• Animals exhibit levels of organization

• Cellstissuesorganssystems
• Tissue—a group of cells with a common structure
and function
Tissues have structures suited to their functions
4 main categories of tissues
--epithelial
--connective
--muscle
--nervous
 Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities
within body
 Closely joined cells, not much in between
 sometimes held together by “tight junctions” mucous
lining stomach and respiratory tract
 Epithelium is classified in 2 ways
 # of cell layers (simple, stratified)
 Shape of cells on exposed surface (cuboidal, columnar,
squamous)
 Cuboidal—cubes
 Columnar—bricks on end
 Squamous—like floor tiles
 Functions to bind and support
 Not tightly packed but sparse # of cells scattered in a
matrix(jelly, liquid or solid)
 3 types of connective tissue fibers (all made of protein)
 Collagenous fibers—collagen,non-elastic, do not tear easily
 Elastic fibers—long threads made of elastin, have a rubber-like
quality
 Reticular fibers—thin and branched, composed of collagen and
continuous with collagenous fibers, form tightly woven tissues
that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues
 Loose connective tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue
 Adipose (fat)
 Cartilage
 Bone
 Blood
 Composed of long cells capable of contracting
when stimulated
 Myofibrils are the contracting units made of 2
proteins (actin and myosin)
 Most abundant tissue in most animals and muscle
contraction uses most ATP
 3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrates:
 Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (diagrams..)
Nuclei on sides nuclei in center
 Senses stimuli and transmits messages
 Functional unit (cell) is neuron
 Many animals have nervous tissue concentrated
in brain
 Tissues make up organs
 All animals have organs except porifera(sponges)
and some cnidarians
 Sometimes tissues are arranged in layers in an
organ ex:stomach
 Mucosa—lines lumen(interior)
 Submucosa—connective tissue contains blood vessels/nerves
 Muscularis—smooth muscle tissue
 Serosa—thin layer of epithelial and connective tissue
 Organs held in place by mesenteries
OVERVIEW OF ANIMALS
 Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs
 2 basic body types—
 radial symmetry-circular or disk shaped (cut like pie)
 Bilateral symmetry-right and left sides (mirror images)
 Early animals lacked a body cavity(acoelomates)
 Some developed a body cavity from tissue not
completely derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates)
 Others developed a true body cavity derived from
mesoderm (coelomates)
 Another difference between animals is
when mouth and anus form in
embryonic development of coelomates
 Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage and
the mouth forms first (from blastopore)
 Deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage
and the anus forms first (from blastopore)
ANIMAL PHYLA
 PORIFERA-sponges, are sessile, 2 cell
layers, radial symmetry
 CNIDARIA-jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone;
2 cell layers, tentacles, radial symmetry
 PLATYHELMINTHES-flatworms..first
animals to have 3 cell layers and bilateral
symmetry..acoelomates
 NEMATODES(nemahelminthes)-roundworms,
pseudocoelomates, one-way digestive tract from
mouthanus
 MOLLUSKS-soft bodies and hard shells. They
were the first protostomes(blastopore develops into mouth)
and first coelomates with spiral determimate
cleavage..Examples are octopus, squid, snails,
clams
 ANNELIDS-segmented worms, 2 body openings,
closed circ.sys., setae Ex. Earthworm, leech
 ARTHROPODS-segmented bodies,
exoskelston, jointed appendages, fully
developed systems… Ex???
 ECHINODERMS -sessile/sedentary,
spiny exoskeleton, first
deuterostomes(blastopore develops into anus), ex..starfish,
sea urchin
 CHORDATES-notochord, dorsal nerve
cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits(at
some time in their life), MOST are vertebrates
 (invertebrate chordates include: tunicates,
amphioxus and acorn worms)
 CLASSES include:
 Fish
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Birds
 Mammals
 Animals—multicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls and
ingest their food. Most are diploid and reproduce sexually.
Their ability to move is their most striking characteristic
 Tissues—specialized groups of cells that carry out particular
functions. All animals except sponges have tissues
 Symmetry—all animals except sponges have their body
parts arranged along an axis. In radial symmetry, body parts
are arranged around a central axis; bilateral symmetry has a
right and left side—each being mirror images of each other
 ?????????????????????????????????????????????
 Coelem—all bilateral symmetrical animals other than solid worms
possess a body cavity
 Segmentation—the bodies of all advanced coelomate animals are
composed of a series of similar segments, an organization that permits
great specialization of different parts of the body.
 Jointed appendages—mostly found in arthropods and chordates—serve
as tools for locomotion and feeding
 Protostomes—coelomates that, during embryological development—
typically exhibits spiral determinate cleavage (mollusks, annelids,
arthropods)
 Deuterostomes—coelomates that, develop an anus from the blastopore
during embryological development—typically exhibit radial,
indeterminate cleavage (echinoderms and chordates)
 Endoskeleton—instead of attaching muscle to a hard exterior shell, as
arthropods do, chordates attach them to a bony framework within the
body, permitting larger size.
 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
 SYMMETRY—radial or bilateral
 BODY CAVITY—
 Acoelomate (no cavity)—sponges, flatworms
 Pseudocoelom
 Coelomates (true cavity)
 BASIS OF EMBRYONIC ORIFICE
 Protostome---first opening is blastopore—develops onto mouth
 Deuterostome—first opening is blastopore---develops into
anus
ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES only
(phylum chart)