EASY WAYS IN MATHEMATICS

GATE ACADEMY
THALAYOLAPARAMBU

AVERAGE

AVERAGE
Average is one of the important topics in
Quantitative Aptitude section.
Two or three independent questions
usually come from this topic in each test.
But its importance does not end here.
For solving ten to fifteen questions in
data interpretation requires thorough
knowledge in Average, Percentage, and
Ratio & Proportion.

AVERAGE
AVERAGE or more accurately an arithmetic
mean, in
crude terms, is the sum of n different data
divided by n
For Eg. If a batsman scores 35, 45 and 37 runs in
the first, second and third innings respectively,
then the average runs in three innings =
35+45+37 = 117 = 39

3
3
== runs.

Therefore, the two mostly used

formulae in average are:i. Average = Total of data
No. of data
and
ii. Total = Average x No. of data

Illustrative Question-1
1) The average of 100 numbers was calculated as
60. Later it was found out that while calculating
this average, 97 was taken in place of 47 by
mistake. Find out the correct average.
(a) 59.5 (b) 57.5 (c) 58.5 (d) 56.5 (e) None of these
Ans. (a) 59.5
Explanation: The difference between the actual
figure and taken figure is 97- 47 = +50.
So, we have to reduce it from the total ie., 100 x 60
= 6000 50 =5950 which when divided by 100
gives 59.50

AVERAGE
AVERAGE
i. To find the average of some figures; divide the sum total by the number
of figures.

Eg. The age of all members of a family is given below. Find out the
average age of a family member. 60, 55,25,20,15

Therefore, average age is 60+55+25+20+15 = 175 = 35

5
5
==
ii. If average age and number of members are given, the total of the age
can be arrived by multiplying the average age with number of
members.

Eg., The average age of a 12 member Cricket Team is 28. What

is the total age of these 12 members?

28 x 12 = 336

====
iii. The average age of 30 students in a class is 13. When the age of the
Teacher is reckoned, the average age increases by one. What is the
age of the Teacher?

The total age of the 30 students = 30 x 13 = 390

The age of 31 members including Teacher = 31 x 14 = 434

Therefore, the age of Teacher = 434 390 = 44

Short cut:
30 + 14 = 44

Short cut: 30 + 14 = 44
EXPLANATION
When the age of the Teacher is also considered,

the average age of 30 students increases

from 13 to 14.
That means, the teacher has donated 1 each
to 30 students from her age.
Along with the 30 students, we have to
include teacher to the total number and
becomes 30 + 1 = 31.
Teachers average age of 14 when added to
the age donated to 30 students, we get the
age of Teacher.
Thus, 30 + 14 = 44

Ex.No. iv. The average age of 20 students in a class is 10. When the age
of the Teacher is reckoned, the average age increases by two. What is
the age of the Teacher?

The total age of the 20 students = 20 x 10 = 200

The age of 21 members including Teacher = 21 x
12 = 252
Therefore, the age of Teacher = 252 200 = 52

Short cut

The contribution of age in the average of each

student is 2.
That means 2 x 20 = 40 years have been
contributed from the age of Teacher making
average age of students from 10 to 12. So 12
more age require for the teacher when she is
also included .

When average value is decreasing

Ex.No. V. The

average weight 30 passengers in a boat is 45

Kgs. When one more passenger is entered the boat the
average of the passengers, decreases by one. What is
the wt. of the new passenger?
The total wt. of the 30 passengers = 30 x 45 = 1350

The new Wt. of 31 passengers including the new

passenger = 44 x 31 = 1364
Therefore, the wt. of the new passenger = 1364 1350 = 14
Kgs

Short cut

As the average wt. is reduced by one, the new passenger

has taken over one Kg each from all passengers. So, he
got 30 Kgs and the average reduced by one to 44.
The new passenger should have the average wt. of 44
Kgs.
30 Kgs already contributed by 30 passengers.
The additional wt. required is thus 14 to make 44
Therefore, wt. of the new passenger is 44 - 30= 14

When average value is increasing

The average weight 30 passengers in a boat is 45 Kgs.
When one more passenger entered the boat the average
of the passengers, increases by two. What is the wt. of
the new passenger?

The total weight of the 30 passengers = 30 x 45 = 1350

The wt. of 31 members including new

passenger = 31 x 47 = 1457

Therefore, the wt. of new passenger = 1457 1350 = 107

==

Or
Or 60
60 ++ 47
47
=107
=107 Kgs
Kgs

Short cut : Wt. contributed to

30 passengers =60
+ new average 47 = 107

vii. The average weight of a class for 35 students is 47.5 kg. If

the weight of the teacher be included, the average rises by
500 gm. What is the weight of the teacher?
Ans: (a)60.5 (b) 48 (c) 66 (d) 65.5 (e) 67

Including the teacher, there are 36 persons

i.e., (35 students + 1 teacher)
And then, the average weight 47.5 kg + 500 gm.
= 48 kg.
Total weight for 36 persons = 48 X 36 =1728 kg.
Total weight for 35 persons = 47.5 X35=1662.5 kg
Weight of the teacher = 17281662.5 = 65.5 kg.
Short cut :
Wt. contributed to 35 students = 17.5 kg
+ new average 48 = 65.5 Kg

Ans: (d) 65.5

When average value is decreasing

Ex.No. Viii. The

average age of a group of 25 picnic group is 28

years. When one more person joined the group, the
average age of the group, decreases by one. What is
the age of the new person?
The total age of the 25 persons = 25 x 28 = 700

The new age. of 26 persons including the new one = 27 x

26 = 702
Therefore, the age of the new person = 702 700 = 2 years

Short cut

As the average age is reduced by one, the new person

has taken over one year each from all. So, he got 25
years and the average reduced by one to 27.
The new passenger should have the average age of 27
years.
25 years already contributed by 25 passengers.
The additional age required is thus 2 to make 27

Therefore, age of the new person is 27 25 =

2years

When average value is increasing due to substitution

Ex.No. ix. The average weight a team of 22 persons is 45 Kgs.
When one person of 50 Kg has gone and a new person joined
the team, the average wt. of the team members increases by
Kg. What is the wt. of the new member?
[ The wt. of new member = wt. of person replaced + no. of old team
members x difference in the average (diff. may be + or -)]
Detailed working: The total wt. of the 22 members = 22 x 45 = 990

The new Wt. of 22 after substituting the new member = 22 x 45

= 1001 kgs
The additional wt. contributed by the new member = 1001 990= 11
Kgs
Therefore, actual wt. of the new member = 50 + 11 = 61kgs
Short cut: i. 50 + 22 x = 61

Or ii. As the average wt. is increasing without increasing the

number of members, we can arrive the answer as under:
In order to increase Kg in the average of 22 members, 22x
kg ie., 11 kg must be added to the wt. of the member left.

Therefore, the wt. of the new passenger

is 50 + 11= 61

When average value is decreasing due to substitution

Ex.No. x. The

average age of a team of 40 students is 14years.

When one student of 16 years has gone and a new
student joined the team, the average age of the team
members decreases by years. What is the age of the
new member?
[ The age of new member = Age of person replaced + no. of
old team members x difference in the average (diff. may
be + or -)]
Detailed working: The total age of the 40 members = 40 x 16 =
640

The new age of 40 students after substituting the new

member = 40 x 15 = 630
The age decreased due to substituting the new member = 640
630= 10 Kgs
Therefore, actual age of the new member = 16 - 10 = 6years

Short cut
The age of the new member = 16 + 40 x
= 16 10 = 6 years

When average value is decreasing due to substitution

Ex.No.xi. The

average marks scored in Maths by a team of 5

students in a bench is 88. When one student who got
100 marks has gone and a new student joined the team,
the average marks of the team members decreases by
2. What is the mark in Maths scored by the new
student?
[ The marks of new member = Marks of person replaced + no.
of old team members x difference in the average (diff.
may be + or -)]
Detailed working: The total marks of the 5 studets = 88 x 5 =
440

The new marks of 5 students after substituting the new

member = 86 x 5 = 430
The marks decreased due to substituting the new member =
440 430= 10 marks
Therefore, actual marks of the new member = 100 - 10 = 90

Short cut
The marks of the new member = 100 + 5 x 2
= 100 10 = 90 marks

Finding the new Average due to substitution

Q.No.xii. The average age of 20 students in a class is 14
years. A 15 year old student leaves the class but a 13 year
old student gets admission in his place. What will be the
average age in years of the students in the class now?
(a) 14 (b) 13.9 (c) 24 (d) 30 (e) 18

Solution:
Total age 20 students in years: 20 x 14 = 280
years
The difference in age between the new
student and the old student =15-13=2
The new average will be 280-2 = 278 20 =
13.9 years
(b) 13.9
Ans: (b) 13.9

Finding the weight of substituted item

Q.No.xiii. The average weight of 9 Mangoes

increases by 20 grams if one of them
weighing 120 grams is replaced by another.
The weight of the new Mango is.
(a) 140 gm (b) 129 gm (c) 240 gm (d) 300 gm
(e) 180 gm
Ans. (d) 300 gm
Explanation:
120 + 9 x 20 = 300 gm

(xi) The average marks obtained by 120 students in an examination is 35.

If average marks of the passed students is 39 and that of the failed
students is 15, what will be the number of passed students?

Solution:
Let the number of passed candidates be x
Then the total marks = 120 x 35 = 39x + (120 x) x 15

Or 4200 = 39x + 1800-15x

Method of Allegation:
39
15

Or 24x = 2400

35

.. X = 100 .. The number of passed

students
20
4
ie., 20:4 = 5:1=120 x 5
Direct
Formula:
=100
Number of passed students = Total students (Total average failed average )
(passed : failed)

5+1

Passed average- failed average

and Number of failed students = Total students (Passed average-Total average)
Passed average- failed average
.. The number of passed students
= 120 (35- 15) = 2400 = 100
39-15
24

Qn.xii. A goods train in five successive minutes from the start runs 68 m 127 m
208 m 312 m 535 m and for the next five minutes maintains an average speed of 33
km per hour. Find the whole distance covered and the average speed of the train
in km per hour.

