFk;. - ntspaLf;F
7. #upadplkpUe;J tUk; Gw Cjhf;fjpHfis tbfl;b nfLjy;fspUe;J
ghJfhf;Fk; mLf;F ------------- MFk;. - gilaLf;F
8. gilaLf;F ----------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - rkntg;g mLf;F kw;Wk; XNrhd;
mLf;F
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9. cyfpy; cs;s Ie;J ngUq;fly;fs; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;> ml;yhz;bf;

ngUq;fly;> ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;> MHbf; ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; mz;lhHbf; ngUq;fly;
10. cyfpd; KjyhtJ kpfg; ngupa ngUq;fly; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
11. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ ngUq;fly; - ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;
12. cyfpd; %d;whtJ ngUq;fly; - ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;
13. cyfpYs;s ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfr; rpwpaJ - MHbf; ngUq;fly;
14. cyfpd; Mokhd ngUq;fly; - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
15. cyfpd; kpf Mokhd kupahdh mfop mike;Js;s ngUq;fly; ---------------- grpgpf; ngUq;fly;

1. khd;#d; (Monsoon) vd;w nrhy;yhdJ ---------- vd;w mNugpar; nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ. - kTrpk; (Mausim) (nghUs;: gUtq;fs;)
2. gUtf; fhw;WfshdJ ------------- vdg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. - njd;Nkw;Fg;
gUtf;fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; tlfpof;Fg; gUtf;fhw;Wfs;
3. fhw;wpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; tPRk; jpirapid mstpl ----------- vd;w fUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. - fhw;Wkhdp (Anemometer)
4. fhw;W tPRk; jpirapidf; Fwpg;gjw;Ff; --------------- vd;w fUtp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - jpirfhl;b (Wind vane)
5. kiog; nghopT ------------- vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. - ntg;gr;ryd kio>
kiyj; jLg;G kio> Gay; kio
6. kio msit mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp - kiokhdp (Pluviometer)
7. tiuglj;jpy; xNu msTila kio msit nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fis
,izf;Fk; fw;gidf; Nfhl;bw;Fr; ------- vd;W ngaH - rk kiof;NfhLfs;
(Isohytes)
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8. -------------- kiog; nghopthdJ 4 kzp kiog; nghopT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ ntg;gr; ryd kiog; nghopT
9. thdpiy njhopw;rhiy (Weather factory) vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ -------------- ,b> kpd;dy;> Gay;
10. kpd;dy; xU nehbf;F -------------- Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;fpwJ. - 96>560 iky;
11. kpd;diyg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpayhdJ -------------- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;dypay; (Fulminology)
12. cyfpy; xU Mz;Lf;F ---------- kpd;dy;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd - RkhH 16 kpy;ypad;
13. Nkfq;fspd; tiffs; ahit? - fPw;W Nkfq;fs;> gil Nkfq;fs;> jpus;
Nkfq;fs;> fhHgil Nkfq;fs;
14. ,bAld; $ba Gay; vd;gJ ----------------- Nkfq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ fhHjpus; Nkfq;fs;
15. kpd;dy; vd;gJ --------- - tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; kpd; rf;jp
1. fhyepiy vd;w nrhy; ------------- vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ fpiskh (Klima) (nghUs;: xOq;fpypUe;J tpyFjy;)
2. thdpiy vd;gJ - xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; epyTk;
tspkz;lyj;jpd; epiyahFk;
3. fhyepiy vd;gJ - nghJthf ePz;l fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; xU ngUk; gug;gstpy;
fhzg;gLk; thdpiyapd; ruhrup MFk;. (xU jpl;lkhd ruhrup fhyk; 30 Mz;Lfs;)
4. g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J ntg;gepiyahdJ xt;nthU 1000 kPl;lUf;F k; RkhH ---------------- vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; Fiwfpd;wJ. - 6.5 nry;rpa];
5. vy;epNdh vd;why; ];ghdpa nkhopapy; ------------- vd;W nghUs; - Foe;ij VR
(Christ Child)
6. #upadplkpUe;J tUk; #upaf; fjpHtPrNy ---------- vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gk;
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7. xU ehspy; epyTk; mjpf msT kw;Wk; Fiwe;j msT ntg;g epiyf;F

,ilNa cs;s NtWghNl ----------- vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ - ehs; ntg;gg; guty;
(Diurnal Range of Temperature)
8. xU tUlj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;gkhd khjj;jpw;Fk; Fspuhd khjj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNaahd NtWghNl ------------------ vdg;gLk; - Mz;L ntg;gg; guty; (Annual
Range of Temperature)
9. ntg;gepiyia msf;f cjTk; cgfuzj;jpd; ngaH - ntg;gkhdp
(Thermometer)
10. tiuglj;jpy; xNu msTila ntg;gepiyia nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lq;fis
,izf;Fk; fw;gidf; Nfhl;bw;Fr; -------------- vd;W ngaH - rkntg;gf;NfhLfs;
(Isotherms)
11. ntg;gj;jpd; %d;W msitfs; - 1.nry;rpa];> 2./ghud;`Pl;> 3.nfy;tpd;
12. ,e;jpahtpy; njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ----------------- epyTfpwJ - [Pd; Kjy;
nrg;lk;gH tiu
13. ,e;jpahtpy; tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W ---------------- epyTfpwJ - mf;NlhgH Kjy;
etk;gH tiu
14. ntg;g kz;lyj;jpy; -------------- Kf;fpag; gapuhFk; - ney;
15. Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J caNu nry;yr; nry;y 165 kPl;lH cauj;jpw;F ---------- tPjk;
ntg;gk; Fiwe;Jf;nfhz;l nry;fpwJ - 1 nry;rpa];
Gtpapay; - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1. ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j xU nghUSk; kdpjHfSf;F gadspg;gjhf
,Ug;gpd;> mJ --------- vdg;gLk;. - ts Mjhuk;
2. Gtpapd; fdpkr; Ruq;fq;fspUe;J xU Kiw ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;lij kPz;Lk;
ek;khy; ---------- ,ayhJ. - cUthf;fNth my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngwNth
3. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F ------------- kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. vupnghUs; fdpktsk;
4. ANudpak; xU --------- fdpkkhFk;. - mZrf;jp
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5. -------- kz;lyk; #upa Mw;wiy kpf mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a VJthf
cs;sJ. - madkz;lyk;
6. GJg;gpj;jy; mbg;gilapy;> ts Mjhuq;fspd; ,U tiffs; - GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj
ts Mjhuq;fs;> GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs;
7. Mrpahtpd; Kf;fpa epyf;fup tay;fs; -------- kw;Wk; --------- tpy; cs;sJ. - rPdh>
,e;jpah
8. cyfpNyNa mjpfsT (30%) mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL ------------MFk; - mnkupf;f If;fpa ehL
9. mZrf;jp vupnghUis mjpfstpy; (75%) gad;gLj;Jk; ehL - gpuhd;R
10. ,e;jpahtpy; mZrf;jp epiyaq;fs; vq;F cs;sd? - nrd;id> ,uh[];jhd;>
fha;fh> jhuhg+H> fhf;uhg+H> eNuhuh
11. cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa ePHkpd;rf;jp epiyak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? - rPdhtpy;
cs;s ahq;brp Mw;wpd; mUNf mike;jpUf;Fk; Kg;gs;sjhf;F mizapy; cs;sJ
12. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa ePHkpd;rf;jp epiyak; ------ mizapy; cs;sJ. gf;uheq;fy;
13. ------------- #upa rf;jpia Nrkpg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. - xspkpd; Nthy;lh
kpd;fyk; (Photo voltic cells)
14. cyfpy; mjpf msT #upa Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL ----------------- MFk;.
- n[Hkdp
15. fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;a --------- kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. - tpirg;nghwpcUis
(Turbine)
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nghJ mwpT
1)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
rspj; njhy;iy> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> khHGr;rsp ePf;Fk;> cly; gyk; jUk;

%ypif - J}Jtis
fpUkp ehrpdp> FspHr;rp jUk;. tapw;Wg; g+r;rpia ePf;Fk; %ypif Ntk;G
kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - fPohney;yp
rsp> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif - Jsrp
tpaHit ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif Xkty;yp.
tha;g; Gz;izf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> FspHr;rpjUk; %ypif - ney;yp
fpUkp ehrpdp> moFgLj;jy; %ypif. - kQ;rs;
grpiaj; J}z;Lk;> nrupkhdkpd;ikia ePf;Fk; %ypif - gpuz;il
nrupkhdf; NfhshWfisj; jPHf;Fk; %ypif - ,Q;rp
njhz;ilf; fufug;ig ePf;Fk; %ypif - kpsF
11)
tpaHitg; ngUf;Fk;> Nfhio mfw;Wk;> fha;r;ry; ePf;Fk; %ypif
12)
fw;G+uty;yp
tapW njhlHghd Neha;fisj; jPHf;Fk; - trk;G
13)
FspHr;rp jUk;> fz;Neha;fs;> tapw;Wg;Gz; ePf;Fk; %ypif fw;whio
14)
neQ;Rr; rsp> nrhwp> rpuq;F> cly; mupg;G Nghd;wit ePf;Fk; %ypif
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fg;igNkdp
15)
Foe;ijfspd; rsp> kQ;rs; fhkhiy ePf;Fk; %ypif fhpryhq;fz;zp

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16)
gr;irakw;w jhNyhigl;L tifiar; rhHe;jit - g+Q;irfs;
17)
18)
g+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa jhtutpay; gpupT - ikfhy[p

nghJthf g+Q;irfs; vt;tif nry;fshy; Mdit - a+NfupNahl;Lfs;
19)
kl;Fz;zpfs;> xl;Lz;zpfs; vd ,uz;L tifahd NtWgl;l Cl;l

