7

Learners Material

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Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines

Mathematics Grade 7
Learners Material
First Edition, 2013
ISBN: 978-971-9990-60-4
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, Ph.D.
Assistant Secretary: Elena R. Ruiz, Ph.D.
Development Team of the Learners Material
Consultant: Ian June L. Garces, Ph.D.
Authors: Elizabeth R. Aseron, Angelo D. Armas, Allan M. Canonigo, Ms.
Jasmin T. Dullete, Flordeliza F. Francisco,Ph.D., Ian June L. Garces, Ph.D.,
Eugenia V. Guerra, Phoebe V. Guerra, Almira D. Lacsina, Rhett Anthony C.
Latonio, Lambert G. Quesada, Ma. Christy R. Reyes, Rechilda P. Villame,
Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Ph.D., and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ph.D.
Editor: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ph.D.
Reviewers: Melvin M. Callanta, Sonia Javier, and Corazon Lomibao

Printed in the Philippines by ____________

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ii

Table Of Contents
First Quarter
Lesson 1: SETS: An Introduction
Lesson 2.1: Union and Intersection of Sets
Lesson 2.2: Complement of a Set
Lesson 3: Problems Involving Sets
Leson 4.1: Fundamental Operations on Inetegers: Addition
of Integers
Lesson 4.2: Fundamental Operation on Integers:
Subraction of Integers
Lesson 4.3: Fundamental Operation on Integers:
Multiplication of Integers
Lesson 4.4: Fundamental Operation on Integers: Division of
Integers
Lesson 5: Properties of the Operations on Integers
Lesson 6: Rational Numbers in the Number Line
Lesson 7: Forms of Rational Numbers and Addition and
Subtraction of Rational Numbers
Lesson 8: Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers
Lesson 9: Properties of the Operations on Rational
Numbers
Lesson 10: Principal Roots and Irrational Numbers
Lesson 11: The Absolute Value of a Number

Second Quarter
Lesson 12: Subsets of Real Numbers
Lesson 13: Significant and Digits and the Scientific Notation
Lesson 14: More Problems Involving Real Numbers
Lesson 15: Measurement and Measuring Length
Lesson 16: Measuring Weight/Mass and Volume
Lesson 17: Measuring Angles, Time and Temperature
Lesson 18:Constant, Variables and Algebraic Expressions
Lesson 19: Verbal Phrases and Mathematical Phrases
Lesson 20: Polynomials
Lesson 21: Laws of Exponents
Lesson 22: Addition and Subraction of Polynomials
Lesson 23: Multiplying Polynomials
Lesson 24: Dividing Polynomials
Lesoon 25: Special Products

iii

1
5
10
14
19
23
28
31
34
43
47
54
60
65
71

77
84
88
92
100
107
113
118
123
127
131
135
141
146

Third Quarter
Lesson 26: Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities in
One Variable Using Guess and Check
Lesson 27: Solving Linear Equations and Inequalities
Algebraically
Lesson 28: Solving First Degree Inequalities in One
Variable Algebraically
Lesson 29: Solving Absolute Value Equations and
Inequalities
Fourth Quarter
Lesson 30: Basic Concepts and Terms in Geometry
Lesson 31: Angles
Lesson 32: Basic Constructions
Lesson 33: Polygons
Lesson 34: Triangles
Lesson 35: Quadrilaterals
Lesson 36: Circles
Lesson 37: Introduction to Statistics
Lesson 38: Organizing and Presenting Data
Lesson 39: Organizing and Presenting Data Using
Frequency Table and Histogram
Lesson 40: Averages: Mean, Median, and Mode
Lesson 41: Analyzing Interpreting, and Drawing
Conclusions from Graphics and Tabular
Presentations

iv

153
161
171
178

187
200
209
215
222
227
234
238
240
253
250
253

GRADE 7 MATH LEARNING GUIDE

Lesson 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION
Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers

Time: 1.5 hours

About the Lesson:

This is an introductory lesson on sets. A clear understanding of the concepts
in this lesson will help you easily grasp number properties and enable you to quickly
identify multiple solutions involving sets of numbers.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe and illustrate
a. well-defined sets;
b. subsets;
c. universal set, and;
d. the null set.
2. Use Venn Diagrams to represent sets and subsets.
Lesson Proper:
A.
I. Activity
Below are some objects. Group them as you see fit and label each group.

Answer the following questions:

a. How many groups are there?
b. Does each object belong to a group?
c. Is there an object that belongs to more than one group? Which one?

The groups are called sets for as long as the objects in the group share a
characteristic and are thus, well defined.
Problem: Consider the set consisting of whole numbers from 1 to 200. Let
this be set U. Form smaller sets consisting of elements of U that share a different
characteristic. For example, let E be the set of all even numbers from 1 to 200.
Can you form three more such sets? How many elements are there in each
of these sets? Do any of these sets have any elements in common?
Did you think of a set with no element?
Important Terms to Remember
The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. A set is a well- defined group of objects, called elements that share a
common characteristic. For example, 3 of the objects above belong to the
set of head covering or simply hats (ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat).
2. The set F is a subset of set A if all elements of F are also elements of A. For
example, the even numbers 2, 4 and 12 all belong to the set of whole
numbers. Therefore, the even numbers 2, 4, and 12 form a subset of the set
of whole numbers. F is a proper subset of A if F does not contain all
elements of A.
3. The universal set U is the set that contains all objects under consideration.
4. The null set is an empty set. The null set is a subset of any set.
5. The cardinality of a set A is the number of elements contained in A.
Notations and Symbols
In this section, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to sets.
1. Uppercase letters will be used to name sets and lowercase letters will be
used to refer to any element of a set. For example, let H be the set of all
objects on page 1 that cover or protect the head. We write
H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat}
This is the listing or roster method of naming the elements of a set.
Another way of writing the elements of a set is with the use of a descriptor.
This is the rule method. For example, H = {x| x covers and protects the head}.
This is read as the set H contains the element x such that x covers and
protects the head.
2. The symbol or { } will be used to refer to an empty set.
3. If F is a subset of A, then we write F A. We also say that A contains the
set F and write it as A F . If F is a proper subset of A, then we write F A.
4. The cardinality of a set A is written as n(A).

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in the opening activity.
1. How many sets are there?
There is the set of head covers (hats), the set of trees, the set of even
numbers, and the set of polyhedral. But, there is also a set of round objects
and a set of pointy objects. There are 6 well-defined sets.
2. Does each object belong to a set? Yes.
3. Is there an object that belongs to more than one set? Which ones?
All the hats belong to the set of round objects. The pine trees and two of the
polyhedral belong to the set of pointy objects.
III. Exercises
Do the following exercises.
1. Give 3 examples of well-defined sets.
2. Name two subsets of the set of whole numbers using both the listing
method and the rule method.
3. Let B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. List all the possible subsets of B.
4. Answer this question: How many subsets does a set of n elements have?
B. Venn Diagrams
Sets and subsets may be represented using Venn Diagrams. These are diagrams
that make use of geometric shapes to show relationships between sets.
Consider the Venn diagram below. Let the universal set U be all the elements in sets
A, B, C and D.

A
C

Each shape represents a set. Note that although there are no elements shown inside
each shape, we can surmise how the sets are related to each other. Notice that set B
is inside set A. This indicates that all elements in B are contained in A. The same
with set C. Set D, however, is separate from A, B, C. What does it mean?
Exercises

Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between the following pairs or
groups of sets:
1. E = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
F = {2, 32}
2. V is the set of all odd numbers
W = {5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55}
3. R = {x| x is a factor of 24}
S={}
T = {7, 9, 11}
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about sets, subsets, the universal set, the null set and
the cardinality of the set. You also learned to use the Venn diagram to show
relationships between sets

Lesson 2.1: Union and Intersection of Sets

Time: 1.5 hours

Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole Numbers, definition of sets, Venn diagrams

About the Lesson:
After learning some introductory concepts about sets, a lesson on set operations
follows. The student will learn how to combine sets (union) and how to determine the
elements common to 2 or 3 sets (intersection).
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe and define
a. union of sets;
b. intersection of sets.
2. Perform the set operations
a. union of sets;
b. intersection of sets.
`
3. Use Venn diagrams to represent the union and intersection of sets.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activities

Answer the following questions:

1. Which of the following shows the union of set A and set B? How many
elements are in the union of A and B?

1
2
3
2. Which of the following shows the intersection of set A and set B? How
many elements are there in the intersection of A and B?

Heres another activity:

Let
V = {2x | x , 1 x 4}
W = {x2 | x , -2 x 2}
What elements may be found in the intersection of V and W? How many are
there? What elements may be found in the union of V and W? How many are
there?

Do you remember how to use Venn Diagrams? Based on the diagram below,
(1) determine the elements that belong to both A and B; (2) determine the
elements that belong to A or B or both. How many are there in each set?

10
A

1
12

20

25
36

Important Terms/Symbols to Remember

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.

1. Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B, denoted by A B, is

the set that contains those elements that belong to A, B, or to both.
An element x belongs to the union of the sets A and B if and only if x
belongs to A or x belongs to B or to both. This tells us that
A B = { x l x A or x B }
Using the Venn diagram, all of the set of A and of B are shaded to show A
B.

2. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by A

B, is the set containing those elements that belong to both A and B.
An element x belongs to the intersection of the sets A and B if and only if x
belongs to A and x belongs to B. This tells us that
A B = {x l x A and B}
Using the Venn diagram, the set A B consists of the shared regions of A
and B.

AB
U

Sets whose intersection is an empty set are called disjoint sets.

3. The cardinality of the union of two sets is given by the following equation:
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) n (A B ).
II.

Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in the opening activity.
1. Which of the following shows the union of set A and set B? Set 2.
This is because it contains all the elements that belong to A or B or
both. There are 8 elements.
2. Which of the following shows the intersection of set A and set B?
Set 3. This is because it contains all elements that are in both A and B.
There are 3 elements.

In the second activity:

V = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
W = { 0, 1, 4}
Therefore, V W = { 4 } has 1 element and V W = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 } has 6
elements. Note that the element { 4 } is counted only once.
On the Venn Diagram: (1) The set that contains elements that belong to both
A and B consists of two elements {1, 12 }; (2) The set that contains elements
that belong to A or B or both consists of 6 elements {1, 10, 12, 20, 25, 36 }.
III.

