The document discusses relays and circuit breakers. It provides an introduction to relays, describing them as automatic devices that sense abnormal electric circuit conditions and close contacts. It discusses the basic functioning of relays, including their inputs, settings, processing, and outputs. It also describes different types of relays such as electromechanical, induction, solid-state, numerical motor protection, and thermal protection relays. Key advantages and disadvantages of different relay types are highlighted.
The document discusses relays and circuit breakers. It provides an introduction to relays, describing them as automatic devices that sense abnormal electric circuit conditions and close contacts. It discusses the basic functioning of relays, including their inputs, settings, processing, and outputs. It also describes different types of relays such as electromechanical, induction, solid-state, numerical motor protection, and thermal protection relays. Key advantages and disadvantages of different relay types are highlighted.
The document discusses relays and circuit breakers. It provides an introduction to relays, describing them as automatic devices that sense abnormal electric circuit conditions and close contacts. It discusses the basic functioning of relays, including their inputs, settings, processing, and outputs. It also describes different types of relays such as electromechanical, induction, solid-state, numerical motor protection, and thermal protection relays. Key advantages and disadvantages of different relay types are highlighted.
The document discusses relays and circuit breakers. It provides an introduction to relays, describing them as automatic devices that sense abnormal electric circuit conditions and close contacts. It discusses the basic functioning of relays, including their inputs, settings, processing, and outputs. It also describes different types of relays such as electromechanical, induction, solid-state, numerical motor protection, and thermal protection relays. Key advantages and disadvantages of different relay types are highlighted.
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RELAYS AND CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
Submitted To: Dr. Ajay Srivastava
Submitted By:
Professor
Varun Kumar (43279)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Vaibhav Gupta (43278)
Bobi Rawat () Sanjay Pal () Shubham Goel ()
Contents
Introduction Relay Basic Functioning Functional Characteristics of Relay Terms Related to Relay Operating Principle Fundamentals of Protective Relay Types of Relays Electromechanical Relay Induction Type Relay Solid-State Relay Numerical Motor Protection Relay Thermal Protection Relay Plunger Type Relay
Transformer Protection Advantages/ Disadvantages of Relays
INTRODUCTION A relay is a automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electric circuit and closes its contacts. Relays are a remote control electrical switch that can be switched using low current to control a high current load. Protective relay are also called electromagnetic switch.
Relay A protection relay is a smart device that receive inputs, compares them to set points, and provide outputs . Inputs can be current ,voltage ,resistance or temperature. Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of indicator lights. Current, Voltage Temperature Pick up levels Time
inpu t
setting
PROTECTIVE RELAY
output
Visual indication
Warning alarm Remove power
BASIC FUNCTIONING INPUT:- A relay needs information from the system to make decision.
SETTING:- The user programs setting that allow relay
to make decision.
PROCESS:- Once input are connected and setting are
program, the relay compares there and make decision.
OUTPUT:- The relay will operate a switch to indicate
that the input has surpassed a setting. Or the relay can
provide notification through visual feedback such as a meter or LED. 6
Functional Characteristics of a protective relay Reliability:It must operate when it is required. Inherent reliability is a matter of design based on experience. This can be achieved partly by: 1. Simplicity and robustness in construction 2. High contact pressure 3. Dust free enclosures 4. Good contact material 5. Good workmanship 6. Careful maintenance 7
Selectivity:It should be possible to select which part of the system is
faulty and which is not and should isolate the faulty part of the system. It is achieved by two ways: 1. Unit system of protection 2. Non unit system of protection
Sensitivity:A relay should be sufficiently sensitive so that it operates
reliably when require under the actual condition in the system which produce the least tendency for operation.
Speed:A protective relay must operate at required speed. It should
neither be too slow nor too fast may result in undesired operation during transient fault. 8
protective relay Pick up level of actuating signal:-The value of actuating quantity (voltage or current) which on threshold above which the relay initiates to be operated.
Reset level:-
The value of electric current or voltage below which a
relay open its contacts and comes in original position.
Operating time of relay:-The time which elapses between the
instant when actuating quantity exceeds the pick up value to the instant when the relay contacts close.
Reset time:-The time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant when relay contacts return to its normal position.