[1km = 1000 m
1 hr = 60 minutes]
Average speed in the last 5 minutes = 33km/hour = 33000
m /60 minutes = 550 m/minute
Distance covered in the last 5 minutes = 550 X 5 minutes
=2750m
Distance covered in all the 10 minutes =
(2750+68+127+208+ 312 +535)m
= 4000 m (or 4 km.)
Average speed in 10 minutes = 4000 m / 10 minutes
= 400 m/minute
= 400X60 m/hour = 24000 m/hour
= 24km/hour

Qn.xiii: The average salary per head of all the workers of an institution is
Rs 60 . The average salary head of 12 officers is Rs 400. The average
salary per head of the rest is Rs. 56. Find the total number of workers in
the institution.
(a)1032 (b) 1033 (c) 1034 (d) 1035 (e) 1036

Let the total number of workers be x (1)

Total salary drawn = 60x
Salary of 12 officers = 12 X 400 = Rs. 4800
Salary of the rest = (x12) x 56
Hence, total salary of the workers (x12) 56 + 4800 (2)
Equating (1) and (2)
60x = 4800 + 56x672
= 60x-56x = 4800-672
= 4x = 4128
x = 4128 4 =1032
So, the total number of workers in the institution = 1032

Qn.xiv: On a journey across Mumbai a taxi averages 20 km p h for

70% of the distance, 25 km p h for 10 % of the distance and 8 km p
h for the remainder Find the average speed of the whole journey.

Let the distance be 100 km

Time taken for 70% journey at 20 km.p.h. = 70
20
= 3.5 hours
Time taken for 10% journey at 25 km.p.h. = 10/25 = 2/5
hours = 0.4 hours
Time taken for 20% journey at 8 km p h = 20/8 = 2.5 hours

Total time taken = 3.5 +0.4+2.5 = 6. 4hours

or (6 4/10 = 64/10 = 32/5)
Average speed =100
32
/5
= 100 X5
32

= 15.625 kmph.

xv. The average temperature from 9th to the 16th of a month,

both days inclusive, was 34.6 and 10th to the 17th it was
35.8. The temperature on the 9th was 30.5. What was it on
17th?
Average temperature from the 9th to 16th (i.e., in 8 days of a
month) is 34.6
Total temperature from the 9th to 16th (i.e., in 8 days of a
month) = 34.6X 8 = = 276.8
But the temp. on 9th is given to be 30.5
Total temperature, from 10th to 16th of a month = 276.8
30.5 =246.3
Now the average temperature from the 10th to 17th of a
month is 35.8
.. The total temperature from the 10th to 17th of a month =
35.8 X 8
= 286.4
The temperature on 17th will be = 286.4246.3 =, 40.1

xvi. For five of his examination subjects not including

English and History, a students average mark is 65. For
English and History, the marks are equal and when these are
included, his average mark is reduced to 61. Calculate his
mark for English.

Average marks for the 7 subjects = 61

.. Total marks for the 7 subjects = 61X7=427
Average marks for 5 subjects (other than English
and History) = 65
.. Total marks for the 5 subjects = 65X5=325
Total marks in English and History = 427325 =
102
Marks for English and History are given to be
equal
His marks in English = 1022 = 51.

xvii. A man spends on an average Rs. 169.47 for the first 7 months
and Rs. 181.05 for the next 5 months. Find his monthly salary if he
saves Rs. 308.46 during the whole year.

(a) 199 (b) 200 (c) 201 (d) 202 (e) 203
Average expenditure for the first 7 months = Rs. 169.47

.. Total expenditure in that period = Rs. 169.47 X 7

= Rs. 1186.29
Average expenditure for the next 5 months = Rs. 181.05
Total expenditure in the period = Rs.181.05 X.5 = Rs.905.25

His savings in the whole year = Rs.308.46

.. Total income for the whole year = 1186.29 +
905.25 + 308.46 = Rs.2400.
Average income for each month = Rs.2400 12 Rs. 200

i.e., His monthly income = Rs.200.

xviii. An establishment is permitted an average monthly contingency

expenditure of Rs. 500 per month during the financial year. When a trial
check was made at the end of the first nine months of the year it was
found that the average monthly contingency expenditure worked out to
be Rs. 511. What average monthly expenditure for the next three months
should be aimed at in order to attain the permissible average of Rs. 500
per month for the whole year? (a) 465 (b) 466 (c) 1401(d) 467 (e) 511

Average monthly contingency expenditure allotted for the whole

year = Rs. 500
..Total annual contingency expenditure = Rs. 500 x 12 = Rs.6000
Average monthly contingency expenditure during the first nine
months = Rs. 511
.. Total expenditure in the first nine months = Rs. 511 x 9
= Rs. 4599
As per allotment, amount left for the next three months= Rs.
(60004599) = Rs.1401
Average monthly contingency expenditure for the last 3 months
= Rs,1401 3 = Rs. 467

xix. The average of 11 numbers is 63, that of the first 6

numbers is 60 and that of the last 6 is 65. Which among the
following is the sixth number? (a) 65 (b) 63 (c) 60 (d) 67 (e) 57

Average for the first 6 numbers = 60

.. Total for the first 6 numbers = 60 X 6 = 360
Average for the last 6 numbers = 65
Total for the last 6 numbers = 65 X 6 = 390
Total for the above two (sixth number included
twice) = 360 + 390 = 750
Average for all the 11 numbers = 63
Total for all the 11 numbers = 63 X 11 = 693
The sixth number = 750693 = 57
Ans: (e) 57

Qn. XX.The average temperature for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and

Thursday is 60 and the average for Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and
Friday is 63. If the ratio of temperature for Monday and Friday be 21:25,
what is the temperature on Monday and Friday?
Ans: (a) 65,75 (b) 63,75 (c) 63,70 (d) 67,75 (e) 57, 36

The total temperature for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday

and Thursday = 60 X 4 = 240
The total temperature for Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday
and Friday = 63 X 4 = 252
Let the temperature of Monday and Friday be 21x and 25x
(Using the given ratio). Also keep the total temperature for
Tuesday Wednesday and Thursday as y
Then, we get 25x+y = 252 (1)

21x+ y = 240 (2)

Subtracting (2) from (1) = 4x = 12
..
x = 12/4 = 3
Temperature on Monday = 21x = 21 X 3 = 63
Temperature on Friday = 25x = 25 X 3 = 75 Ans: (b) 63,75

Qn:xxi. The average of 31 numbers is 31. When one number

is added, their combined average increases by 0.5. What is
the value of the new number? Ans: (a) 67 (b) 57 (c) 47 (d) 77 (e) 37

Including the new number, there are 32 numbers

Presently, the average = 31 + 0.5 = 31.5
Total of all the 32 numbers = 31.5 X 32 = 1008
Total of the first 31 numbers = 31 X 31 = 961
The new number = 1008961=47.
.. Ans: (c) 47
Short cut

The contribution of the new number to the average of each number is

0.5.
That means 0.5 x 31 = 15.5 have been contributed from the new
number making average of the numbers from 31 to 31.5. So 31.5 more
require for the number when it is also included .
Therefore, the value of of the new number is 31.5+15.5 = 47

Qn:xxii. A batsman has a certain average of runs for 16

innings. In the 17th innings, he makes a score of 85 runs,
thereby increasing his average by 3. What is the average after
the 17th innings? Ans: (a) 34 (b) 57 (c) 47 (d) 77 (e) 37

Let the average runs for 16 innings be x

Then the average runs after l7th innings is x + 3 .... (1)
Total runs for 16 innings = 16x
Total runs for 17 innings = 16x+ 85
Average runs for 17 innings = 16x + 85
17
..(2)
From(1) and (2), we get
x+3 = 16x + 85
17
17(x+3) = 16x + 85 = 17x + 51 = 16x + 85
17x 16x = 85-51 = x = 34
Average runs after 17th innings = 34 + 3 = 37 Ans: (e) 37

xxiii. The average height of 25 students of a class is 1m 40cm. Five new

entrants increase the average height to 1m 45 cm. Determine the average
height of the 5 new entrants. (1 metre = 100 cm)
Ans: (a) 3m40cm (b) 1m70 cm(c) 4m70cm (d) 7m70cm (e) 3m70cm

Including 5 new entrants the average height 1 m 45 cm =

145 cm
Total height of these 30 students = 145 X 30 = 4350 cm

Average height of 25 students = 140cm (1m 40 cm)

Total height of 25 students = 140 X 25 = 3500 cm

Total height of 5 new entrants = 43503500

= 850cm
Average height of 5 new entrants= 850 5
=170cm = 1m 70 cm

Ans:(b) 1m70 cm

24. The average age of a class was 15 years, when 5 boys whose average
age was 12 years, 6 months were admitted, the class average was
reduced by 6 months. How many boys were there?

Suppose there were x students in the beginning.

Their total age
= 15x
Total age of 5 new boys = (12 years) X 5
With the inclusion of 5 boys Average age = (15 years - 6
months) = l4years
Then the total age = 14 X (x-5)
From the problem
15x + (12) (5)
=
(14 )(x+5)
15x + (12) (5)
=
(14) x + (14)(5)
15x(14)x
=
5 (1412)
x
=
5 X 2 = 10
.. X
= 10 + 10 = 20
There were 20 students in the beginning.