Exercises
1. Given sets A and B,
Set A
Students who play the
guitar
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente
Angela Dominguez
Mayumi Torres
Joanna Cruz

Set B
Students who play the
piano
Mayumi Torres
Janis Reyes
Chris Clemente
Ethan Molina
Nathan Santos

determine which of the following shows (a) A B; and (b) A B?

Set 1
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente
Angela Dominguez
Mayumi Torres
Joanna Cruz

Set 2
Mayumi Torres
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente

Set 3
Mayumi Torres
Janis Reyes
Chris Clemente
Ethan Molina
Nathan Santos

Set 4
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente
Angela Dominguez
Mayumi Torres
Joanna Cruz
Janis Reyes
Nathan Santos

2. Do the following exercises. Write your answers on the spaces provided:

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Given the sets above, determine the elements and cardinality of:
a. A B = _____________________
b. A C = _____________________
c. A B C = _____________________
d. A B = _____________________
e. B C = _____________________
f. A B C = ______________________
g. (A B) C = _____________________
3. Let W = { x | 0 < x < 3 }, Y = { x | x > 2}, and Z = {x | 0 x 4 }.
Determine (a) (W Y) Z; (b) W Y Z.

Summary
In this lesson, you learned the definition of union and intersection of sets. You
also learned how use Venn diagram to represent the union and the intersection of
sets. You also learned how to determine the elements that belong to the union and
intersection of sets.

Lesson 2.2: Complement of a Set

Time: 1.5 hours

Prerequisite Concepts: sets, universal set, empty set, union and intersection of
sets, cardinality of sets, Venn diagrams
About the Lesson:
The complement of a set is an important concept. There will be times when
one needs to consider the elements not found in a particular set A. You must know
that this is when you need the complement of a set.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe and define the complement of a set;
2. Find the complement of a given set;
3. Use Venn diagrams to represent the complement of a set.
Lesson Proper:
I. Problem
In a population of 8000 students, 2100 are Freshmen, 2000 are
Sophomores, 2050 are Juniors and the remaining 1850 are either in their
fourth or fifth year in university. A student is selected from the 8000 students
and it is not a sophomore, how many possible choices are there?
Discussion
Definition: The complement of a set A, written as A, is the set of all
elements found in the universal set, U, that are not found in set A. The cardinality n
(A) is given by
n (A) = n (U) n (A) .
Venn diagram:

U
A
A

Examples:
1. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
Then the elements of A are the elements from U that are not
found in A.
Therefore, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and n (A ) = 5
2. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 5}. Then
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {2, 3, 4}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U
3. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 7, 8}.
Then

10

A = {5, 6, 7, 8}
B = {1, 2, 5, 6}
A B = {5, 6}
4. Let U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 5, 7, 9}. Then
A B = {5, 7, 9}
(A B) = {1, 3}
5. Let U be the set of whole numbers. If A = {x | x is a whole number
and x > 10}, then A = {x | x is a whole number and 0 x 10}.
The opening problem asks for how many possible choices there are for a
student that was selected and known to be a non-Sophomore. Let U be the set of all
students and n (U) = 8000. Let A be the set of all Sophomores then n (A) = 2000.
The set A consists of all students in U that are not Sophomores and n (A) = n (U)
n (A) = 6000. Therefore, there are 6000 possible choices for that selected student.
II. Activity
Shown in the table are names of students of a high school class by
sets according to the definition of each set.
A
Likes Singing
Jasper
Faith
Jacky
Miguel
Joel

B
Likes Dancing
Charmaine
Leby
Joel
Jezryl

C
Likes Acting
Jacky
Jasper
Ben
Joel

D
Dont Like Any
Billy
Ethan
Camille
Tina

After the survey has been completed, find the following sets.
a. U = ___________________________________________
b. A B = ________________________________________
c. A C = ________________________________________
d. (B D) = ______________________________________
e. A B = ________________________________________
f. A D = _______________________________________
g. (B C) = ______________________________________
The easier way to find the elements of the indicated sets is to use a Venn
diagram showing the relationships of U, sets A, B, C, and D. Set D does not share
any members with A, B, and C. However, these three sets share some members.
The Venn diagram below is the correct picture:

11

U
Leby
A

Faith

Charmaine
Jezryl

Joel

Miguel
Jacky

Jasper
Ben

Billy
Ethan
Camille
Tina

Now, it is easier to identify the elements of the required sets.

a. U = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky, Jasper,
Jezryl, Joel, Leby, Miguel, Tina}
b. A B = {Faith, Miguel, Joel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben, Billy, Ethan,
Camille, Tina}
c. A C = {Jasper, Jacky, Joel, Ben, Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Billy,
Ethan, Camille, Tina}
d. (B D) = {Faith, Miguel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben}
e. A B = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl}
f. A D = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Ben}
g. (B C) = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky,
Jasper, Jezryl, Leby, Miguel, Tina}
III. Exercises
1. True or False. If your answer is false, give the correct answer.
Let U = the set of the months of the year
X = {March, May, June, July, October}
Y = {January, June, July}
Z = {September, October, November, December}
a. Z = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August}
_____________________________________
b. X Y = {June, July}
____________________________________________

12

c. X Z = {January, February, March, April, May, June,

July, August, September, November, December}
____________________________________________
d. (Y Z) = {February, March, April, May}
______________________________________
2. Place the elements in their respective sets in the diagram below
based on the following elements assigned to each set:

U
A
B

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
A = {a, c, d, e, g, j}
B = {a, b, d, e, h, i}
C = {a, b, c, f, h, i, j}
3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between sets U, X, Y,
and Z, given the following information.

U, the universal set contains set X, set Y, and set Z.

XYZ=U
Z is the complement of X.
Y includes some elements of X and the set Z

Summary
In this lesson, you learned about the complement of a given set. You learned
how to describe and define the complement of a set, and how it relates to the
universal set, U and the given set.

13

Lesson 3: Problems Involving Sets

Time: 1 hour

Prerequisite Concepts: Operations on Sets and Venn Diagrams

About the Lesson:
This is an application of your past lessons about sets. You will appreciate
more the concepts and the use of Venn diagrams as you work through the different
word problems.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Solve word problems involving sets with the use of Venn diagrams
2. Apply set operations to solve a variety of word problems.
Lesson Proper:
I.

Activity
Try solving the following problem:
In a class of 40 students, 17 have ridden an airplane, 28 have ridden a
boat. 10 have ridden a train, 12 have ridden both an airplane and a
boat. 3 have ridden a train only and 4 have ridden an airplane only.
Some students in the class have not ridden any of the three modes of
transportation and an equal number have taken all three.
a. How many students have used all three modes of transportation?
b. How many students have taken only the boat?
II. Questions/Points to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
Venn diagrams can be used to solve word problems involving union and
intersection of sets. Here are some worked out examples:
1. A group of 25 high school students were asked whether they use either
Facebook or Twitter or both. Fifteen of these students use Facebook and
twelve use Twitter.
a. How many use Facebook only?
b. How many use Twitter only?
c. How many use both social networking sites?
Solution:
Let S1 = set of students who use Facebook only
S2 = set of students who use both social networking sites
S3 = set of students who use Twitter only
The Venn diagram is shown below

Facebook

Twitter

S1

S3
S2

14

Finding the elements in each region:

n(S1) + n( S2) + n(S3) = 25
n(S1) + n( S2)
= 15
______________________
n(S3) = 10
But
n( S2) + n(S3) = 12
________________
n( S2)
= 2

n(S1) + n( S2) + n(S3) = 25

n( S2) + n(S3) = 12
_______________________
n(S1)
= 13

The number of elements in each region is shown below

U
Facebook
13

Twitter
2

10

2. A group of 50 students went in a tour in Palawan province. Out of the 50

students, 24 joined the trip to Coron; 18 went to Tubbataha Reef; 20
visited El Nido; 12 made a trip to Coron and Tubbataha Reef; 15 saw
Tubbataha Reef and El Nido; 11 made a trip to Coron and El Nido and 10
saw the three tourist spots.
a. How many of the students went to Coron only?
b. How many of the students went to Tubbataha Reef only?
c. How many joined the El Nido trip only?
d. How many did not go to any of the tourist spots?
Solution:
To solve this problem, let
P1 = students who saw the three tourist spots
P2 = those who visited Coron only
P3 = those who saw Tubbataha Reef only
P4 = those who joined the El Nido trip only
P5 = those who visited Coron and Tubbataha Reef only
P6 = those who joined the Tubbataha Reef and El Nido trip
only
P7 = those who saw Coron and El Nido only
P8 = those who did not see any of the three tourist spots

15

Draw the Venn diagram as shown below and identify the region where the
students went.

Coron

El Nido
P2
P7

P4

P5 P1
P6

P3

P8

Tubbataha Reef

Determine the elements in each region starting from P 1.

P1 consists of students who went to all 3 tourist spots. Thus, n(P1) = 10.
P1 P5 consists of students who visited Coron and Tubbataha Reef but this
set includes those who also went to El Nido. Therefore, n(P5) = 12 10 =
2 students visited Coron and Tubbatha Reef only.
P1 P6 consists of students who went to El Nido and Tubbataha Reef but
this set includes those who also went to Coron. Therefore, n(P6) = 15
10 = 5 students visited El Nido and Tubbataha Reef only.
P1 P7 consists of students who went to Coron and El Nido but this set
includes those who also went to Tubbataha Reef. Therefore, n(P7) = 11
10 = 1 student visited Coron and El Nido only.
From here, it follows that
n(P2) = 24 n(P1) n(P5) n(P7) = 24 10 2 1 = 11 students
visited Coron only.
n(P3) = 18 n(P1) n(P5) n(P6) = 18 10 2 5 = 1 student visited
Tubbataha Reef only
n(P4) = 20 n(P1) n(P6) n(P7) = 20 10 5 1 = 4 students
visited Coron and El Nido only.
Therefore
n(P8) = 50 n(P1) n(P2) n(P3) n(P4) n(P5) n(P6) n(P7) = 16
students did not visit any of the three spots.

The number of elements is shown below.

Coron

El Nido
11
2

16

10

5
1

Tubbataha Reef

16

Now, what about the opening problem?

