Database Technologies - DAC 2105

Lecture 2

Database Architectures

By Miss Esha Ramtahal

Lesson Objectives

• Learn what is the 3 level ANSI-SPARC

Database architecture and the idea behind it

• Learn about the multi-user DBMS

architectures

• Learn about the major data models

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Content

• 3 level ANSI-SPARC Database architecture

• Multi-User DBMS Architecture
– Teleprocessing
– File-Server
– Client-Server
• Data Models
– Hierarchical
– Network
– Relational
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Introduction

• database = a shared resource

• a shared resource => different users
• different users => different views of the data

Example:
Database – ID, Name, DOB, Address, Tel, Salary
Manager – Name, Age, Tel, Annual Salary
Staff member – Name, Address, DOB, Salary

4
3-Level database architecture

• The architecture of most commercial

DBMSs is based on the ANSI-SPARC
architecture (1975).
– American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– Standards Planning and Requirements
Committee (SPARC)

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3-Level database architecture

• ANSI-SPARC model of a database

identifies three distinct levels at which data
items can be described:
– an external level,
– a conceptual level, and
– an internal level.

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Analogy – @ Dragon Restaurant

Veg Non-Veg Super

Menu Menu … Menu Hungry Customers

Serving Polite Waiter

Cooking Busy Chef, cook

Raw Vegetables,
Fridge
World Class Chef Fruits, Meat, Fish…
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Thought Exercise

• What is the importance of the 3 level DB Architecture?

User 1 User 2 Menu @ Dragon Restaurant

External level Hungry Client
View 1 View 2 …

Conceptual
Schema Polite Waiter
Conceptual level

Internal
Internal level Schema Busy Chef, cook

(Raw Vegetables, Fruits, Meat, Fish…)

Physical data organisation
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Database Fridge
3-Level database architecture

The objective is to separate each user’s

views of the database from the way it is
physically stored.

– Independent customised user views…

– hide the physical storage details for users…
– Enable changes to the physical aspects of the storage…
– Enable changes to the conceptual structure…

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Analogy – @ Dragon Restaurant

Menu 1 Menu 2 Menu 3

Client/Waiter Menu/Serving independence

Serving

Waiter/Chef Serving/Cooking
independence

Cooking

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3-Level database architecture

External External External

Schema Schema Schema

External/Conceptual Logical data independence

mapping

Conceptual
Schema

Conceptual/Internal Physical data independence

mapping

Internal
Schema

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Multi-User DBMS Architecture

• Teleprocessing
• File-Server
• Client-Server

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Teleprocessing

• 1 Computer with central processing unit

• N Terminals
Application
programs
& DBMS
• Disadvantage:
Huge burden on the central computer

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File-Server

Workstation 3:
Workstation 2:
App Prgs.
App Prgs.
& DBMS
& DBMS
Workstation 1:
App Prgs.
& DBMS

Requests Files returned

for data

Database
File-server 15
File-Server

• Disadvantages:

– Large amount of network traffic

– Copy of DBMS required on each workstation
– Concurrency, recovery, and integrity control
are more complex

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Client-Server

Client 3:
Client 2:
App Prgs.
App Prgs.

Client 1:
App Prgs.

Requests Data returned

for data

Database
Server 17
(with DBMS)
Client-Server

• Advantages:

– Reduced network traffic

– Hardware cost may be reduced
– Increased consistency

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Data Model

An integrated collection of concepts for

describing and manipulating:
1. data,
2. relationships between data, and
3. constraints on data
in an organisation.

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Components of a Data Model

• Structural part
+
• Manipulative part = Data Model
+
• Set of integrity rules

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Major types of Data Model

• Hierarchical data model

• Network data model

• Relational data model

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 Hierarchical data model

Library
Collection
E.g. collection of books at the library

Database

Each entry has a parent

node
Author Author
Xx Yy
Root
Book 1o Book 2o Book 3o A parent may have
several child nodes
Parent-child
Software

Author
Xx
Author
Zz relationships
Book o1 Book o2 Book o3

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Hierarchical data model

Advantages: Disadvantages:

 Conceptual simplicity If a link is broken, the entire

branch is lost

 Efficiency Considerable redundancy

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Network data model

BSc Information BSc Business

Technolgy Informatics
Courses E.g. CDAC/UOM
IT Department

Software Eng Maths Introduction to

Modules IT

Mr. Soft Mr. Ware Mr. Software

Lecturers

More than one parent per child

Thus a node may be reached through more than one path.
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Network data model

Advantages: Disadvantages:

 Reduced data redundancy Complicated to build and

maintain

 Data access flexibility User and programmer must

be familiar with the data
structure

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Relational Model

• The relational model for database

management is a database model
based on first order predicate logic,
first formulated and proposed in 1969
by E.F.Codd.

» Next week

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Recap

• 3-Level database architecture

ANSI-SPARC
• Multi-user DBMS architecture:
– Teleprocessing
– File-Server
– Client-Server
• Data Models:
– Hierarchical
– Network
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