25. The average age of 8 men is increased by 2 years, when

two of them, whose ages are 20 and 24 years are replaced
by two women. What is the average age of the women?
Let the average age of 8 men be X
Replaced by two women, average age of 8 persons = x+2
After replacing, the total age of 8 persons = 8 ( x+2)
The total age of 8 men = 8x
Total age of 6 men, after two men , whose ages are 20 and
24 years left = 8x (20+24)
= 8x 44
Total age of 2 women = 8(x + 2) (8x -44)
= 8x + 16 8x +44

= 60
.. Average age of 2 women = 60 2
= 30 years.

26. The average weight of a class for 35 students is 47.5 kg. If

the weight of the teacher be included, the average rises by
500 gm. What is the weight of the teacher?
Including the teacher, there are 36 persons (35 students + 1
teacher)
And then, the average weight 47.5 kg + 500 gm. = 48kg.
Total weight for 36 persons = 48 X 36 = 1728 kg.
Total weight for 35 persons = 47.5 X 35 = 1662.5 kg:
.. Weight of the teacher = 17281662.5
= 65.5 kg.
Short cut

The contribution of weight in the average of each

student is 500gm.

That means 35 x .5 = 17.5 Kg have been contributed

from the weight of the Teacher making average weight of
students from 47.5 to 48 Kg. So 48 more Kgs require for
the teacher when she is also included .

Therefore, age of the teacher is 48+17.5 = 65.5

27. Eleven persons contributed a certain sum. Nine of them gave Rs. 2 each and
the other two gave Rs. 2 and Rs. 2.50 more respectively than the average
subscription of all the eleven subscribers. What is the sum the two persons
subscribed?
Ans: (a) Rs.9.50 (b) 5.50 (c) 4.50 (d) 2.50 (e) 5.00

Solution:
Let Rs. x be the average expenditure of all the 11 people
Total contribution of 11 people - Rs. 11x
.(i)
The first nine persons together gave = Rs.9 X 2 =Rs.18

The tenth and the eleventh respectively spent = Rs. (x+2)

and Rs. (x+2.50)

All the 11 persons together spent = Rs. 18 + (x+2) + (x+2.50)

= Rs. (2x + 22.50)
.. (ii)
From (1) & (ii): 11 x = 2x+22.50
.. 11 x 2x = 22.50
= 9x = 22.50
.. X = 22.50 9 = 2.50

Subscriptions of the last two persons = Rs. (2.50 + 2) +

(2.50 + 2.50) = Rs. 9.50

28. Average of 13 numbers is 68, the average of 1st 7

numbers is 63 and the average of last 7 numbers is 70. Find
the 7th number. Ans: (a) 34 (b) 57 (c) 47 (d) 77 (e) 37

Solution:
Average of 13 numbers = 68
Total of 13 numbers = 13 X 68 = 884
Average of 1st 7 numbers = 63
Total of 1st 7 numbers = 7 X 63 = 441
Average of last 7 numbers = 70
Total of last 7 numbers = 7 X 70 = 490
Total of 1st 6 numbers = 884- 490 = 394
7th number = Total of 1st 7 numbers - Total of 1st 6
numbers
= 441 394 = 47

29. An officers pension on retirement of services is equal to half the

average monthly salary during the last 36 months of his service. His
salary from 1.1.2010 is Rs. 38000 per month with increments of Rs. 400 as
from 1.10.2010, 1.10.2011 and 1.10.2012. If he retires on 1.1.2013, how
much pension does he draw? (a) 34000 (b) 19000 (c) 19250 (d) 17700(e) NOTA

His income from 1-1-2010 to 30.9.2010 = Rs. 38000 X 9 =

Rs. 342000

His income from 1.10.2010 to 30.9.2011 = Rs. (38000 + 400) X 12

= 38400 x 12 = Rs. 460800
His income from 1.10.2011 to 30.9.2012 = Rs.(38400+400)X12
= 38800 X 12 = Rs. 465600
His income from 1.10.2012 to 31.12.2012 = Rs.(38800+400)X3
= Rs.117600
His income for the last 36 months Average monthly salary =
342000+ 460800 + 465600 + 117600 = 1386000
Average monthly salary = Rs. 1386000 36 = Rs. 38500

Pension amount = (Rs. 38500) = Rs. 19250

30. The average age of a class of 23 students is 15 years. A new student

joined the class and the average age increased by 6 months. Find the age
of the new student.

Total number of students including the new

student = 23 + 1 = 24
Average increase in the age of 24 students = 6 months =
year
Total increase in the age of 24 students = 24 X = l2years
.. The age of the new student = 15 + 12
= 27 years.

Or

The total age of the 23 students = 23 x 15 = 345

The age of 24 members including new student = 24 x 15

= 372

Therefore, the age of new student = 372 345 = 27 yrs

31. The total of the present ages of A, B, C and D is 96 years. What is Bs

present age? I. The average age of A, B and D is 20 years. II. The average
age of C and D is 25 years.

Give answer ;
(a) if the data in Statement I alone are sufficient to answer the question, while
the data in Statement II alone are not sufficient to answer the question; Give
answer (b) if the data in Statement II alone are sufficient to answer the
question, while the data in Statement I alone are not sufficient to answer the
question; Give answer (c) if the data either in Statement I or in Statement II
alone are sufficient to answer the question; Give answer (d) if the data even in
both Statements, I and II together are not sufficient to answer the question;
Give answer (e) if the data in both Statements I and II together are necessary to
answer the question.

I. Total age of A, B, C and D is 96

II. Statement I gives A+ B + D = 20 X 3 = 60years
III. Statement II gives C + D = 2 X 25 = 50years
. From I,II and III statemwents Bs age alone cannot be
determined.
. .. The the answer is d. = (d) if the data even in both
Statements, I and II together are not sufficient to answer
the question

Practice Questions
1) The average of 100 numbers was calculated as 60. Later it was found
out that while calculating this average, 97 was taken in place of 47 by
mistake. Find out the correct average.
(a) 59.5 (b) 57.5 (c) 58.5 (d) 56.5 (e) None of these
2) A and B got married 10 years ago. At the time of their marriage, the
average age of both persons was 25 years. Today they have 5 years old
son. What is the average age of the family?
(a) 3Oyr (b) 22yr (c) 25yr (d) 35 years (e) None of these
3) Average of 15 numbers is 20. If every number is multiplied by 3, find the
new average.
(a) 45 (b) 58 (c) 54 (d) 60 (e) None of these
4) The average age of 5 friends is 31 yr if the age of the 6 th friend is
added, their average age comes out to be 29 years. What is the age of
the 6th friend?
(a)31 (b)19 (c)23 d. (d) 17 (e) None of these
(5) The average marks obtained by 50 students is 24. If average marks of
the passed students is 30 and that of the failed students is 15, what
will be the number of failed students?
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 22 (d) 28 (e) None of these

Answer key
1. (a) = Diff =50 ie., contributed to 100 @
0.5kg each making the average 59.5
2. (c) = 25 +10 =35 x2 =70 +5 = 75/3 = 25
3. (d) = 20 x 3 =60
4. (b) = 5 friends gave @2 x5=10;
balance to make new average of 29-10
=19
5. (a)

Method of Allegation:
30
15
24

9
6
ie., 9:6 = 3:2=50 x2 =20
(passed : failed)

3+2

TIME &DISTANCE

FORMULAE
i. Speed = Distance
Time
ii. Time = Distance
Speed
iii. Distance = Speed x Time

iv. If the speed of a body is changed in the ratio

a:b, then the ratio of the time taken changes in
the ratio b:a
v. X km/hr = {x x 5 } m/sec
18
vi. X m/sec = {x x 18 } km/hr
5
Ex.No.1. Express a speed of 18 km/hr in meters per second.
Solution: 18 km/hr = 18 x 5 = 5 m/sec
18
Ex.No.2. Express 10m/sec in km/hr
Solution: 10 m/sec = 10 x 18 = 36 km/hr
5

Illustrative Ex.No. 3
Qn. X traveled 216 KMs in 8 hours by car. At
what speed was he driving?
Here X traveled 216 KMs taking 8 hours.
The distance travelled in one hour is the
speed in KM/Hr.
The formula to find out the speed is
Speed = Distance
Time

= 216
8

= 27 KMs

Illustrative Ex.No. 4
Qn. Vanchinad Express Train started from
Thiruvananthapuram is running at a speed of 80
KM per hour. If the distance between
Thiruvananthapuram Central and Piravom Road is
240 KMs, how much time it will take to reach
Piravom Road station?
Here the distance given is 240 KMs.
The speed is given; 80 KM/Hr
The formula to find out the time is
Time = Distance
Speed
.. Time = 240
80 = 3 hours

Illustrative Ex.No. 5
Qn. Abhilash is cycling at a speed of 8 KM per
hour. How much distance will he cover in 5 hours
and 30 minutes?
Here the time is 5 hrs and 30 minutes.
ie., 5 hours.
The speed is given; 8 KM/Hr
The formula to find out the distance is

Distance = Speed x Time

.. 8 x 5.5 = 44 KMs
Shortcut: distance covered in 1 hr = 8
So, in 5 hours, 5 x 8 = 40
In 1 hr 8KM covered; so in hour 4 KM.