Solution to the Opening Problem (Activity):

14

4
1

2
3

Can you explain the numbers?

III. Exercises
Do the following exercises. Represent the sets and draw a Venn diagram
when needed.
1. If A is a set, give two subsets of A.
2. (a) If and are finite sets and
, what can you say about the
cardinalities of the two sets?
(b) If the cardinality of is less than the cardinality of , does it follow
that
?
3. If A and B have the same cardinality, does it follow that A = B? Explain.
4. If
and
. Does it follow that
? Illustrate your reasoning
using a Venn diagram.
5. Among the 70 kids in Barangay Magana, 53 like eating in Jollibee while
42 like eating in McDonalds. How many like eating both in Jollibee and in
McDonalds? in Jollibee only? in McDonalds only?
6. The following diagram shows how all the First Year students of
Maningning High School go to school.

Walking 100

Jeep
76

Car

55

19
15

17

20
67

17

MRT

a. How many students ride in a car, jeep and the MRT going to
their school? _______
b. How many students ride in both a car and a jeep? _______
c. How many students ride in both a car and the MRT? _______
d. How many students ride in both a jeep and the MRT?
_______
e. How many students go to school
in a car only ______
a jeep only _______
in the MRT only ______
walking _______
f. How many students First Year students of Maningning High
School are there? ________
7. The blood-typing system is based on the presence of proteins called
antigens in the blood. A person with antigen A has blood type A. A person
with antigen B has blood type B, and a person with both antigens A and B
has blood type AB. If no antigen is present, the blood type is O. Draw a
Venn diagram representing the ABO System of blood typing.
A protein that coats the red blood cells of some persons was discovered
in 1940. A person with the protein is classified as Rh positive (Rh+), and a
person whose blood cells lack the protein is Rh negative (Rh). Draw a
Venn diagram illustrating all the blood types in the ABO System with the
corresponding Rh classifications.
Summary
In this lesson, you were able to apply what you have learned about sets, the
use of a Venn diagram and set operations in solving word problems.

18

Lesson 4.1: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Addition of Integers

Time: 1 hour
Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Exponents, Concept of Integers
About the Lesson: This lesson focuses on addition of integers using different
approaches. It is a review of what the students learned in Grade 6.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Add integers using different approaches;
2. Solve word problems involving addition of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Study the following examples:
A. Addition Using Number Line
1. Use the number line to find the sum of 6 & 5.
2

10

11

12

13

On the number line, start with point 6 and count 5 units to the right. At what
point on the number line does it stop ?
It stops at point 11; hence, 6 + 5 = 11.
2. Find the sum of 7 and (-3) .
2

On the number line, start from 7 and count 3 units going to the left since the
sign of 3 is negative.
At which point does it stop?
It stops at point 4; hence, (-3) + (7) = 4.
After the 2 examples, can you now try the next two problems?
a. (-5) + (-4)
b. (-8) + (5)
We now have the following generalization:
Adding a positive integer to means moving along the real line a distance of
units to the right from . Adding a negative integer to means moving along the
real line a distance of units to the left from .

19

B. Addition Using Signed Tiles

This is another device that can be used to represent integers.The tile + re
presents integer 1, the tile
- represents -1, and the flexible + - represents
0.
Recall that a number and its negative cancel each other under the operation of
addition. This means
( )
(
)
(
)
( ) ( )
In general,
.
Examples:
1. 4 + 5 ------

++

four (+1)

five (+1)

hence, 4 + 5 = 9

2. 5 + (-3) -----

+
0
0
(

hence,
3. (

hence (

+
)

Now, try these:

1. (-5) + (-11)
2. (6) + (-9)
II. Questions/ Points to Ponder
Using the above model, we summarize the procedure for adding integers as follows:

20

1. If the integers have the same sign, just add the positive equivalents of the
integers and attach the common sign to the result.
a. 27 + 30 = + (/27/ + /30/)
= + ( /57/ )
= + 57
b. (-20) + (-15) = - (/20/ + /15/)
= - ( 20 + 15 )
= - ( 35 )
= - 35
2. If the integers have different signs, get the difference of the positive
equivalents of the integers and attach the sign of the larger number to the
result.
a. (38) + (-20)
Get the difference between 38 and 20: 18
Since 38 is greater than 20, the sign of the sum is positive.
(
)
Hence
)
b. (
Get the difference between 42 and 16: 26
Since 42 is greater than 16, the sum will have a negative sign.
)
Hence (

If there are more than two addends in the problem the first step to do is to combine
addends with same signs and then get the difference of their sums.
Examples:
1. (

( )

(
(

2.

)
)

(
)

)
(

III. Exercises
A.

Who was the first English mathematician who first used the modern
symbol of equality in 1557?
(To get the answer, compute the sums of the given exercises below.
Write the letter of the problem corresponding to the answer found in
each box at the bottom).
A
B

25 + 95
38 + (-15)

C. (30) + (-20)
D. (110) + (-75)

21

R 65 + 75
O (-120) + (-35)

O
R
E

45 + (-20)
(-65) + (-20)
(78) + (-15)

-105
140
B.

25
-55

63
10

23
-155

R
E

-85
80

(165) + (-85)
47 + 98

-22
35

145

Addthe following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C.

T. (16) + (-38)
R (-65) + (-40)
E (-75) + (20)

(18) + (-11) + (3)

(-9) + (-19) + (-6)
(-4) + (25) + (-15)
(50) + (-13) + (-12)
(-100) + (48) + (49)

Solve the following problems:

1.

Mrs. Reyes charged P3,752.00 worth of groceries on her credit

card. Find her balance after she made a payment of P2,530.00.
2. In a game, Team Azcals lost 5 yards in one play but gained 7 yards
in the next play. What was the actual yardage gain of the team?
3. A vendor gained P50.00 on the first day; lost P28.00 on the second
day, and gained P49.00 on the third day. How much profit did the
vendor gain in 3 days?
4. Ronnie had PhP2280 in his checking account at the beginning of
the month. He wrote checks for PhP450, P1200, and PhP900. He
then made a deposit of PhP1000. If at any time during the month
the account is overdrawn, a PhP300 service charge is deducted.
What was Ronnies balance at the end of the month?

Summary
In this lesson, you learned how to add integers using two different methods.
The number line model is practical for small integers. For larger integers, the signed
tiles model provides a more useful tool.

22

Lesson 4.2: Fundamental Operation on Integers:Subtraction of Integers

Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Exponents, Concept of Integers, Addition
of Integers
About the Lesson: This lesson focuses on the subtraction of integers using
different approaches. It is a review of what the students learned in Grade 6.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Subtract integers using
a. Number line
b. Signed tiles
2. Solve problems involving subtraction of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Study the material below.
1. Subtraction as the reverse operation of addition.
Recall how subtraction is defined. We have previously defined subtraction as
the reverse operation of addition. This means that when we ask what is 5
minus 2?, we are also asking what number do we add to 2 in order to get
5? Using this definition of subtraction, we can deduce how subtraction is
done using the number line.

a. Suppose you want to compute (

added to 3 to get
?

. You ask What number must be

To get from 3 to
, you need to move 7 units to the left. This is
equivalent to adding
to 3. Hence in order to get
,
must be
added to 3. Therefore,
( )
b. Compute ( ) (
)
What number must be added to

23

to get

To go from
Therefore,

to

, move 4 units to the right, or equivalently, add 4.

(

2. Subtraction as the addition of the negative

Subtraction is also defined as the addition of the negative of the number. For
example,
( ). Keeping in mind that and
are negatives of
( )
each other, we can also have
. Hence the examples above
can be solved as follows:
( )
( ) ( )
(

This definition of subtraction allows the conversion of a subtraction problem

to an addition problem.
Problem:
Subtract (-45) from 39 using the two definitions of subtraction.
Can you draw your number line?Where do you start numbering it to make the
line shorter?
Solution:
1.

(
)
What number must be added to

(
2.

in order to obtain 39?

II. Questions/Points to Ponder

Rule in Subtracting Integers
In subtracting integers, add the negative of the subtrahend to the minuend,
( )
( )
Using signed tiles or colored counters
Signed tiles or colored counters can also be used to model subtraction of integers. In
this model, the concept of subtraction as taking away is utilized.

24

Examples:
1.

2.

means take away 6 from 10. Hence

)
(

3.

Since there are not enough counters from which to take

away 9, we add 9 black counters and 9 white counters.
Remember that these added counters are equivalent to
zero.

We now take away

9 black counters.

25

Notice that this configuration is the

same configuration for
( ).
We proceed with the addition and
obtain the answer

4.

Hence

The last two examples above illustrate the definition of subtraction as the addition of
the negative.
( )] [
[
] ( )
( )
III. Exercices
A. What is the name of the 4th highest mountain in the world?
(Decode the answer by finding the difference of the following subtraction
problems. Write the letter to the answer corresponding to the item in the box
provided below:
O Subtract (-33) from 99
L Subtract (-30) from 49
H 18 less than (-77)
E Subtract (-99) from 0
T How much is 0 decreased by (-11)?
S (-42) (-34) (-9) - 18
79

-95

132

26

11

-17

99

B. Mental Math
Give the difference:
1. 53 -25
6. 25 - 43
2. (-6) - 123 7. (-30) - (-20)
3. (-4) - (-9)
4. 6 - 15
5. 16 - (-20)

8. (-19) - 2
9. 30 (-9)
10. (-19) - (-15)

C. Solve the ff. Problems:

1. Maan deposited P53,400.00 in her account and withdrew P19,650.00 after
a week. How much of her money was left in the bank?
2. Two trains start at the same station at the same time. Train A travels
92km/h, while train B travels 82km/h. If the two trains travel in opposite
directions, how far apart will they be after an hour?
If the two trains travel in the same direction, how far apart will they be in
two hours?
3. During the Christmas season. The student govt association was able to
solicit 2,356 grocery items and was able to distribute 2,198 to one
barangay. If this group decided to distribute 1,201 grocery items to the
next barangay, how many more grocery items did they need to solicit?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned how to subtract integers by reversing the process
of addition, and by converting subtraction to addition using the negative of the
subtrahend.

