7YTSRLEQ SWUYI TVIXIRHEQ SWQ IHMV E GSVVIRXI GSRWYQ MHE TSV YQ GSQ TYXEHSV SY GSRNYRXS

HIGSQ TYXEHSVIW 

1 9 081 )86 3 7 ( ) : )6 ( % ( )-6 3 : % 03 6 )*-' % > 86 1 7

2 IGIWWMHEHI
9 Q WMREPEPXIVREHS WMRYWSMHEPXIQ HMZIVWEWGEVEGXIVWXMGEWMQ TSVXERXIWXEMWGSQ S S TIVSHS I E
JVIUYRGMEE EQ TPMXYHI Q \MQ E ZEPSV HI TMGS S ZEPSV TMGSETMGS I S ZEPSV IJMGE^( IWXEWS
ZEPSV IJMGE^ WIQ HZMHE E GEVEGXIVWXMGE UYI Q EMSV RQ IVS HI ZI^IW RIGIWWVMS Q IHMV4EVE
IWXIIJIMXSS MRWXVYQ IRXS Q EMWYXMPM^EHSTIPEVIPES GYWXSFIRIJGMSS Q YPXQ IXVS
% X ES ETEVIGMQ IRXS HSW HMWTSWMXMZSW WIQ MGSRHYXSVIW HSHSWXVERWWXSVIWXMVWXSVIWIXG SW
GMVGYMXSW IPGXVMGSW IVEQ GSQ TSWXSW I\GPYWMZEQ IRXI TSV VIWMWXRGMEWGSRHIRWEHSVIW I FSFMREW
)WXIWGSQ TSRIRXIWXQ E TVSTVMIHEHI HI RS HIJSVQ EV YQ WMREPSY WINEQ ERXQ YQ WMREPHI
MRXIRWMHEHI HI GSVVIRXI WMRYWSMHEPHIWHI UYI E XIRWS HI EPMQ IRXES XEQ FQ S WINE4SV IWXE
VE^SIWXIWGSQ TSRIRXIWHIRSQ MREQ WIHITEWWMZSWSY PMRIEVIW

*MKYVE'SQ TYXEHSVGEVKERSPMRIEV ?*PYOIA

)RUYERXS UYI E XIRWS HI EPMQ IRXES WMRYWSMHEPXIRWS HE VIHI IPGXVMGE E GSVVIRXI RS S
WIVTSMWS GSQ TYXEHSVGSQ TSVXEWI GSQ S YQ E GEVKE RS PMRIEV2 E JMKYVE WIKYMRXIS Q IWQ S
Q YPXQ IXVS 1 YPXQ IXVS KVJMGS *PYOI ETVIWIRXE HSMWZEPSVIWHI GSVVIRXI IJMGE^S TVMQ IMVS
wZIVHEHIMVSx IS WIKYRHS wIVVEHSx FEWIEHS REQ HME 

*MKYVE'MVGYMXSGSQ GSQ TSRIRXIWPMRIEVIWXIRWSIGSVVIRXIWMRYWSMHEMW ?*PYOIA

)WXI S GEWS HSW EUYIGIHSVIW TSV VIWMWXRGME HSW Q SXSVIW HI MRHYS I HEW PQ TEHEW HI
MRGERHIWGRGMEXYRKWXRMS
' SRXYHSRE Q EMSV TEVXI HSWWMWXIQ EWIPGXVMGSWI IPIGXVRMGSWEGXYEMWIWXS XEQ FQ MRGPYHSW
SYXVSW GSQ TSRIRXIWXEMW GSQ S HSHSWXVMEGWHSHSW ^IRIV I XVERWWXSVIW UYI TVSZSGEQ UYI E
XIRWS I E GSVVIRXI RS WINEQ WMRYWSMHEMWIQ XSHSWSWTSRXSWHS GMVGYMXSQ IWQ S UYI E XIRWS
HIEPMQ IRXES S WINE4EWWEQ SWIRXS EXIVGSQ TSRIRXIWRS PMRIEVIW