.. 40+4 = 44

Average speed when the distance remain constant

and the first and second speeds varies
THEOREM: If a certain distance is covered at X km/hr
and the same distance is covered at Ykm/hr, then the
average speed in the whole journey is 2 XY km/hr
X+Y
Ex. No.6. A man covers a certain distance by car driving at 70
KM/hr and he returns back to the starting point riding on a
scooter at 55 km/hr . Find his average speed for the whole
journey.
Solution:
By the theorem, 2x70 x 55 = 61.6 km/hr

70 + 55
So, the average speed is 61.6 km/hr

Average Speed
Ex.No. 7. A man

travels in a car from A to B at a speed of 60

KMs per hour and returns to A at a speed of 40 KMs per
hour. In his entire travel, what was his average speed in
KM per hour?
[ The average speed per hour = 2 XY km/hr
X+Y
where x is the
speed in KM per hour of travel from A to B and y is the
speed in KM per hour of travel from B to A ]
Substituting :
2 x 60 x 40 = 4800 = 48
60 + 40
100
Calculating average speed when equal distance traveled
thrice
[ The average speed per hour when equal distance traveled
thrice at a speed of a, b and c KM/hr will be worked
out using the formula 3abc ab + bc + ca: where a is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from A to B and b is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from B to A and c is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from A to C]

Average Speed when equal distance traveled thrice at a

speed of a, b and c
Ex. No.8. A man travels in a car from A to B at a speed of 80
KMs per hour and returns to A at a speed of 60 KMs per
hour. Again he travels to B at a speed of 30 KM per hour.
In his entire travel, what was his average speed in KM
per hour?
[ The average speed per hour when equal distance traveled
thrice at a speed of a, b and c KM/hr will be worked
out using the formula 3abc ab + bc + ca: where a is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from A to B and b is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from B to A and c is
the speed in KM per hour of travel from A to C]
Substituting :
3abc
=
3 x 80 x60 x 30 =
432000
=
432000
ab +bc + ca
80 x 60 + 60 x 30 + 30 x 80
4800 +1800+2400
9000
= 432/9 = 48

To find the distance

Ex. No.9. A man travels a certain distance on a scooter from his house
and office. Having an average speed of 30 KMs per hour, he is late
by 10 minutes. However, with a speed of 40 KMs per hour, he
reaches his office 5 minutes earlier. What is the distance between
his house and office?
Solution:
Let the distance be x km.
Time taken to cover x KM at 30 KM/hr = x
30 hours
Time taken to cover x KM at 40 KM per hour = x
30 hours
Difference between the time taken = 15 min. = hr.
.. x - x = or 4x - 3x = 30 or x = 30. Hence, the distance = 30 KMs
30 40

Direct Formula:
Required distance = Product of 2 speeds x Difference
between arrival
Difference of 2 speeds
Thus, the required distance = 30 x 40 x 10 + 5 * = 30 kms
40-30
60

DISTANCE, SPEED & TIME

DISTANCE, SPEED & TIME

TRAINS
Qns of Trains is actually the same as Time & Distance
The only difference is that the length of the moving object
(Train) is also considered in this.

Some important things to be noted are:1. When the two trains are moving in opposite directions
their speed should be added to find the relative speed.
2. When the two trains are moving in the same direction
their the relative speed is the difference of their speeds.
3. When the train passes a Plat form it should travel the
length equal to the sum lengths of the train & Plat form
both.
4. Length of a telegraph post, signal post, a stationary man
or a lamp post or telephone post etc., shall be taken as 0.
5. To convert Km/hr in to meter/second multiply with 1000
60 x60 = 5/18
6. To convert meter/second in to Km/hr multiply with 60 x60
1000 =18/

Ex.No. i. How many seconds will a train of 100meters length running at

the rate of 36 KM an hour take to pass a telegraph post?

Solution:
In passing the post the train must travel its own length.
(The length of the Telegraph post is 0)
Now, 36 KM/Hr = 36 x 5 = 10 m/sec
18
.. The time required for the train to pass the post = 100
= 10 seconds
10

Ex.ii. How long does a train 110 m long running at the rate of 36 km/hr
take to cross the bridge 132 m in length?
Solution: In crossing the bridge the train must travel its own length
plus the length of the bridge.
Now, 36 KM/Hr = 36 x 5 = 10 m/sec
18
.. The time required for the train to cross the bridge= 110+132 = 24.2
10
seconds

Ex.No. iii. A Train of length 200 meters takes 6 seconds to pass a signal
post. If so, how much time it will take to pass a platform of 400 meters?

The length of the train = 200 m

(The length of the signal post is 0)
The length of the train + Plat form = 200 + 400 =
600 m
The time taken to pass 200m = 6 seconds

So time taken to cover 600m = 6 x 600

200
= 18 seconds
Or 600 is 3 times that of 200
To pass 200 m, train takes 6 seconds
Hence, to cover 600 m, 3 x 6 = 18 seconds

To convert Km/hr in to meter/second multiply with 1000 60 x60 = 5/18

To convert meter/second in to Km/hr multiply with 60 x60 1000 =18/5

Ex.No. iv. A Train of length 250 meters while running at a

speed of 36 km per hour takes how much time to pass a
lamp post beside the track ?

The length of the train = 250 m

(The length of the Lamp post is 0)
36 KM / Hour = 36 x 5

18 =10m/sec
Train runs 10 ms in a second
Time taken to cover 250m = 250

10

= 25 seconds

So the train takes 25 seconds to pass a lamp post

beside the track.

Ex.No. v. A Train of length 150 meters is running at a speed of

54 km/hr. How much time it will take to tide over a bridge of
length 450 meters?

The length of the train = 150 m

The length of the train + length of bridge = 150 +
450 = 600 m
The time taken in m/sec. to cover the bridge at a
speed of 54 kms / hour = 54 x 5/18 = 54 x 5
18
= 15 seconds
So time taken to cover 600m = 600 15
= 40 seconds
The train will take 40 seconds to tide over a bridge of
length 450 meters.

Ex.No. vi. A Train of length 130 meters is running at a speed

of 40 km/hr. Another train of 90m length is running at a
speed of 32 km/hr in a parallel track in the opposite direction.
How much time will be taken by the trains to cross mutually?

The trains are running in opposite directions and

hence, the relative speed of the trains together =
40 + 32 = 72 km/hr.
The time taken in m/sec. at a speed of 72 kms /
hour = 72 x 5/18 = 72 x 5 = 4 x 5
18
= 20 m/ second
Distance to be traveled to cross each other
= 130 + 90 = 220 m
Time taken to cover 220m = 220 20
= 11 seconds
So, the trains will take 11 seconds to cross each other

Ex.No. vii. If the Trains in the earlier question are running in

the same direction, how much time will be taken by one train
to over take the other train?

When the trains are running in the same

direction, the relative speed of the trains
together will be = 40 - 32 = 8 km/hr only.
The time taken in m/sec. at a speed of 8 kms /
hour = 8 x15/18 = 8 x 5 = 4 x 5 = 20
18
9
9 m/second

So time taken to cover 130 + 90 = 220 m = 220x20

seconds 9
= 220x9 seconds = 99 seconds.
20
So, The train with a speed of 130 km/hr will take 99

Ex.No. viii. A Trains overtakes a person standing in the

platform in 4 seconds and a platform of length 100 meters in
14 seconds. Find out the length and speed of the train?

Here, in order to pass the plat form, the train should

run the distance of the platform + length of the train.
In order to pass the person standing in the plat form,
the train need to run the length of the train only for
which it takes 4 seconds.
Hence, the time taken to run 100ms length, plat form
alone, = 14 - 4 = 10 seconds
That means, in 10 seconds the train runs 100 m
So, the speed of the train in KM/hr will be 10 x 18
5
= 36 km/hr.
The train runs 10 m in one sec. Hence, in 4 seconds it
will run 40 m. The length of the train is, thus, 40m.

Ex.No. ix. A Train of length 250 meters is running at a speed

of 40 km/hr. A person is running at a speed of 4 km/hr in the
same direction. How much time will be taken by the train to
cross him?

The length of the train = 250 m

(The length of the person running is taken as 0)
When the train and the man are running in the same
direction, the relative speed together will be =
40 - 4 = 36 km/hr only.
The distance the train to run for overtaking the
running man = 250 + 0 = 250
The time taken in m/sec. at a speed of 36 kms /
hour = 36 x5/18 = 36 x 5 = 2 x 5 = 10
18
ie.,10 m/second
So time taken to cover 250 m = 250 10 = 25seconds

Ex.No. x. If the man in the earlier question is running in the

opposite direction of the train, how much time will be taken
by the train to over take the man?

The train and the man are running in opposite directions

and hence, the relative speed of the train and man
together = 40 + 4 = 44 km/hr.

The time taken in m/sec. at a speed of 44 kms / hour = 44

x 5/18 = 44 x 5 m/ second

18

Distance to be traveled to cross each other = 250 + 0 =

250 m

Time taken to cover 250m = 250 44 x 5 m/sec

18
= 250 x 18
44 x 5
= 20 5 m/ second
11

So, the trains will take 20 and 5/11 seconds to cross the man.

Ex.No. xi. A passenger sitting in a train which is running at a speed of 60 km/hr

observes that another train running in the opposite direction is passing him in 6
seconds. The train running to the opposite direction has length of 120m. If so,
what is speed of the train?

The train running in opposite direction has 120m length

and it crosses the train in which the man is sitting in 6
seconds.
Therefore, the relative speed = 120
6 = 20 m/second
ie., when we convert the speed in to km/hr = 20 x 18
5
= 72 km/hr which is the sum total of the speeds of both
the trains.
Speed of the first train is given ie., = 60 km/hr

Hence, the Speed of the second train is = 72 60

km/hr
= 12 km/hr

Ex.No. xii. A Train running at a speed of 40 km/hr takes one

minute to overtake another train which is running in the
same direction in another track at a speed of 22 km/hr. The
length of the first train is 150m. What is the length of the
second train?

The length of the first train = 150 m

The trains are running in the same direction, the
proportionate speed together will be = 40 - 22 =
18 km/hr only.
The time taken in m/sec. at a speed of 18 kms /
hour = 18 x5 = 5 m/second
18
ie., in one second gains 5m
The distance the train runs in one minute = 5 x60
= 300 m
So the length of the second train = 300-150
=150 m

TIME &

WORK

TIME AND WORK

Work and Time is an important area in all
competitive examinations including Bank.
There are traditional methods of answering
such questions.
But overall time management becomes
difficult.
It is possible to arrive at the correct
answers of the problems in work and time
very quickly through short cut methods.
Let us now start with a basic and all-in-one
formula.