27

Lesson 4.3: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Multiplication of Integers

Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Operations on whole numbers, addition and subtraction of
integers
About the Lesson: This is the third lesson on operations on integers. The intent of
the lesson is to deepen what students have learned in Grade 6, by expounding on
the meaning of multiplication of integers.
Objective:
In this lesson; you are expected to:
1. Multiply integers.
2. Apply multiplication of integers in solving problems
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Answer the following question.
How do we define multiplication?
We learned that with whole numbers, multiplication is repeated addition. For
example,
means three groups of 4. Or, putting it into a real context, 3 cars with
4 passengers each, how many passenger in all? Thus

But, if there are 4 cars with 3 passengers each, in counting the total number of
passengers, the equation is
. We can say then that
and

We extend this definition to multiplication of a negative integer by a positive integer.

Consider the situation when a boy loses P6 for 3 consecutive days.His total loss for
three days is
( )
. Hence, we could have
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
II. Questions/Points to Ponder
The following examples illustrate further how integers are multiplied.
Example 1.
Multiply : 5 (-2)
However,
5 (-2) = (-2) (5)
Therefore:
(-2) (5)= (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2) = -10
The result shows that the product of a negative multiplier and a positive multiplicand
is a negative integer.

28

Generalization:Multiplying unlike signs

We know that adding negative numbers means adding their positive equivalents and
attaching the negative sign to the result, then
(

for any positive integers

( )

and .

We know that any whole number multiplied by 0 gives 0. Is this true for any integer
as well? The answer is YES. In fact, any number multiplied by 0 gives 0. This is
known as the Zero Property.
What do we get when we multiply two negative integers?
Example 2.

Multiply: (-8) (-3)

We know that (
Therefore,

.
(

(
(
(

) ( )
( ) ( )
) [
( )](Distributive Law)
)
( and
are additive inverses)
(Zero Property)

The only number which when added to

gives 0 is the additive
inverse of
. Therefore, ( ) ( ) is the additive inverse of 24,
or ( ) ( )
The result shows that the product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
Generalization:Multiplying Two Negative Integers
If and are positive integers, then ( ) ( )

Rules in Multiplying Integers:

In multiplying integers, find the product of their positive equivalents.
1. If the integers have the same signs, their product is positive.
2. If the integers have different signs their product is negative.
III. Exercises
A. Find the product of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

(5)(12)
(-8)(4)
(-5)(3)(2)
(-7)(4)(-2)
(3)(8)(-2)
(9)(-8)(-9)
(-9)(-4)(-6)

29

MATH DILEMMA
B. How can a person fairly divide 10 apples among 8 children so that each
child has the same share.
To solve the dilemma, match the letter in column II with the number that
corresponds to the numbers in column I.
Column I

Column II

1. (6)(-12)
2. (-13)(-13)
3. (19)(-17)
4. (-15)(29)
5. (165)(0)
6. (-18)(-15)
7. (-15)(-20)
8. (-5)(-5)(-5)
9. (-2)(-2)(-2)(-2)
10. (4)(6)(8)

C
P
E
K
A
M
L
J
U
I

____
____
____
____
_
_
_
_
5
4
3
____
____
____
____ 7
_
_
_
_
4
1
1
9
____
____
____
____
_
_
_
_
8
2
10
6

270
-72
300
-323
-435
0
16
-125
169
192

____
_
7
____
_
7

C. Problem Solving
1. Jof has twenty P5 coins in her coin purse. If her niece took 5 of
the coins, how much has been taken away?
2. Mark can type 45 words per minute, how many words can Mark
type in 30 minutes?
3. Give an arithmetic equation which will solve the following
a. The messenger came and delivered 6 checks worth PhP50
each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
b. The messenger came and took away 3 checks worth
PhP120 each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
c. The messenger came and delivered 12 bills for PhP86
each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
d. The messenger came and took away 15 bills for PhP72
each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
Summary
This lesson emphasized the meaning of multiplication to set the rules for
multiplying integers. To multiply integers, first find the product of their positive
equivalents. If the integers have the same signs, their product is positive. If the
integers have different signs their product is negative.

30

Lesson 4.4: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Division of Integers

Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Addition and subtraction of Integers, Multiplication of
Integers
About the Lesson: Like in the previous lessons, this lesson is meant to deepen
students understanding of the division operation on integers. The concept of
division used here relies on its relationship to multiplication.
Objective:
In this lesson you are expected to:
1. Find the quotient of two integers.
2. Solve problems involving division of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Answer the following questions:
What is (-51) (-3)?
What is (-51) 3?
What is 51 (-3)?
What are the rules in dividing integers?
II. Questions/Points to Ponder
We have learned that Subtraction is the inverse operation of Addition,
In the same manner, Division is the inverse operation of Multiplication.
Example 1.Find the quotient of (-51) and (-3)
Solution:
Since division is the inverse of multiplication, determine whatnumber
multiplied by (-3) produces (-51).
If we ignore the signs for the meantime, we know that
We also know that in order to get a negative product, the factors must have
different signs. Hence
( )
Therefore
(-51) (-3) = 17
Example 2. What is (
Solution:
Hence
Therefore

)
(
(

Example 3.Show why 273 (21) = 13.

Solution:
(-13) (-21) = 57
Therefore, 273 (21) = 13

31

Generalization
The quotient of two integers with the same signs is a positive integer and the
quotient of two integers having unlike signs is a negative integer.However,
division by zero is not possible.
When several operations have to be performed, the GEMDAS rule applies.
Example 4. Perform the indicated operations
( )
1.
( )
2.
( )
( )
3.
Solution:
1.
2.
3.

(
(

III. Exercises:
A. Compute the following
)
1. (
( )
2.
3.
(
) [( )
4. (
5. (
)

)
]

B. What was the original name for the butterfly?

To find the answer find the quotient of each of the following and write the
letter of the problems in the box corresponding to the quotient.

(-352) 22

(-120) 8

(128) -16

(-444) (-12)

Y
(144) -3

37

(108) 9

(-147) 7

-15

(168) 6

(-315) (-35)

-8

-8

32

28

-16

12

-48

C. Solvethe following problems:

1. Vergaras store earned P8750 a week, How much is her average
earning in a day?
2. Russ worked in a factory and earned P7875.00 for 15 days. How
much is his earning in a day?
3. There are 336 oranges in 12 baskets. How many oranges are there in
3 baskets?
4. A teacher has to divide 280 pieces of graphing paper equally among
his 35 students. How many pieces of graphing paper will each student
recieve?
5. A father has 976 sq. meters lot, he has to divide it among his 4
children. What is the share of each child?
D. Complete the three-by-three magic square (that is, the sums of the numbers
in each row, in each column and in each of the diagonals are the same) using
the numbers -10, -7, -4, -3, 0, 3, 4, 7, 10. What is the sum for each row,
column and diagonal?

Summary
Division is the reverse operation of multiplication. Using this definition, it is
easy to see that the quotient of two integers with the same signs is a positive integer
and the quotient of two integers having unlike signs is a negative integer.

33

Lesson 5: Properties of the Operations on Integers

Time: 1.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of
Integers
About the Lesson:
This lesson will strengthen the skills of students in performing the
fundamental operations of integers. Knowledge of these will serve as an
axiom/guide in performing said operations. In addition, this will help students
solve problems including real life situations in algebra. This section also
discusses how an application of the properties of real numbers in real life
situations can be helpful in sustaining harmonious relationships among people.
Objectives
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. State and illustrate the different properties of the operations on
integers
a. closure
b. commutative
c. associative
d. distributive
e. identity
f. inverse
2. Rewrite given expressions according to the given property.
Lesson Proper:
I.
A. Activity 1: Try to reflect on these . . .
1. Give at least 5 words synonymous to the word property.
Activity 2: PICTIONARY GAME: DRAW AND TELL!

Needed Materials:
5 strips of cartolina with adhesive tape
where each of the following words will
be written:
Closure
Commutative
Associative
Distributive

Identity

Inverse
Printed Description:
Stays the same
Swapping /Interchange
Bracket Together/Group Together
Share Out /Spread Out /Disseminate
One and the Same/Alike
Opposite/Contrary

Rules of the Game:

The mission of each player holding a
strip of cartolina is to let the
classmates guess the hidden word
by drawing symbols, figures or
images on the board without any
word.
If the hidden property is discovered,
a volunteer from the class will give
his/her own meaning of the identified
words. Then, from the printed
descriptions, he/she can choose the
appropriate definition of the disclosed
word and verify if his/her initial
description is correct.
The game ends when all the words
are revealed.

34

The following questions will be answered as you go along to the next activity.
What properties of real numbers were shown in the Pictionary Game?
Give one example and explain.
How are said properties seen in real life?
Activity 3: SHOW AND TELL!
Determine what kind of property of real numbers is being illustrated in the
following images:
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the motorbike and bicycle
riders.
_______
_______

+
Equals

+
If a represents the number of motorbike riders and b represents the
number of bicycle riders, show the mathematical statement for the
diagram below.
_______ + _______ = _______ + _______
Guide Questions:
What operation is used in illustrating the diagram?
What happened to the terms in both sides of the equation?
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied?
What if the operation is replaced by multiplication, will the same property
be applicable? Give an example to prove your answer.
Define the property.

Give a real life situation in which the commutative property can be

applied.
Test the property on subtraction and division operations by using
simple examples. What did you discover?

35

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the set of cellphones,
ipods and laptops.
_______
_______
_______

+
equals

+
_______

_______

_______

If a represents the number of cellphones, b represents the ipods and c

represents the laptops, show the mathematical statement for the diagram
below.
(_______ + _______ ) +_______ = _______ + (_______ + _______ )
Guide Questions:
What operation is used in illustrating the diagram?
What happened to the groupings of the given sets that correspond to both
sides of the equation?
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied?
What if the operation is replaced by multiplication, will the same property
be applicable? Give an example to prove your answer.
Define the property.
Give a real life situation wherein associative property can be applied.
Test the property on subtraction and division operations by using simple
examples. What did you discover?
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the set of oranges and
set of strawberries.
_______

_______

36

equals

2
_______

2
_______

If a represents the multiplier in front, b represents the set of oranges and

c represents the set of strawberries, show the mathematical statement for
the diagram below.
_______ (_______+_______) = ______ _______ + _______ ______
Guide Questions:
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied in the
images presented?
Define the property.
In the said property can we add/subtract the numbers inside the
parentheses and then multiply or perform multiplication first and then
addition/subtraction? Give an example to prove your answer.
Give a real life situation wherein distributive property can be applied.