Kiwfis nfhz;lit - g+Q;irfs;
20)
kl;Fz;zpfs; ,we;j kw;Wk; mOfpa mq;ffg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ tho;fpd;w

g+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - iuNrhg];> mfhupf];.
21)
22)
ikrPypaq;Fspd; fpisj;j> nky;ypa ,iofspd; ngaH g+Q;irfspd; nry; RtH vtw;why; Mdit - ifl;bd;
23)
24)
g+Q;irfshy; kdpjHfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; - Njky; Neha;

kug;gl;ilapy; thOk; G+Q;ifs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd -
25)
irNyhgpy;y];
Kb my;yJ khl;Lf; nfhk;G Nghd;w nghUspd; kPJ tsUk; G+Q;irfs; -
i`ghf;fs;
nfuhl;bNdhgpy;y];
26)
rpy g+Q;irfs; caHepiyj; jhtuq;fspd; NtHfNshL $l;Lapupahf
27)
tsHgit. ,e;j tif NtHfSf;F -------------- vd;W ngaH - ikNfhiurh

g+Q;irapd; clyk; vtw;why; Mdit - ikrPypak;
28)
<];l; Nghd;w g+Q;irfs; vt;tif caphpadq;fs; - xU nry; capup
29)
nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Njhd;wpa ehL mnkhpf;fh
30)
1929-y; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtH n`HgHl; `{tH
31)
rpjk;guk; eluh[H NfhtpYf;F nghw;$iu Nta;e;j murd; - guhe;jf Nrhod;
32)
KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp epiyahd Ml;rp
33)
njhopyhsHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; - njhopy; gl;lak;
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34)
rz;ilAk;> ifg;gw;WjYk; vd;w nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpatHfs; rHthjpfhhp
35)
flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; epyTk; fhyepiy rkkhd fhyepiy
36)
Nkw;fpe;jpa ,ilA+Wfshy; kiongWk; ,lk; - gQ;rhg;
37)
njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W jpirf;F ,izahf mike;Js;s kiyfs; Muty;yp kiyfs;
38)
gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - ,iyAjpHf; fhLfs;
39)
NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ANudpak;
40)
nraw;iff; Nfhs;> njhiyj; njhlHGj; Jiw Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; epWtdk; - ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp
epWtdk;
41)
Nfuhsitr; NrHe;j rpwe;j r%f rPHjpUj;jthjp - =ehuhaz FU
42)
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lhj;jpy; fhe;jp[p cgNahfpj;j Gjpa Af;jp Kiw

rj;jpahfpufk;
43)
n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH lhfH ghq;f;
44)
rpe;J rkntspapy; mfo;thuha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhz;ltH
45)
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; 184tJ cWg;G ehL
46)
epjp MNahf; Jizj; jiytH mutpe;j; gdfhpah
47)
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 5000 kPl;lH cauj;j py; cUthfpd;w Nkfq;fs; - fPw;W

Nkfq;fs;
48)
,e;jpahtpy; ePskhd flw;fiuia nfhz;l khepyk; - F[uhj;
49)
egfhe;j rl;lH[p ntspapl;l khj ,jopd; ngaH kfhghg; ghy;a gpgh`h
50)
gdhurpy; kj;jpa ,e;Jg;gs;spia epWtpatH md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahH

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rH [hd; khH\y;
md;Nlhuh
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51)
Njrpa rHf;fiuj; njhopy; El;gf; fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - m[;kPH
52)
Nrhdhy; khd;rpq;fhy; gpugyg;gLj;jg;gl;l eldk; - xbrp
53)
A+g;uB];> ilfhP]; ejpfs; ghAk; ,lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehfhPfk; nkrgNlhkpa

ehfhPfk;
54)
kpf mjpfkhd ehLfSld; vy;iyiag; gq;fpLk; ehLfs; - u\;ah> rPdh
55)
,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j khepyk; Nfhth
56)
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; rpwpa kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjp ,yl;rj;jPT
57)
nfhy;ypkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l kd;dd; - Xhp
58)
njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;ltH mQ;riy
59)
mk;khs;
fy;ghf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;s nkl;uh]; mZrf;jp epiyaj;j py; mZf;fU
60)
ciyapy; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk; jzpg;ghd; - fdePH

Nghhpd; nfhs;ifg;gb Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;jdpahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk; msT -
61)
Nfhz ce;jk;
i`l;u[d; mZf;nfhs;ifia toq;fpatH - NghH
62)
NubNah fjpHfis G+kpf;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; tspkz;ly glyk; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ - maNdh];gpaH
63)
64)
Id;];Bd; Nehgy; ghpR vjw;fhf ngw;whH - xspkpd; tpisT

FspHrhjdg; ngl;bapy; nrytplg;gLk; kpd;jpwd; vt;tsT thl; - 500
65)
G+kpapypUe;J nraw;ifNfhs; nrd;w topiaj; Jy;ypakhf mwpa cjTtJ lhg;sH tpisT
66)
kPxypapay; vd;gJ - kpf mjpf mjpHntz; nfhz;l xyp miyfs;
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67)
tpz;ntsp Ma;Tepiyaq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; jahupf;f cjTtJ - #upa
68)
kpd;fyk;
nek;GNfhy; jj;Jtj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH - MHf;fpkpb];
69)
KjyhtJ Cry; fbfhuj;ij ntw;wpfukhf tbtikj;jtH fpwp];bad;

i`[d;];
70)
xU xsp Mz;L vd;gJ 9.46 X fp.kP.
71)
miwntg;gepiyapy; jputkhf ,Uf;Fk; jdpkk; - GNuhkpd;
72)
mjpf gug;Gfis ghHf;f cjtf;$ba Mb Ftp Mb
73)
fhe;j JUtq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jtH Nuh];
74)
,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp cupikr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; - Vg;uy; 1>
75)
2010
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76)
77)
ngUq;fly;fspy; kpfg; ngupaJ - gRgpf; ngUq;fly;

,e;jpah epyhtpw;F tpz;ntsp fyj;ij mDg;gpa Mz;L - 2008
78)
khepyq;fsitapy; cs;s NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if 238
79)
80)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kf;fsit ngz; jiytH - kPuh FkhH

murhq;fj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j jiytH - FbauRj; jiytH
81)
GJ jpy;yp Njrpa jiyefuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1991
82)
me;jkhd;
83)
Kjyikr;riu epakdk; nra;gtH - khepy MSeH
84)
rl;lq;fs; tFf;ff; fhuzk; - nghJ ed;ikf;Nf
85)
86)
rKjha czHit Foe;ijfsplk; tsHg;gJ - FLk;gk; kw;Wk; gs;sp

tiug;glj;jpy; kQ;rs; epwk; Fwpg;gJ - gPlg+kpfs;
epNfhghH jPTfspd; jiyefuk; - NghHl; gpNsaH
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87)
,e;jpah Kjd; Kjypy; epytpw;F mDg;gpa tpz;ntsp fyj;jpd; ngaH -
88)
re;jpuhad; 1
kf;fsitf;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfspd;
vz;zpf;if 2
89)
cyfpd; Kjy; ,jakhw;W mWit rpfpr;ir nra;j kUj;JtH - lhf;lH

fpwp];bad; ngHdhHL
90)
Guj cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;J - fe;jfk;
91)
fopT ePhpy; tsHf;fg;gLk; My;fh - ];igUypdh
92)
fUTwhf; fdpahjy; vd;gJ - kfue;jr; NrHf;if ,y;yhky; fdpfs;
93)
khkuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngaH - khQ;rp/nguh ,z;bfh
94)
kd mOj;jk; cly; mOj;jj;ij Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLk; khj;jpiu jahhpf;f

gad;gLk; jhtuk; - ghdf;]; [pd;nrq;f;
95)
Xl;]; jhtuj;jpy; gOg;G Gs;sp Neha; vjd; Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;WfpwJ

khq;fdPR
96)
rHtNjr jhtu kugpay; hpNrhHr]; NghHL 1974-k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;
97)
- Nuhk;
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98)
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99)
,k;ANdhFNshGypidr; Rug;gJ B-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
100)
ithpahdpy; xNu xU epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mJ vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ - N`g;sha;L itu];fs;
101)
ekJ clypd; kdntOr;rp gpujptpidfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %isapd; gFjp

- i`Nghjyhk];
102)
fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ehskpy;yh Rug;gp - ijuha;L Rug;gp

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103)
Neha;j; njhw;Wjiy vjpHf;Fk; Typk;Nghirl;Lfs; ve;j cWg;gpy; khWghL

milfpd;wd - ijk]; Rug;gp
104)
fhtpup ejp ve;j khepyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ - fHehlfh
105)
106)
ahidfSf;fhd ruzhyak; cs;s jkpof khtl;lk; - ePyfpup

Njrpa tdtpyq;F thuk; Kjd;Kjyhf ve;j Mz;Lj; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ 1955
107)
ney; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; ,uz;lhkplk; ngWk; ehL - ,e;jpah
108)
fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;Fk;

khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
109)
ePH gw;whf;Fiwiag; Nghf;f ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhy;tha; ve;j khepyj;jpy;

ntl;lg;gl;lJ - uh[];jhd;
110)
rHtNjr xypk;gpf; rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafk; vq;Fs;sJ - yhNrd;

(Rtpl;rHyhe;J)
111)
,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH n[duyhf ,Ue;j xNu ,e;jpaH - uh[Nfhghyr;rhup
112)
NOKIA -d; jiyikafk; cs;s ehL gpd;yhe;J
113)
[Pt;]; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - gp.[p.Tl; `T];
114)
115)
fthd;rh vd;gJ ve;j ehl;bd; ehzak; - mq;Nfhyh

kad; ehfuPfj;jpd; RtLfs; ve;j ehl;by; cs;sJ - nkf;rpNfh
116)
mZ rf;jp %yk; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; Kd;dzpapy; cs;s ehL mnkupf;fh
117)
mjpf mstpy; rHtNjr Neuk; nfhz;l ehL u\;ah
118)
cyf tuyhw;wpy; goikahd kukhf fUjg;gLtJ - NguPri

; r kuk;
119)
jpirNtfj;jpd; myF - kPl;lH
120)
fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstplg; gad;gLk; fUtp mdpNkhkPl;lH
tpdhb
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121)
etPd fhy kpjit CHjpfs; vtw;why; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd mYkpdpa

cNyhff; fyit
122)
jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mf];l; - nrg;lk;gH khjq;fspy; njhq;fp

gwj;jy; tpisahl;L vq;F elj;jg;gLfpwJ Vyfphp kiy
123)
gwj;jy; rhHe;j tpisahl;by; ghuh#l; vtw;why; Mdit jdptif

ieyhd; (my;yJ) ghypa];lH
124)
Gtpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT thdpay; myF
125)
xU xsp Mz;bd; kjpg;G 7.46X 1012 fp.kP.
126)
XuyF gUkd; nfhz;l nghUspd; epiw mlHj;jp
127)
KjyhtJ Cry; fbfhuj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH fpwp];bad; i`[d;];
128)
Cry; fbfhuk; ve;j jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpd;wJ jdp