Primary relay:-The relay which are connected directly in the circuit to
be protected. 9
Secondary relays:-
The relay which are connected in the
circuit to be protected through current and potential transformer.
Auxiliary Relays:-
The relay which operate in response to
opening or closing of its operating circuit to assist another relay in the performance of its function.
Reach:-
A distance relay operates whenever the impedance seen
by the relay is less than a pre specified value.
Under reached value:-
The tendency of relay to restrain
at the set value of impedance or impedance lower than the set value is known as under reached.
Over reached:-
The tendency of the relay to operate at
impedances larger than its setting.
10
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
There are really only two fundamentally different operating
Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of a
plunger being drawn into a solenoid.
Electromagnetic induction relays use the principle of the
induction motor whereby torque is developed by induction in a rotor.
Protective Relay The two fundamental relay operations are to isolate faulted sections of the power system while maintaining the power delivery capability in the rest of the power system. Relays can have numerous inputs on which to determine if a trip signal is required. DC power is needed to supply relay power as well as to provide trip coil power for the power circuit breaker. Other inputs can modify relay behavior to speed up or inhibit operations. Relay communications also allows remote control and event retrieval.
Circuit Diagram
13
TYPES OF RELAY Types of protection relays are mainly based on their logic, characteristics on actuating parameter & operation mechanism.
1. Current relay 2. Voltage relay 3. Frequency relay 4. Power relay 14
Based on characteristics:
Definite time relay
Inverse time relay with definite minimum Instantaneous relays IDMT with Instrument Stepped characteristics Programmed switches Voltage restraint over electric current relay
Based on application:
Primary relay Back up relay Auxiliary relay
15
Based on Logic:
1. Differential 2. Unbalance 3. Neutral displacement 4. Direction 5. Restricted earth fault 6. Over fluxing 7. Distance scheme 8. Bus bar protection 9. Reserve power relay 10. Loss of excitation 11. Negative phase sequence relay
16
Importance of relay . Inadequate
protection can lead to a major
fault that would have been avoided. By adequate protection the damage can be eliminated or minimized. If the faulty part is disconnected quickly the damage caused by fault is minimum. The protective relaying helps in improving service continuity and its importance to self evident. 17
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY In our simple relay above, we have two sets of electrically conductive contacts. Relays may be Normally Open, or Normally Closed. One pair of contacts are classed as Normally Open. An example of this arrangement is given below:
Relays may be Normally Open, or Normally
Closed. One pair of contacts are classed as Normally Open, (NO) or make contacts and another set which are classed as Normally Closed, (NC) or break contacts.
In the normally open position, the contacts
are closed only when the field current is ON and the switch contacts are pulled towards the inductive coil.
In the normally closed position, the contacts
are permanently closed when the field current is OFF as the switch contacts return to their normal position.
These terms Normally Open, Normally Closed
INDUCTION TYPE RELAY
An induction relay works only with the alternating
current.
It consist of an electromagnetic system which
operates on moving conductors generally in the form of disc or cup function through the interaction of electromagnetic flux.
These two fluxes which are mutually displaced
both in angle and in position.
Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage
Numerical Motor Protection Relay Locked Rotor Protection based on impedance measurement
contacts when temperature exceeds/drops to certain level
Require certain reaction time
Inverse time/current relationship
Plunger-type Relays
Fast reaction time
Use timer for time delay Such as oil dash pot. Inverse time/current relationship
Ground Fault and Differential
Relay For a wave connection, ground fault can be detected from the grounded neutral wire.
Transformer Protection
Gas Monitoring Relays:
These relays will sense any amount of gas inside the
transformer. A tiny little amount of gas will cause transformer explosion.
Temperature Monitoring Relays:
These relays are used to monitor the winding
temperature of the transformer and prevent overheating.
Advantages/Disadvanta ges Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) Simplicity Not expensive Mechanical Wear Solid-state Relays (SSRs) No Mechanical movements Faster than EMR No sparking between contacts Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable. Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems before, during and after faults occur. Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost 29
References Electrical Power System :- C. L. Wadhwa Switch-gear and Protection :- Tech max Power System Protection :-T. S. Madhava www.wikipedia.com www.google.com