37

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical representation of the given
illustration.

_______

_______

_______

Guide Questions:
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied in the
images presented?
What will be the result if you add something represented by any number
to nothing represented by zero?
What do you call zero 0 in this case?
Define the property.
Is there a number multiplied to any number that will result to that same
number? Give examples.
What property is being illustrated? Define.
What do you call one 1 in this case?
E. Give the correct mathematical statement of the given illustrations. To do this,
refer to the guide questions below.

PUT IN
PLUS

REMOVEE

38

Guide Questions:
How many cabbages are there in the crate?
Using integers, represent put in 14 cabbages and remove 14
cabbages? What will be the result if you add these representations?
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied in the
images presented?
What will be the result if you add something to its negative?
What do you call the opposite of a number in terms of sign? What is the
opposite of a number represented by a?
Define the property.
What do you mean by reciprocal and what is the other term used for it?
What if you multiply a number say 5 by its multiplicative inverse , what
will be the result?
What property is being illustrated? Define.
Important Terms to Remember
The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. Closure Property
Two integers that are added and multiplied remain as integers. The set of
integers is closed under addition and multiplication.
2. Commutative Property
Changing the order of two numbers that are either being added or
multiplied does not change the value.
3. Associative Property
Changing the grouping of numbers that are either being added or
multiplied does not change its value.
4. Distributive Property
When two numbers have been added / subtracted and then multiplied by
a factor, the result will be the same when each number is multiplied by
the factor and the products are then added / subtracted.
5. Identity Property
Additive Identity
- states that the sum of any number and 0 is the given number. Zero,
0 is the additive identity.
Multiplicative Identity
- states that the product of any number and 1 is the given number, a 1
= a. One, 1 is the multiplicative identity.
6. Inverse Property
In Addition
- states that the sum of any number and its additive inverse, is zero.
The additive inverse of the number a is a.
In Multiplication
- states that the product of any number and its multiplicative inverse or
reciprocal, is 1.The multiplicative inverse of the number a is

39

1
.
a

Notations and Symbols

In this segment, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to
properties of real number applied in the operations of integers.
a, b I, then a+b I, ab
I
a+b=b+a

Closure Property under addition and

multiplication
Commutative property of addition

ab = ba

Commutative property of multiplication

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Associative property of addition

(ab) c = a (bc)

Associative property of multiplication

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Distributive property

a+0=a

Additive identity property

a1=a

Multiplicative identity property

=1

Multiplicative inverse property

a + (-a) = 0

Additive inverse property

III. Exercises
A. Complete the Table: Which property of real number justifies each
statement?
Given
Property
1. 0 + (-3) = -3
2. 2(3 - 5) = 2(3) - 2(5)
3. (- 6) + (-7) = (-7) + (-6)
4. 1 x (-9) = -9
5.
6.
7.
8.

-4 x - = 1
2 x (3 x 7) = (2 x 3) x 7
10 + (-10) = 0
2(5) = 5(2)

9. 1 x (- ) = 10. (-3)(4 + 9) = (-3)(4) + (-3)(9)

40

B. Rewrite the following expressions using the given property.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

12a 5a
(7a)b
8+5
-4(1)
25 + (-25)

Distributive Property
Associative Property
Commutative Property
Identity Property
Inverse Property

C. Fill in the blanks and determine what properties were used to solve the
equations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

5 x ( ____ + 2) = 0
-4 + 4 = _____
-6 + 0 = _____
(-14 + 14) + 7 = _____
7 x (_____ + 7) = 49

Summary
The lesson on the properties or real numbers explains how numbers or
values are arranged or related in an equation. It further clarifies that no matter
how these numbers are arranged and what processes are used, the
composition of the equation and the final answer will still be the same. Our
society is much like these equations - composed of different numbers and
operations, different people with varied personalities, perspectives and
experiences. We can choose to look at the differences and forever highlight
one's advantage or superiority over the others. Or we can focus on the
commonality among people and altogether, work for the common good. A
peaceful society and harmonious relationship starts with recognizing,
appreciating and fully maximizing the positive traits that we, as a people, have
in common.

41

Lesson 6: Rational Numbers in the Number Line

Time: 1 hour

Prerequisite Concepts: Subsets of Real Numbers, Integers

About the lesson:
This lesson is a more in-depth discussion of the set of Rational Numbers and
focuses on where they are found in the real number line.
Objective:
In this lesson, you, the students, are expected to
1. Define rational numbers;
2. Illustrate rational numbers on the number line;
3. Arrange rational numbers on the number line.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity
Determine whether the following numbers are rational numbers or not.
- 2, ,

1
,
11

4,

16 , -1.89,

Now, try to locate them on the real number line below by plotting:

-3

-2

-1

II. Questions to Ponder

Consider the following examples and answer the questions that follow:
a. 7 2 = 3 ,
b. (-25) 4 = -6
c. (-6) (-12) =
1. Are quotients integers?
2. What kind of numbers are they?
3. Can you represent them on a number line?
Recall what rational numbers are...
3 , -6 , , are rational numbers. The word rational is derived from the word
ratio which means quotient. Rational numbers are numbers which can be written as
a quotient of two integers, where b 0.
The following are more examples of rational numbers:
6
5 = 15
0.06 = 100
1.3 =
From the example, we can see that an integer is also a rational number and
therefore, integers are a subset of rational numbers. Why is that?

42

Lets check on your work earlier. Among the numbers given, - 2, ,

1 3
, 4,
11

16 , -

1.89, the numbers and 3 4 are the only ones that are not rational numbers.
Neither can be expressed as a quotient of two integers. However, we can express
the remaining ones as a quotient of two intergers:

2
Of course,

2
1

189
16 4 41 , 1.89
100

1
is already a quotient by itself.
11

We can locate rational numbers on the real number line.

Example
1. Locate on the number line.

a. Since 0 < < 1, plot 0 and 1 on the number line.

b. Get the midpoint of the segment from 0 to 1. The midpoint now corresponds to

Example 2. Locate 1.75 on the number line.

a. The number 1.75 can be written as 47 and, 1 <
0 to 2 into 8 equal parts.

7
4

< 2. Divide the segment from

b. The 7th mark from 0 is the point 1.75.

1.75

0
Example 3. Locate the point

1
on the number line.

43

Note that -2 <

easy to plot

< -1. Dividing the segment from -2 to 0 into 6 equal parts, it is

. The number

is the 5th mark from 0 to the left.

-1

-2

Go back to the opening activity. You were asked to locate the rational numbers and
plot them on the real number line. Before doing that, it is useful to arrange them in
order from least to greatest. To do this, express all numbers in the same form
either as similar fractions or as decimals. Because integers are easy to locate, they
need not take any other form. It is easy to see that
- 2 < -1.89 <

1
< 16
11

Can you explain why?

Therefore, plotting them
by approximating their location gives

1
11

-1.89

-3

-2

-1

III. Exercises
1. Locate and plot the following on a number line (use only one number line).
a.

10
3

e. -0.01

b.

2.07

f. 7

c.

2
5

g. 0

d. 12

1
9

h.

1
6

2. Name 10 rational numbers that are greater than -1 but less than 1 and
arrange them from least to
greatest on the real number line?

44

3. Name one rational number x that satisfies the descriptions below:

10 x 9
a.
b.

1
1
x
10
2

c.

3 x

d.

1
1
x
4
3

e.

1
1
x
8
9

Summary
In this lesson, you learned more about what rational numbers are and where
they
can be found in the real number line. By changing all rational numbers to
equivalent forms, it is easy to arrange them in order, from least to greatest or vice
versa.

45

Lesson 7: Forms of Rational Numbers and Addition and Subtraction of

Rational Numbers
Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: definition of rational numbers, subsets of real numbers,
fractions, decimals
About the Lesson:
Like with any set of numbers, rational numbers can be added and subtracted.
In this lesson, you will learn techniques in adding and subtracting rational numbers.
Techniques include changing rational numbers into various forms convenient for the
operation as well as estimation and computation techniques.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Express rational numbers from fraction form to decimal form (terminating
and repeating and non-terminating) and vice versa;
2. Add and subtract rational numbers;
3. Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of rational numbers.
Lesson Proper:
A. Forms of Rational Numbers
I. Activity
1. Change the following rational numbers in fraction form or mixed number form
to decimal form:
a.

b.

1
= ______
4

3
= ______
10

5
c. 3
= _____
100

d.

5
= ______
2

e.

17
= ______
10
1
5

f. 2 = ______

2. Change the following rational numbers in decimal form to fraction form.

a. 1.8 = ______

d. -0.001 = ______

b. - 3.5 = ______

e. 10.999 = ______

c. -2.2 = ______

f. 0.11 = ______

II. Discussion
Non-decimal Fractions
above exercises were easy for you. This is
There is no doubt that most of the
because all except item 2f are what we call decimal fractions. These numbers are all

46

1
25
=
which is easily convertible to a
4 100
5
35
decimal form, 0.25. Likewise, the number -3.5 = 3 .
10
10
parts of powers of 10. For example,

the
rational number is not a decimal fraction? How do
What do you do when
you convert from one form to the other?

Remember that a rational number is a quotient of 2 integers. To change a

rational number in fraction form, you need only to divide the numerator by the
denominator.
Consider the number

1
. The smallest power of 10 that is divisible by 8 is
8

1
means you are dividing 1 whole unit into 8 equal parts. Therefore,
8
1
divide 1 whole unit
first into 1000 equal parts and then take
of the thousandths
8
125
part.
or 0.125.
That is equal to
1000
1000. But,

Example: Change

1 9
1
and to their decimal forms.
,
16 11
3

The smallest power of 10 that is divisible by 16 is 10,000. Divide 1 whole unit

into 10,000 equal
parts and take

1
of the ten thousandths part. That is equal to
16

625
or 0.625. You can obtain the same value if you perform the long division
10000

116.

9
Do the same for
. Perform the long division 9 11 and you should obtain
11
1
9
1
9
0.81. Therefore,
= 0.81. Also, 0.3. Note that both
and are non3
11
3
11

terminating but repeating decimals.