Cry;
129)
ghjurj;jpd; mlHj;jp ePhpd; mlHj;jpiag; Nghy; vj;jid klq;F 13.6

klq;F
130)
mlHj;jpapd; myF fpNyhfpuhk;
131)
xsp xU tpdhbapy; fle;J nry;Yk; J}uk; - %d;W ,yl;rk; fp.kP.
132)
jputj;jpd; fdmsit mstplg; gad;gLtJ msTrhb
133)
ePiutpl mlHj;jp mjpfkhd jputk; - ghjurk;
134)
mjpf epiwAila nghUl;fis msf;fg; gad;gLtJ Ftpz;lhy;> nkl;hpf;
kPl;lH3
ld;
135)
jw;fhyj;jpy; fhyj;ij Jy;ypakhf mstpl gad;gLtJ kpd;dZ

fbfhuk;> mZf; fbfhuk;
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136)
tpdhbf;Fk; Fiwthd fhy msit msf;f gad;gLj;JtJ kpy;yptpdhb>

ikf;Nuhtpdhb
137)
xU nkl;hpf; ld; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhfpuhk;
138)
G+kpapd; epiwiag; Nghy; #hpad; vj;jid klq;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; 3>20>000 klq;F
139)
NuhNghtpd; %isahfr; nray;gLtJ kpd;dZr;rpy;Y
140)
nghpa ,Uk;Gr; rhkhd;fis J}f;Ftjw;F gad;gLtJ gSj;J}f;fpfs;
141)
xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 1000 kpy;ypkPl;lH
142)
fhe;jj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH khf;d];
143)
#hpadpd; epiw 1.99X1030 fpNyhfpuhk;
144)
,aw;if fhe;jk; vd;gJ khf;dill;
145)
Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J nghUspd; epiy khWtJ - ,af;fk;
146)
ePhpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfg;nghpa ePyj;jpkpq;fyj;jpd; ePsk; - 30 kPl;lH
147)
gSj;J}f;fpfspy; gad;gLj;JtJ rf;jp tha;e;j fhe;jq;fs;
148)
tPzhd nghUs;fspd; FtpaypypUe;J ,Uk;ig gphpj;njLf;fg; gad;gLtJ

kpd;fhe;jq;fs;
149)
gdNuhNfk;fs; vd;gJ vJ - MQ;rpNah];ngHk;
150)
ePyg;gRk;ghrp ve;j tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ - nkhdpuh
151)
152)
jhtu GNuhl;b];lh tFg;igr; rhHe;jJ vJ - My;fh

xU nry; caphpdq;fshfTk;> jhtuq;fshfNth my;yJ tpyq;FfshfNth
,y;yhjJ vJ - GNuhb];lh
153)
tpijapy;yh jpuhl;ir cUthff; fhuzkhd `hHNkhd; - [pg;guy;ypd;
154)
Gifapiy nkhirf; iturpy; fhzg;gLk; kuGg;nghUs; - MH.vd;.V.

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155)
jhtu nry;ypy; fhzg;glhj mikg;G - nrd;l;NuhNrhk;
156)
157)
<uy; tbtk; nfhz;l jhtuk; - khHfd;\pah

%lg;glhj tpijj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf - irf;f];
158)
159)
Kjy;epiy fpisf;fhyprp]; Rthrpj;jy; eilngWtJ - irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;

G+ mr;rpd; Edp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ - G+j;jsk;
160)
,e;jpahtpy; gRikg; Gul;rpia tbtikj;j rpw;gp vd miof;fg;gLgtH vk;.v]; Rthkpehjd;
161)
kuGg; nghwpapay; Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ney; ufk; - itl;lkpd; A

cs;s jq;f mhprp
162)
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpid Kjd; Kjyhf fz;L gpbj;jtH rhfpdp
163)
ùg;gh ehfupfj;jpd; fhyk; -
164)
165)
166)
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- fspkz;
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Nk[pf; kw;Wk; #dpaq;fisg; gw;wp $Wk; Ntjk; - mjHth
167)
168)
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169)
jdf;nfd nrhe;jkhf xU murpayikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;s ,e;jpa khepyk; [k;K fh\;kPH
170)
171)
mtru fhy epyik gpufld gLj;j ,Wjp mjpfhuk; cilaJ - [dhjpgjp

Mq;fpNyauhy; Nkiyg;gbfs; vd miof;fg;gl;l jkpof ,aw;if mikg;G Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
172)
jahuhk;
2300 BC 1750 BC
1970- -
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173)
174)
175)
176)
.
-
177)
- 28,000
178)

179)
180)
181)
- B2
182)
183)
( )
184)
- AZT
185)
186)
187)
188)
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189)
2
- 10
190)
DPT T -
191)
- ,
192)
193)
, - 1885
194)
195)
196)
197)
198)
199)
200)
201)
202)
Man is by nature a political animal -
203)
204)
Freedom at Midnight -
205)
206)
207)
208)
209)
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210)
211)
212)
213)
214)
215)
216)
217)
218)
219)
220)
- 1951
221)
DBMS hp - Data Base Management System
222)
LCD hp - Liquid Crystal Display
223)
224)
225)
- +
226)
- +
227)
228)
- 2-
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229)
2002- -
230)
231)
CNC -
232)
233)
234)
235)
236)
237)
238)
,
-
239)
- -
240)
-
.
241)
242)
243)
- 80%
244)
245)
246)
247)
HIV -
248)
249)
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250)
- 3-4
251)
252)
253)
A- -
254)
Hcl
255)
256)
D -
257)
258)
B1 - -
259)
260)
261)
, -
262)
263)
264)
265)
- - 360
266)
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267)
268)
269)
270)
271)
272)
273)
274)
275)
276)
277)
278)
279)
280)
1999
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thHj;ijfisj; NjLk; NghJ kl;Lk; cq;fSf;F gad;gLk;
xU rhjhuz mg;spNfrdhf ,y;yhky;> gonkhopfs;>
nghJmwpT> jpwdha;T> jpUf;Fws;> Mj;jpr;#b> vd gytpj
jfty;fis cq;fSf;F ,ytrkhf mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ytr
mg;spNfrid lTd;NyhL nra;a fPo;fz;l ypq;if fpspf;
nra;aTk;.
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281)
282)
283)
284)
285)
286)
287)
288)
289)
290)
- 5
291)
292)
293)
294)
295)
296)
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TNPSC
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297)
298)
299)
300)
301)
302)
303)
304)
305)
- -
306)
307)
308)
309)
310)
- -
311)
312)
313)

- 1980
314)
1990-92
-
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315)
316)
...
317)
VAT -
318)
319)
-
B12
320)
- 19 : 25
321)
... -
322)

- D
323)
324)
Hcl -
325)
326)
327)
- 21.0%
328)
329)
330)
331)
332)
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333)
334)
, ,
-
335)
336)
337)
338)
339)
340)
.
-
341)
342)

- 18 . .
343)
344)
345)
346)
347)
348)
349)
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350)
1.08
351)
352)
353)
- 100

354)
355)
356)
357)

- .. 1942
358)

- 1973
359)
.. 640- -
360)
- ...
361)
362)
363)
364)
365)

- .
366)
367)
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368)
Folktare
369)
370)
.... -
371)
372)
373)
374)
375)
376)
377)
378)
379)
380)
381)
382)
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383)
384)
385)
386)
387)
388)

- ()
389)
- 4
20
390)
391)
392)
393)
394)
395)
396)
397)
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398)
399)
400)
.. -
401)
402)
403)
404)
405)
406)
407)
408)
...
-
409)
410)
411)
412)
413)
414)
415)
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416)
417)
418)
419)
BCG
-
420)

- 1967
421)
422)
- 13.6
423)
424)
425)
426)
427)
428)
429)
430)
431)
432)
433)
434)
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435)
- -
436)
437)
438)
439)
440)
1983- -
441)
- 1916
442)
443)
444)
1944- -
445)
446)
447)
448)
449)
450)
451)
452)
453)
454)
455)
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456)
457)
458)
459)
460)
461)
462)
463)
464)
465)
- 2001
466)
..
467)
- 1857
468)
469)
470)
471)
472)
1, 2001
473)
- 1994
474)
2001-
-
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475)
476)
2001-
-
477)
+ +
-
478)
479)
480)
481)
- ...
482)
1946 -

483)
484)
485)
486)
,
-
487)
488)
489)
490)
491)
, , -
492)
493)
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494)
495)
496)
497)
498)
499)
500)
501)
- 5
502)
503)
504)
505)
506)
507)
508)
509)
510)
511)
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512)
513)
514)
515)
516)

1. 2002- - ...
2. -
3.
-
4. -
5.
6. -
7.
8. -
9. -
10. -
11. 1928- -
12. -
13.
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14. - Ag
15. - Mn
16. -
17. - 1959
18. -
19. -
20. - B
21. -
22. () 600
23.
24. - 12
25. -
26.
-
27. -
28. -
29. -
30. -
31. -
32. -
33. -
34.
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35.
-
36. -
37.
38. -
39.
- 7%
40. -
41. -
42. - 25
43. -
44. 1916
45. , , ,
-
46. -
47. -
48. , -
49. - 5
50. - 12
51. - BCG
52.
-
53.
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54. -
55.
-
56. - 1881
57. -
58. .... ( ) - 1964
59. 1999- - 42
60. - 1982
61.
62. - 1915
63. -

64. -
65. -

66.
- 3
67.
68. - 1957
69. -
70. -
71.

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72. -
73. SEBI -
74. Budget -
75. -
76. - 74
77. -
78.
79. -
80. -
81.
82.
83. -
84.
-
85. -
86. - 1895
87. -
88. -
89. -
90. -
91.
-
92. ... -
93.
- 123
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94. -
95. -
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101. -
102. -
103. 1983
104. -
105. - 1906
106. -
107. -
108. -
109. -
110. -
111.

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112.
-
113.

114. -
115.
-
116. -
117. -
118. A, B, O
119. - ..
120.
-
121.
-
122. - 3

123. - ,
124. - 17%
125. - 21
126. -
127.
128. -
129.
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130. -
131. -
132. -
133. -
134. -
135. -
136. -
137. -
138. -
139. -
140. -
141. 142.
143.
144. -
145. -
146. -
147. -
148.
. -
149.
150.
- , ,
151. -
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152. - 8
153. -
154. -
155. -
156. -
157. -
158.
159.

-
160.

