SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL – 637

003 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CE 8395 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

UNIT- I
STRESS STRAIN DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
1. Define stress.
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the
same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting
force is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force
per unit area is called stress. Stress σ= Force/Area, P/A Unit N/mm2
2. Define strain
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of
dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change
in length to the original length of the body.
Strain = Change in length/Original length
e = ∂L/L
3. State Hooke’s law.
It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is
directly proportional to the strain.
E=σ/e
E= Stress / Strain, unit is N/mm2
Where,
E - Young‟s modulus
σ - Stress
e - Strain
4. Define shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional
plane of the body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part.
The stress induced is called shear stress and the corresponding strain is
known as shear strain.
5. Define Poisson’s ratio.
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to
the longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.
Poisson‟ ratio (µ or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
6. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus and Modulus of
Rigidity.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
Where, E – Young’s Modulus, K - Bulk Modulus, 1/m – Poisson’s ratio
7. Define strain energy
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the
body. The energy which is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is
known as strain energy.

8. Give the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Young’s

Modulus.
E = 3K (1-2ν)
Where, E – Young’s Modulus, K - Bulk Modulus, ν – Poisson’s ratio
9. What is compound bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials joined
together such that system is elongated or compressed in a single unit.
10. Define- elastic limit
Some external force is acting on the body, the body tends to
deformation. If the force is released from the body its regain to the original
position. This is called elastic limit
11. Define – Young’s modulus
The ratio of stress and strain is constant with in the elastic limit.
E = Stress/Strain
12. Define Bulk-modulus
The ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.
K = Direct stress/Volumetric strain
13. Define- lateral strain
The strain right angle to the direction of the applied load is called lateral
strain.
14. Define- longitudinal strain
When a body is subjected to axial load P, The length of the body is
increased. The axial deformation of the length of the body is called
longitudinal strain.
15. What is principle of super position?
The resultant deformation of the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the
deformation of the individual section. Such principle is called as principle of
super position
 16. Define- Rigidity modulus
The shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
N = Shear stress/Shear strain

UNIT II
TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM

1. Define beam?
BEAM is a structural member which is supported along the length and
subjected To external loads acting transversely (i.e) perpendicular to the
center line of the beam.
2. What is mean by transverse loading on beam?
If a load is acting on the beam which perpendicular to the central line of
it then it is called transverse loading.
3. What is Cantilever beam?
A beam one end free and the other end is fixed is called cantilever beam.
4. What is simply supported beam?
A beam supported or resting free on the support at its both ends.
5. What is mean by over hanging beam?
If one or both of the end portions are extended beyond the support then
it is called over hanging beam.
6. What is mean by concentrated loads?
A load which is acting at a point is called point load.
7. What is uniformly distributed load.
If a load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that rate of
loading „w‟ is uniform through out the length then it is called as udl.
8. Define point of contra flexure? In which beam it occurs?
Point at which BM changes to zero is point of contra flexure. It occurs in
overhanging beam.
9. What is mean by positive or sagging BM?
BM is said to positive if moment on left side of beam is clockwise or right
side of the beam is counter clockwise.
10. What is mean by negative or hogging BM?
BM is said to negative if moment on left side of beam is counterclockwise
or right side of the beam is clockwise.
11. Define shear force and bending moment?
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the forces
acting either side of beam. BM at any cross section is defined as
algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces which are placed either
side from that point.
12. When will bending moment is maximum?
BM will be maximum when shear force change its sign.
13. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam
of span ‘L’ subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span?
Max BM =wL2 /8

14. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of

maximum bending moment?
The bending moment is max. When SF is zero. Write SF equation at that
point and equating to zero we can find out the distances „x‟ from one
end .then find maximum bending moment at that point by taking all
moment on right or left hand side of beam.
15. What is shear force?
The algebraic sum of the vertical forces at any section of the beam to the
left or right of the section is called shear force.
16. What is shear force and bending moment diagram?
It shows the variation of the shear force and bending moment along the
length of the beam.
17. What are the types of beams?
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam
3. Fixed beam
4. Continuous beam
5. over hanging beam
18. What are the types of loads?
1. Concentrated load or point load
2. Uniform distributed load
3. Uniform varying load
19. In which point the bending moment is maximum?
When the shear force change of sign or the shear force is zero
20. Write the assumption in the theory of simple bending?
1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey
Hooke’s law.
3. The transverse section which was plane before bending remains plains
after bending also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about
the layer, above or below.
5. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
21. Write the theory of simple bending equation?
M/ I = F/Y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
F - Maximum stress induced
Y - Distance from the neutral axis
E – Young’s modulus R – Radius of curvature
 UNIT – III
TORSION
1. Define Torsion
When a pair of forces of equal magnitude but opposite directions acting
on body, it tends to twist the body. It is known as twisting moment or
torsion moment or simply as torque.
Torque is equal to the product of the force applied and the distance
between the point of application of the force and the axis of the shaft.
2. What are the assumptions made in Torsion equation
The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic and obeys
Hooke’s Law.
Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft
The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality
The shaft circular in section remains circular after loading
Strain and deformations are small.
3. Define polar modulus
It is the ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of the shaft. =
J/R polar moment of inertia = J Radius R
4. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
polar moment of inertia = J Radius R
J = D4 / 32
5. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid
circular shafts?
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow
shaft will be less compared to solid shaft.
6. Write torsion equation
T/J=Cθ/L=q/R
T-Torque, θ-angle of twist in radians
J- Polar moment of inertia
C-Modulus of rigidity
L- Length
q- Shear stress R- Radius
7. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a shaft
P=2NT/60
N-speed in rpm
T-torque
8. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by hollow shaft
T= (/16) (D4-d4)/d4
T-torque
q- Shear stress
D-outer diameter d- Inner diameter
9. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid
circular section
in diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’ in a solid shaft.
T=/16 D3 Where T-torque, q-Shear stress and D-diameter
10. Define tensional rigidity
Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called
torsional rigidity
11. What is composite shaft?
Some times a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft
is sleeved over other types of shaft. At the time of sleeving, the two
shafts are joined together, that the composite shaft behaves like a single
shaft.
12. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the
action of load and regains its original shape after the load is removed.
13. State any two functions of springs.
1. To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators.
2. To store energy.
14. What are the various types of springs?
i. Helical springs
ii. Spiral springs
iii. Leaf springs
iv. Disc spring or Belleville springs
15. Classify the helical springs.
1. Close – coiled or tension helical spring.
2. Open –coiled or compression helical spring.
16. What is spring index (C)?
The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the diameter of wire for the spring
is called the spring index.
17. What is solid length?
The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its
solid length. It is the product of total number of coils and the diameter of
wire.
Ls = nt x d Where, nt = total number of coils.
18. Define spring rate (stiffness).
The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per
unit deflection of the spring. K= W/y
Where W –load and y – Deflection
19. Define pitch.
Pitch of the spring is defined as the axial distance between the adjacent
coils in uncompressed state. Mathematically
Pitch=free length/ n-1
20. Define helical springs.
The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix
and are primarily intended for compressive or tensile load.
21. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical
springs?
The spring wires are coiled very closely, each turn is nearly at right
angles to the axis of helix The wires are coiled such that there is a gap
between the two consecutive turns. Helix angle is less than 10o Helix
angle is large (>10o)
 UNIT-IV
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
1. What are the methods for finding out the slope and deflection at a
section?
The important methods used for finding out the slope and deflection at a
section in a loaded beam are
1. Double integration method
2. Moment area method
3. Macaulay‟s method
The first two methods are suitable for a single load, where as the last one
is suitable for several loads.
2. Why moment area method is more useful, when compared with
double integration?
Moment area method is more useful, as compared with double
integration method because many problems which do not have a simple
mathematical solution can be simplified by the ending moment area
method.
3. Explain the Theorem for conjugate beam method?
Theorem I :“The slope at any section of a loaded beam, relative to the
original axis of the beam is equal to the shear in the conjugate beam at the
corresponding section”
Theorem II: “The deflection at any given section of a loaded beam,
relative to the original position is equal to the Bending moment at the
corresponding section of the conjugate beam”
4. Define method of Singularity functions?
In Macaulay’s method a single equation is formed for all loading on a
beam, the equation is constructed in such away that the constant of
Integration apply to all portions of the beam. This method is also called
method of singularity functions.
5. What are the points to be worth for conjugate beam method?
1. This method can be directly used for simply supported Beam
2. In this method for cantilevers and fixed beams, artificial constraints
need to be supplied to the conjugate beam so that it is supported in a
manner consistent with the constraints of the real beam.