*MKYVE: EPSVIJMGE^wZIVHEHIMVSxIwIVVEHSxFEWIEHSREQ HME ?*PYOIA

' SQ S WI TSHI ZIVE JSVQ E HS WMREPHI GSVVIRXI RS WMRYWSMHEPTIPS UYI S WIY ZEPSV IJMGE^
GEPGYPEHS ETEVXMVHEQ HMEZEMHMJIVMV Q IRSV HS ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^
2 SYXVS I\IQ TPSWYTSRLEQ SW UYI XIQ SW S WIKYMRXI WMWXIQ E HI GSRXVSPS HI ZIPSGMHEHI HI YQ
Q SXSV

*MKYVE'SRXVSPSHIZIPSGMHEHIHIYQ Q SXSV GEVKERSPMRIEV ?*PYOIA

*MKYVE'MVGYMXSGSQ GSQ TSRIRXIWRSPMRIEVIWXIRWSWMRYWSMHEPQ EWGSVVIRXIRSWMRYWSMHEP ?*PYOIA

3 WQ YPXQ IXVSWHMXSWwGSRZIRGMSREMWx FEWIMEQ WIREQ HMEHSWZEPSVIWHIYQ WMREPTEVEGEPGYPEV

S ZEPSV IJMGE^ HIWWI WMREPWIRHS TSV MWWS GSRGIFMHSW TEVE I W TEVE WMREMW WMRYWSMHEMW7YVKMY
IRXS YQ RSZS XMTS HI Q YPXQ IXVSWHIRSQ MREHSW HI Q YPXQ IXVSW HI ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSV IJMGE^
SY IQ -RKPW86 1 7 8VYI6SSX1 IER 7UYEVI)WXIWRS WIFEWIERHS REQ HMETEVEHIXIVQ MREVS
ZEPSVIJMGE^ HSWWMREMWTSHIQ TSVXERXS WIVYXMPM^EHSWTEVE Q IHMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^ HI UYEPUYIVXMTS
HI GSVVIRXI SY XIRWS7I XIRXEVQ SWQ IHMVE GSVVIRXI GSRWYQ MHE TSV YQ E GEVKE RS PMRIEV WIQ
YQ MRWXVYQ IRXS HIWXIXMTSMVIQ SWUYEWIKEVERXMHEQ IRXISFXIVYQ ZEPSVIJMGE^ IVVEHS

% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS





% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS

7YTSRHS UYI WI Q IHMY E GSVVIRXI GSRWYQ MHE YXMPM^ERHS HYEW TMREW EQ TIVMQ XVMGEW YQ E
wGSRZIRGMSREPx FEWIEHE RE Q HME I SYXVE HI ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^SWVIWYPXEHSWTSHIVS WIV
XS HMWTEVIWGSQ S SWWIKYMRXIW

' PGYPS Q EXIQ XMGS

)Q EPKYRWQ YPXQ IXVSWI XSHSWSWSWGMPSWGTMSWHI XIGRSPSKME HMKMXEPJE^IQ EQ SWXVEKIQ
HS WMREPEREPKMGSGSHMJMGERHSSWIQ PMRKYEKIQ FMRVME RS IRXERXSS ZEPSVIJMGE^
HIXIVQ MREHS TIPS GPGYPS Q EXIQ XMGS HEQ HMEUYEHVXMGEIRS TIPS IJIMXS XVQ MGS 

: IVMJMGES 1 EXIQ XMGE

3 W Q YPXQ IXVSW wGSRZIRGMSREMWxMWXS EUYIPIW UYI WI FEWIMEQ RE Q HME TEVE HIXIVQ MREV S
ZEPSV IJMGE^ HI YQ E KVERHI^EETIREW S JE^IQ GSVVIGXEQ IRXI TEVE WMREMW XIRWS SY GSVVIRXI
TYVEQ IRXIWMRYWSMHEMW
3 W Q YPXQ IXVSW HI ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSV IJMGE^ GSPQ EXEQ IWXE PEGYRE TIVQ MXMRHS Q IHMV
GSVVIGXEQ IRXIS ZEPSVIJMGE^ HIYQ EXIRWS SY GSVVIRXIHIUYEPUYIVJSVQ EXS
: EQ SW ZIVMJMGEV IWXI JEGXS TEVE HMZIVWSW WMREMW YQ E SRHE TYVEQ IRXI WMRYWSMHEP YQ E SRHE
UYEHVEHEYQ ESRHEWMRYWSMHEPGSVXEHEE IYQ ESRHEXVMERKYPEV
*MKYVE4MREwGSRZIRGMSREPIHIZIVHEHIMVSZEPSVIJMGE^?*PYOIA

