Questions Phylogenesis

1.
Definition of animal tissues, types of animal tissues

- Group of cells which have the same shape and provide the same functions.
- Groups of tissues form organs
2. Characterise Epithelial tissues
- Covers body surface and lines body cavities
- Squamos – flat cells
- Cuboidal – surface of ovary
- Collomnar (cylindrical) – elongated, digestive system
3. Characterise Connective tissues
- Fill spaces between the organs and cpnnecting them or insulating
- Forms support of the body
- Ligament – collagen fibers – resistant to pulling and elastic fibers – flexibility
- Cartliage – solid and flexible tissue
- Bones?
4. Characterise Muscular tissues
- Capable of contraction
- Skeletal striated muscle – allows animal to move its body at will
- Smooth muscle – spindle shaped cells, single cell nucleus
- Cardiac muscle – pump blood through circulatory system and maintains an even
rhythm of contractions
5. Charaterise Nervous tissues
- Integration of stimulus and control response to stimuli
- Composed of nerve cells and glial cells
- Transmit nerve message
- Contain nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles
6. Define organ
- Containing several tissue types with each having a specific function
- Many tissues working together to fulfil a larger function for organism
7. Characterise homologic and analogic organs
- homologic organs of the same origin but different function and structure (pectoral
fin of a fish – hand of a human),
- analogic organs of different origin
Questions:
1. Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual: fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) resulting in a offspring which is genetically
diverse from both parents
Asexual: not involving gametes, offspring identical to the single parent
2. Define the following terms:
Budding - Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a
part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two
individuals.
fission,
fragmentation – after growth period, an organism splits into two separate organisms –
also called binary fission
parthenogenesis - a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete
individual without being fertilized
spermatozoid – male reproductive cell
anisogametes – morphologically and physiologicly different haploid cells
isogametes – morphologically same but physiologicly different
gonochorism – having one of at least two distinct sexes in any one individual organism
sexual dimorphism – differences between males and females, size, colour, shape etc.
3. Explain embryogenesis and organogenesis, postembryonal development

Throughout the animal kingdom, an incredible variety of embryonic types exist, but most
patterns of embryogenesis is described in the following steps:
Embryogenesis :
a) embryonal development – zygote = formation of embryo (morula, blastula, gastrula)
followed ba organogenesis – formation of organs
b) postembryonal development – growing – (quantitative and qualitative changes ) – death of
organisms
4. Function of the skin

Regulation of body temperature
Breathing and secretion
Could by also skeleton ( insect)
It contains skin derivates and appendages - prívesky ( hair , nails , feathers)
It makes the sense of touch possible and can accept the impulses from the outer and inner
environment
Protective function especially for terrestrials – suchozemske animals
5. Describe Integumentary system in unicellular organisms

The body of unicellural organisms is made up by one cell which is covered by a Pellicule
– elastic membrane . The substances are able to go through this membrane into and out
of organisms
6. Describe Integumentary system in invertebrates , what is he part of skin in

invertebrate
Some invertebrates create shells which contain calcium carbonate and other minerals
The skin of invertebrates also contains glands : mucous , poison, secrete, wax glands
7. Characterise Integumentary system in vertebrates, different layers
In all vertebrates the skin has two major layers.

1.The outer, thin epidermis - pokožka is composed of closely packed cells
(keratinized squamous epithelium) with little intercellular material; it provides a
barrier against attack by chemicals, radiation, or microbes.
2.The underlying dermis – zamša (cutis, corium) is composed of matrix with collagen,
elastin and reticular fibers, and extracellular materials. It is the place where hair
follicles, oil and sweat glands are found. Moreover, it is supplied with nerve fibers,
blood and lymphatic vessels.
3.In mammals, there is also subcutaneous tissue – fat cells– podkožné väzivo made up
of loose connective tissue as well as storage of fat cells This is not considered as
being part of the skin.
8. List derivates of skin

Skin glands, pigment cells, claws, nails, hooves, horns, antlers, feathers and hair
9. Describe the structure of feather

Rachis – osteň, vreteno
Calamus- - brko
Barbs- perie
Barbules (Proximal, Distal)- paperie (Paperie - fluff)
10. List different types of scales in fish

Cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, placoid scales, leptoid scales
11. Characterise Skeletal system , its funcions

Function: support body suspension apparatus, protection of internal organs
12. Characteristic of Exoskeleton

