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Chap 4 y 5

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4.

The Structure of the Atom


5. Electrons in Atoms
4.1 Early Theories of 5.1 Light and Quantized
Matter Energy
4.2 Subatomic Particles
and the Nuclear atom
4.3 How Atoms
Differ
4.4 Unstable Nuclei and
Radioactive Decay

Lorena Ma. Wheelock Gtz.


4.1 Early Theories of Matter
The Philosophers
Many philosophers formulate explanations based on their own
life experiences. Many of
them concluded that matter was composed of things such as earth,
water, air and fire.
Democritus (460-370 B.C.) he was the
first person to propose the idea that matter was
made up tiny individual particles. He believe
that an atom couldn’t be created, destroyed or
further divided. His ideas were amazing ahead
for his time. Aristotle rejected the atomic
“theory” entirely because it didn’t agree with
his own ideas.
John Dalton (1766-1844)
A school teacher in England, he revived and revised
Democritus's ideas based upon the results of scientific research he
conducted. Dalton agreed with Democritus in some of his ideas, but
other of them were of his own such as: *Atoms of a specific
element are identical, and are different from those atoms of any other
element. *Atoms are indivisible are separated, combined
or rearranged. *Atoms are indivisible.

Dalton’s atomic theory explains the


conservation of mass when a compound forms its
component elements. But Dalton’s theory wasn’t
right, he was wrong about atoms being indivisible and
about all atoms of a given element having identical
properties.
Defining an Atom
When you divided something again and again you would
encounter a particle that could not be divided any further and still
remains with its properties. This smallest particle of an elements that
retains the properties of the elements is called an atom.

Atoms with the scanning


tunneling microscope.

You can see atoms with an instrument called the scanning


tunneling microscope.
4.2 Subatomic Particles and
the Nuclear Atom
Discovering the electron
Some observations led scientists in the 1800’s to look for some
sort of relationship between matter and electric charge.
Sir William Crookes
noticed a flash of light of radiation originated from the cathode end of
the tube, it became known as a cathode ray.

With researches scientist conclude


that: *Cathode rays
were actually a stream of charged particles.
*The particles carried a
negative charged. (The exact value of the
negative charge was not known,
Discovering the Electrons
With researches scientist conclude that:
*Cathode rays were actually a stream of charged particles.
*The
particles carried a negative charged. (The exact value of the negative
charge was not known,
These negatively charged particles that are part of all forms of
matter are now called electrons. J.J. Thomson began
a series of cathode ray tube experiments to determine the ratio of its
charge to its mass of a single cathode ray particle. By the end he
conclude that the mass of the charged particle was much less than that
of the H atom. It was a shocking answer because it meant there were
particles smaller than the atom.
Discovering the Electrons
Dalton was wrong; atoms were divisible into smaller
subatomic particles. Thomson
discovered the electron.
In 1909 Robert Millikan
determined the charge of the electron.
A single electron carries a charge of
1-. Knowing the charge-of-mass
ratio, Millikan calculated the mass of
a single electron.

The discovery of the electron raised new questions, J.J.


Thomson proposed an atomic model, it proposed that negatively
charged electrons were distributed throughout a uniform positive
charge.
The Nuclear Atom
The story of the atom continues with the role played by Ernest
Rutherford, he was interested in studying how positively charged
alpha particles interacted with solid matter.

After the Gold foil experiment, he conclude that Thomson


model was incorrect because it couldn't explain the results of the
experiment. According to this, he set up a new atomic model.
The Nuclear Atom
Rutherford’s nuclear model explains the results of the gold foil
experiment. Most alpha particles pass straight through, being only
slightly deflected by electrons.

The strong force of repulsion between the positive nucleus and


the positive alpha particles causes the large deflections.
Completing the Atom – The Discovery of
Protons and Neutrons
Rutherford’s redefined the concept of
nucleus, he conclude that the nucleus contained
protons. A proton is a subatomic particle carrying
a positive charge of 1+.

James Chadwick showed that the nucleus also contained


another subatomic particle called neutron. A neutron carries no
electrical charge. Since an atom is electrically neutral, the number of
protons equals the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus.
Atoms consist of a “cloud” of electrons and an dense nucleus that
contains protons and neutrons
4.3 How Atoms Differ
Atomic Numbers
Henry Moseley discovered that atoms of each element contain
a unique positively charge in their nuclei, those number of protons in
an atom are referred to as the element’s atomic number.

Atomic Number= number of protons = number electrons


Isotopes and Mass Number
Isotopes: atoms of the same element with the same number of
protons but different number of neutrons. In nature most elements
are found as a mixture of isotopes.
Isotopes do differ in mass, the ones that
contain more neutrons have greater mass.

Mass Number: the number after an


element name, representing the sum of its
protons and neutrons. This is to
make easy to identify each of the various
isotopes.
Number of neutrons = mass number -
atomic number.
Mass of Individual Atoms
Because these extremely small masses expressed in scientific
notation, chemist have developed a method of measuring the mass of
an atom relative to the mass of a specifically chosen atomic standard.
Ex. Carbon -12 atom.
Scientists assigned it a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
(amu).

1 amu is a single proton or a single neutron.


Atomic Mass: is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of
that element.
4.4 Unstable Nuclei and
Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity
Nuclear Reaction: a reaction that do involve an atom of one
element changing into an atom of another element.
Radioactivity: the process in which some substances
spontaneously emit radiation. In the late 1890’s scientists noticed this.
The rays and particles emitted by the radioactive material were called
radiation.
Mass of Individual Atoms
Scientists studying
radioactivity soon made an
important discovery – radioactive
atoms undergo significant changes
that can alter their identities.
Atoms emit radiation
because their nuclei is unstable.

Unstable
nuclei lose energy by emitting
radiation in a spontaneous process
called radioactive decay.
Types of Radiation
Alpha radiation: radiation that’s made up of alpha particles; is
deflected toward a negative charged plate when radiation from a
radioactive source is directed between two electrical plates.
Beta radiation: radiation that’s made on beta particles; is
reflected toward a positive charged plate when radiation from a
radioactive source is directed between two electrically charged
radiation.
Gamma radiation: high energy radiation that has no electrical
charge and no mass, isn’t deflected by electric or magnetic fields,
usually accompanies alpha and beta radiation, and accounts for most
of the energy lost during radioactive decay.
The Nuclear Atom
and Unanswered 5.1 Light and
Questions
Quantized
Many scientists in the early 20th.
Energy
Century found Rutherford’s nuclear atomic
model to be fundamentally incomplete, it
doesn’t explain why atoms of some
elements behave in an specific way.
Wave Nature of Light
Electromagnetic Radiation: is a form of energy that exhibits
wavelike behavior as it travels through space.

Visible light

Frequency: number of waves that pass a given point per second


(Hz).
Wave Nature of Light

Crest
Origin
Amplitude

Trough
Wave Nature of Light
Electromagnetic Spectrum: includes all forms of
electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of
radiation being their frequencies and wavelengths.

Particle Nature of Light


Quantum: is the minimum amount of energy that can be gained
or lost by an atom.
Photoelectric Effect: a phenomenon in which photoelectrons
are emitted from a metal surface when light of a certain frequency
shines on the surface.

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