7MREP4YVEQ IRXI 7MRYWSMHEP

6 IGSVHIQ SW UYI S ZEPSV MRWXERXRIS HI YQ E KVERHI^E EPXIVREHE WMRYWSMHEP YQ E XIRWS TSV
I\IQ TPSTSHII\TVMQ MVWIGSQ S

4VMRGTMS HI *YRGMSREQ IRXS

3 Q YPXQ IXVSW 86 1 7 HI ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSV IJMGE^ TSHIQ
JYRGMSREQ IRXS

XIV UYEXVS TVMRGTMSW HI

YX ! 9 Q WMR  X
IQ UYI 9 Q VITVIWIRXE S ZEPSV Q \MQ S HS WMREP
XIQ TS

-RWXVYQ IRXSW)PIGXVSQ EKRXMGSWHIQ ER 1 ZIP

4SHI TVSZEVWI UYI SW ZSPXQ IXVSW I EQ TIVQ IXVSW IPIGXVSQ EKRXMGSW HI Q ER Q ZIP
VIWTSRHIQ ES UYEHVEHS HS WMREPMRHMGERHS TSVMWWS S WIY ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^ SY
ZEPSV UYEHVXMGS Q HMS 2 SXIWI UYI SW MRWXVYQ IRXSW IPIGXVSQ EKRXMGSW HI FSFMRE
Q ZIP N RS JYRGMSREQ HIWXE JSVQ E VIWTSRHIRHS ES ZEPSV Q HMS HS WMREP RS
MRHMGERHS TSVMWWS S WIY ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^

VITVIWIRXE E ZIPSGMHEHI I X VITVIWIRXE S

9Q
9

9 Q IH

-RWXVYQ IRXSW)PIGXVSHMRQ MGSW

4SHI TVSZEVWI UYI SW ZSPXQ IXVSW I EQ TIVQ IXVSW IPIGXVSHMRQ MGSW VIWTSRHIQ ES
UYEHVEHS HS WMREPMRHMGERHS TSVMWWS S WIY ZIVHEHIMVS ZEPSVIJMGE^

)JIMXS XVQ MGS

% Q EMSV TEVXI HSW Q YPXQ IXVSW 86 1 7 FEWIMEQ WI RS IJIMXS XVQ MGS TEVE HIXIVQ MREV S
ZEPSV IJMGE^ HE KVERHI^E XIRWS SY GSVVIRXI 9 XMPM^EQ RSVQ EPQ IRXI YQ E VIWMWXRGME
UYI EUYIGI TVSTSVGMSREPQ IRXI XIRWS SY GSVVIRXI ETPMGEHE ITSV MRXIVQ HMS HI
YQ XVERWHYXSV HI XIQ TIVEXYVE XIVQ STEV RSVQ EPQ IRXI  GSRWIKYIQ HIXIVQ MREV S
ZEPSV IJMGE^ HE XIRWS SY GSVVIRXI2 S JYRHSWIKYIQ E TVTVME HIJMRMS HI ZEPSV
IJMGE^ HIYQ EKVERHI^EIJIMXS XVQ MGS 

*MKYVE8IRWSEPXIVREHEWMRYWSMHEPIWYEWGEVEGXIVWXMGEW

3 ZEPSV IJMGE^ HI YQ E XIRWS VITVIWIRXE S ZEPSV HI XIRWS GSRXRYE UYI TEVE YQ E HEHE
VIWMWXRGME TVSHY^ RYQ HEHS XIQ TS S Q IWQ S )JIMXS HI .SYPI GEPSVJMGS UYI E XIRWS
GSRWMHIVEHE( EHS UYI YQ ZEPSV IJMGE^ HI XIRWS SY GSVVIRXI MRHMGE E TSXRGME HS WMREPIWXI
TSHIWIVGEPGYPEHS WIKYRHS YQ EQ HMEUYEHVXMGE