To change rational numbers in decimal forms, express the decimal part of the
numbers
a fractional part
as
of a power of 10. For example,

-2.713 can be changed

initially to 2

713
2173
and then changed to
.
1000
1000

What about non-terminating but repeating decimal forms? How can they be
changed to fraction form? Study the following examples:

47

Example 1: Change 0.2 to its fraction form.

Solution: Let

r 0.222...

Since there is only 1 repeated digit,

multiply the first equation by 10.

10r 2.222...

Then subtract the first equation from the second equation and obtain

9r 2.0
2
r
9

Therefore, 0.2 =

2
.
9

Example 2. Change 1.35 to its fraction form.

Let
Solution:

r 1.353535...

100r 135.353535...

Since there are 2 repeated digits,

multiply the first equation by 100. In
general, if there are n repeated digits,
multiply the first equation by

10n .

Then subtract the first equation from the second equation and obtain

99r 134
134
35
r
1
99
99

Therefore, 1.35 =

135
.
99

B. Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers in Fraction Form

I. Activity

Recall that we
added and subtracted whole numbers by using the number line
or by using objects in a set.
Using linear or area models, find the sum or difference.
a.
= _____
c.
b.

= _____

d.

= _____
= _____

Without using models, how would you get the sum or difference?
Consider the following examples:
1.
2.

48

3.

4.
(

5.
(

6.

Answer the following questions:

1. Is the common denominator always the same as one of the denominators
of the given fractions?
2. Is the common denominator always the greater of the two denominators?
3. What is the least common denominator of the fractions in each example?
4. Is the resulting sum or difference the same when a pair of dissimilar
fractions is replaced by any pair of similar fractions?
Problem: Copy and complete the fraction magic square. The sum in each
row, column, and diagonal must be 2.
a

b
c

What are the values of a, b, c, d and e?

Important things to remember
To Add or Subtract Fraction
With the same denominator,
If a, b and c denote integers, and b 0, then
and

With different denominators,

, where b 0 and d 0
If the fractions to be added or subtracted are dissimilar

Rename the fractions to make them similar whose denominator is the

least common multiple of b and d.
Add or subtract the numerators of the resulting fractions.
Write the result as a fraction whose numerator is the sum or difference
of the numerators and whose denominator is the least common
multiple of b and d.
Examples:
To Add:
a.

To Subtract:
a.

49

b.

b.

LCM/LCD of 5 and 4 is 20

II. Question to Ponder (Post Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in activity.
You were asked to find the sum or difference of the given fractions.
a.
=
c.
=
b.

d.

Without using the models, how would you get the sum or difference?
You would have to apply the rule for adding or subtracting similar fractions.
1. Is the common denominator always the same as one of the denominators of the
given fractions?
Not always. Consider

2 3
. Their least common denominator is 20 not 5 or
5 4

4.
2. Is the common denominator always the greater of the two denominators?
Not always. The
least common denominator is always greater than or equal to
one of the two denominators and it may not be the greater of the two
denominators.
3. What is the least common denominator of the fractions in each example?
(1) 6
( 2) 21
( 3) 15
(4) 35
(5) 12
(6) 60
4. Is the resulting sum or difference the same as when a pair of dissimilar
fractions is replaced by any pair of similar fractions?
Yes, for as long as the replacement fractions are equivalent to the original
fractions.
III. Exercises
Do the following exercises.
a. Perform the indicated operations and express your answer in simplest
form.
1.

9.

2.

10.

3.

11.

4.

12.

5. 2

13.

50

6.

14.

7.

15.

8.
b. Give the number asked for.
1. What is three more than three and one-fourth?
2. Subtract from
the sum of
. What is the result?
3. Increase the sum of
4. Decrease

. What is the result?

. What is the result?

5. What is

c. Solve each problem.

1. Michelle and Corazon are comparing their heights. If Michelles height
is 120 cm. and Corazons height is 96 cm. What is the difference in
their heights?
2. Angel bought
meters of silk,
meters of satin and
meters of
velvet. How many meters of cloth did she buy?
3. Arah needs
kg. of meat to serve 55 guests, If she has
kg of
chicken, a
55 guests?
4. Mr. Tan has

kg of pork, and

kg of beef, is there enough meat for

liters of gasoline in his car. He wants to travel far so

he added 16 liters more. How many liters of gasoline is in the tank?

5. After boiling, the
liters of water was reduced to 9 liters. How much
water has evaporated?
C. Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
There are 2 ways of adding or subtracting decimals.
1. Express the decimal numbers in fractions then add or subtract as
described earlier.
Example:
Add:

Subtract:: 9.6 3.25

2.3 + 7.21

(2 + 7) + (

(9 3) +

51

9 +

or 9.51

6+

or 6.35

2. Arrange the decimal numbers in a column such that the decimal

points are aligned, then add or subtract as with whole numbers.
Example:
Add: 2.3 + 7.21
3.25

Subtract: 9.6-

2.3
7.21
9.51

9.6
- 3.25
6.35

Exercises:
1. Perform the indicated operation.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
2.

6) 700 678.891
7) 7.3 5.182
8) 51.005 21.4591
9) (2.45 + 7.89) 4.56
10) (10 5.891) + 7.99

1,902 + 21.36 + 8.7

45.08 + 9.2 + 30.545
900 + 676.34 + 78.003
0.77 + 0.9768 + 0.05301
5.44 4.97

Solve the following problems:

a. Helen had P7500 for shopping money. When she got home, she had
P132.75 in her pocket. How much did she spend for shopping?
b. Ken contributed P69.25, while John and Hanna gave P56.25 each for
their gift to Teacher Daisy. How much were they able to gather
altogether?
c. Ryan said, Im thinking of a number N. If I subtract 10.34 from N, the
difference is 1.34. What was Ryans number?
d. Agnes said, Im thinking of a number N. If I increase my number by 56.2,
the sum is 14.62.What was Agnes number?
e. Kim ran the 100-meter race in 135.46 seconds. Tyron ran faster by 15.7
seconds. What was Tyrons time for the 100-meter dash?
SUMMARY
This lesson began with some activities and instruction on how to change
rational numbers from one form to another and proceeded to discuss addition and
subtraction of rational numbers. The exercises given were not purely computational.
There were thought questions and problem solving activities that helped in
deepening ones understanding of rational numbers.

52

Lesson 8: Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers

Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: addition and subtraction of rational numbers, expressing
rational numbers in different forms
About the lesson:
In this lesson, you will learn how to multiply and divide rational numbers.
While there are rules and algorithms to remember, this lesson also shows why those
rules and algorithms work.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Multiply rational numbers;
2. Divide rational numbers;
3. Solve problems involving multiplication and division of rational numbers.
Lesson Proper
A. Models for the Multiplication and Division
I. Activity:
Make a model or a drawing to show the following:
1. A pizza is divided into 10 equal slices. Kim ate of of the pizza. What
part of the whole pizza did Kim eat?
2. Miriam made 8 chicken sandwiches for some street children. She cut up
each sandwich into 4 triangular pieces. If a child can only take a piece, how
many children can she feed?
Can you make a model or a drawing to help you solve these problems?
A model that we can use to illustrate multiplication and division of rational numbers is
the area model.
What is

1 1
? Suppose we have one bar of chocolate represent 1 unit.
4 3

Divide the bar first into 4 equal parts vertically. One part of it is

53

1
4

Then, divide each fourth into 3 equal parts, this time horizontally to make the
divisions easy to see. One part of the horizontal division is
1 1 1

3 4 12

1
.
3

1
. But, that one piece
12
1
1
1 1
is
of , which we know from elementary mathematics to mean .
3
4
3 4
There will be 12 equal-sized pieces and one piece is

What about a model for division of rational numbers?

Take the division problem:

4 1

. One unit is divided into 5 equal parts and 4

5 2

of them are shaded.

Each of the 4 parts now will be cut up in halves

Since there are 2 divisions per part (i.e.

1
5)

and there are 4 of them (i.e.

4 1 8
there will be 8 pieces out of 5 original pieces or .
5 2 5
II. Questions to Ponder
(Post-Activity Discussion)

4
5

), then

Let us answer the questions posedin the opening activity.

1. A pizza is divided into 10 equal slices. Kim ate
of the whole pizza did Kim eat?

//

3 1 3

5 2 10

//

//

Kim ate

3
of the whole pizza.
10

3/5

54

of

of the pizza. What part

2. Miriam made 8 chicken sandwiches for some street children. She cut up
each sandwich into 4 triangular pieces. If a child can only take a piece, how
many children can she feed?

The equation is 8 14 32. Since there are 4 fourths in one sandwich, there
will be 4 x 8 = 32 triangular pieces and hence, 32 children will be fed.
How then can you multiply or divide rational numbers without using models or
drawings?

Important Rules to Remember

The following are rules that you must remember. From here on, the symbols to be
used for multiplication are any of the following: , x, , or x.
1. To multiply rational numbers in fraction form simply multiply the numerators and
multiply the denominators.

In symbol,
0)

where b and d are NOT equal to zero, ( b 0; d

2. To divide rational numbers in fraction form, you take the reciprocal of the second
fraction (called the divisor) and multiply it by the first fraction.
In symbol,
zero.

where b, c, and d are NOT equal to

Example:
Multiply the following and write your answer in
simplest form
a.
b.

55

The easiest way to solve for this

number is to change mixed
numbers to an improper fraction
and then multiply it. Or use
prime factors or the greatest
common factor, as part of the
multiplication process.

Divide:

Take the reciprocal of , which is then multiply it

with the first fraction. Using prime factors, it is easy
to see that 2 can be factored out of the numerator then
cancelled out with the denominator, leaving 4 and 3
as the remaining factors in the numerator and 11 as
the remaining factors in the denominator.

III. Exercises.
Do the following exercises. Write your answer on the spaces provided:
1. Find the products:
a.

f.

b. 7

g.

c.

h.

d.

i.

e.

j.

)
)

B. Divide:
1.

20

6.
7.

3.

8.

4.

9.

5.

10.

2.

C. Solve the following:

1. Julie spent
hours doing her assignment. Ken did his assignment for
times as many hours as Julie did. How many hours did Ken spend doing his
assignment?
2. How many thirds are there in six-fifths?
3. Hanna donated of her monthly allowance to the Iligan survivors. If her
monthly allowance is P3500, how much did she donate?
4. The enrolment for this school year is 2340. If are sophomores and are
seniors, how many are freshmen and juniors?
5. At the end of the day, a store had 2/5 of a cake leftover. The four employees
each took home the same amount of leftover cake. How much did each
employee take home?