- It arises from secretions of the skin, it has ectodermal origin
- Chemical basis: calcium, silicon, chitin
- Types:
• shells
• chitin armor
cuticles reinforced by chitin
• armor
13. Occurance of exoskeleton

protozoa – pellicula – paramecium (črievička), shells – foraminifera (dierkavce)
 sponge – calcium/silikon spikes and spongy threads
 Cnidarians - Corals – calcium carbonate cover
 molluscs – snails – acyclical coiled shell, mussels – bivalvia – 2 shells connected by
ligament
arthropods - chitin
in crustaceans - kôrovce: chitinous armor = real /true external skeleton, because the
muscles are attached to it – crayfish: rak – have armor reinforced by calcium
14. Characterise endoskeleton – chorda dorsalis, lower and higher vertebrata - skeletal
system
- the basis is dorsal cord - chorda dorsalis, notochord ( the axis - support of the body
of lower vertebrates, it has endodermal origin - tunicata
- Chorda dorsalis is replaced by columnal vertebral spine column or backbone the
at higher groups of vertebrates (fish, amphibians ...mammals)
- The spine column has mesodermal origin and ossification occurs there
15. Functions of muscular system

- Movements of animals which seek to obtain food, territory, shelter, partner escape
etc.
16. Compare passive and active movement
Passive motion – does not use locomotive organs
- e.g. flowing water, by other organisms, body or liquids
Active movements - a fundamental expression of animals, which

depends on physical organs – limbs, fins....
17. Define Kinesis and Taxis

- Kinesis - Acceleration(zrýchlenie / deceleration(spomalenie) movement relative to the
stimulus (e.g. Light)
- Taxis - changes of direction of movement according to stimulus - chemo- / phototaxis
18. Characterise movement by cell structure and give an example of a cell with these
structures found in multicellular organisms
flagella: the movement of sperm,
cilia: the flame cells in protonephridia cells, respiratory track covered by epithelial tissues
covering of the fallopian tubes-vajičkovody,
pseudopods - white blood cells
19. Characterise movement by muscles

 Cnidarians - vertical movement of jellyfish – muscular cells
 molluscs - snails using smooth muscles, slime , cuttlefish reactive movement -siphon
 flatworms and annelids - motion by epidermo-muscular sac (longitudinal and circular
muscles)
 leech - pouch movement using the suckers
 Cyclostomes, chondrichthyans-sharks, fish - segmented muscle – myomeres
20. Characterise movement using extremities

 arthropods - segmented limbs (the number of legs is characterised by the specific
organism)
 vertebrates - modifications of the structures and muscles : fin - fish, bird - wings,
flying bats - membranes…
21. Characterise Sarcomere

this is the smallest unit of skeletal muscle that can contract. Sarcomeres repeat themselves
over and over along the length of the myofibril.
22. Explain muscle contraction

•Electrical signal arrives at the cell.
•Electrical signal causes Ca2+release into the cell.
•Ca2+binds to troponin.
•Troponin/Ca2+ no longer binds actin.
•Tropomyosin is no longer blocking the myosin binding sites on actin.
•Myosin binds actin.
•ATP is hydrolyzed supplying the energy for the myosin heads to move, causing the actin
filaments to be drawn towards the center of the sarcomere.
•This process is repeated many times; with each movement of a myosin head, the thin
filament pulled further inward.
23. Explain Oxygen debt

Anaerobic respiration produces an oxygen debt. This is the amount of oxygen needed to
oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. The existence of an oxygen debt explains
why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise.

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1.

Definition of animal tissues, types of animal tissues

3. Explain embryogenesis and organogenesis, postembryonal development

4. Function of the skin

5. Describe Integumentary system in unicellular organisms

6. Describe Integumentary system in invertebrates , what is he part of skin in

In all vertebrates the skin has two major layers.

8. List derivates of skin

9. Describe the structure of feather

10. List different types of scales in fish

11. Characterise Skeletal system , its funcions

12. Characteristic of Exoskeleton

13. Occurance of exoskeleton

15. Functions of muscular system

Active movements - a fundamental expression of animals, which

17. Define Kinesis and Taxis

19. Characterise movement by muscles

20. Characterise movement using extremities

21. Characterise Sarcomere

22. Explain muscle contraction

23. Explain Oxygen debt

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