TIME AND WORK

If M1 persons can do W1 works in D1 days and M2 persons
can do W2 work in D2 days, then we have a general
formula in the relationship of M1D1W2 = M2D2W1

The above relationship can be taken as a very

basic and all-in-one formula.

We also derive:
i). More men less days and conversely more days less men
ii) More men more work and conversely more work more men
iii). More days more work and conversely more work more
days
If we include the working hours (say T1 and T2) for the two
groups, then the relationship is M1D1 T1 W2 = M2D2 T2 W1
Again, if efficiency (say E1 and E2) of the persons in the two
groups is different, then the relationship is
M1D1 T1 E1 W2 = M2D2 T2 E2 W1

Ex.No.1. A can do a piece of work in 5 days. How many days will he take
to complete 3 works of the same type?

Solution:

We recall the formula more work more

days
It simply means that we will get the answer by
multiplication.
Thus, our answer = 5 x 3 = 15 days.
This is the very simple way of solving the question,
but you should know how the very basic and allin-one formula can be used in this question.

Recall the basic formula : M1D1 W2 = M2D2 W1

As A is the only person to do the work in both the

cases, M1 = M2 = 1 (So useless to carry it)
Substituting; D1 = 5 days, W1 = 1, D2=? And W2 =3
Putting the values in the formula we have ; 5 x 3 = D2 x 1

Ex.No.2. 16 men can do a piece of work in 10 days. How

many men are needed to complete the works in 40 days?
Solution:

We recall the formula more days less men

It simply means that to do a work in 10 days, 16
men are needed.

Thus, to do the work in one day, 16 x 10 men are needed.

So, to do the work in 40 days, 16 x 10 = 4 men

are needed.
40
We should know how the basic formula works here:

Recall the basic formula : M1D1 W2 = M2D2 W1

M1 = 16, D1 = 10, W1 = 1, and M2 = 7, D2= 40, W2 =1

Substituting; M1D1 W2 = M2D2 W1,we get;16 x 10 = M2 x 40
Or M2 = 16 x 10 = 4 men are needed.
40

THEOREM: If A can do a piece of work in X days and

B can do it in Y days, then A and B working together
will do the same work in
XY days.
X+Y

Ex. No.3.
Qn. A can do a piece of work in 5 days and B
can do it in 6 days. How long will they take if
both work together?
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B can do the work in 5 x 6 days

5+

6
= 30 = 2 8 days
11

11

Or A can do 1/5 work in a day and B can do 1/6 work in a day.

So, A and B together can do 1/5 + 1/6 work in a day. Therefore A and
B can do the work in 1
days = 30 = 2 5

Ex. No.4. A can do a piece of work in 12 days and B can do it

in 20 days. How long will they take if both work together?
THEOREM: If A can do a piece of work in X days and
B can do it in Y days, then A and B working together
will do the same work in
XY days.
X+Y
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B can do the work in 12 x 20
days

12 +
20

= 240 = 15 = 7.5 days

32
2
Or A can do 1/12 work in a day and B can do 1/20work in a
day.
So, A and B together can do 1/12 + 1/20 work in a day.
Therefore A and B can do the work in 1
days =
240 = 7. 5 days

Ex. No.5. P can do a piece of work in 6 days and Q can do it

in 18 days. How many days will they take to complete the
work if both work together?
THEOREM: If A can do a piece of work in X days and
B can do it in Y days, then A and B working together
will do the same work in
XY days.
X+Y
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B can do the work in 6 x 18 days

6
+18

= 6 x 18 = 9 = 4.5 days
24
2
Or A can do 1/6 work in a day and B can do 1/18work in a
day.
So, A and B together can do 1/6+ 1/18 work in a day.
Therefore A and B can do the work in 1
days =

Ex. No.6. Raju can do a piece of work in 20days and Sajeev

can do it in 30 days. How many days will they take to
complete the work if both work together?
(1) 6 days (2) 9 days(3) 12 days (4) 14 days (5) None of these
THEOREM: If A can do a piece of work in X days and
B can do it in Y days, then A and B working together
will do the same work in
XY days.
X+Y
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B can do the work in 20 x 30
days

20
+30

= 20 x 30 = 600 = 12 days
50
50

Hence, Ans.(3)

Or Raju can do 1/20 work in a day and Sajeev can do

1/30work in a day.
So, A and B together can do 1/20+ 1/30 work in a day.

THEOREM: If A, B and C can do a piece of work in X,

Y and Z days respectively, then all of them working
together will do the same work in
XYZ days.
XY + YZ + XZ

Ex. No.7.
Qn. A can do a piece of work in 5 days and B
can do it in 6 days. If C who can do the work
in 12 days joins them, how long will they
take to complete the work together?
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B+C can do the work in
5 x 6 x 12
days
5x6 + 6x12 + 5x12

= 360 = 2 2
162

days

Ex. No.8. Kelan takes 9 days to plough a Paddy field, Velu takes 10
days and Muthu can do it in 15 days. How many days will they take to
complete the work if all of them work together?

THEOREM: If A, B and C can do a piece of work in X,

Y and Z days respectively, then all of them working
together will do the same work in
XYZ days.
XY + YZ + XZ

Solution:
By the theorem, A + B+C can do the
work in
9x 10 x 15
days

9x10 + 10x15 + 15x9

= 18 = 3 3 days
5

Ex. No.9. Deepa can do a piece of work in 10 days and Indu can do it in 15
days and Nandu will do it in 30 days. How many days will they take to
complete the work if all of them work together?

THEOREM: If A, B and C can do a piece of work in X,

Y and Z days respectively, then all of them working
together will do the same work in
XYZ days.
XY + YZ + XZ
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B+C can do the work in
10 x 15 x 30
days
10x15 + 15x30 + 30x10

= 4500 = 5
900

days

Ex. No.10. Geetha can do a piece of work in 10 days and Smitha can do it
in 12 days and Suma will do it in 15 days. How many days will they take to
complete the work if all of them work together?

THEOREM: If A, B and C can do a piece of work in X,

Y and Z days respectively, then all of them working
together will do the same work in
XYZ days.
XY + YZ + XZ
Solution:
By the theorem, A + B+C can do the work in
10 x 12 x 15
days
10x12 + 12x15 + 15x10

= 10x12x15 = 4
450

days

Practice Questions
1. Mohan can do a piece of work in 10 days and
Ramesh can do it in 12 days. How many days will
they take to complete the work if both work
together?
2. In the above question if Suresh who can do the
work in 15 days joins them, how long will they
take to complete the work together?
3. Mohan can do a piece of work in 20 days and
Sohan can do it in 30 days. How long would they
take to complete the it, if both work together?
4. Raju, Rinku and Ram can do a work in 6, 12 and
24 days respectively. In what time will they do it
working together?
5. A can do a work in 7 days. If A does twice as
much work as B in a given time, find how long A
and B would take to do the work together.

THEOREM: If A and B can do a piece of work in X days

and A alone can do it in y days, then B alone can do the
same work in
XY days
Y-X

Ex. No.1.
Qn. Kamala and Vimala can do a piece of
work in 6 days. Kamala alone can do it in 9
days. In how many days can Vimala alone
do the work?
Solution:
By the theorem, Vimala alone can do the work in
6 x 9 days

9-6

= 54 = 18 days
3

Ex. No.2. A and B can do a piece of work in12 days, B and C in 15 days,
C and A in 20 days. How long would each take separately to do the same
work?

Solution:
By the theorem, 2(A + B+C) can do the work in
12 x 15 x 20
= 5 days
12x15 + 15x20 + 20x12
= 3600 = 5 days
720

Therefore, (A + B+C) can do the work in 2 x 5 = 10

days. (less men more days )
Now, A alone can do the work in 10 x 15 = 30 days
[As A= (A + B+C)- ( B+C)]
15 -10
B alone can do the work in 10 x 20 = 20 days
[As B= (A + B+C)- ( A+C)] 20 -10
C alone can do the work in
10 x 12 = 60 days
[As c= (A + B+C)- ( A+B)]
12 -10

Ex. No.2. Suresh and Ganesh can do a piece of work in 10 days,

Ganesh and Sreenadh in 12 days, Sreenadh and Jagadeesh in 15 days.
Then, number of days required to do the same work if they worked
together?
(1) 6 days (2) 9 days(3) 12 days (4) 8 days (5) None of these

Solution:
By the theorem, 2(A + B+C) can do the work in
2x10 x 12 x 15
10x12 + 12x15 + 15x10
= 2x10 x 12 x 15
450
= 3600 = 8 days
450

Therefore, (A + B+C) can do the work in 8 days.

(more men less days )
Hence, the answer is : (4) 8 days

Ex. No.3. A and B takes 6 days to construct a wall . A alone can do it in

9 days. How long would B take separately to do the same work?

Solution:

THEOREM: If A and B can do a piece of work in X days and A alone can do it in

y days, then B alone can do the same work in XY days
Y- X

6 x 9 = 54
9-6
3

= 18 days

= 3600 = 5 days
720
Ex. No.4. Mohammed and Mathew together does a work in 6 days.
Mohammed alone can do it in 10 days. How long would Mathew take
separately to do the same work?
t =

XY days

6 x 10 = 60
10 - 6
4 = 15 days

Y- X

Ex. No.5. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 12 days, A and B together

takes 16 days. If so, How long would C alone take to do the same
work?
XY days
Y- X

12 x 16 = 192
16 - 12
4 = 48 days

Ex. No.6. Raman can do a piece of work in 6 days. Krishnan needs 12

days to do the same work. The work done jointly by these two in a day
will be done by Govind alone in a day. Then, how long would be taken
to do the same work jointly by Krishnan and Govind?