161. .
-
162. - /
163. - 0
164.
165. -
166.
-
167. -
,
168. -
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169. -
170. -
171. -
E
172. -
173.
- 9-12
174. -
175.
176.
177. '
-
178. -
179. -
180. .. - 1945 24
181.

182. -
183. 1918 1931
- 12
184. -
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185. - 1492
186. -

187. -
188.
189. 1918
-
190. - 1919
191. -
192. - 1934
193. -
194. -
195. -
196.
197. -
198. - 1919
199. 1937
200. -
201.
202. -

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203. -
204. -
205. -
206.
- .
207. -
208.
- 1893
209.
210. -
211. -
212. -
213.
- 1906
214. -
215. -
216.
-
217.
- 1893
218. -
219.
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220. -
221. -
222. 1:8
223. -
224. -
225. - 65
226. .......
-
227. - 32
228. -
229. ( ) -
230.
231. - U - 238
232. -
233. -
234. - I -123
235.
- -
236. -
237. -
238. -
239.
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240. - 7
241. -
242.
243. -
244. -
245. -
246.
247. .
248. -
249.
-
250. -

251. -
252.
253.
-
254.
255. -
256. -
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257. -
258.
259. -
260. - 1938
261. -
262.
- 1935
263. -
264. -
265. -
266.
267. -
268. -
269. -
270. , , -
271. -
272. -
273. - .. 78
274. -
275.
276. - --
277. -
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278. -
279. -
280. -
281.
282. - 1/60
283. -
284. -
285.
- 1, 2004
286. -
287.
288. -
289. -
290. -
291. . -
292. -
293. -
294. -
295.
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296. -
297.
298. -
299. - .
300.
301. -
302. -
303.
-
304. -
305. -------- ------- ,
306. -
307. -
308. -------- -
309.
-
310.
-
311. KDM916 ? - 91.6%

312.
313. -
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314. -
315. -
316. -
317.
318. - 1937
319. -
320. -
321. -
322.
323.
324. -
325. -
326. -
327. -
328. -
329. -
330. -
331. -
332. ... -
333.
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334.
-
335. ,
336. -

337. -
338. - -

339.
- .
340. -
341. - ..

342.
343. 39-
344.
345.
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346. -
-
347.
2008-
348. -
349. -
350.
- -
351. 2001 30%

-
352.
-
353. -
354.
355.
356. -
357. -
358. - ..
359. -
360. -
361. -
362. -
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363.
364. -
365. -
366.
367. -
368. -
369. -
370. -
371. -
372. -
373. -
374.
375. -
376. -
377.
378. -
379.
380.
381. -
382. -
383. -
384.
385.
- 17%
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386. MRTP -
387. -
388.
389.
-
390.
391. IRBI -
392. - 62
393. -
394.
-
395.
396.
397. -
398. -
399.
400. -
401.
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402. -
403.
404.
405. - .. 1398
406. -
407. - 1600
408.
409. -
410.
411.
412. -
413. -
414. -
415. -
416. -
417. -
418. -
419. -
420. -

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421. -
422. 200 -
423. -
424. , 1929
425.
-
426. -
427. -
428.
429.
430. -
431. ,
432. - 250
433.
434. -
435. -
436. -
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437. - 26, 1950

438.
- ..
439.
2 11
17
440.
-
441.
- 6
442.
- 1935-
443. -
444.
445. -
446. 1907-
447. -
448.
- 09.08.1942
449. -
450. -
451. 1806
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452. -
453. -
454. -
455. -
456. 1998- ( )
457.
458.
-
459. -
460. -
461. -
462. 1998-
463. -
464. 1998-
465. 1998-
-
466. 1998 -
467. -
468. - +
469. 1996- -
470. -
471. -
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472. -
473. (IT) +
474. - 1971
475. -
476. -
477. -

478.
2001-
- 62.4
479.
480.
- +
481. -
482.
483. ... - +
484.
485. + + - U-235
486.
487. - 29 1999
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488.
-
489. -
490.
491. -
492.
-
493.
494. -
495.
496.
-
497.
498.
499.
500. -
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501. 2008-2009
- .1,50,000
502. - -
503. - 1969
504.
1930-
nghJ mwpT
1. gQ;rje;jpuk; vDk; E}iy vOjpatH ahH tp\;ZrHkh
2. Nrhsg; G+it Njrpa kyuhf nfhz;l ehL vJ n[Hkdp
3. jhtu tsHr;rpf;F cjTk; Kf;fpa `hHNkhd; vJ Mf;]p[d;
4. nta;ypq; RtH vq;F cs;sJ n[Uryk;
5. nrQ;rpYit rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - n[dpth
6. jh\;fz;l;
xg;ge;jj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;l
,e;jpag;
gpujkH
ahH
yhy; gfJ}H rh];jphp

7. irkd; FO ,e;jpahTf;F te;j Mz;L 1927
8. jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaHj;jtH ahH [p.A.Nghg;
9. gf;uh eq;fy; miz ve;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ rl;y[;
10. mnkhpf;fh Rje;jpuk; mile;j jpdk; - [Piy 4> 1776
11. kapy; Jj;jj;jpd; Ntjpapay; ngaH jhkpu ry;Ngl;
12. ,e;jpa kWkyHr;rpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtH ahH uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha;
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13. jkpopd; Kjy; cyh ,yf;fpak; - jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh

14. rkz guk;giuapy; 24tJ jPHj;jq;fuH tHj;jkhd kfhtPuH
15. Mrpahtpd; xsp vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH Gj;jH
16. Njthuj; jpUKiwfspd; vz;zpf;if VO
17. Kjy; Gj;j rka khehl;bidf; $l;batH m[hj;rj;U
18. mq;;fq;fs; vdg;gLtJ ve;j rkaj;jpd; Gdpj E}y; - rkz rkak;
19. mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspd; xNu xU ngz; ahH fhiuf;fhy;
mk;ikahH
20. NjtNeag; ghthzUf;Fj; jkpof muR toq;fpa gl;lk; - nre;jkpo;r;
nry;tH
21. fp.K.483-y; nfsjk Gj;jH kiwe;j ,lk; - Frpefuk;
22. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,tHfSila gilnaLg;ghy; ghz;ba Ml;rp KbTf;F
te;jJ fsg;gpuHfs;
23. flhuk; ntd;whd; vd miof;fg;gLgtH - Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud;
24. irt rkaf;FutH ehy;tUs; xUtH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH
25. MhpaHfspd; G+HtPfk; MHf;bf; gFjp vd;W $wpatH ghyfq;fhju
jpyfH
26. kfhtPuH gpwe;j ,lk; - Fz;lf;fpuhkk;
27. jf;Nfhyg; Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l Nrho murH Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd;
28. fpU\;z NjtuhaH kpfr; rpwe;jtuhff; fUjg;glf; fhuzk; - mtH
,yf;fpak;> fiyf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L.
29. hpf; Ntjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sit 1028 ghly;fs;
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30. fhtphp Mw;wpy; FWf;fpy; fy;yiziaf; fl;batH ahH fhpfhy

Nrhod;
31. rfhaj;hp kiyfs; Fwpg;gJ Nkw;F njhlHr;rp kiy
32. ,e;jpahtpd; &H vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F jhNkhjH
33. njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; tPRk; fhw;iw> ,lJ Gwkhf jpUg;gptpLtJ vJ
Gtp Row;rp
34. Xfld; vd;w gFjpf;fhf rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; ,uz;L Mg;gphpf;f
ehLfs; vj;jpNahg;gpah kw;Wk; Nrhkhypah
35. ug;gH gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w ntg;gepiy vJ RkhH 35
36. lhy;buk; vd;git ve;j tif ml;rf;NfhLfs; - Fiwe;j mOj;jk;
37. gpr;rhtuj;jpy; khq;Nuht; fhLfs; gutpapUf;Fk; gFjp RkhH 11000
n`f;NlH fly;ePH gug;G
38. NfhlHfspd; G+Htpfg; gFjp Nfhj;jfphp
39. cyfpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ rpwpa ehL NkhdhNfh
40. NrhNdhud; ghiytdk; mike;Js;s fz;lk; - tl mnkhpf;fh
41. ngd;fq;fh> thHjh> rghp Mfpait vjd; Jiz ejpfs; - Nfhjhthp
42. tdf;fOij ruzhyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - uhd; M/g; fl;r;
43. vJ cUkhwpa ghiw khHgps;
44. ,e;jpa
kf;fs;
njhifapy;
gl;bay;
,dj;jtHfspd;
rjtpfpjk;
16.48%
45. ,iyAjpH fhLfspd; ,d;ndhU ngaH gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs;
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46. %yg;nghUl;fspd;
Njitia
mjpfg;gbahf
cUthf;FtJ
njhopw;Gul;rp
47. nghUs;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;tJ ,uapy;Nt
48. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L fp.gp.1600
49. gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FOit epWtpatH fhy;gHl;
50. ,uz;lhk; mgpdpg;Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if gPfhH
51. rPdf; Fbauir cUthf;fpatH lhf;lH rd;ahz; nrl;
52. cyfk; KOtijAk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jpwik n[Hkdpf;F kl;LNk
cs;sJ vdf; $wpatH nfa;rH ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak;
53. nfa;rH
,uz;lhk;
tpy;ypak;
fg;gw;gilia
epWj;jpapUe;j
,lk;
n`yp Nfhyhe;J
54. gpuhd;R jpUk;gg; ngw tpUk;gpa ,lq;fs; - my;Nr]; kw;Wk; nyhiud;
55. M];jphpag;gl;lj;J ,sturH gpuhd;rp]; ngHbadhd;l;
56. n[Hkdpahy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;l mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfo; ngw;w tzpf fg;gy;
- Y}rplhdpah
57. u\;ahtpy; rhH tk;r Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtH nydpd;
58. n[Hkhdpa fg;gw;gil jfHf;fg;gl;l fly; NghH tlfly;
59. Kjy; cyfg;Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ ghhp]; mikjp
khehL
60. rHtNjr rq;fk; mjpfhug;G+Htkhfj; Njhd;wpa ehs; - [dthp 20> 1920
61. ,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ tprhfg;gl;bdk;
62. gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh khepyq;fs; --------- dhy; kiog; nghopitg;
ngWfpd;wd Nkw;fj;jpa fhw;wpdhy;
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63. 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ngz;fs; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

30% Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fs; cs;s khepyk; - cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;
64. nghfhNuh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;s khepyk; - [hHfz;l;
65. ePyfphpkiy xU gFjpahf mike;Js;s njhlH Nkw;F njhlHr;rp
kiyj;njhlH
66. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w [Tspr;re;ij Nfhak;Gj;J}H
67. kzpKj;jhW mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - jpUney;Ntyp
68. njd;
miuNfhsj;jpy;
ml;rNfhl;Lf;F
njw;Nf
mike;Js;s
ePHg;gug;gpd; ngauhdJ njd; ngUq;fly;

69. xhp];]h flw;fiu ngUk;Gayhy; jhf;fg;gl;l ehs; - 29 mf;NlhgH>
1999.
70. flypdbapy; Vw;gLk; epyeLf;fj;jhy; cUthFk; ePz;l uhl;rj NguopT
miyfs; - flw;Nfhs;fshFk; (Rdhkp)
71. F[uhj;jpy; Gtp mjpHr;rp Vw;gl;l ehs; - [dthp 25> 2001
72. fhz;lhkpUfk; ve;j ruzhyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ fhrpuq;fh
73. ,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;ifahd ug;gH ve;j khepyj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ Nfush
74. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 32yl;rk; r.fp.kP.
75. Nfhs;fhw;W vit Nky; fhw;W
76. cyfj;jpd; jq;f efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ N[hfd];gHf;
77. Jq;fgj;uh vjDld; fpis ejp fpU\;zh
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78. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa Filtiuf; Nfhapy; vJ vy;Nyhuh

79. jPf;Fr;rp jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ gh];gu];
80. tpz;Nfhspd; mirTfis tbtikj;jtH ahH nfg;sH
81. Mf;]p[d; glF vd;W $wg;gLtJ vJ - `PNkhFNshgpd;
82. ghf;irl;by; fhzg;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
83. Njhypd; epwj;Jf;fhd fhuzp vJ nkyhdpd;
84. kfhj;kh fhe;jp rj;ahfpuf Nghuhl;lj;ij vq;F Jtf;fp itj;jhH
rhk;guhd;
85. NghHr;Rfy; ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ yp];gd;
86. uh[uh[d; tpUJ ve;j Jiwf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ fiy
87. Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - etk;gH 19
88. NtjtpahrH vOjpa E}y; vJ kfhghujk;
89. ,e;jpa ,irapd; cw;gj;jp ikakhff; fUjg;gLtJ rhkNtjk;
90. fHehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil uhfq;fs; - 72
91. jq;fg; NghHit ehL vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ M];jpNuypah
92. clypy;
Vw;gLk;
fhaj;ij
Ntfkhf
Fzg;gLj;Jk;
itl;lkpd;
itl;lkpd; Nf.
93. mk;khd; ve;j ehl;bd; jiyefuk; - N[hHlhd;
94. kj;jpa czT njhopy; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; vq;Fs;sJ ik#H
95. %d;W fhy;tha; jpl;lk; mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ gQ;rhg;
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96. clypy; ePz;l jir vq;Fs;sJ njhil

97. cyf Rfhjhu jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - Vg;uy; 7
98. ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjd;Kjypy;
gf;jp
,af;fj;i j
Njhw;Wtpj;jtH
uhkhD[H
99. tptrhapfs; jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; - brk;gH 23
100. cyfpd; Kjy; mZf;fU ciy vq;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ rpfhNfh
101. Njrpa rpd;dkhf mNrhff; rf;fuk; vg;NghJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
1950> [dthp 26
102. ed;D}y; ve;j tifiar; rhHe;jJ - ,yf;fz E}y;
103. vjpHghuhj Kj;jk; vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH ghujpjhrd;
104. fHehlf ,irapd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH Gue;jujhrH
105. Fr;rpg;Gb eldj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH ghftj Nksh ehlfk;
106. ghFepiy tpir vd;gJ ve;j xd;Wf;F NeH tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Ntf thl;lk;
107. kpd;rhuk; ePHtPo;r;rpahy; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ Nkl;^H
108. xU LCR Rw;wilg;gpy; (Circuit), vJ kpd;rhuk; kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl
fl;lj;jpy; Ke;jr; nra;fpwJ kpd;Njf;fp
109. ePH jptiy Nfhs tbtkhf ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; - gug;G ,Otpir
110. kPnahyp miyfspd; mjpHT vz; - 20KHZ-f;F mjpfk;
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111. xU nghUspd; Ntfk; ,ul;bg;ghFk;NghJ mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; ehd;F klq;fhFk;

112. xU nghUs; rPuhd jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;NghJ mjd; Ntf tsHr;rp
G+[;[pak;
113. ildNkhtpd; jj;Jtj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH ikf;Nfy; /ghuNl
114. gdpf;fl;bAld;
rhjhuz
cg;G
fyf;fg;gLk;NghJ
cUFepiy
FiwAk;
115. ve;j miyfs; fjpHfs; mZtpy; mZf;fU khw;wk; Vw;gLk;NghJ
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd fhkh fjpHfs;
116. xyp mjpNtfkhf nry;yf;$ba nghUs; - v/F
117. ePq;fs;
Kfk;
ghHf;Fk;
fz;zhbia
Nehf;fp
elf;Fk;
Ntfk;
tpdhbf;F 10 nr.kP. vd;why; vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; gpk;gk; cq;fis

Nehf;fp tUk; - 10nr.kP./tpdhb
118. nfy;tpd; msT Kiwapy; kdpj clk;gpd; ruhrhp ntg;g epiy 310
119. 100
thl;
kpd;rhu
tpsf;F
xd;W>
XH
myF
kpd;rhu
Mw;wiy
EfHtjw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk; - 10 kzp

120. n[Hkhdpaj;Jld; rpwpjsT Md;bkdpiar; NrHj;jhy; fpilg;gJ
n-tif Fiwf; flj;jp

121. M];jpNuypag; gpujkhpd; mjpfhuG+Ht khspif jp yhl;[;
122. fUizf;nfhiyf;F rl;lG+Ht mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpa cyfpd; Kjy;
ehL M];jpNuypah
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123. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL G+lhd;

124. fpNuf;f ehfhPfk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; - ,ypal;> xb]p
125. gz;ila Nuhkhdpa ehfhPfj;jpd; ika ,lk; - ,j;jhyp
126. iey; ejpapd; ed;nfhil vdg;gLtJ vfpg;jpa ehfhPfk;
127. cyfpd; gpugykhd rkaq;fs; gytw;wpd; jhafk; - Mrpah
128. I.eh.rig cUthtjw;F Kd;dhy; rHtNjr mikjpia ,yl;rpakhff;
nfhz;L nray;gl;l mikg;G yPf; M/g; Ne\d;];
129. njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;G AESAN
130. hpf;Ntjj;jpy; mjpfk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; flTs; - ,e;jpud;
131. ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH Kjyhk; Fkhu
Fg;jH
132. ntz;fy eluh[H rpiy cUthf;fg;gl;l fhyfl;lk; - NrhoH fhyk;
133. cgepljq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 108
134. ,uz;lhtJ rkz rkaf;$l;lj;Jf;F jiyik jhq;fpatH Njtj;jp
NrkrHkdh.
135. cyfk; cUz;il tbtkhdJ vd Kjypy; $wpa ,e;jpaH
thfgl;lH.
136. kdpj clypy; cs;s uj;jf;Foha;fspd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 50 Mapuk;
fp.kP.
137. Kfika fdrJuj;jpy; Maj;njhiy vz;zpf;if ahJ 12
138. kj;jpa jiuf;flypd; jpwTNfhy; vdg;gLtJ [pg;uhy;lH [yre;jp
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139. G+[;[paj;ij fz;Lgpbj;j ehL - ,e;jpah

140. gQ;rhg;gpy; ,Ue;J mhpahdh jdp khepykhf gphpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1966
141. ,e;jpahtpd; nll;uhapl; vd miof;fg;gLk; khepyk; vJ jkpofk;
142. rhHf; $l;likg;gpy; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj ehL vJ kpahd;kH
143. GA+l;Nld; ilahapf; mkpyk; vd;gJ vd;d rpdpf; mkpyk;
144. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd mizf;fl;L mike;Js;s ejp kfhejp
145. If;fpa ehLfs; epWtdj;jpd; rpd;dk; vJ Mypt; fpis
146. jkpo; rpWfij kd;dd; vd miof;fg;gLgtH Gyikg;gpj;jd;
147. rHtNjr fly; Mz;L filgpbf;fg;gl;lJ vg;NghJ 1998
148. tUle;NjhWk; jQ;rhT+hpy; eilngWk; ,ir tpoh jpahfuh[
Muhjid
149. `k;rj;tdp uhfj;ij cUthf;fpatH uhkrhkp jPl;rpjH
150. gQ;ruj;d fPHj;jidfis ,aw;wpatH jpahfuh[H
151. cyfj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;whtJ mjpf nrwpT cs;s ehL
tl mnkhpf;fh
152. fhw;whiyfSf;F ngaH ngw;wJ Kg;ge;jy;
153. &HNfyh
,Uk;G
v/F
njhopw;rhiy
ve;j
ehl;bd;
cjtpNahL
epWtg;gl;lJ Nkw;F n[Hkdp

154. jpUg;G+H ve;j Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ neha;ay;
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155. jkpo;ehl;by; rHf;fiu Miy fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - yhy;Fb

156. 2001-k;
Mz;L
kf;fs;
njhif
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
jkpo;ehl;by;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; kf;fs; njhif vj;jid tpOf;fhL 19%

157. ,e;jpa njhiyNgrp njhopw;rhiy vq;Nf cs;sJ Kk;ig kw;Wk;
ngq;fs+H
158. gpfhdPH
efuj;ij
Rw;wpa
gFjpfspy;
cs;s
fhyepiy
vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ ntg;g ghiytdk;

159. ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s
khepyq;fspy;
mjpf
msT
fhpry;
kz;iz
nfhz;Ls;sJ kfhuh\;buh
160. ,e;jpah cyfpy; 7tJ nghpa gug;gsT nfhz;l ehL. mJ cyfg;
gug;gpy; vj;jid tpOf;fhL nfhz;Ls;sJ 2.4%
161. fhrp> n[ape;jpah kiyfs; fhzg;gLk; khepyk; - Nkfhyah
162. kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; nghpa ehL - ,e;jpah
163. fUk;G tpisr;rYf;F cfe;j ntg;gk; - 20 Kjy; 30
164. jpdrhp ntg;gtpahg;jp mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; efuk; - nly;yp
165. jkpoff; flw;fiuapd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 1076 fp.kP.
166. FbauRj;
jiytH
----------
fiyf;Fk;
mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;shH
kf;fsit kl;Lk;
167. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ve;jg; gFjp ,e;jpa Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil
flikfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ gFjp IV-A
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168. RTI rl;lg;gb Nyhf;rghtpd; Kf;fpa mjpfhhp - rghehafH

169. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPUf;F ve;j tpjp rpwg;G me;j];ij mspj;Js;sJ
tpjp 370
170. khepy
kdpj
chpikfs;
Mizaj;jpd;
jiytH
kw;Wk;
,ju
cWg;gpdHfis epakpg;gtH MSeH

171. murpay; mikg;G epHza rig jd;Dila murpay; gzpia epiwT
nra;j ehs; - 9brk;gH> 1948
172. epyj;jpd; msT kPjhd thpia ghpe;Jiu nra;j FO uh[; FO
173. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ve;jg; gphpT Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ gphpT 38
174. ve;j Mz;L gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;g l;lJ
1959
175. ,e;jpa
murpay;
mikg;gpy;
muR
newpKiwf;
Nfhl;ghL
--------
\uj;jpy; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ 36-51

176. cs;shl;rp murhq;fk; vd;gJ ------ jd;ikahFk; - kf;fshl;rp ehLfs;
177. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrd kd;wj;jpd; jiytH ahH uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
178. jiyik
ePjpkd;wk;
KbT
vLf;Fk;
gpur;idf;Fhpa
NjH;jy;
NjHjy;fs; - [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; cg [dhjpgjp NjHjy;

179. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ve;j ml;ltiz khepyq;fspd; ngaHfs;
kw;Wk; epyg;gug;ig $WfpwJ KjyhtJ ml;ltiz
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180. ve;j ghpe;Jiuapd;gb kj;jpa fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ

re;jhdk; FO
181. Rthrpj;jpd;NghJ
Mf;]pfuz
gh];ghpfuzk;
eilngWk;
gFjp
ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; cs; rt;T

182. fly; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd nghUs; - mNahbd;
183. Ngf;fhp <]l
; ; vdg;gLtJ - ]f;fNuhikrp]; n]hptp]pNa
184. kpf
caukhd
ku
tiffs;
fhzg;gLk;
jhtu
gphpT
[pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs;
185. Ie;J cyff; nfhs;ifia mwpKfk; nra;jtH tpl;Nlf;fH
186. epA+f;spNahy];]py;
Gujq;fs;
187. nry;ypd;
mjpfkhff;
nrhunrhug;ghd
fhzg;gLtJ
vz;Nlhgpshr
MH.vd;.V.
tiy
ve;jr;
kw;Wk;
nraiy
rpwg;ghf nra;fpwJ GNuhl;Bd; cUthf;Fjy;

188. fpug;]; Row;rp eilngWk; ,lk; - ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
189. FWf;F VWk; Kiw ve;j epiyapy; nray;gLfpwJ ghf;fpl;Bd;
190. jkpo;ehl;by; kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha; rpfpr;irf;F ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kUj;Jt jhtuk; - fPohney;yp
191. mfhH
cw;gj;jpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fly;tho;
My;fh
fpu]py;Nyhpah
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192. xU
fyg;Gaphpia
VjhtJ
xU
ngw;NwhNuhL
fyg;G
nra;tjw;Fg;
ngaH gpw;fyg;G
193. 2NADH2%yf;$wpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ATP %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
6
194. ePyg;gr;irg;
ghrpfspy;
tspkz;ly
iel;u[id
epiyg;gLj;Jk;
nry;fs; - i`l;Nuhrp];l;
195. nfhOg;G
nghUl;fspy;
,Ue;J
FSf;Nfh];
NrHf;if
vd;gJ
FSf;NfhepNahn[dprp];
196. mtfl;Nuh vz; vd;gJ 6.023X1023
197. Ntf <D Nrhjid mZ ciy ,Uf;Fkplk; - fy;ghf;fk;
198. fjphpaf;fj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtH n`d;wp ngf;Fnuy;
199. ePhpy; fiue;j fhHgd; il Mf;i]L mhpg;ig mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ
200. ieyhd; xU ghypaikl;
201. xU fhul; ituk; vd;gJ 200 kp.fp.
202. uj;jk;
kw;Wk;
rpWePhpy;
rHf;fiuiar;
Nrhjpf;fr;
gad;gLtJ
ngdpbf;l; fiury;
203. b.tp.Mz;ldh nra;ag; gad;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
204. cyHe;j gdpf;fl;b vd;gJ jpz;k fhHgd; il Mf;i]L
205. miw ntg;g epiyapy; jput epiyapy; cs;s mNyhfk; - Br2
206. nguhf;]p ,izg;Gs;s mkpyk; vJ igNuh ry;/G+hpf; mkpyk;
207. NrHf;if rf gygb NrHkk; - GA+dh-S
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208. ,aw;if thA vd;gJ mypNgbf; i`l;Nuh fhHgd;fspd; fyit.

,jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa thA kPj;Njd;
209. fUk;G
rf;iff;
$io
<]l
; hy;
nehjpf;F
cl;gLj;Jk;NghJ
fpilf;Fk; ,Wjp tpisnghUs; - <jy; My;f`hy;

210. KDM 916 vd;why; vd;d 91.6% Rj;jkhd jq;fk;
211. rkPgj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; ghh;f;fj; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
NfhGuk;
igrh NfhGuk;
212. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd gphpl;b \; rl;lk; nusyl; rl;lk;
213. yhyhy[;gj;uha;
gphpl;b\;
jbabapdhy;
kuzkilaf;
fhuzkhapUe;jJ irkd; fkp\d;

214. 1940-y;
fhe;jp[p
Muk;gpj;j
rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpw;F
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth; - Mr;rhh;a tpNdhghghNt
215. K];yPk;fs;
ghfp];jhd;
vd;w
jdpehL
cUthf
Kjd;Kjy;
Ntz;Lk;
vd;W
jPh;khdk; nra;j ,lk; - yh$h;

216. V\pahbf; mNrhrpNa\d; epWtpath; - RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
217. ,e;jpa mr;rfr; rl;lj;jpd; (1910) fPo; Kjd; Kjy; jz;lidaplg;gl;L
khz;lNytpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lth; - jpyfh;
218. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpath; - m-rNfhjuh;fs;
219. fhe;jp[p
Muk;gpj;j
rhk;guhd;
(gPfhh;)
,af;fk;
vjd;
xopg;gpw;Ff;
fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ [kPd; Kiw

220. gujKdpth;
eldf;fiy
,aw;wpa
rpj;jpuk;
ehl;ba
vq;F
rh];jpu
E}y;
th;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
gpufjP];tuh;
Myaj;jpy;
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221. [`hq;fPh; murhl;rpapd; NghJ ,Ue;j Gfo;ngw;w th;zf; fiyQh; Nfhth;jd;

222. Kfyhag;
Nguurh;fspy;
th;zf;
fiyapid
Cf;Ftpj;jth;
[`hq;fPh;
223. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT kio nga;Ak; ,lk; - rpuGQ;rp
224. njhiyf;fhl;rpg; Gtp epiyaq;fs; gd;dhl;Lj;
Nfhs;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - ,d;ly;nrl;
njhiyj;
njhlh;G
225. NjHjy; Mizah;fspd; epakdk; ve;j Mz;L ek; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

xU jPh;khdkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? 1994
226. kfhghujj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb
nly;ypapd;
ngah;
vd;d?
,e;jpug;gpu];jk;
227. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; nkhop Ngrpdhh;fs; - jpuhtpl
228. rpf;fe;jh;-,-Mrhk; vd;gth; ahh; - mnyf;rhz;lh;
229. fh\;kPhpy; K];yPk; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpath; - \h kpHrh
230. NghHj;JfPrpah;fspd; khkdpjH vd Nghw;wg;gl;ltH my;Nghd;Nrh-bmy;GfHf;
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231. rj;jpaNkt [aNj vjpypUe;J ek; Njrpa rpd;dj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

Kz;lf cgepljk;
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232. HDI vd;gjpd; tphpthf;fk; - kdpj tsHr;rp FwpaPL

233. vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA FOkk; vg;NghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ
1956
234. nghJTilikf;
nfhs;if
mwptpf;fg;gl;l
jpl;lk;
,uz;lhtJ
jpl;lk;
235. ,e;jpuh Mth]; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - ,ytr tPl;L trjp nfhLj;jy;
236. nghUshjhu
rPHjpUj;jj;ij
,e;jpahtpy;
1991-k;
Mz;L
Kd;dhs;
epjpaikr;rH --------- mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH lhf;lH kd;Nkhfd; rpq;

237. jpl;lf;FO 1950-k; Mz;L vjd; %ykhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ epHthf
Mizapd; %ykhf
238. ,ul;ilg;gjpT fzf;Fg;gjptpay; Kiwiaf; fz;lgpbj;jtH Y}f;fh
Ngrpahyh
239. fUT+y ,Uf;if vd;why; - mikr;rHfs; cl;fhUk; ,lk;
240. Njrpa vOj;jwpT ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; - nray;ghl;L fy;tpawpT
241. ,e;jpa jpl;lf;FOtpd; Kjy; jiytH [t`Hyhy; NeU
242. me;epa nrythzpapd; ghJfhtyd; - hprHt; ghq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah
243. gjpndhd;whtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk;
typAWj;JtJ
tpiuthd
kw;Wk; vy;NyhiuAk; cs;slf;fpa tsHr;rp

244. Gjpa tptrhak; gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fk; vJ epyj;ijAk;
ciog;igAk; mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
245. gjpndhd;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
2007-2012
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246. Njrpa tUkhdj;ij tpQ;Qhd Kiwg;gb fzf;nfLg;G nra;jtH ahH

lhf;lH tp.Nf.MH.tP.uht;
247. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa nja;tk; - gRgjp
248. mbg;gilf; fy;tpapd; thHjh jpl;lk; ahuhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ
kfhj;kh fhe;jp
249. Fg;jHfs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; rhjp mikg;G ,Ue;j fhyk; NrhoHfs;
250. jQ;ir rptd; Nfhapiyf; fl;ba uhruhrH xU Nrho kd;dH
251. rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1922
252. fq;if
nfhz;l
uhN[e;jpud;
253. nts;isaNd
NrhoGuk;
Nfhapiyf;
fl;batH
jPHkhdk;
ahuhy;
ntspNaW
Kjyhk;
tbtikj;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ [t`Hyhy; NeU