7IEKVERHI^EJSVEPXIVREHEWMRYWSMHEP

*MKYVE1 IHMSHIZEPSVIJMGE^TIPSIJIMXSXVQ MGS

% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS





% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS

' SRWMHIVERHS UYI

3 RHE 5 YEHVEHE
7YTSRLEQ SWYQ WMREPGSQ S WIKYMRXIJSVQ EXS
YX

*MGE
9Q
X

*MKYVE3 RHEUYEHVEHE

3 ZEPSV Q HMS HI YX SFZMEQ IRXI RYPS S Q IMS TIVSHS TSWMXMZS MKYEPES Q IMS TIVSHS
RIKEXMZS  Q EW JVIUYIRXI GSRWMHIVEV E Q HME HI Q IMS TIVSHS 9 Q IH EX TSVUYI SW
MRWXVYQ IRXSW wGSRZIRGMSREMWx VIGXMJMGEQ E SRHE EPXIVREHE JMGERHS ETIREW GSQ GSQ TSRIRXI
TSWMXMZE 

3 ZEPSVIJMGE^ TSHIGEPGYPEVWITIPEHIJMRMS Q EXIQ XMGE

% XIRHIRHS EUYI9 Q IH ! 9 Q GSRWMHIVERHS S WMREPVIGXMJMGEHS 

9 ! 9 Q IH
1 EWYQ ZSPXQ IXVS UYIWIFEWIMIREQ HMEMRHMGE
9 ZSPX !  9 Q IH !  9 Q IH
1 IHITSVXERXS YQ ZEPSV WYTIVMSVES VIEPZEPSVIJMGE^
' SQ S !  8 JMGE
3 RHE 8VMERKYPEV
' SRWMHIVIQ SWYQ ESRHEXVMERKYPEVXEPGSQ S EHEJMKYVE
4EVE YQ WMREPWMRYWSMHEPE VIPES IRXVI S ZEPSV IJMGE^ I S ZEPSV Q HMS IRXS GEPGYPEHE HE
WIKYMRXIJSVQ E

YX

9Q
X

3 WQ YPXQ IXVSWwGSRZIRGMSREMWx FEWIMEQ WI RE Q HME TEVE HIXIVQ MREVS ZEPSVIJMGE^( ITSMWHI
VIGXMJMGEVS WMREPHIIRXVEHEHIXIVQ MREQ EQ HMEGSVVIWTSRHIRXI9 Q IH IQ YPXMTPMGEQ IWWIZEPSV
 TEVESFXIVIMRHMGEVS ZEPSVIJMGE^ 9 
TSV 

*MKYVE3 RHEXVMERKYPEV

3 FZMEQ IRXI UYI E Q IHMS HI ZEPSVIW IJMGE^IW GSQ IWXI XMTS HI MRWXVYQ IRXSW HI Q IHMS
wGSRZIRGMSREMWx ETIREWGSVVIGXEWIEKVERHI^EJSVTYVEQ IRXI WMRYWSMHEP
: EQ SWGSRWMHIVEVZVMSWGEWSWTEVES HIQ SRWXVEV

% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS





% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS

4EVE HIXIVQ MREV S ZEPSV IJMGE^ ZEQ SW GSRWMHIVEV ETIREW HI TIVSHS TEVE WMQ TPMJMGEV S
GPGYPS% JYRS EMRXIKVEVEIUYES HETVMQ IMVEVIGXE 

3 RHE 7MRYWSMHEP' SVXEHE E 

8EPGSQ S JSMN VIJIVMHSS GSRXVSPS HE TSXRGME XVERWQ MXMHE E YQ VIGITXSV PQ TEHEQ SXSV
Q YMXEWZI^IWJIMXSIWGSPLIRHS S Q SQ IRXS IQ UYI WI ETPMGE E XIRWS WMRYWSMHEPw( MWTEVERHSx S
WMREP WMRYWSMHEP Q EMW GIHS SY Q EMW XEVHI GSRWIKYIWI XVERWQ MXMV Q EMW SY Q IRSW TSXRGME
VIWTIGXMZEQ IRXI 2 E JMKYVE WIKYMRXI ETVIWIRXEWI S GEWS HS wHMWTEVSx E  MWXS  S WMREP
XVERWQ MXMHS GEVKE9 SYX XIQ I\EGXEQ IRXIQ IXEHIHETSXRGMEHS WMREPSVMKMREP9 MR 