Solution:
THEOREM: If A and B can do a piece of work
in X days and A alone can do it in y days,
then B alone can do the same work in XY days
Y- X
To do the work Raman & Krishnan together
takes
t

6 x 12 = 72
6 + 12
18 =4 days ie., Govind alone can do
it in 4 days.
Then, if Krishnan and Govind together does
that work they will take

Ex. No.7. If 3 men or 4 woman can reap a field in 43 days, how many
days will 7 men and 5 woman take to reap the same field?

Solution: First

Method

Three men reap 1 of the field in a day

43
.. 1 man reaps
1
43 x3 of the field in a day
Four women reap 1 of the field in a day
43
.. 1 woman reaps
1
43 x4 of the field in a day
.. 7 men and 5 women will reap [ 7 + 1
] = 1 of the field in
a day
t
[ 43x3 43x4 ] 12
.. 7 men and 5 women will reap the whole field in 12days

Quicker Method:
[1
[7
[ 43x3

]
5]
43x4 ]

Required number of days =

= 43 x 3 x 4
= 12 days
7x4 + 5x3

Ex. No.8. If 12 men or 16 boys can reap a field in 5 days and 13 men and
24 boys can do it in 4 days, how long will 7 men and 10 boys take to reap
the same field?

Solution: 12 men and 16 boys can do the work in 5 days (1)

13 men and 24 boys can do the work in 4 days (2)
Now, it is easy to find that if the no. of workers is multiplied by any
number, the time must be divided by the same number. (derived from:
More workers less time )
Hence, multiplying the no. of workers in (1) and (2) by 5 and 4
respectively, we get;
5 (12 men + 16 boys ) can do work in 5 = 1 day
5
4 (13 men + 24 boys ) can do work in 4 = 1 day
4
t
Or, 5(12m+16b) = 4(13m + 24b)
Or, 60m+80b = 52m + 96b
Or, 60m-52 m= 96b-80b
Or, 8m = 16b
.. 1 man = 2 boys
Thus,..

Ex. No.8
12 men + 16 boys = 24 boys + 16 boys
and
7 men + 10 boys = 14 boys + 10 boys
The question now becomes :
If 40 boys can do a work in 5 days how
long will 24 boys take to do it?
Now, the basic formula M1D1 W2 = M2D2 W1 , we
have

40 x 5 = 24 x D2
Or D2 = 40 x 5
24

=81
3 days
7 men and 10 boys will take 8 1

Ex. No.9. A can do a piece of work in 6 days. B needs 8 days to do the

same work. C takes as long as A and B would take working together.
Then, how long would be taken to do the same work jointly by B and C?

Solution:
(A + B) can do the work in 6 x 8 = 24
days

6+8

7
.. C takes 24 days to complete the work.
7
.. tB and C takes 24 x 8
7___
= 24 x 8 = 2 2
days
24 x 8
24 + 56
5

Ex.10. A is twice as good a workman as B. Together, they finish the work in 14

days. In how many days can it be done by each separately?

Solution:

Let B finish the work in 2x days. Since A is twice active

as B, A finish the work in x days. (A+B) finish the work in
2x2 = 14 days
3x
Or x = 21
.. A takes 21 days to complete the work and B finishes the
work in 21 x 2 = 42 days

Quicker Approach:
Twice + One time = Thrice active person does the
work in 14 days
Then one time active person B, will do it in 14 x 3 =
42 days.
.. Twice active person A will do it in 42 = 21 days
2

Ex.11. If A is thrice as fast as B, and is able to finish

a work in 60 days less than B. Find the time in
which they can do it working together?

Solution:
A is thrice as fast as B
This means if A does a work in one day, B
finish it in 3 days.
Hence, if the difference be 2 days, A does
the work in 1 day and B in 3 days
But the difference is 60 days.
.. A does the work in 30 days and B in 90
days.
(A + B) can do the work in 30 x90 = 45 = 22.5 days
30 +90

Ex. No.12. If 25 men can make a road in 35 days, then 7 men

can do the same work in?
(1) 100 days (2) 95 days(3) 120 days (4) 125 days (5) None of these

Solution:
Short cut
If M1 men do a work in D1 days and
M2 men can do a work in D2 days
then, M1D1 = M2D2
25 x 35 = 7 x D2 days
.. D2 = 25 x 35 = 125 days
7
Hence, Ans: (4) 125 days

Ex. No.13. Tajmahal was built by 20000 men working for 20

years. Then, how many men would have been required to
built it in 10 years?
(1) 10000 (2) 25000 (3) 30000 (4) 40000(5) None of these

Solution:
Short cut
If M1 men do a work in Y1 years and
M2 men can do a work in Y2 years
then, M1Y1 = M2Y2
20000 x 20 = M2 x 10
.. M2 = 20000 x 20
10
Hence, Ans: (4) 40000

40000 men

Ex. No.14. 10 men can finish a work in 21 days by working 8

hours daily. Then the number of days required to finish the
work by 16 men working 7 hours daily ?
(1) 15 days (2) 16 days(3) 20 days (4) 24 days (5) 25

Solution:
Short cut
If M1 men do a work in D1 days by working H1
hours daily and M2 men can do the same
work in D2 days by working H2 hours daily
then, M1D1H1= M2D2H2
= 10 x 8 x 21 = 16 x D2 x 7 days
.. D2 = 10 x8 x 21 = 15 days
16 x 7

Hence, Ans: (1) 155 days

Ex. No.15. 10 carpenters can make 14 tables in 21 days by

working 8 hours daily. Then the number of tables that can be
made by 8 carpenters in 15days by working 7 hours daily?
(1) 28 (2) 7 (3) 10 (4) 16 (5) 25

Solution:
Short cut

If M1 men do W1 work in D1 days by working

H1 hours daily and M2 men can do W2 work
in D2 days by working H2 hours daily then,
M1D1H1= M2D2H2
W1
W2
= 10 x 21 x 8 = 8 x 15 x 7
14
W2
.. W2 = 8 x15 x 7x14 = 7 tables
10 x 21 x 8
Hence, Ans: (2) 7 tables

Ex. No.16. 2 men or 4 women can do a work In 28 days. Then

4 men and 8 women together can finish the work in..?
(1) 28 (2) 7 (3) 10 (4) 16 (5) 25

Solution:
Short cut

If P men or Q women can finish a work in x

days, then M men and N women can finish the
work in, P Q x

PN + QM
= 2 x 4 x 28 = 2 x 4 x 28
2x8+4x4
16+16
.. 4 men and 8 women together can finish the work
in = 2x4 x 28 = 7 days
32
Hence, Ans: (2) 7 days

Ex. No.17. Gopu can do a work in 8 days, Suman can do it in

18 days. They together worked and finished a work. Their
remuneration should be divided in the ratio ?
(1) 1:2:3 (2) 3:4:7 (3) 10:11:12 (4) 9:6:4 (5) None of these

Solution:
Short cut

P can do a work in x days, Q in y days and R in

z days. If they worked together their
remuneration should be divided in the ratio ,
1: 1 : 1
x y z
= 1: 1: 1
LCM of 8,12,18
72
8 12 18
.. 72 x 1 : 72x 1 : 72x 1
8
12
18
= 9:6:4
Hence, Ans: (4) 9:6:4

Practice Questions
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

A and B can do a piece of work in 30 days and 40 days

respectively. They began the work together but A left
after some days and B finished the remaining work in 12
days. After how many days did A leave?
A certain number of men complete a piece of work in 60
days. If there were 8 men more, the work could be
finished in 10 days less. How many men were there
originally?
8 children and 12 men complete a piece of work in 9
days. If each child takes twice the time taken by a man to
finish the work, in how many days will 12 men finish the
same work?
2 men and 3 woman can finish a piece of work in 10 days,
while 4 men can do it in 10 days. In how time many days
will 3 men and 3 women working together finish it?
3 men and 4 boys do a work in 8 days while 4 men and 4
boys finish it in 6 days. 2 men and 4 boys will finish it in
.days?

Answer Key
1. By direct formula:

Required no. of days = 30 x 40 {40 - 12 } = 12 days

30 + 40 { 40
}

2. Let there be x men originally. Then 1 man will do the work in 60x days.
In the second case 1 man will do the work in (x + 8)50days
Now, 60x = 50 (x + 8).

..

X = 400 = 40 men.
10

3. If each child takes twice the time taken by a man, 8 children = 4 men.
.. 8 children + 4 men = 16 men do the work in 9 days.
.. 12 men finish the work in 9x16 = 12 days
12
4. 4 men do in 10 days. .. 2 men do in 20 days .. 3 women do in 10x20 = 20 days
20 10
And 3 men do it in 40 days .. 3 men + 3 women do it in 20x 40/3 = 20x40 = 8 days
3
20+ 40/3
100
5. 3 men + 4 boys do in 8 days .(1) 4 men + 4 boys do in 6 days .(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we have : 1 man does in 8x6 = 24 days .(3)
86
.. 3 men do the work in 24 = 8 days ..(4) From (1) and (4) we conclude that boys do
no work.
3
Hence, 2 men + 4 boys = 2 men only and do in 24 12days
2

PIPES & CISTERNS

PIPES AND CISTERNS

Pipes and cisterns problems are almost the same as those of
Time and Work problems.

The only difference with Pipes and cisterns problems is that there
are outlets as well as inlets.

Inlet: A pipe connected with a tank (or a cistern or reservoir) is

called an inlet, if it fills it.