56

B. Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

This unit will draw upon your previous knowledge of multiplication and
division of whole numbers. Recall the strategies that you learned and developed
when working with whole numbers.
Activity:
1. Give students several examples of multiplication sentences with the answers
given. Place the decimal point in an incorrect spot and ask students to
explain why the decimal place does not go there and explain where it
should go and why.
Example:
215.2 x 3.2 = 68.864
2. Five students ordered buko pie and the total cost was P135.75. How much
did each student have to pay if they shared the cost equally?
Questions and Points to Ponder:
1. In multiplying rational numbers in decimal form, note the importance of
knowing where to place the decimal point in a product of two decimal
numbers. Do you notice a pattern?
2. In dividing rational numbers in decimal form, how do you determine where to
place the decimal point in the quotient?
Rules in Multiplying Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
1. Arrange the numbers in a vertical column.
2. Multiply the numbers, as if you are multiplying whole numbers.
3. Starting from the rightmost end of the product, move the decimal point to the left
the same number of places as the sum of the decimal places in the multiplicand and
the multiplier.
Rules in Dividing Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
1. If the divisor is a whole number, divide the dividend by the divisor applying the
rules of a whole number. The position of the decimal point is the same as that in the
dividend.
2. If the divisor is not a whole number, make the divisor a whole number by moving
the decimal point in the divisor to the rightmost end, making the number seem like a
whole number.
3. Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places as
the decimal point was moved to make the divisor a whole number.
4. Lastly divide the new dividend by the new divisor.
Exercises:
A. Perform the indicated operation
1. 3.5 2
2. 78 x 0.4
3. 9.6 x 13

6. 27.3 x 2.5
7. 9.7 x 4.1
8. 3.415 2.5

57

4. 3.24 0.5
5. 1.248 0.024

9. 53.61 x 1.02
10. 1948.324 5.96

B. Finds the numbers that when multiplied give the products shown.

1.

3.

x_______
10.6

2.

.
x _______
1 6 . 8

.
x______
2 1. 6

4.

5.

.
x___________
2 1 . 9 8

.
x _______
9 . 5

Summary
In this lesson, you learned to use the area model to illustrate multiplication
and division of rational numbers. You also learned the rules for multiplying and
dividing rational numbers in both the fraction and decimal forms. You solved
problems involving multiplication and division of rational numbers.

58

Lesson 9: Properties of the Operations on Rational Numbers

Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Operations on rational numbers
About the Lesson: The purpose of this lesson is to use properties of operations on
rational numbers when adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing rational
numbers.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to
1. Describe and illustrate the different properties of the operations on
rational numbers.
2. Apply the properties in performing operations on rational numbers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity

2
14

Pick a Pair

3
5
13
12

1
3

13
40

3
20

above,
pick the correct

From the box

rational number to be placed in the spaces
provided to make the equation true.

1.

6. (

___ =

2. ____ +
3.

)
(

7.

)=

8. 2 ___ 3 3

=0

9. (

4. 1 x ____ =

4 20

= _____

5.
(

+ ____ =

10.

) = ____
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the missing number in item 1?
2. How do you compare the answers in items 1 and 2
3. What about item 3? What is the missing number?
4. In item 4, what number did you multiply with 1 to get

59

5. What number should be added to in item 5 to get the same

number?
6. What is the missing number in items 6 and 7?
7. What can you say about the grouping in items 6 and 7?
8. What do you think are the answers in items 8 and 9?
9. What operation did you apply in item 10?
Problem:
Consider the given expressions:
a.
b.

* Are the two expressions equal? If yes, state the property illustrated.
PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS (ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION)
1. CLOSURE PROPERTY: For any two rational numbers.
and product
For example:

is also rational.

= (

a.

, their sum

b.
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY: For any two rational numbers
i.

ii.

where a, b, c and d are integers and b and d are not equal to zero.
For example:
a.
b.
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY: For any three rational numbers
i.

ii.

60

where a, b, c, d, e and f are integers and b, d and f are not equal to zero.
For example:
(

a.

b.

4. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY of multiplication over addition for rational

numbers.
(
)
(
)
If
are any rational numbers, then
(

)
For example:

5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY of multiplication over subtraction for rational

numbers.
(
)
(
)
If
are any rational numbers, then
(

)
For example:

6. IDENTITY PROPERTY
Addition: Adding 0 to a number will not change the identity or value of that
number.
+ 0 =
For example:
Multiplication: Multiplying a number by 1 will not change the identity or value
of that number.

For example:
7. ZERO PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION: Any number multiplied by zero
equals 0, i. e.
For example:

61

II. Question to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in the opening activity.
1. What is the missing number in item1?
2. How do you compare the answers in items 1 and 2? The answer is the
same, the order of the numbers is not important.
3. What about item 3? What is the missing number? The missing number is
0. When you multiply a number with zero the product is zero.
4. In item 4, what number did you multiply with 1 to get ? When you
multiply a number by one the answer is the same.
5. What number should be added to in item 5 to get the same number? 0,
When you add zero to any number, the value of the number does not
change.
6. What do you think is the missing number in items 6 and 7?
7. What can you say about the grouping in items 6 and 7? The groupings
are different but they do not affect the sum.
8. What do you think are the answers in items 8 and 9? The answer is the
same in both items, .
9. What operation did you apply in item 10? The Distributive Property of
Multiplication over Addition
III. Exercises:
Do the following exercises. Write your answer in the spaces provided.
A. State the property that justifies each of the following statements.
1.
2. 1

3.

4.

(
(

5.
6. (

7.
8.
9.

=
(

62

10.
B. Find the value of N in each expression
1. N +
2. (

3. (

+(

)
)

4. 0 + N =
6. N

) = (

7.
8.

=N

Summary
This lesson is about the properties of operations on rational numbers. The
properties are useful because they simplify computations on rational numbers. These
properties are true under the operations addition and multiplication. Note that for the
Distributive Property of Multiplication over Subtraction, subtraction is considered part
of addition. Think of subtraction as the addition of a negative rational number.

63

Lesson 10: Principal Roots and Irrational Numbers

Time: 2 hours

Prerequisite Concepts: Set of rational numbers

About the Lesson:
This is an introductory lesson on irrational numbers, which may be daunting
to students at this level. The key is to introduce them by citing useful examples.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. describe and define irrational numbers;
2. describe principal roots and tell whether they are rational or irrational;
3. determine between what two integers the square root of a number is;
4. estimate the square root of a number to the nearest tenth;
5. illustrate and graph irrational numbers (square roots) on a number line with
and without appropriate technology.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activities
A. Take a look at the unusual wristwatch and answer the questions below.

1. Can you tell the time?

2. What time is shown in the wristwatch?
3. What do you get when you take the ? ? ?
4. How will you describe the result?
5. Can you take the exact value of
?
6. What value could you get?

Taking the square root of a number is like doing the reverse operation of squaring a
2
number. For example, both 7 and -7 are square roots of 49 since 7 49 and
72 49 . Integers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 and 36 are called perfect squares.
Rational numbers such as 0.16,

4
and 4.84 are also, perfect squares. Perfect
100

squares are numbers that have rational numbers as square roots. The square roots
of perfect squares are rational numbers while the square roots of numbers that are
not perfect squares are irrational numbers.

Any number that cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers is an

irrational number. The numbers 2 , , and the special number e are all irrational
numbers. Decimal numbers that are non-repeating and non-terminating are irrational
numbers.

64

B. Activity
Use the n
1.

button of a scientific calculator to find the following values:

64

2.

16

3.

4.

3125

5.

90
24

II. Questions to Ponder ( Post-Activity Discussions )

Let us answer the questions in the opening activity.

1. Can you tell the time? Yes
2. What time is it in the wristwatch? 10:07
3. What do you get when you take the ? ? ? ? 1, 2, 3, 4
4. How will you describe the result? They are all positive integers.
5. Can you take the exact value of
? No.
6. What value could you get? Since the number is not a perfect square you could
estimate the value to be between 121 and 144 , which is about 11.4.
Let us give the values asked for in Activity B. Using a scientific calculator, you
probably obtained the following:

1. 6 64 = 2
2. 4 16 Math Error, which means not defined
3. 3 90 = 4.481404747, which could mean non-terminating and non-repeating since
the calculator screen has a limited size
4. 5 3125 = -5
5. 24 = 4.898979486, which could mean non-terminating and non-repeating since
the calculator screen has a limited size
On Principal nth Roots
Any number, say a, whose nth power (n, a positive integer), is b is called the nth root
2
3
4
of b. Consider the following: 7 49 , 2 16 and 10 1000. This means
that -7 is a 2nd or square root of 49, 2 is a 4 th root of 16 and -10 is a 3rd or cube root
of -1000.

simply interested
nth root of a number; we are more

However, we are not

in any
th
concerned about the principal n root of a number. The principal nth root of a
positive number is the positive nth root. The principal nth root of a negative
number is the negative nth root if n is odd. If n is even and the number is
negative, the principal nth root is not defined. The notation for the principal nth
root of a number b is n b . In this expression, n is the index and b is the
radicand. The nth roots are also called radicals.

65

Classifying Principal nth Roots as Rational or Irrational Numbers

To determine whether a principal root is a rational or irrational number, determine if
the radicand is a perfect nth power or not. If it is, then the root is rational. Otherwise, it
is irrational.
Problem 1. Tell whether the principal root of each number is rational or irrational.
(a)

225

(b)

0.04

(c)

111

Answers:
a) 3 225 is irrational
0.04 = 0.2 is
rational

(b)
5
(c) 111 is irrational
(d)
= 100 is rational
4
(e) 625 = 5 is rational

(d)

(e)

625

If a principal root is irrational, the best you can do for now is to give an estimate of its
value. Estimating is very important for all principal roots that are not roots of perfect
nth powers.
Problem 2. The principal roots below are between two integers. Find the two closest
such integers.
(a)
(b) 3 101
(c)
Solution:
(a)

16 is a perfect integer square

and 4 is its principal square root. 25 is the next
perfect integer square and 5 is its principal square root. Therefore, is between 4
and 5.
(b)

101

64 is a perfect integer cube and 4 is its principal cube root. 125 is the next
perfect integer cube and 5 is its principal cube root. Therefore, 3 101 is between 4
and 5.
(c)

289 is a perfect integer square and 17 is its principal

square root. 324 is the
next perfect integer square and 18 is its principal square root. Therefore,
is
between 17 and 18.
Problem 3. Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
(a)

66

The principal root is between 6 and 7, principal roots of the two perfect
squares 36 and 49, respectively. Now, take the square of 6.5, midway between 6
2
and 7. Computing, 6.5 42.25 . Since 42.25 > 40 then
is closer to 6 than to
7. Now, compute for the squares of numbers between 6 and 6.5: 6.1 37.21,
2

6.22 38.44 , 6.32 39.69, and 6.42 40.96. Since 40 is close to 39.69 than to

40.96, is approximately 6.3.