1 EW YQ ZSPXQ IXVS UYI WI FEWIMI RE Q HME I XIRHS IQ GSRXE UYI E Q HME HS WMREPXVMERKYPEV
VIGXMJMGEHS

8IRHS IQ GSRXES JEGXSV

*MKYVE3 RHEWMRYWSMHEPGSVXEHEE

S ZSPXQ IXVS GSRZIRGMSREPZEMQ IHMV

3 ZEPSVIJMGE^ TSHI WIVGEPGYPEHS GSRWMHIVERHS E I\XIRWS HI XIQ TS GSQ S MKYEPE  TIVSHS 8

Q EW GSRWMHIVERHS SW PMQ MXIW HI MRXIKVES Q IMS TIVSHS 8  TSMW W  HE SRHE WS
HMJIVIRXIWHI
JGMPIRXS HIXIVQ MREVEVIPES IRXVIS ZEPSVQ IHMHS TIPS ZSPXQ IXVS IS VIEPZEPSVIJMGE^

-WXS UYIVHM^IVUYI S ZSPXQ IXVS wGSRZIRGMSREPx Q IHI TSVXERXS YQ ZEPSV MRJIVMSV ES ZEPSV
IJMGE^ VIEP

8IRHS IQ GSRXE UYI E Q HME HS WMREP VIGXMJMGEHS Q IXEHI HS ZEPSV Q HMS HE WMRYWMHI
GSQ TPIXE

9 Q ZSPXQ IXVS wGSRZIRGMSREPZEMIRXS Q IHMV

% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS





% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS

I n s t ru me n t a o e M e d i d a s E l c t r i c a s

% VIPES IRXVIS ZEPSVQ IHMHS TIPS ZSPXQ IXVS IS VIEPZEPSVIJMGE^ IRXS

Prob. 1 - Considere a funo u(t) com a forma indicada na Figura 1, a qual
foi monitorizada por um osciloscpio analgico.

5 V/div
-WXS UYIVHM^IVUYIS ZSPXQ IXVS wGSRZIRGMSREPx Q IHITSVXERXS YQ ZEPSV MRJIVMSVES ZEPSV
IJMGE^ VIEP

2 ms/div

Figura 1 Oscilograma

Usando o oscilograma apresentado determine:

a) Os valores mximo e mnimo de u(t);
b) O valor mdio u t

av

c) O valor eficaz da sua componente alternada U AC

ef

d) O valor eficaz total Uef ;

e) O perodo T e a frequncia fundamental f.

Prob. 2 - Considere a funo u(t) apresentada na Figura 2.

2 V/div

2 ms/div

Figura 2 Oscilograma
% &' HS 1 YPXQ IXVS



P g i n a 1

I n s t ru me n t a o e M e d i d a s E l c t r i c a s

Determine:

Prob. 4 - Repita o problema anterior para o caso da funo

a) Os valores mximo e mnimo de u(t);

b) O valor mdio u t

I n s t ru me n t a o e M e d i d a s E l c t r i c a s

u2 (t ) ,

representada na Figura 4.

av ;

c) O valor mdio da funo rectificada;

d) O valor eficaz da sua componente alternada U AC

ef

5 V/div

e) O valor eficaz total Uef ;

f) O factor de forma ;
g) O perodo T e a frequncia fundamental f.

2 ms/div

Figura 4 Oscilograma

Prob. 3 - Um osciloscpio analgico monitorizou a funo u1(t), com forma

triangular, apresentada na Figura 3.

Compare os resultados com os obtidos para a funo u1 (t ) .

Prob. 5 - Considere a funo u(t) com a forma indicada na Fig. 5.
5 V/div

u(t)
2U

2 ms/div
U

Figura 3 Oscilograma
0

T/4

T/2

3/4T

Usando o oscilograma da figura anterior, determine:

a) Os valores mximo e mnimo de u1(t);
b) O valor mdio u1 t

av

Figura 5 - Funo sinusoidal

Determine:
a) Os valores mximo e mnimo de u(t);

c) O valor mdio da funo rectificada;

d) O valor eficaz da sua componente alternada U1 AC

ef

b) O valor mdio u t

av

e) O valor eficaz total U1ef ;

c) O valor eficaz da sua componente alternada U AC

f) O factor de forma ;

d) O valor eficaz total Uef ;

g) O perodo T e a frequncia fundamental f.

e) O factor de forma .
P g ina 2

ef

P g i n a 3