Outlet: A pipe connected with a tank (or a cistern or reservoir) is

called an outlet, if it empties it.
i). If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then the part filled in 1 hour is 1
x
ii) If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then the part emptied in 1 hour is
1
y
iii). If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty a tank in
y hours, then the part filled in 1 hour, when both the pipes are
opened = [ 1 - 1]
[x y]
.. Time taken to fill the tank when both the pipes are opened = xy
y-x

PIPES AND CISTERNSFormulae

iv). If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can fill the same
tank in y hours, then the net part filled in 1 hour, when both the
pipes are opened = [ 1 + 1 ]
[x y]
.. Time taken to fill the tank when both the pipes are opened = xy
y+x
v). If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can fill the same
tank in y hours, but a third one empties the full tank in z hours, and
all of them are opened together, the net part filled in 1 hour
=[1+1-1]
[x y z]
.. Time taken to fill the tank when all the pipes are opened = xyz
yz+xz-xy
vi). A pipe can fill a tank in x hours. Due to a leak in the bottom it is filled
in y hours. If the tank is full, the time taken by the leak to empty the
tank = xy
y -x

Ex. No.1. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 36 hours and 45 hours
respectively. If both the pipes are opened simultaneously how much time
would be taken to fill the tank?

Solution:

That is;

Formula : XY hours
Y+ X

36 x 45 = 1620
36 +45
81 = 20 hours
Ex. No.2. A pipe can fill a tank in 15 hours. Due to a leak in the bottom it is
filled in 20 hours. If the tank is full, how much time the leak would
take to empty it?

Solution: Formula :

XY hrs
Y- X

t =

15 x 20 = 300
20 -15
5 = 60 hrs

Ex. No.3. A tap can fill the cistern in 8 hours and another can empty it in
16 hours. If both the taps are opened simultaneously how much time
will be taken to fill the cistern?
Formula : XY days
Y- X

8 x 16 = 128
16 - 8
8 = 16 hrs

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE-4
iv). A pipe can fill a tank in 20 hours while pipe B alone can fill the same
tank in 30 hours, but a third one empties the full tank in 40 hours. If all
the pipes are opened together, how much time will be needed to make
the tank full?

Solution:
Net part filled in 1 hour = [ 1 + 1 - 1 ] = [ 1 + 1
[x

z]

-1]
[ 20 30 40]

=7=
120.. The tank will be full 120/ = 17 1
Formula : xyz
7
7 hrs
yz+xz-xy
Or direct method by using formula:
.. Time taken to fill the tank when all the pipes are opened = xyz
yz+xz-xy =
20 x 30 x 40
30x40 +20x40-20x30 =
24000
= 24000 = 120/ = 17 1
1200 +800 - 600
1400
7
7 hrs

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE-5
v). Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 1 hour and 75
minutes respectively. There is also an outlet C. If all the
pipes are opened together, the tank becomes full in 50
minutes. How much time will be taken by C to empty the
full tank?
Solution:
Work done by C in 1 minute = [ 1 + 1 - 1 ] = [ 1 + 1 - 1 ]
[ 60 75 50 ]
=3 = 1
300
100

[ 20 30 40]

.. The C can empty the tank in 100 minutes

Or direct method by using formula:

Formula :

xyz
yz+xz-xy

60 x 75 x 50
75x50 +60x50- 60x75

=22500 = 100 min

2250

.. Time taken by C to empty the tank = 100 min.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE-6
vi). In what time would a cistern be filled by three pipes
whose diameters are 1 cm, 11/3cm, 2cm, running together,
when the largest alone will fill it in 61 minutes, the amount
of water flowing in by each pipe being proportional to the
square of its diameter?
Solution:
In 1 minute the pipe of 2 cm diameter fills 1 of the cistern
In 1 minute
In 1 minute

61
the pipe of 1 cm diameter fills 1 x 1 of the cistern
61 4
.(*)
the pipe of 11/3cm diameter fills 1 x 4 of the cistern
61 9

(**)

.. In 1 minute [ 1 + 1 + 4
]=1
[ 61 61 x 4 61 x 9] 36 of the cistern is filled.

.. The whole cistern is filled in 36 minutes

(*) Amount of water flowing is proportional to the square of the diameter
of the pipe. Since 2cm diameter fills 1/61 of the cistern, 1cm fills

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE-7
vii). There is a leak in the bottom of the cistern. When the
cistern is thoroughly repaired, it would filled in 3 hours.
It now takes an hour longer. If the cistern is full, how
long the would the leak take to empty the cistern?
Solution:
Required time = 3.5 x 4
4 3.5

= 28 hours

viii. A tank has a leak which would empty it in 8 hours. A tap

is turned on which admits 6 liters a minute into the tank. It
is now emptied in 12 hours. How many liters does the tank
hold?
Solution:
The filler tap can fill the tank in = 12 x 8
12 8

= 24 hours

.. The capacity of the tank = 24 x 60 x 6 = 8640 litres

Practice Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 10 hours and 15

hours respectively. Both together can fill it in
.hrs?
A tap can fill the cistern in 8 hours and another can
empty it in 16 hours. If both the taps are opened
simultaneously, the time in hours to fill the tank is..?
A pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another can
empty it in y hours. They can together fill it in (y>x)
..?
A cistern can be filled by 2 pipes A and B in 4 hours
and 6 hours respectively. When full, the tank can be
emptied by a third pipe C in 8 hours. If all the taps be
opened together, the cistern will be full in ..?
Two taps can separately fill a cistern in 10 minutes
and 15 minutes respectively and when the waste
pipe is open , they can together fill it in 18 minutes.
The waste pipe can empty the full cistern in
.minutes?

Answer Key
1. By direct formula:
A+B together will fill the tank in =10 x 15 = 6 hours
10 + 15
2. 8 x 16 = 16 hrs.
16- 8
3. xy = hours
y-x
4. A+B+C will fill the tank in
4x6x8
= 4 x 6 x 8 = 24 = 3 3/7 hours
6x8+4x84x6
56
7
5. Two pipes (fillers) fill the tank in 10 x 15 = 6min. .(1)
10 + 15
Two fillers + a leak will in 18 minutes (given) .(2)
.. The leak will empty the tank in from (1) and 18 x 6 = 9 min.
18 6

PROBLEM BASED ON AGES

PROBLEM BASED ON AGES

TO SOLVE PROBLEMS BASED ON AGES,
THE KNOWLEDGE OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
IS ESSENTIAL.
IS NEEDS SOME BASIC CONCEPTS.
HOWEVER, SOME SHORT CUT AND EASY
METHODS AS DESCRIBED HEREAFTER
WILL EASE YOUR DIFFICULTIES IN
SOLVING SUCH PROBLEMS.
LET US CONSIDER SOME QUESTIONS

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-1
The age of the father 3 years ago was 7 times the age of his
son. At present the fathers age is 5 times that of his son.
What are the age of the father and his son?
Solution:
Let the present age of son = x years
Then the present age of father is = 5x years
3 years ago , 7 (x -3) =5x-3
Or 7x 21 = 5x 3
Or 2x =18
.. X = 9 yrs ie., Sons age = 9 years
Fathers age = 9 x 5 = 45 years
Quicker Method
Theorem: t1 years earlier , the fathers age was x times that of his son. At
present the Fathers age is y times that of his son, then present age of son will
be t1 (x 1)
xy
and fathers age can also be worked out.
Sons age = 3 (7 1) = 18 = 9 years
.. Fathers age = 9 x 5 = 45 years
75
2

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-2
At present the age of the father 5 times that of the age of
his son. Three years hence, the fathers age would be 4
times that of his son. What are the present age of the
father and his son?
Solution:
Let the present age of son = x years
Then the present age of father is = 5x years
3 years hence , 4 (x +3) =5x+3
Or 4x + 12 = 5x + 3
Or x =9 years
.. X = 9 yrs ie., Sons age = 9 years. Fathers age = 9 x 5 = 45 years
Quicker Method
Theorem: The present age of the father is y times the age of his son. t 2
years hence, the Fathers age become z times the age of his son, then
present age of son will be (z 1) t2
y z
and fathers age can also be worked
out.
Sons age = (4 1) x 3 = 9 = 9 years
.. Fathers age = 9 x 5 = 45 years

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-3
Three years earlier the father was 7 times as old as his son.
Three years hence, the fathers age would be 4 times that
of his son. What are the present age of the father and his
son?
Solution:
Let the present age of son = x years
Then the present age of father is = y years
3 years earlier , 7 (x -3) =y-3 or 7x-y = 18(1)
3 years hence , 4 (x +3) =y+3
Or 4x + 12 = y+ 3
or 4x y = -9 .(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get x =9 years and y = 45 years
Quicker Method
Theorem: t1 years earlier the age of the father was x times the age of
his son. t2 years hence, the Fathers age become z times the age of his
son, then present age of son will be t2 (z 1) + t1 (x 1)
x z
and fathers age can also
be worked out.
Sons age = 3(4 1) +3(7-1) = 9 = 9 yrs .. Fathers age = 9 x 5 = 45 yrs

The above three types can be arranged

in the tabular form as follows

Fathers age
that of the age
of son

t1years
earlier
x times

Present

Sons age = t1(x 1)

xy

t2 years
hence
z times

y times

Sons age = (z 1) t2
y z

Sons age = t2 (z 1) + t1(x

xz

1)

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-4
The age of a man is 4 times that of his son. Five years
ago, the man was 4 times age as old as his son was at that
time. What is the present age of the man?
Solution:
Sons age = t (x 1)
By the table, we see that Formula 1 will be used.

xy

Sons age = 5(9 1) = 8 = 8 yrs

9 4
1
.. Fathers age = 4 x 8 = 32 yrs
Note : The relation between earlier and present
ages are given. So we look for the formula derived
from the two corresponding columns of the table.
That gives the formula (1)