(b)

The principal root is between 3 and 4, principal roots of the two perfect
squares 9 and 16, respectively. Now take the square of 3.5, midway between 3 and
2
4. Computing 3.5 12.25 . Since 12.25 > 12 then
is closer to 3 than to 4.
Compute for the squares of numbers between 3 and 3.5:

3.12 9.61,

3.22 10.24 , 3.32 10.89, and 3.42 11.56. Since 12 is closer to 12.25 than to

11.56,

(c)

is approximately 3.5.

The principal root

is between 13 and 14, principal roots of the two
perfect squares 169 and 196. The square of 13.5 is 182.25, which is greater than
2
175. Therefore,
is closer to 13 than to 14. Now: 13.1 171.61,

13.22 174.24 , 13.32 176.89 . Since 175 is closer to 174.24 than to 176.89
then,

is approximately 13.2.

Problem 4. Locate and plot each square root on a number line.

(a)
(b)

(c)

Solution: You may use a program like Geogebra to plot the square roots on a
number line.
(a)
This number is between 1 and 2, principal roots of 1 and 4. Since 3 is closer
to 4 than to 1, is closer to 2. Plot closer to 2.

(b)
This number is between 4 and 5, principal roots of 16 and 25. Since 21 is
closer to 25 than to 16, is closer to 5 than to 4. Plot closer to 5.

67

(c)
This number is between 9 and 10, principal roots of 81 and 100. Since 87 is
closer to 81, then is closer to 9 than to 10. Plot closer to 9.

III. Exercises
A. Tell whether the principal roots of each number is rational or irrational.
1.
2.
3.
4.

6.
7.
8.
9.

5.

10.

B. Between which two consecutive integers does the square root lie?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

C. Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth and plot on a number line.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

D. Which point on the number line below corresponds to which square root?
A
0

B
3

C
4

68

D
7

E
8

10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

______
______
______
______
______

Summary
In this lesson, you learned about irrational numbers and principal nth roots,
particularly square roots of numbers. You learned to find two consecutive integers
between which an irrational square root lies. You also learned how to estimate the
square roots of numbers to the nearest tenth and how to plot the estimated square
roots on a number line.

69

Lesson 11: The Absolute Value of a Number

Time: 1.5 hours

Prerequisite Concepts: Set of real numbers

About the Lesson:
This lesson explains why a distance between two points, even if represented
on a number line cannot be expressed as a negative number. Intuitively, the absolute
value of a number may be thought of as the non-negative value of a number. The
concept of absolute value is important to designate the magnitude of a measure such
as the temperature dropped by 23 (the absolute value) degrees. A similar concept is
applied to profit vs loss, income against expense, and so on.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to describe and illustrate
a. the absolute value of a number on a number line.
b. the distance of the number from 0.
Lesson Proper:
I.
Activity 1: THE METRO MANILA RAIL TRANSIT (MRT) TOUR
Suppose the MRT stations from Pasay City to Quezon City were on a straight
line and were 500 meters apart from each other.

70

North Avenue

Quezon Avenue

Kamuning

Araneta Center - Cubao

Santolan

Ortigas

Shaw Boulevard

Boni

Guadalupe

Buendia

Ayala

Magallanes

Taft Avenue

1. How far would the North Avenue station be from Taft Avenue?
2. What if Elaine took the MRT from North Avenue and got off at the last
station? How far would she have travelled?
3. Suppose both Archie and Angelica rode the MRT at Shaw Boulevard and the
former got off in Ayala while the latter in Kamuning. How far would each have
travelled from the starting point to their destinations?
4. What can you say about the directions and the distances travelled by Archie
and Angelica?
Activity 2: THE BICYCLE JOY RIDE OF ARCHIEL AND ANGELICA

Problem: Archie and Angelica were at Aloys house. Angelica rode her bicycle 3
miles west of Aloys house, and Archie rode his bicycle 3 miles east of
Aloys house. Who travelled a greater distance from Aloys house
Archie or Angelica?
Questions To Ponder:
1. What subsets of real numbers are used in the problem? Represent the trip of
Archie and Angelica to the house of Aloys using a number line.
2. What are opposite numbers on the number line? Give examples and show on
the number line.

71

3. What does it mean for the same distance travelled but in opposite directions?
How would you interpret using the numbers -3 and +3?
4. What can you say about the absolute value of opposite numbers say -5 and
+5?
5. How can we represent the absolute value of a number? What notation can
we use?
Important Terms to Remember
The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. Absolute Value of a number is the distance between that number
and zero on the number line.
2. Number Line is best described as a straight line which is extended
in both directions as illustrated by arrowheads. A number line consists
of three elements:
a. set of positive numbers, and is located to the right of zero.
b. set of negative numbers, and is located to the left of zero; and
c. Zero.
Notations and Symbols
The absolute value of a number is denoted by two bars .
Let's look at the number line:

The absolute value of a number, denoted "| |" is the distance of the number
from zero. This is why the absolute value of a number is never negative. In thinking
about the absolute value of a number, one only asks "how far?" not "in which
direction?" Therefore, the absolute value of 3 and of -3 is the same, which is 3
because both numbers have the same distance from zero.

Warning: The absolute-value notation is bars, not parentheses or brackets. Use the
proper notation; the other notations do not mean the same thing.
It is important to note that the absolute value bars do NOT work in the same way as
do parentheses. Whereas (3) = +3, this is NOT how it works for absolute value:
Problem: Simplify | 3 |.
Solution: Given | 3 |, first find the absolute value of 3.
| 3 | = (3)
Now take the negative of 3. Thus, :
| 3 | = (3) = 3
This illustrates that if you take the negative of the absolute value of a number, you
will get a negative number for your answer.
II. Questons to Ponder(Post-Activity Discussion)
Let us answer the questions posed in Activity 2.
1. What subsets of real numbers are used in the problem? Represent the
trip of Archie and Angelica to the house of Aloys using a number line.

72

The problem uses integers. Travelling 3 miles west can be represented by -3

(pronounced negative 3). Travelling 3 miles east can be represented by
+3 (pronounced positive 3). Aloys house can be represented by the
integer 0.

2. What are opposite numbers on the number line? Give examples and
show on the number line.
Two integers that are the same distance from zero in opposite directions are called
opposites. The integers +3 and -3 are opposites since they are each 3 units from
zero.

3. What does it mean for the same distance travelled but in opposite
directions? How would you interpret using the numbers -3 and +3?
The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero on the number
line. The absolute value of +3 is 3, and the absolute value of -3 is 3.

4. What can you say about the absolute value of opposite numbers say -5
and +5?
Opposite numbers have the same absolute values.

5. How can we represent the absolute value of a number? What notation

can we use?
The symbol is used for the absolute value of a number.
III. Exercises
Carry out the following tasks. Write your answers on the spaces provided for
each number.

1.

Find the absolute value of +3, -3, +7, -5, +9, -8, +4, -4. You may
refer to the number line below. What should you remember when we
talk about the absolute value of a number?

Solution: |+3| = 3

|+9| = 9

|-3| = 3

|-8| = 8

73

|+7| = 7

|+4| = 4

|-5| = 5

|-4| = 4

Remember that when we find the absolute value of a number, we are finding its
distance from 0 on the number line. Opposite numbers have the same absolute
value since they both have the same distance from 0. Also, you will notice that
taking the absolute value of a number automatically means taking the positive value
of that number.

2. Find the absolute value of: +11, -9,

14, -10, +17, -19, +20, -20.

You may extend the number line below to help you solve this
problem.

Solution: |+11| = 11

|+17| = 17

|-9| = 9

|-19| = 19

|+14| = 14

|+20| = 20

|-10| = 10

|-20| = 20

3. Use the number line below to find the value of N: |N| = 5.1

Solution: This problem asks us to find all numbers that are a distance of 5.1 units
from zero on the number line. We let N represent all integers that satisfy
this condition.
The number +5.1 is 5.1 units from zero on the number line, and the number
5.1 is also 5.1 units from zero on the number line. Thus both +5.1 and -5.1
satisfy the given condition.

4. When is the absolute value of a number equal to itself?

Solution:
When the value of the number is positive or zero.
5. Explain why the absolute value of a number is never negative. Give
an example that will support your answer.

74

Solution: Let N = -4. Think of a number that when you get the absolute value will
give you a negative answer. There will be no solution since the distance of
any number from 0 cannot be a negative quantity.
Enrichment Exercises:
A. Simplify the following.
1. 7.04
2. 0
3. - 29
4. -15 + 6
5. - 2 2 - - 3 2
B. Listat least two integers that can replace N such that.
1. N = 4
2. N
< 3
3. N > 5
4. N 9
5. 0<N < 3
C. Answer the following.
1. Insert the correct relation symbol(>, =, <): -7 ____ -4 .
2. If x - 7= 5, what are the possible values of x?
3. If x = , what are the possible values of x?
4. Evaluate the expression, x + y - y - x , if x = 4 and y = 7.
5. A submarine navigates at a depth of 50 meters below sea level while
exactly above it; an aircraft flies at an altitude of 185 meters. What is
the distance between the two carriers?
Summary:
In this lesson you learned about the absolute value of a number, that
it is a distance from zero on the number line denoted by the notation
|N|. This notation is used for the absolute value of an unknown
number that satisfies a given condition. You also learned that a
distance can never be a negative quantity and absolute value
pertains to the magnitude rather than the direction of a number.

75