6. What are the different sections in which the shear stress

distribution is to be obtained?
Rectangular section
Circular section
I- section
T- section
Miscellaneous section
7. What do you mean by shear stress in beams?
The stress produced in a beam, which is subjected to shear forces is
known as stresses.
8. What is the formula to find a shear stress at a fiber in a section of
a beam?
The shear stress at a fiber in a section of a beam is given by
F = shear force acting at a section
A = Area of the section above the fiber
Y = Distance of C G of the Area A from Neutral axis
I = Moment of Inertia of whole section about N A
b = Actual width at the fiber
9. What is the shear stress distribution rectangular section?
The shear stress distribution rectangular section is parabolic and is given
by
q = F/2I [d2 /4 – y2]
d = Depth of the beam
y = Distance of the fiber from NA
10. What is the shear stress distribution Circular section?
q = F/3I [R2-y2]
11. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula
for shear sresses.
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
The shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending
stress.

12. Define: Shear stress distribution

The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear
stress distribution
13. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear
stress for the rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qavg.
14. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear
stress in the case of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qave.
15. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion
of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y)
D-depth
`y- Distance from neutral axis
16. What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a
rectangular cross
section?
`Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)
17. What is the shear stress distribution for I-section?
The shear stress distribution I-section is parabolic, but at the junction of
web and flange, the shear stress changes abruptly. It changes from F/8I
[D2 –d2] to B/b x F/8I [D2 –d2] where D = over all depth of the section
d = Depth of the web
b = Thickness of web
B = Over all width of the section.
18. How will you obtained shear stress distribution for
unsymmetrical section?
The shear stress distribution for Unsymmetrical sections is obtained after
calculating the position of N A.
19 Where the shear stress is max for Triangular section?
In the case of triangular section, the shear stress is not max at N A. The
shear stress is max at a height of h/2
20. Where shear stress distribution diagram draw for composite
section?
The shear stress distribution diagram for a composite section, should be
drawn by calculating the shear stress at important points.
 UNIT V
THIN CYLINDERS, SPHERES AND THICK CYLINDERS

1. State principle plane.

The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal planes.
These planes carry only normal stresses.

2. Define principle stresses and principle plane.

Principle stress: The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principal
plane is known as principal stresses.
Principle plane: The planes which have no shear stress are known as
principal
planes.
3. What is the radius of Mohr’s circle?
Radius of Mohr‟s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
4. What is the use of Mohr’s circle?
To find out the normal, resultant stresses and principle stress and their
planes.
5. List the methods to find the stresses in oblique plane?
1. Analytical method
2. Graphical method
6. Define thin cylinder?
If the thickness of the wall of the cylinder vessel is less than 1/15 to 1/20
of its internal diameter, the cylinder vessel is known as thin cylinder.
7. What are types of stress in a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to
internal pressure?
These stresses are tensile and are know as Circumferential stress (or
hoop stress ) and Longitudinal stress.
8. What is mean by Circumferential stress (or hoop stress) and
Longitudinal stress?
The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called
circumferential stress (or hoop stress) whereas the stress acting along the
length of the cylinder is known as longitudinal stress.
9. What are the formula for finding circumferential stress and
longitudinal stress?
Circumferential stress (f1) is given by as f1 = p x d / 2t x η1 and the
longitudinal stress (f2) is given by f2 = p x d / 2t x ηc
.
10. What are maximum shear stresses at any point in a cylinder?
Maximum shear stresses at any point in a cylinder, subjected to internal
fluid pressure is given by f1 –f2 / 2 = pd / 8t
11. What are the formula for finding circumferential strain and
longitudinal strain?
The circumferential strain (e1) and longitudinal strain (e2) are given by
e1 = pd / 2tE (1- 1/2m), e2 = pd / 2tE (1/2 – 1/m).
12. What are the formula for finding change in diameter, change in
length and change volume of a cylindrical shell subjected to internal
fluid pressure p?
d = pd2 /2tE (1 – 1/2m),
L = pdL /2tE (1/2 – 1/m),
V = pd /2tE (5/2 – 2/m) x volume,
13. What are the formula for finding principal stresses of a
thin cylindrical shell Subjected to internal fluid pressure p and
a torque?
Major Principal Stress = f1 + f2 / 2+ {(f1 - f2 /2)2 + fs2}
Minor Principal Stress = f1 + f2 / 2 + {(f1 - f2 /2)2 + fs2}
Maximum shear stress = ½ [Major Principal Stress - Minor Principal
Stress]
Where f1 = Circumferential stress,
f2 =Longitudinal stress,
fs =shear stress due to torque.

PREPARED BY
Dr. G. SELVARAJ