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-5
After 5 years the age of a father will be thrice the age of
his son whereas five years ago, he was 7 times age as old
as his son was at that time. What are their present ages?
Solution:
By the table, Formula 3 will be used.
Sons age = t2 (z 1) + t1(x 1)
xz

Sons age = 5(7 1)+5(3-1) = 10 yrs

73
From the first relationship of ages, if F is the
age of the father, then F+5 = 3 (10+5)
.. Fathers present age = 3 x 15 = 45-5=40 yrs

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-6
10 years ago, Sitas mother was 4 times older than her
daughter. After 10 years, the mother will be twice older
than her daughter. What is the present age of Sita?
Solution:
By the table, Formula 3 will be used.
Sons age = t2 (z 1) + t1(x 1)
xz

Daughters age = 10(4 1)+10(2-1) = 20 yrs

42

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-7
The age of the father 5 years ago was 9 times the age of his
son. At present the fathers age is 4 times that of his son.
What is the age of the father and his son?
Solution:
Let the present age of son = x years
Then the present age of father is = 4x years
5 years ago , fathers age = 9 (x -5) =4x-5
Or 9x 45 = 4x 5
Or 5x =40
.. X =8 yrs ie., Sons age = 8 years
Fathers age = 8 x 4= 32 years
Quicker Method
Theorem: t1 years earlier , the fathers age was x times that of his son.
At present the Fathers age is y times that of his son, then present age of
son will be t1 (x 1)
xy
and fathers age can also be worked out.
Sons age = 5 (9 1) = 40 = 8 years
.. Fathers age = 8 x 4 = 32 years
94
5

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-8
The age of the grand father 4 years ago was 11 times the
age of his grand son. At present the grand fathers age is 7
times that of his grandson. What is the age of the
grandfather and his grandson?
Solution:
Let the present age of grandson = x years
Then the present age of grandfather is = 7x years
5 years ago , fathers age = 11(x -4) =7x-4
Or 11x 44 = 7x 4
Or 4x =40
.. X =10 yrs ie., grand Sons age = 10 years
Grand Fathers age = 10 x 7= 70 years
Quicker Method
Theorem: t1 years earlier , the grandfathers age was x times that of
grand son. At present the grand Fathers age is y times that of his son,
then present age of grandson will be
t1 (x 1)
xy
and grandfathers age can also be
worked out.

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-9
The sum of ages of a mother and her daughter is 50 years. Also 5 yrs
ago, mothers age was 7 times the age of her daughter. What are the
present age of the mother and daughter?

Solution:
Let the present age of daughter = x years
Then the present age of mother is = 50-x years
5 years ago , = 7(x -5) =50 - x-5 = 7x-35 =50-x-5
Or 8x = 50 5+35 =80
Or 8x =80 ie., x = 80/8 = 10 years
.. X =10 yrs ie., daughters age = 10 years
Sum of ages of mother and daughter = 50. .. Age of mother = 50-10=40yrs
Quicker Method
Formula: Total ages + No. of yrs ago (Times 1)
Times + 1
and mothers age can also be worked out.
Daughters age = 50 +5 (7 1) = 80 = 10 years
7+1
8
Sum of ages of mother and daughter = 50.
.. Mothers age = 50-10 = 40 yrs

ILLUSTRATIVE QUESTION-10
The sum of ages of a father and his daughter is 56 years. After 4 yrs
the fathers age will be 3 times the age of his daughter. What is the
present age of daughter?

Solution:
Let the present age of daughter = x years
Then the present age of father is = 56-x years
After 4 years = 3(x +4) =56 x+4 = 4x =56+4-12 = 48
Or 4x = 48
Or x = 48/4 = 12 years
.. X =12 yrs ie., daughters age = 12 years
Sum of ages of father and daughter = 56. .. Age of father = 56-12=44yrs
Quicker Method
Formula: Total ages - No. of yrs after (Times 1)
Times + 1
and fathers age can also be worked out.
Daughters age = 56 - 4 (3 1) = 48 = 12 years
3+1
4
Sum of ages of father and daughter = 56 yrs.

RATIO & PROPORTION

RATIO
The number of times one quantity contains in another quantity
of the same kind is called the ratio of the two quantities.
Clearly, the ratio of the two quantities is equivalent to the
fraction that one quantity is of the other.
Observe carefully that the two quantities must be of the same
kind.
There can be a Ratio between Rs.20 and 30, but there can be no
Ratio between Rs.20 and 30 Mangoes.
The Ratio 2 to 3 is written as 2:3 or 2/3
2 and 3 are called the terms of the ratio.
2 is the first term and 3 is the second term
The first term of a ratio is called the antecedent and the second
the consequent.
In the ratio 2:3, 2 is the antecedent and 3 is the consequent.
The literal meaning of antecedent is that which goes before
The word consequent literally means that which goes after.

RATIO
The Ratio between two concrete quantities of the same kind is
an abstract number.
Thus the ratio between Rs.5 and Rs.7 is 5:7
Since a fraction is not altered by multiplying or dividing both its
numerator and denominator by the same number, a ratio which
is also a fraction is not altered by multiplying or dividing both its
terms by the same number.
Thus 3:5 is same as 6:10 and 15:20 is the same as 3:4.
COMPOUND RATIO
The Ratios are compounded by multiplying together the
antecedent for a new and the consequent for a new consequent.
Example: Find the Ratio compounded of the following 4 ratios.
4:3, 9:13, 26:5 and 2:15
Solution: The require ratio = 4x9x26x2
= 16

3 x13 x5 x 15 25

RATIO
When t4:3 is compounded with itself the resulting Ratio is
42 : 32. It is called Duplicate Ratio of 4:3,
Similarly, 43: 33 is the Triplicate Ratio of 4:3.
4 :
3 is called Subduplicate Ratio of 4 : 3.
a1/3 : b1/3 is Subtriplicate Ratio of a and b.
INVERSE RATIO
If 2:3 be the given ratio, then : 1/3 or 3:2 is called its inverse or
reciprocal ratio.
If the antecedent = the consequent, the ratio is called the Ratio
of equality, such as 4 :3 .
Thus 3:5 is same as 6:10 and 15:20 is the same as 60:80
If the antecedent > the consequent, the ratio is called the Ratio
of greater inequality, such as 6:3 .
If the antecedent < the consequent, the ratio is called the Ratio
of less inequality, such as 3:4 .

Illustrative example-1
Divide 1458 in to two parts such that one may be to the other as
2:7.
Solution:
1st Part = 2 x 1458 = 2 x 1458 = 324
2+7
9
Similarly, 2nd part : 7 x 1458 = 7x 1458 = 1134
2+7
9

Illustrative example-2
Find three numbers in the ratio of 1: 2: 3 so that the sum of their square is
equal to 504.

Solution:
Let the numbers be x, 2x, 3x. Then we have,
X2 + (2x)2 + (3x)2 = 504 Or 14x2 = 504 .. X2 = 504/14 = 36
.. X = 36 = 6
Then ,2x = 12 and 3x = 18
Henc, the required numbers are 6,12 and 18

Illustrative example-3
A,B,C and D are four quantities of the same kind such that A:B=3:4,
B:C=8:9, C:D = 15:16. (i) Find the ratio A:D, (ii). Find A:B:C
and (iii) find A:B:C:D.

Solution:
(i)

A = 3 , B = 9 , C = 15
B
4 C
8 D 16

()

.. A = A x B x C = 3 x 8 x 15 = 5
D

9 16

A: D = 5 : 8
(ii) A:B = 3:4 = 6 : 8
..

B:C=8:9

.. A:B:C = 3:4 : 8
(iii) We put down the first ratio in its original form and change
the terms of the other ratios so as to make each

Illustrative example-3(iii)
(iii) We put down the first ratio in its original form and change
the terms of the other ratios so as to make each
antecedent equal to the preceding consequent.
A:B = 3:4 (1)
B:C = 8:9 (2)
= 1 : 9 (divided by 8)
8
= 4 : 9 x 4 (multiplied by 4) = 4 : 9
8
2 (2)i
C:D = 15 : 16 (3)
= 1 : 16 (divided by 15) = 9 : 15 x 9 {multiplied by 9} = 9 : 24 ....(3)i
15
2 15 2 {
2} 2 5

.. A:B:C:D = 3:4: 9 : 24 = 30 : 40 : 45 : 48
2

Illustrative example-4
A,B,C, D and E are five quantities of the same kind such that
A:B=1:2, B:C=3:4, C:D = 6:9 and D:E = 12:16. Find A:B:C:D:E.

Solution:
A:B = 1:2 = 3:6
B:C = 3:4 = 6:8
C:D = 6:9 = 8 : 12
D:E = 12 : 16

.. A:B:C:D:E = 3:6: 8 : 12 : 16
In this example, we moved from below, because it made the calculations
Theorem:
If the ratio between the first and the second
easier.

quantities is a:b and the ratio between the second and

third quantities is c:d, then the ratio among first, second
and third quantities is given by ac:bc:bd.
a : b
The above ratio can be
c
: d
diagrammatically
ac : bc : bd
represented as:

Qn.7.
A bag contains an equal number of one
rupee coin, 50 paise coins and 25 paise
coins. The total amount in the bag is Rs.35.
How many coins of each type are there in
the bag?
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 15 (e) 10
Ans. (a) 20
Explanation: Total value of coins = Rs.35
If coins 10 each the total value will be
=Rs.17.5
So, 20 each the total value will be =Rs.35

Q.No.8. A bag contains coins of Rs.1, 50 paise and.25 paise in the ratio
3:5:6. If there are 60 Rs.1 coins in the bag, what will be total amount in
the bag?

Solution:

Rs.1.00
Ps.50
ps
25
Ratio
3
5
6
So no. of coins 60
100
120
Value Rs.
60
50
30
Therefore, Total value is Rs. 60+50+30 = 140.00