254. 1923-y; eilngw;w ehgh xj;Jioahikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ltH
- [t`Hyhy; NeU
255. nkl;uh]; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L 1920
256. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; vz;zpd; ve;j klq;Ffisj; jq;fs; vilf;
fzf;fPl;by; gad;gLj;jpdH 16
257. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; 72 NgH nfhz;l tzpff; FOit
rPdhTf;F mDg;gpa Mz;L 1077
258. rptdpd;
Nehf;fp
ve;j
tbtk;
,Uf;Fk;
NrhoHfhy
,ir>
Nahf>
fiyr;rpd;dq;fspy;
njd;jpir
rh];jpu
tbtk;
tpj;jfH
jl;rpzh%Hj;jp
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259. nly;yp
Ry;jhdpd;
gil
tPuHfspy;
ghjpf;F
Nkw;gl;NlhH
gpNsf;
Neha;f;F gypahapdH Kfk;kJ gpd; Jf;sf;

260. jd;Dila
8-tJ
tajpy;
fhykhd
rPf;fpa
FU
ahH
FU
`Hfp\d;
261. mf;gH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j nkhfyha epHthfg; gphpTfs; - Rgh rHfhH
gHfhdh
262. tpz;ntspapd; Nky;Gwk; cs;s mLf;F IaNdh];gpaH
263. grhy;l; kw;Wk; fpuhidl; ,uz;Lk; ve;j tif ghiwiar; rhHe;jJ
jPg;ghiw
264. Kjy; kpd;rhu uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1925
265. rpthypf; Fd;Wfspd; njw;fpy; mike;Js;s gFjpapd; ngaH ghgH
266. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd Mw;wy; %yk; vJ epyf;fhp
267. `PypNahnrd;l;hpf;
cs;sNghJ
kw;w
jj;Jtj;jpd;gb
Nfhs;fs;
#hpad;
#hpaidr;
kj;jpapy;
Rw;wp
epiyahf
tUfpd;wd.
,e;j
jj;Jtj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; $wpatH Nfhg;gHepf];

268. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; epyj;jb ePHtsk; cUthf VJthf
cs;sJ fq;if gpuk;kGj;jpuh gpuhe;jpak;
269. 1981-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpa kf;fs;
njhifapy; Ntshz;ikj; Jiwiar; rhHe;Js;s kf;fspd; rjtpfpjk; 68 rjtpfpjk;
270. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gUj;jp Miy cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1863
271. njw;F Mrpa ehLfspy; kf;fs; mlHj;jp mjpfkhf cs;s ehL vJ ,e;jpah
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272. Fjpiu Fsk;G Nghd;w my;yJ tl;l tbtk; nfhz;l KUif ghhpd;
ngaH fq;fz tbt ghHfs;
273. kpf
mjpf
nfhs;jpwd;
nfhz;l
mZkpd;
epiyak;
jhuhg;G+H>
kfhuh\;buh
274. ,e;jpahtpy; 2001-k; Mz;L Gs;sp tptu fzf;fpd;gb kf;fs;njhif
tsHr;rp 1.9%
275. ,e;jpahtpy; khHr;1> 2001 md;W
,Ue;j kf;fs; njhif
1027
kpy;ypad;
276. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ gbTfs; fhzg;gLtJ igybah
277. mf;khh;f; epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
278. Nrhiu cil ,iyfSf;F vd;d ngah;? - ];NghNuhgpy;fs;
279. ,e;jf;
fz;lq;fs;
kz;GOtpd;
Gzh;tiutisaj;ij
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd 14>15>16 kw;Wk; 17

280. kdpjdpd; ,jaj; Jbg;G xU epkplj;jpw;F 72
281. %isf; fha;r;rYf;Ff; fhuzkhd caphp gd;wp
282. eha;f; fbapdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - uhgP];
283. lh;dh; FwpaPL Neha;f;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
46
284. ,dr;nry; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd nry; gphpjy; - Fd;wy; gphpT
285. rhWz;zp caphp G+Q;ir
286. nkz;ly; jdJ Muha;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa jhtuk; - gl;lhzpr; nrb
287. kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLk; jhtuk; vJ?
fhpryhq;fz;zp
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288. kpfr; rpwpa kyUk; jhtuk; - cy;/gpah

289. ney; itf;Nfhy; fbdj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f fhuzk; - fw;nry;fs;
290. nkj;jpNywpa My;f`hy; vd;gJ 5% kPijy; My;f`hy; fye;j
<ijy; My;f`hy;
291. vth;
rpy;th;
vd;fpd;w
cNyhff;
fyit
];By;+FNuhkpak;
+mYkpdpak;
292. rhrdq;fspd; ,U tiffs;
fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
293. ehuhazFU . khepyj;ij rhh;e;jth; Mthh; Nfush

294. tq;fhsg; gphptpidf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; ahh;? fh;]d;
295. ehjph;\h xU ghurPf murh;
296. jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;why; - Nfhapy; trk; ,Uf;Fk; epyk;
297. nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s Nghh;l; tpy;ypak; fy;Y}hp Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
1800
298. Kjy; ,e;jpag; Nguuir epWtpath; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
299. rj;ahh;j;j gpufh\; E}iy vOjpath; - jahde;j ru];tjp
300. gj;jpdp topghL ahuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? nrq;Fl;Ltd;
301. rkhdjhdj; je;ij vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; gpujkh; ahh;? yhy; gfJ}h;
rh];jphp
302. Ntjj;Jf;F jpUk;Gf vd;gJ .. cila ePjp thf;fpakhFk; Rthkp jhade;j ru];tjp
303. = rq;fhpd; jj;Jtj;jpd; ngah; vd;d mj;itjk;
304. khh;yp gpuG ahh; - ,e;jpahTf;fhd muRr; nrayh;
305. ,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj; vd;w Nfh\j;ij vOg;gpath; - gfj; rpq;
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306. nry;tr; Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghl;il je;jth; - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

307. ,e;jpa Njrpa
nesNuh[p
fhq;fpu];
vdg;
ngahpl;lth;
ahh;
jhjhgha;
308. ve;j rl;lk; gh;khit ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpj;jJ - ,e;jpa muRr;

rl;lk; 1935
309. md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ve;j
Mz;L ,Ue;jhh; - 1917
310. Nrrhuj;jpy; cs;s k#jp ahuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ n\h;\h
311. mNrhf kd;dh; murpd; Mjuitg; ngw;w kjk; - Gj;j kjk;
312. kpd; flj;Jj; jpwd; ,y;yhj xNu cNyhfk; - gp];kj;
313. nkd;ikahd cNyhfq;fs; - ypj;jpak;> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;
314. cNyhfq;fspd; murd; - ,Uk;G
315. kpfTk; J}a;ikahd ,Uk;G NjdpUk;G (Wrought iron)
316. jflhf khWk; jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lJ jq;fk;
317. G+kp Xl;by; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ mYkpdpak;
318. kpd; flj;Jj;jpwd; mjpfk; nfhz;l cNyhfk; - nts;sp
319. kpd;dpio nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; - lq;];ld;
320. nry; ntsp jputj;jpy; mjpfKs;sJ Nrhbak;
321. `PNkhFNshgpdpy; cs;sJ - ,Uk;G
322. gr;iraj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfk; - kf;dPrpak;
323. ,jak; RUq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd cNyhf madp fhy;rpak;
324. ,jak; tphptiltjw;Fj; Njitahd cNyhf madp nghl;lhrpak;
325. kz;nzz;nza;f;Fs; itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Nrhbak;
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326. KDM916
jq;f
eiffspy;
jq;fj;ijg;
gw;w
itf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ - fhl;kpak;
327. X fjpHfs; CLUthj cNyhfk; - fhhPak;
328. Ngl;lhpfspy; gad;gLtJ fhhPak;
329. kpfTk; Nyrhd cNyhfk; - ypj;jpak;
330. kpfTk; fdkhd cNyhfk; - M];kpak;
331. mZrf;jp
ciyapy;
vhpnghUshfg;
gsd;gLgit
ANudpak;>
Gs+Nlhdpak;.
332. ,Uk;Gf;F Kyhk; G+rg; gad;gLtJ Jj;jehfk;
333. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLtJ Nfhghy;l;
334. G+kpNa Nguz;lj;jpd; ikak; vd;wtH NfhgHepf;f];
335. #hpa FLk;gj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jtH NfhgHepf;f];
336. #hpaidg; gw;wp gbg;gJ - `Pypahy[p
337. kpfTk; nkJthf RoYk; Nfhs; - nts;sp
338. gr;irf;Nfhs; vdg;gLtJ ANud];
339. Gtpiag; ghJfhf;Fk; ftrg;NghHit tspkz;lyk;
340. thdpiy khWghLfs; epfOk; mLf;F buNgh];gpaH
341. epytpy; mjpf msT cs;s fdpkk; - ill;lhdpak;
342. epyTf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilNa G+kp tUk;NghJ Vw;gLtJ re;jpu
fpufzk;
343. Kjd;ikj; jPh;f;f Nuif yz;lDf;F mUfpy; vjd; topNa nry;fpwJ
fphPd;tpr;
344. G+kj;jpa Nuifia ,UKiw flf;Fk; MW irhp (Zaire)
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345. Njf;F> re;jdk;> fhgp cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk; fHehlfk;

346. Mq;fpyj;ij Ml;rp nkhopahff; nfhz;l khepyk; - ehfhyhe;J
347. ,e;jpahtpd; mhprpf;fpz;zk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ rj;jP]f
; H
348. ejpfspNyNa nghpaJ> ePskhdJ fq;if
349. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf khk;gok; Vw;Wkjp
nra;Ak; khepyk;
Me;jpu
gpuNjrk;
350. jl;rpz fq;if vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ejp Nfhjhthp
351. vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpy; Vwpa Kjy; ,e;jpaH kd;Nkhfd;rpq; N`hf;yp
352. ,kakiyapy; cs;s Gdpjj; jyq;fs; - `hpj;thH> hp\pNf\;
353. AIDS Nehia cUthf;Fk; HIV-f;F kdpj clw;$wpy; tpUe;jspf;Fk;
nry;fs; - T4ypk;Nghirl;
354. nyg;u]p vd;gJ ghf;Bhpay; Neha;
355. rLjp
khw;wj;ij
bNuhNrhgpyh
356. gUtkile;j
fz;lwpa
b.vr;.khHfd;
Mz;fSf;Fhpa
gad;gLj;jpa
Fzhjpraq;fis
caphp
cUthf;Fk;
`hHNkhd; - nl];l;Nlh];Buhd;
357. ];lhHr;rpd;
xj;j
mikg;igg;
ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
kdpjdhy;
vspjpy;
[Puzpf;f Kbahj fhHNghi`l;Nul; - nry;YNyh];

