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    Cell Communication 1

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    A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. Receptor tyrosine kinases and Ion channel receptors are involved in signal transduction. Epinephrine is a hormone that acts on cells.

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    Cell Communication 1

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    api-277471896
    181 views10 pages
    A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. Receptor tyrosine kinases and Ion channel receptors are involved in signal transduction. Epinephrine is a hormone that acts on cells.

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    cell communication 1

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    A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. Receptor tyrosine kinases and Ion channel receptors are involved in signal transduction. Epinephrine is a hormone that acts on cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    181 views10 pages

    Cell Communication 1

    Uploaded by

    api-277471896
    A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. Receptor tyrosine kinases and Ion channel receptors are involved in signal transduction. Epinephrine is a hormone that acts on cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Themes of Cell

    Communication

    Protein Conformational Change due to protein


    interactions

    Pathways- if you mess up one part, all


    downstream players are affected

    All pathways need a way to be turned on and


    turned off

    Application to body systems- Endocrine


    System

    Figure 11.4

    Local Signaling

    Long Distance Signaling


    Long-distance signaling

    Target cell

    Secreting
    cell

    Local regulator
    diffuses through
    extracellular fluid.

    Secretory
    vesicle

    Electrical signal
    along nerve cell
    triggers release of
    neurotransmitter.
    Neurotransmitter
    diffuses across
    synapse.

    Target cell
    is stimulated.

    (a) Paracrine signaling(b) Synaptic signaling

    Endocrine cell

    Blood
    vessel

    Hormone travels
    in bloodstream.

    Target cell
    specifically
    binds
    hormone.

    (c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling

    Figure 11.3

    Plasma membranes

    Local

    Gap junctions
    between animal cells
    (a) Cell junctions

    (b) Cell-cell recognition

    Plasmodesmata
    between plant cells

    Figure 11.5
    Earl W. Sutherland discovered how the hormone epinephrine acts on cells
    Sutherland suggested that cells receiving signals went through three
    processes
    EXTRACELLULAR
    FLUID
    1 Reception

    CYTOPLASM
    Plasma membrane
    2 Transduction

    3 Response

    Receptor
    Activation
    of cellular
    response
    Relay molecules in a signal transduction
    pathway
    Signaling
    molecule

    Concept 11.2: Reception: A signaling molecule binds to


    a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
    Water Soluble ligands

    Most water-soluble ligands bind to specific sites on


    receptor proteins that span the plasma membrane
    The binding between a signal molecule (ligand)
    and receptor is highly specific
    3 main types of membrane receptors
    1. G protein-coupled receptors
    2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
    3. Ion channel receptors
    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Rs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors- interact with many enzymes and
    G protein-coupled
    receptor

    CYTOPLASM
    1

    Plasma
    membrane

    Activated
    receptor

    Signaling
    molecule

    Inactive
    enzyme

    GTP
    GDP

    GDP

    Enzyme

    G protein
    (inactive)

    GDP

    GTP

    Activated
    enzyme

    GTP

    GDP
    P

    Cellular response

    2) Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)


    Signaling
    molecule (ligand)

    Ligand-binding site
    Signaling
    molecule

    helix in the
    membrane

    Tyrosines

    CYTOPLASM

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Receptor tyrosine
    kinase proteins
    (inactive monomers)

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    Dimer
    2
    Activated relay
    proteins

    P Tyr

    Tyr P

    Tyr P

    P Tyr

    Tyr P

    Tyr P

    P Tyr

    Tyr P

    Tyr

    Tyr

    P Tyr

    Tyr P

    Tyr

    Tyr

    P Tyr

    Tyr

    Tyr

    P Tyr

    ATP

    Activated tyrosine
    kinase regions
    (unphosphorylated
    dimer)

    6 ADP

    Fully activated
    receptor tyrosine
    kinase
    (phosphorylated
    dimer)

    Inactive
    relay proteins

    Cellular
    response 1
    Cellular
    response 2

    Figure 11.7d

    gated ion channel receptor acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape (diffu
    that diffuse through then usually interact with intracellular proteins to initiate a cellu
    1

    Signaling
    molecule
    (ligand)

    2
    Gate
    closed

    Ligand-gated
    ion channel receptor

    Ions

    Plasma
    membrane

    Gate closed

    Gate
    open

    Cellular
    response

    Intracellular Receptors
    Lipid Soluble ligands

    Intracellular receptor proteins are found in the


    cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells (not plasma
    membrane)
    Small or hydrophobic ligands can readily cross
    the membrane and activate receptors
    Examples: steroid and thyroid hormones of
    animals
    An activated hormone-receptor complex can act
    as a transcription factor, turning on specific genes

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Figure 11.9-5

    Hormone
    (testosterone)

    EXTRACELLULAR
    FLUID

    Plasma
    membrane

    Receptor
    protein

    Hormonereceptor
    complex

    DNA
    mRNA

    NUCLEUS

    CYTOPLASM

    New protein

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