358. ,U nry; ngahpl;lioj;jy; Kiw vd;Dk; thrfj;ij Gide;jtH
ypd;Nda];
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359. vj;jid ,iz fpNudpay; euk;Gfs; \hHf; kPd; tifapy; cs;sJ

10
360. kdpjdpy;
eilngWk;
fhw;wpy;yh
Rthrj;jpd;
,Wjpg;
nghUs;
yhf;bf; mkpyk;
361. ghy;
ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;F
ve;j
`hHNkhd;
fhuzkhFk;
Mf;]pNlhrpd;
362. kdpjHfspy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
45
Mff;
fhzg;gLk;NghJ (22AA+XO) ,e;j Neha; (rpd;l;Nuhk;) Vw;gLfpd;wJ

lHdH]; rpd;l;Nuhk;
363. vapl;]; Vw;glf; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ itu];
364. ,d tuyhw;W tifg; gl;bay; vjd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ
nghJthd ghpzhk Njhd;wy;
365. rpWePufj;jpd; Njhw;w kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; mbg;gil myF
ne/g;uhd;
366. vWk;G tiffs; jq;fs; czit ve;j Kiwapy; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;wd
My;Ngf;Nlh Kiwahy;
367. ,e;jpahtpd; ntspehl;Lf; fldpd; kjpg;G (2001-y; cs;s tptug;gb) $98.4 gpy;ypad;
368. tWikia
mstpl jpl;lf;FO
ve;j msit
gad;gLj;JfpwJ
2400fp.fNyhhpfs;
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369. ,e;jpahtpd;
kf;fs;njhif
vt;tsT
(2001-k;
kf;fs;
njhif
fzf;Fg;gb) 102.7 Nfhb

370. KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Kjd;ik mspf;fg;gl;l Jiw ahJ
Ntshz;ik Jiw
371. Adpnr/g; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ 1946
372. vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA fkp\d; vg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1956
373. jpl;lf;FOtpd; cgjiytH
ve;j
epiyapy; ,Ug;ghH
Nfgpndl;
ke;jphp me;j];jpy; ,Ug;ghH

374. cyf tHj;jf rq;fk; vg;NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ 1995
375. jkpo;ehl;by; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; Mz; ngz; tpfpjk; 2001-k; Mz;L
Gs;sp tptug;gb mjpfkhf cs;sJ J}j;Jf;Fb
376. ahUila
fUj;jpd;gb
[dehaf
rkj;Jt
rKjhak;
vd;w
nrhy;
tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ [t`Hyhy; NeU

377. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghl;bf;FO nray;ghl;Lf;F te;j ehs; - Nk> 2009
378. nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;Fk;
tpj;jpahrk; - Nja;khdk;
epfu
Njrpa
cw;gj;jpf;Fk;
cs;s
379. Nghl;br; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fkpl;b

uhftd; fkpl;b
380. mfd;w gzk; vd;gJ M3
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381. tujl;rizj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1961

382. ,dk; vd;Dk; Vkg;Giziar; RLtJ vJ rpdk;
383. tlnkhop ,yf;fz MrphpaHfSs; Kjd;ikahdtH ghzpdp
384. jkpo;f;fijg; ghlypd; Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjj; jf;ftH GfNoe;jpg;
GytH
385. xb\htpd; nrt;tpay; eld tbtk; vd;gJ xbrp
386. njd;dpe;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;j myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; jsgjp
khypf;fhG+H
387. jpy;ypia Mz;l filrp Ry;jhd; tk;rk; - Nyhb tk;rk;
388. jPd; ,yh`p vd;gjd; nghUs; - flTspd; kjk;
389. mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;j ,irf; fiyQH jhd;Nrd;
390. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf fhyk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ml;gl;bUe;j
khepyk; - Nfhth.
391. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz;fs; gy;fiyf; fofj;ij epWtpatH
b.Nf.fhHNt
392. F[uhj;ij ntd;wjd; epidthf mf;gH fl;ba epidtplk; - Gye;j;
jHth]h
393. fdp\;fH
gphpe;jJ
fhyj;jpy;
Gj;j
kjk;
vt;thW
,Ue;jJ
,uz;lhfg;
394. E}whtJ tajpy; ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w ,e;jpaH b.Nf.fhHNt

395. [k;K-fh\;kPH khepyj;jpd; mYty; nkhop cUJ
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396. ];gP\p];
gpshd;Nluk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
397.
398. -
399. - 1935
400. - 1951
401.
-
402.
1991
-
403. -
404.
- 1960
405.
30

406. 38%
407.

408. -
409. -
410. - 1951-56
411.
-
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412. -
413. -
414. ; -
415.
, 1950
416. -
.
417.
356
418.
419. -
420.
421. -
422. -
423. -
424.
-
425. -
426. 1991 ,
-
427. -
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428.

429. -
430.
-
431.

432.
433. -
434.
435.
-
436. -
437.

438. -
439.

440.
-
441. - .. 1398
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442. -
443. - 1600
444.
445.
446. 1940-
447. 1919-
448. ( )
-
449.
- .
450.
.
451. 2001- ... (U.N.O.) -
452. 2000

453. -
454. 2001- -
455. - ..
456. 2001-
- ..
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457. 1991
- 52%
458. -
459. -
460.

461. . -
462. -
463. -
464. -
465.
- .. 1911
466.
-
467. -
-
468. 1886, 1889, 1906
-
469. -
470. -
471. ..
472.
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473.
474.
..
475. 1921- -
476. -
477. -
478.
479. -
480. -

481. -
482. -
483. -
484. -
485. -
486. - 1757
487. - 1764
488. 1793
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489. 1858
490. -
491.
492.
- 11.2 /
493. -
494. -
495. -
496.
497. -
498. -
499. -
500. X -
501.
-
502. -
-
503.
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504. . -

505. ----------------- +
506.
-
507. -
508. - 95%
509.
. -----
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TNPSC GK

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What are the different types of soils mentioned?

What are the different types of soils mentioned?

Name some important crops grown in Tamil Nadu

Name some important crops grown in Tamil Nadu

nghJ mwpT

Gtpapay; - ,e;jpah MWfs;

- rl;B];fH> [hHfz;l;> xuprh

7. ,e;jpah Njrpa tdf;nfhs;ifia -------------- Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1894

7. Njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp gapH mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; ---------------- - kiyr;

nghJ mwpT - elg;G epfo;Tfs; - ahH..... ahH? - ,e;jpah

4. ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija (2015)> Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdH ey Mizaj;jpd;

2. Ntshz; gapHfis czT gapHfs; kw;Wk; ------------- gapHfs; vd ,U

nghJ mwpT - kz;> jhJ kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

Kaw;rpNa ----------- MFk; - kz;tsg;ghJfhg;G

nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

mjpfstpy; njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; ghHitaplg;gLk; tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohf;fspy;

3. ---------------- I khdhthupg; gapH vd;W jkpo;ehl;by; $WtH. - Gd;nra;

2. lhf;lH.rpd;fhtpw;Fg; gpwF ---------------- murpay; epHzarigapd; jiytuhfj;

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - murpay; mikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu kw;Wk;

11. 1929Mk; Mz;L yh$upy; eilngw;w ,e;jpaNjrpaf; fhq;fpu]; khehl;L

kPwg;gLk;NghJ> Neupilahf kf;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs; njhlHe;J

4. I.eh rigapd; Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfspy; xd;W ---------------- MFk;. - kdpj

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - kdpj cupik rhrdk;

- kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk;

6. jkpo;ehl;by; khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs; Kiw

1.cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> 2. cNyhfkpy;yhj fdpkq;fs;

15. ,e;jpah Mz;bw;F -------------- nkfhthl; mZkpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;

13. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk; -------------------- Kjy; eilKiwf;F nfhz;L

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; - Ie;jhz;L

,e;jpahtpy; ------------------ NghH eilngw;wJ? - %d;whk; fHehlfg; NghH

4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp 2> gFjp 3,y; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

11. njhopw;$l rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948

8. Ng&uhl;rpapd; epHthfj;ij -------------------- ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whH. - nray;

6. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU -------------- mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. - khtl;l

4. fPo;rig -------------------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - kf;fsit my;yJ Nyhf;

2. ,e;jpahtpd; ----------- > midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; jiyikahdJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;

12. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> gpw ePjpgjpfSk; -------------- taJ

KuzhdJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fpd;w

12. -------------- mbg;gilapy; rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdHfs; vz;zpf;if

nghJ mwpT - tpUJfSk; kupahijfSk;

jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; xypapy;yh (Cik glk;) jpiug;glk; vJ? - fPrf

ngUikf;Fupa jq;fkapy; Njrpa tpUij 2015-y; ntd;w ,e;jpa tpkhd

13. jpUtde;jGuk; rHtNjr tpkhd epiyak; - jpUtde;jGuk;

1. JiwfSf;fhd khdpaf; Nfhupf;iffs; ---------------- ,d; gupe;Jiuapd;

------------ Mz;Lfs; MFk; - 5

7. ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk;

nghJ mwpT - tpisahl;Lfs; - ,e;jpa tPuHfSk;

8. fHzk; ky;Ny];tup> FQ;ruhzp Njtp - gS J}f;Fjy;

27. rjP\; N[h\p - JLg;G glF

nghJ mwpT - Rthrpj;jy;

6. <];l;bd; fhw;wpyh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ - vj;jdhy;

13. ,e;jpa NjHjy; MizaHfs; cr;r ePjpkd;w ------------------ ,izahd

rhHe;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ ------------- Kj;jpiuAk; nghwpf;fg;gLfpwJ - BIS>

czTg; nghUl;fs; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLk; topKiwfs; gw;wpa

nghJ mwpT - ,e;jpa murpay; - Nyhf; mjhyj;> mtru epiy

11. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tpiuthfTk;> Fiwe;j nrytpYk; ePjp fpilg;gjw;fhff;

Njrpa fPjk; ([dfd kz)